Charak Samhita

Santarpaniya Adhyaya: Difference between revisions

← Older edit
VisualWikitext
Anaghas (talk | contribs)
2,171 edits
Agnivesha (talk | contribs)
Administrators, Editors, Bots, Bureaucrats, Charaksamhita, csmoderator, Interface administrators, Administrators
10,625 edits
No edit summary
 
(5 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{CiteButton}}
{{#seo:
{{#seo:
|title=Santarpaniya Adhyaya
|title=Santarpaniya Adhyaya
Line 8: Line 9:
|type=article
|type=article
}}
}}
<big>'''Sutra Sthana Chapter 23. Over-nutrition, under-nutrition and its disorders '''</big>
<big>'''Sutra Sthana Chapter 23. Over-nutrition, under-nutrition and its disorders '''</big>
{{Infobox
{{Infobox
Line 25: Line 25:
|data5 = [[Nidana Sthana]], [[Vimana Sthana]],  [[Sharira Sthana]],  [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Chikitsa Sthana]], [[Kalpa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]
|data5 = [[Nidana Sthana]], [[Vimana Sthana]],  [[Sharira Sthana]],  [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Chikitsa Sthana]], [[Kalpa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]
|label6 = Translator and commentator
|label6 = Translator and commentator
|data6 = Sabnis M., Deole Y. S.
|data6 = Sabnis M., [[Yogesh Deole|Deole Y. S.]]
|label7 = Reviewer  
|label7 = Reviewer  
|data7  = Byadgi P.S.
|data7  = Byadgi P.S.
|label8 = Editors
|label8 = Editors
|data8  = Dwivedi R.B., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
|data8  = Dwivedi R.B., [[Yogesh Deole|Deole Y.S.]], [[Gopal Basisht|Basisht G.]]
|label9 = Year of publication  
|label9 = Year of publication  
|data9 =  2020
|data9 =  2020
Line 37: Line 37:
|data11 = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.025 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.025]
|data11 = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.025 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.025]
}}
}}
<big>'''Abstract'''</big>
<big>'''Abstract'''</big>
 
<p style="text-align:justify;">Diseases are caused due to over nutrition and under nutrition. This chapter enlists the causative factors affecting nutritional status leading to two categories of diseases viz. Santarpana (over-nutrition) and apatarpana (under nutrition).  The dietary and lifestyle management of these two disease categories is also elaborated.  Nutraceutical preparations, weight reducing recipes, therapeutic procedures like panchakarma and other associated procedures are described with  medicaments. The chapter also contains a comprehensive list of commonly available herbs used in treatment of these diseases. </br>
<div style="text-align:justify;">Diseases are caused due to over nutrition and under nutrition. This chapter enlists the causative factors affecting nutritional status leading to two categories of diseases viz. Santarpana (over-nutrition) and apatarpana (under nutrition).  The dietary and lifestyle management of these two disease categories is also elaborated.  Nutraceutical preparations, weight reducing recipes, therapeutic procedures like panchakarma and other associated procedures are described with  medicaments. The chapter also contains a comprehensive list of commonly available herbs used in treatment of these diseases. </div>


'''Keywords''': ''santarpana'' (over-nutrition), ''apatarpana'' (under-nutrition), management of over-nutrition induced disorders, nutrition deficiency disorders.
'''Keywords''': ''santarpana'' (over-nutrition), ''apatarpana'' (under-nutrition), management of over-nutrition induced disorders, nutrition deficiency disorders.
</div>
</p>




Line 712: Line 710:
Unctuous (''snigdha''), sweet (''madhura''), heavy to digest (''guru''), and slimy (''pichhilla'') foods predominantly have [[Prithvi]] and [[jala mahabhuta]], leading to an increase in [[kapha]] and [[rasa dhatu]].  
Unctuous (''snigdha''), sweet (''madhura''), heavy to digest (''guru''), and slimy (''pichhilla'') foods predominantly have [[Prithvi]] and [[jala mahabhuta]], leading to an increase in [[kapha]] and [[rasa dhatu]].  


The functional trait of such food articles is ''snigdha'' (oily) [[guna]] is ''sneha'' (unctuousness), ''mriduta'' (softness), and ''ardrata'' (malleability, fluidity)<ref> Gothecha Mohanlal., Dr., editor. Guna Parijnana. Jamnagar: Post Graduate Training Center in [[Ayurveda]]; 1958. pp. 19–20. </ref>  <ref> Sushruta. Sutra Sthana, Cha.41 Dravyavisheshavinjaniya Adhyaya verse 11. In: Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya, Editors. Sushruta Samhita. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005. </ref>. ''Snigdha'' food articles include those derived from lipids and fat molecules. Similarly, ''madhura'' (sweetness) is a property of food substances that possess predominantly sweet taste - not just perceived at the tongue, but also in many parts/tissues along our digestive system. ''Guru'' is the primary property that indicates “heaviness” of a food item, and a ''guru'' food article is heavy to digest and increases bulkiness of the tissues. ''Guru'' is the opposite of [[agni]] and hence delays digestion and metabolism and is used, therefore, in therapies that require nourishment, enhancement of physical strength, etc ([[brimhana]], agnimaandyakara, upalepa, bala, upachaya'' and ''tarpana''). Finally, ''picchilla'' is sliminess and stickiness, and indicates food items that vitiate [[kapha]] and [[mamsa]] and [[meda dhatu]] particularly.  
The functional trait of such food articles is ''snigdha'' (oily) [[guna]] is ''sneha'' (unctuousness), ''mriduta'' (softness), and ''ardrata'' (malleability, fluidity)<ref> Gothecha Mohanlal., Dr., editor. Guna Parijnana. Jamnagar: Post Graduate Training Center in [[Ayurveda]]; 1958. pp. 19–20. </ref>  <ref> Sushruta. Sutra Sthana, Cha.41 Dravyavisheshavinjaniya Adhyaya verse 11. In: Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya, Editors. Sushruta Samhita. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005. </ref>. ''Snigdha'' food articles include those derived from lipids and fat molecules. Similarly, ''madhura'' (sweetness) is a property of food substances that possess predominantly sweet taste - not just perceived at the tongue, but also in many parts/tissues along our digestive system. ''Guru'' is the primary property that indicates “heaviness” of a food item, and a ''guru'' food article is heavy to digest and increases bulkiness of the tissues. ''Guru'' is the opposite of [[agni]] and hence delays digestion and metabolism and is used, therefore, in therapies that require nourishment, enhancement of physical strength, etc ([[brimhana]], agnimaandyakara, upalepa, bala, upachaya'' and ''tarpana''). Finally, ''picchilla'' is sliminess and stickiness, and indicates food items that vitiate [[kapha]] and [[mamsa]] and [[meda dhatu]] particularly. ''


Today’s research is consistent with the above findings of [[Ayurveda]]. Researchers acknowledge that taste receptors exist in the upper gastrointestinal tract as well. These receptors are “primarily located in the intestinal brush and enteroendocrine cells, and recognize sugars, D-amino acids, sweet proteins, and artificial sweeteners<ref>Greenfield Jerry R.,  Chisholm Donald J.  How Sweet It Is: Intestinal Sweet Taste Receptors in Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes. 2013 Oct; 62(10): 3336–3337.</ref>”, per their research. Peptide YY (PYY) exerts its action through NPY receptors by inhibiting gastric motility and increasing water and electrolyte absorption in the colon<ref> Liu C, Aloia T, Adrian T, Newton T, Bilchik A, Zinner M, Ashley S, McFadden D (1996). "Peptide YY: a potential proabsorptive hormone for the treatment of malabsorptive disorders". Am Surg 62 (3): 232–6.Charak Samhita Sutra Sthana 27/309 </ref>.  PYY may also suppress pancreatic secretion, as it is secreted by neuro-endocrine cells in the ileum and colon in response to a meal, and has been shown to reduce appetite. It works by slowing the gastric emptying, thereby increasing the efficiency of digestion and nutrient absorption after a meal. Considering the effects of sweet food substances, PYY, in certain quantities, helps induce satiety in a person and thus in excess, inhibits appetite. This study clearly suggests the impact of ''madhura rasa'' and ''snigdha'' food substances in creating ''santarpaniya vyadhi'' or increased anabolism. Like GLP -1, GIP is related to metabolism and inflammation.  
Today’s research is consistent with the above findings of [[Ayurveda]]. Researchers acknowledge that taste receptors exist in the upper gastrointestinal tract as well. These receptors are “primarily located in the intestinal brush and enteroendocrine cells, and recognize sugars, D-amino acids, sweet proteins, and artificial sweeteners<ref>Greenfield Jerry R.,  Chisholm Donald J.  How Sweet It Is: Intestinal Sweet Taste Receptors in Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes. 2013 Oct; 62(10): 3336–3337.</ref>”, per their research. Peptide YY (PYY) exerts its action through NPY receptors by inhibiting gastric motility and increasing water and electrolyte absorption in the colon<ref> Liu C, Aloia T, Adrian T, Newton T, Bilchik A, Zinner M, Ashley S, McFadden D (1996). "Peptide YY: a potential proabsorptive hormone for the treatment of malabsorptive disorders". Am Surg 62 (3): 232–6.Charak Samhita Sutra Sthana 27/309 </ref>.  PYY may also suppress pancreatic secretion, as it is secreted by neuro-endocrine cells in the ileum and colon in response to a meal, and has been shown to reduce appetite. It works by slowing the gastric emptying, thereby increasing the efficiency of digestion and nutrient absorption after a meal. Considering the effects of sweet food substances, PYY, in certain quantities, helps induce satiety in a person and thus in excess, inhibits appetite. This study clearly suggests the impact of ''madhura rasa'' and ''snigdha'' food substances in creating ''santarpaniya vyadhi'' or increased anabolism. Like GLP -1, GIP is related to metabolism and inflammation.  
Line 912: Line 910:
! Name !! Latin name !! Family !! ''Rasa'' !! ''Veerya'' !! ''Vipaka''
! Name !! Latin name !! Family !! ''Rasa'' !! ''Veerya'' !! ''Vipaka''
|-
|-
| ''Amalaki'' || Emblica Officinalis || Euphorbiaceae || ''Pancharasa (lavanavarjit) amlapradhana'' || ''Madhura'' || ''Sheeta''
| ''Amalaki'' || ''Emblica Officinalis''|| Euphorbiaceae || ''Pancharasa (lavanavarjit) amlapradhana'' || ''Madhura'' || ''Sheeta''
|-
|-
| ''Bibhitak'' || Terminalia bellerica || Combretaceae || ''Kashaya'' || ''Madhura'' || ''Ushna''
| ''Bibhitak'' || ''Terminalia bellerica''|| Combretaceae || ''Kashaya'' || ''Madhura'' || ''Ushna''
|-
|-
| ''Haritaki'' || Terminalia chebula|| Combretaceae || ''Pancharasa (lavanavarjit) Kashaya pradhana'' || ''Madhura'' || ''Ushna''
| ''Haritaki'' || ''Terminalia chebula''|| Combretaceae || ''Pancharasa (lavanavarjit) Kashaya pradhana'' || ''Madhura'' || ''Ushna''
|-
|-
| ''Patha'' || Cissampelous pareira || Meninspermiaceae || ''Tikta'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
| ''Patha'' || ''Cissampelous pareira''|| Meninspermiaceae || ''Tikta'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
|-
| ''Saptparna'' || Alstonia scholaris || Apoyanaceae || ''Tikta-kashaya'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
| ''Saptparna'' || ''Alstonia scholaris''|| Apoyanaceae || ''Tikta-kashaya'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
|-
| ''Vatsak'' || Cyprus rotundus || Apoyanaceae || ''Tikta-kashaya'' || ''Katu'' || ''Sheeta''
| ''Vatsak'' || ''Holarrhena antidysenterica'' || Apoyanaceae || ''Tikta-kashaya'' || ''Katu'' || ''Sheeta''
|-
|-
| ''Nagarmotha'' || Cissampelous  || cyperaceae || ''Kashaya,tikta,Katu'' || ''Katu'' || ''Sheeta''
| ''Nagarmotha'' || ''Cyprus rotundus''|| Cyperaceae || ''Kashaya,tikta,Katu'' || ''Katu'' || ''Sheeta''
|-
|-
| ''Madanphala'' || Randia spinosa || Rubiaceae || ''Kashaya,madhura,tikta,Katu'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
| ''Madanphala'' || ''Randia spinosa''|| Rubiaceae || ''Kashaya,madhura,tikta,Katu'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
|-
| ''Nimb'' || Azardirecta indica || meliaceae || ''Tikta,katu'' || ''Katu'' || ''Sheeta''
| ''Nimba'' || ''Azardirecta indica''|| Meliaceae || ''Tikta,katu'' || ''Katu'' || ''Sheeta''
|-
|-
| ''Aragvadh'' || Azardirecta indica  || leguminaceae || ''Madhura'' || ''Madhura'' || ''Sheeta''
| ''Aragvadha'' || ''Cassia fistula'' || Leguminaceae
(also known as Fabaceae )
| ''Madhura'' || ''Madhura'' || ''Sheeta''
|-
|-
| ''Devdaru'' || Cedrus deodara || pinaceae || ''Tikta'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
| ''Devdaru'' || ''Cedrus deodara''|| pinaceae || ''Tikta'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
|-
| ''Gokhshur'' || Tribulis terreestis || Zygophyllaceae || ''Madhura'' || ''Madhura'' || ''Sheeta''
| ''Gokhshur'' || ''Tribulis terreestis''|| Zygophyllaceae || ''Madhura'' || ''Madhura'' || ''Sheeta''
|-
|-
| ''Khadir'' || Acasia  catechu || Leguminaceae || ''Tikta kashaya'' || ''Katu'' || ''Sheeta''
| ''Khadira'' || ''Acasia  catechu''|| Leguminaceae  
(Sub Family -Mimosoideae )
| ''Tikta kashaya'' || ''Katu'' || ''Sheeta''
|-
|-
| ''Haridra'' || Curcuma longa || Zinziberaceae || ''Tikta katu'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
| ''Haridra'' || ''Curcuma longa''|| Zingiberaceae || ''Tikta katu'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
|-
| ''Daru-haridra'' || Berberis aristata || Berberidaceae || ''Tikta kashaya'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
| ''Daruharidra'' || ''Berberis aristata''|| Berberidaceae || ''Tikta kashaya'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
|-
| ''Kushth'' || Saussurea lappa || Compositae || ''Tikta'' || ''Tikta  katu madhura'' || ''Ushna''
| ''Kushth'' || ''Saussurea lappa''|| Compositae || ''Tikta'' || ''Tikta  katu madhura'' || ''Ushna''
|-
|-
| ''Hingu'' || Ferula narthex || Umbelliferae || ''Tikta-kashaya'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
| ''Hingu'' || ''Ferula narthex''|| Umbelliferae || ''Tikta-kashaya'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
|-
| ''Sunthi'' || zinziber officinale ||  zinziberaceae || ''Tikta-kashaya'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
| ''Shunthi'' || ''Zingiber officinale''||  Zingiberaceae || ''Tikta-kashaya'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
|-
| ''Pimpli'' || Piper longum || Piperaceae || ''Katu'' || ''Madhura'' || ''Anu-ushna, Sheeta''
| ''Pimpli'' || ''Piper longum''|| Piperaceae || ''Katu'' || ''Madhura'' || ''Anu-ushna, Sheeta''
|-
|-
| ''Maricha'' || Piper nigrm || Piperaceae || ''Katu'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
| ''Maricha'' || ''Piper nigrm''|| Piperaceae || ''Katu'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
|-
| ''Ajmoda'' || Carum roxburghianum || Umbelliferae || ''Katu,tikta'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
| ''Ajamoda'' || ''Carum roxburghianum''|| Umbelliferae || ''Katu,tikta'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
|-
| ''Pashanbhed'' || Bergenia ligulata || Saxifragaceae || ''Kashaya,tikta'' || ''Katu'' || ''Sheeta''
| ''Pashanbhed'' || ''Bergenia ligulata''|| Saxifragaceae || ''Kashaya,tikta'' || ''Katu'' || ''Sheeta''
|-
|-
| ''Vacha'' || Acorus calamus || Araceae || ''Katu,tikta'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
| ''Vacha'' || ''Acorus calamus''|| Araceae || ''Katu,tikta'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
|-
| ''Ativisha'' || Aconiatum hetero phylum || Ranunculaceae || ''Tikta,katu'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
| ''Ativisha'' || ''Aconitum''
''heterophylum''
| Ranunculaceae || ''Tikta,katu'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
|-
| ''Ajawayan'' || Trachyspermem um ammi || Umbelliferae || ''Katu,tikta'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
| ''Ajawayan'' || ''Trachyspermem''
''umammi''
| Umbelliferae || ''Katu,tikta'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
|-
| ''Vidang'' || Emblic ribes || myrsinaceae || ''Katu,kashaya'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
| ''Vidanga'' || ''Emblic ribes''|| myrsinaceae || ''Katu,kashaya'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
|-
| ''Shigru'' || Moringa olifera || Moringaceae || ''Katu ,tikta'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
| ''Shigru'' || ''Moringa olifera''|| Moringaceae || ''Katu ,tikta'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
|-
| ''Kutki'' || Picrorhiza kurroa || Scrophulariaceae || ''Tikta'' || ''Madhura'' || ''Sheeta''
| ''Kutaki'' || ''Picrorhiza kurroa''|| Scrophulariaceae || ''Tikta'' || ''Madhura'' || ''Sheeta''
|-
|-
| ''Shalparni'' || Desmodium-Gangeticum ||  leguminosae || ''Madhura,tikta'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
| ''Shaliparni'' || ''Desmodium-Gangeticum''||  leguminosae || ''Madhura,tikta'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
|-
| ''Kebhukmool'' || Costus speciosus || Zinziberaceae || ''Tikta,kashaya'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
| ''Kebhukmool'' || ''Costus speciosus''|| Zinziberaceae || ''Tikta,kashaya'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
|-
| ''Dhanyaka'' || Coriandrum sativum || Umbelliferae || ''Tikta,kashaya,madhura,Katu'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
| ''Dhanyaka'' || ''Coriandrum sativum''|| Umbelliferae || ''Tikta,kashaya,madhura,Katu'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
|-
| ''Chitraka'' || Plumbago zeylanica || Plubaginanaceae || ''Katu'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
| ''Chitraka'' || ''Plumbago zeylanica''|| Plubaginanaceae || ''Katu'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
|-
| ''Hapusha'' || Juniperus communis || Pinaceae || ''Katu ,tikta'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
| ''Hapusha'' || ''Juniperus communis''|| Pinaceae || ''Katu ,tikta'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
|-
| ''Twak'' || Cinnamomum zelyanicum || Lauraceae || ''Katu ,tikta,madhura'' || ''Madhura'' || ''Sheeta''
| ''Twak'' || ''Cinnamomum zelyanicum''|| Lauraceae || ''Katu ,tikta,madhura'' || ''Madhura'' || ''Sheeta''
|-
|-
| ''Bruhati'' || Solanum indicum || Solaneaceae || ''Katu ,tikta'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
| ''Bruhati'' || ''Solanum indicum''|| Solaneaceae || ''Katu ,tikta'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
|-
| ''Agnimantha'' || Premna mucronata || Verbenaceae || ''Katu,tikta,kashaya,madhura'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
| ''Agnimantha'' || ''Premna mucronata''|| Verbenaceae || ''Katu,tikta,kashaya,madhura'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
|-
| ''Khajura'' || Phoenix sylvestris || Palmae || ''Madhura'' || ''Madhura'' || ''Sheeta''
| ''Khajura'' || ''Phoenix sylvestris''|| Palmae || ''Madhura'' || ''Madhura'' || ''Sheeta''
|-
|-
| ''Vrukshamal'' || Garcinia indica || Guttiferae || ''Amala(unripened) Madhuramala(ripened)'' || ''Amala'' || ''Ushna''
| ''Vrukshamal'' || ''Garcinia indica''|| Guttiferae || ''Amala(unripened) Madhuramala(ripened)'' || ''Amala'' || ''Ushna''
|-
|-
| ''Dadim'' || Punic a granatum || punicaceae || ''Madhur,kashaya,amala'' || ''Madhur/amala'' || ''Anu-Ushna''
| ''Dadima'' || ''Punica granatum''|| Punicaceae || ''Madhur,kashaya,amala'' || ''Madhur/amala'' || ''Anu-Ushna''
|-
|-
| ''Ajaji (jeerak)'' || Cuminum cyminum || Umbelliferae || ''Katu'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
| ''Ajaji (jeerak)'' || ''Cuminum cyminum''|| Umbelliferae || ''Katu'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
|-
| ''Ela'' || Elettaria cardmomum || Zinziberceae || ''Katu , madhura'' || ''Katu'' || ''Sheeta''
| ''Ela'' || ''Elettaria cardmomum''|| Zingiberceae || ''Katu , madhura'' || ''Katu'' || ''Sheeta''
|-
| ''Musta'' || Cyprus rotendus || Cyperaceae || ''Tikta,katu, kashaya'' || ''Katu'' || ''Sheeta''
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 1,100: Line 1,104:
#Mudigoudar Yoshadha S (2000) : The efficacy of Pippalyadi Guggulu in Medoroga (w.s.r. to its hypolipidaemic effect).
#Mudigoudar Yoshadha S (2000) : The efficacy of Pippalyadi Guggulu in Medoroga (w.s.r. to its hypolipidaemic effect).
</div>
</div>
<big>'''[[Special:ContactMe|Send us your suggestions and feedback on this page.]]'''</big>
== References==
== References==


Line 1,107: Line 1,114:
  font-size:8pt; font-face:verdana,sans-serif;  border:0.2em outset #ceebf7;
  font-size:8pt; font-face:verdana,sans-serif;  border:0.2em outset #ceebf7;
  padding:0.1em; font-weight:bolder; -moz-border-radius:8px; ">
  padding:0.1em; font-weight:bolder; -moz-border-radius:8px; ">
[[#top| Back to the Top ]]</span></div>
[[Santarpaniya Adhyaya#top| Back to the Top]]</span></div>
Retrieved from "https://www.charakasamhitauptodate.com/index.php?title=Santarpaniya_Adhyaya"