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Tinospora cordifolia (WILLD.) HOOK.F. & THOMS.
Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia (WILLD.) HOOK.F. & THOMS.)
 
''Guduchi'' (गुडूची), commonly known as ' Giloy', is the Sanskrit name for the medicinal plant Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook. f. & Thomson of the family [[Menispermaceae]].<ref name="AYUSHDossier">{{Cite web |url=https://ayush.gov.in/resources/pdf/quality_standards/guduchi_Book-Dossier.pdf |title=Technical Dossier on - Guduchi |format=PDF |publisher=Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India |year=2019 |access-date=2026-04-13}}</ref> It holds a prominent place in [[Ayurveda]] as a [[Rasayana]] (rejuvenative) herb and is widely used for conditions such as fever, jaundice, musculoskeletal disorders, skin diseases, and metabolic ailments.<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/>
 


{{Infobox
{{Infobox
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|data4 = Available
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = --
|data5 = Deole Y.S.
|label6 = Year of publication  
|label6 = Year of publication  
|data6 =  2024
|data6 =  2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|label7 = Publisher  
|data7 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]], Symbiohealth Foundation, India
|data7 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]], Symbiohealth Foundation, India
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Heart leaved moonseed
Heart leaved moonseed


== Therapeutic uses ==
== Botanical identity ==


Thirst (trushna), burning sensation (daha), Prameha (Diabetes), Kasa (Cough), Pandu (Anaemia), Kamala (Jaundice), Kushtha (Psoriasis), Vatarakta (Gout), Jwara (Fever), Krumi (Worms), Chhardi (Vomitting), Shwasa (Asthma), Arsha (Piles), Hridroga (Heart diseases), Mutrakrichhra (Urinary disorders)<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Guduchyadi Varga, Verse no. 8-9 Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy,2015 </ref>  
The principal medicinal source of Guduchi is the stem of ''Tinospora cordifolia''.<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/> The plant is a deciduous, climbing shrub with simple, heart‑shaped leaves and small, greenish flowers.<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/> The genus ''Tinospora'' includes several species, and correct identification is important because some related species (e.g., ''Tinospora crispa'') have been implicated in hepatotoxicity reports.<ref name="LiverTox">Nnamani I, Tolu-Akinnawo O, Dufera RR, Akintunde A, Maliakkal B. Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi/Giloy)-Induced Liver Injury: A Case Review. Cureus. 2023 May 31;15(5):e39793. doi: 10.7759/cureus.39793. PMID: 37273324; PMCID: PMC10238282.</ref>


For Ayurvedic purposes, the AYUSH technical dossier specifies that properly identified ''T. cordifolia'' stem should be used, warning against confusion with other ''Tinospora'' species that may occur in commercial supply.<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/>


== Other botanical names/varieties ==
== Other botanical names/varieties ==
The following botanical names are accepted by Plants of the World Online as of January 2024.
The following botanical names are accepted by Plants of the World Online as of January 2024.


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Amruta, Madhuparni, Vayastha, Chhinnaruha, Vatsadini
Amruta, Madhuparni, Vayastha, Chhinnaruha, Vatsadini


=== '''Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu''' ===
== Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu ==
Guduchi, Madhuparni, Amrita, Amritavallari, Chhinna, Chhinnaruha, Chhinnodbhava, Vatsadani, Jivanti, Tantrika, Soma, Somavalli, Kundali, Chakralakshanika, Dhira, Vishalya, Rasayani, Chandrahasa, Vayastha, Mandali, Devanirmita
Guduchi, Madhuparni, Amrita, Amritavallari, Chhinna, Chhinnaruha, Chhinnodbhava, Vatsadani, Jivanti, Tantrika, Soma, Somavalli, Kundali, Chakralakshanika, Dhira, Vishalya, Rasayani, Chandrahasa, Vayastha, Mandali, Devanirmita


===Anupana according to Dosha===
==Anupana according to Dosha==
* '''Vata''' – Ghrita  
* '''Vata''' – Ghrita  
* '''Pitta''' – Sharkara (Sugar)
* '''Pitta''' – Sharkara (Sugar)
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|18
|18
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]]  8/143
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]]  8/143
|Tiktaskandha
|Tikta skandha
|-
|-
|19
|19
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]].8/56
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]].8/56
|Kshira vishodhan dravya
|Kshira vishodhana dravya
|-
|-
|20
|20
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/22
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/22
|Vamanarth
|Vamanartha
|-
|-
|21
|21
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|28
|28
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/251
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/251
|Used in Patoladi niruhabasti.
|Used in Patoladi niruha basti.
|-
|-
|29
|29
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|33
|33
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/30
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/30
|Used for making decoction in Pittaj  Prameh
|Used for making decoction in Pittaja Prameha
|-
|-
|34
|34
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/77
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/77
|Ingredient in Kanakabindurisht
|Ingredient in Kanakabindurishta
|-
|-
|35
|35
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/124
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/124
|Bahyaprayogarth Lepa in Vata-Kaphaj Kushth
|Bahyaprayogarth Lepa in Vata-Kaphaja Kushtha
|-
|-
|36
|36
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/146
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/146
|Ingredient in Mahatikta  Ghrit
|Ingredient in Mahatikta  Ghrita
|-
|-
|37
|37
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/153
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/153
|Ingredient in Mahakhadir Ghrit
|Ingredient in Mahakhadira Ghrita
|-
|-
|38
|38
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/72
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/72
|For Parishek purpose
|For Parisheka purpose
|-
|-
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|39
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/25
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/25
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|In treatment of Vataja Shvayathu
|-
|-
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|40
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/34
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/34
|Ingredient in Punarnavadhyarisht
|Ingredient in Punarnavadyarishta
|-
|-
|41
|41
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/190
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/190
|Used in  preparation of Pancham Kshara
|Used in  preparation of Panchama Kshara
|-
|-
|42
|42
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|47
|47
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/161
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/161
|As an ingredient of guduchyadi ghrita.
|As an ingredient of guduchyadi ghrita.
|-
|-
|48
|48
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/31  
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/31  
|As a pana yoga in Pittaja chhardi.
|As a pana yoga in Pittaja chhardi.
|-
|-
|49
|49
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/35
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/35
|As a pathya ahara in kaphaja chhardi.
|As a pathya ahara in kaphaja chhardi.
|-
|-
|50
|50
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|51
|51
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/130
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/130
|Used in granthi visarpa.
|Used in granthi visarpa.
|-
|-
|52
|52
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|54
|54
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/145
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/145
|Used as swarasa where pittaja madatyaya is associated with sarakta kasa, Parshvashoola,  Stanashoola, Daaha & Hradayotkleda.
|Used as swarasa where pittaja madatyaya is associated with sarakta kasa, Parshvashoola,  Stanashoola, Daaha & Hradayotkleda.
|-
|-
|55
|55
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|71
|71
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/58
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/58
|For parisechana in yoni shula.
|For parishechana in yoni shula.
|-
|-
|72
|72
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|}
|}


==Dose==
== Classical therapeutic uses ==
 
Guduchi is one of the most frequently cited herbs in Ayurvedic literature and is reported in formulations for a wide range of conditions, including:<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/>
 
Classical actions attributed to Guduchi include:<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/>
 
*  Rasayana (rejuvenative)
*  Dipana and Sangrahi (appetizing and absorbent)
*  Vataraktahara and Amavataghni (useful in gout and rheumatoid‑like arthritis)
*  Kamalahara (beneficial in jaundice and liver disorders)
*  Kushtaghna (beneficial in skin diseases)
*  Pramehaghna (beneficial in urinary and metabolic disorders)
*  Jvara (fever), including irregular and chronic fevers
*  Kamala (jaundice) and other hepatic and viral fevers
*  Vatarakta and amavata (gout and rheumatoid‑like arthritis)
*  Kasa (chronic cough)
*  Prameha (Diabetes mellitus and metabolic disorders)
*  Chardighna (anti‑emetic indications)
 
The AYUSH technical dossier notes that Guduchi appears in more than 2,400 Ayurvedic formulations across over 24 dosage forms, indicating its broad and enduring therapeutic role.<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/>
 
== Parts used and dosage forms ==
 
In Ayurvedic practice, the mature stem is the primary part used for preparing Guduchi‑based medicines.<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/> Common traditional dosage forms include:<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/>


*3-6 g of the drug in powder form.
*   Churna (powder)
*20-30 g of the drug for decoction.
*   Kwatha (decoction)
*  Hima (cold infusion)
*  Svarasa (fresh juice)
*  Satva (starch preparation)
*  Ghrita (medicated ghee)
*  Taila (medicated oil)
*  Gutika (tablets)


==Important Formulations==
== Important Formulations ==
   
   
* Amritarishta
* Amritarishta
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* Guduchi Sattva
* Guduchi Sattva
* Chhinnodbhavadi kvatha churna
* Chhinnodbhavadi kvatha churna
*  Kaishora Guggulu
*  Samshamani Vati
==Dose==
The AYUSH technical dossier cites typical dose ranges as:<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/>
*  3–6 g of powder
*  20–30 g of coarse powder for decoction
*  125 mg–1000 mg of Guduchi sattva, taken with appropriate anupana (vehicle)


== Current availability==  
== Current availability==  
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Through all over India extending from Himalayas to the Southern part of India.
Through all over India extending from Himalayas to the Southern part of India.


Other countries : Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Myanmar, Burma, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand
Other countries: Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Myanmar, Burma, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand


== Current researches ==
== Current researches ==
== Chemical constituents ==
Modern phytochemical studies have identified more than 200 compounds in ''Tinospora cordifolia'' and related species, including diterpenoids, alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, sesquiterpenoids, and phenolics.<ref name="ImmunomodulatoryReview">Yates CR, Bruno EJ, Yates MED. Tinospora Cordifolia: A review of its immunomodulatory properties. J Diet Suppl. 2022;19(2):271-285. doi: 10.1080/19390211.2021.1873214. Epub 2021 Jan 22. PMID: 33480818.</ref> Key constituents reported in the literature include:<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/>,<ref name="OnePlantManyRoles">Saha S, Ghosh S. Tinospora cordifolia: One plant, many roles. Anc Sci Life. 2012 Apr;31(4):151-9. doi: 10.4103/0257-7941.107344. PMID: 23661861; PMCID: PMC3644751</ref>
*  Clerodane‑type diterpenoids
*  Cordifolioside A and tinosporaside (used as assay markers)
*  Alkaloids such as magnoflorine and berberine‑like compounds
*  Diterpenoid lactones and glycosides
These constituents are thought to contribute to the herb’s bitter taste, immunomodulatory, anti‑inflammatory, and antioxidant properties.<ref name="ImmunomodulatoryReview"/>
== Pharmacological actions ==
Experimental studies, including in vitro and animal models, support several pharmacological activities of Guduchi extracts.<ref name="ImmunomodulatoryReview"/><ref name="OnePlantManyRoles"/>
*  Immunomodulatory effects: Modulation of immune cell function and cytokine pathways.<ref name="ImmunomodulatoryReview"/>
*  Anti‑inflammatory effects: Reduction of pro‑inflammatory cytokines such as TNF‑α and IL‑1β.<ref name="ImmunomodulatoryReview"/><ref name="ScientificReports2019">{{Cite Ghatpande NS, Misar AV, Waghole RJ, Jadhav SH, Kulkarni PP. Tinospora cordifolia protects against inflammation associated anemia by modulating inflammatory cytokines and hepcidin expression in male Wistar rats. Sci Rep. 2019 Jul 29;9(1):10969. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-47458-0. PMID: 31358831; PMCID: PMC6662690}}</ref>
*  Antioxidant activity: Scavenging of free radicals and reduction of oxidative stress.<ref name="OnePlantManyRoles"/>
*  Antipyretic and analgesic activity in fever‑like models.<ref name="ImmunomodulatoryReview"/>
Some studies also report hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, and anti‑arthritic‑like effects, although the exact mechanisms and clinical relevance remain under investigation.<ref name="OnePlantManyRoles"/><ref name="ImmunomodulatoryReview"/>
== Metabolic and endocrine research ==
Recent reviews suggest that Guduchi may have beneficial effects on diabetes, hyperlipidemia, obesity, and related features of metabolic syndrome.<ref name="MetabolicReview2025">{{Mansouri M, Imenshahidi M, Rameshrad M, Hosseinzadeh H. Effects of Tinospora cordifolia (giloy) on metabolic syndrome components: a mechanistic review. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2025 May;398(5):4979-5009. doi: 10.1007/s00210-024-03642-2. Epub 2024 Dec 28. PMID: 39731594.}}</ref> Anti‑diabetic and antihyperglycemic actions have been reported in animal models and some small human studies, including a randomized trial in diabetic dyslipidemia showing improvement in lipid profile, inflammatory markers, and metabolic‑syndrome prevalence with Guduchi‑stem supplementation.<ref name="DiabeticDyslipidemiaRCT">{{Cite journal |year=2024 |title=Tinospora cordifolia stem supplementation in diabetic dyslipidemia: an open‑labelled randomized controlled trial |journal=International Journal of Research and Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume=15 |issue=12 |pages=100–107 |url=https://ffhdj.com/index.php/ffhd/article/view/208}}</ref>
However, the overall evidence base still relies heavily on preclinical data and heterogeneous herbal preparations rather than standardized, large‑scale randomized trials.<ref name="MetabolicReview2025"/>
== Musculoskeletal and inflammatory conditions ==
Guduchi is traditionally used for vatarakta and amavata, conditions resembling gout and rheumatoid arthritis.<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/> Preclinical studies in arthritis models show that ''T. cordifolia'' extracts can reduce inflammatory mediators and markers of joint destruction, supporting its traditional anti‑arthritic use.<ref name="Arthritis2015">{{Cite journal |last=Sannegowda |first=K. M. |year=2015 |title=Tinospora cordifolia inhibits autoimmune arthritis by regulating key immune mediators of inflammation and bone damage |journal=International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=521–531 |doi=10.1177/0394632015608248 |pmid=26467057}}</ref>
However, the evidence is still preliminary, and current data justify Guduchi mainly as a potential adjunct to conventional therapy rather than as a standalone monotherapy for chronic inflammatory joint disease.<ref name="Arthritis2015"/>
== Safety and hepatotoxicity ==
In recent years, several case reports and reviews have described herb‑induced liver injury associated with Guduchi or ''Tinospora''‑containing products.<ref name="LiverTox"/>,<ref name="PMC2021LiverInjury">Björnsson ES, Navarro VJ, Chalasani N. Liver Injury Following Tinospora Cordifolia Consumption: Drug-Induced AIH, or de novo AIH? J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2022 Jan-Feb;12(1):6-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jceh.2021.11.014. Epub 2021 Nov 29. PMID: 35068778; PMCID: PMC8766689.</ref>
The NIH LiverTox resource notes that Guduchi‑associated liver injury can range from mild elevation of liver enzymes to clinically significant hepatitis and, rarely, acute liver failure, with some cases showing autoimmune‑like features.<ref name="LiverTox"/> Many cases occur in patients with pre‑existing liver disease or autoimmune predisposition and may be idiosyncratic or immune‑mediated.<ref name="LiverTox"/>
The AYUSH technical dossier highlights that many published liver injury reports lack detailed baseline documentation and may mix different species and preparations, underscoring the need for careful botanical identification, product quality control, and medical supervision, especially in patients with pre‑existing liver conditions.<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/>
== Current research trends ==
PubMed‑based trend analyses indicate a substantial increase in publications on Guduchi, rising from several hundred articles in the early 2010s to over 900 indexed studies by 2024, reflecting growing scientific interest.<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/> This growth reflects heightened scientific and public interest but does not, by itself, equate to high‑quality clinical evidence.<ref name="MetabolicReview2025"/>
Most of the current evidence is from preclinical studies, mechanistic investigations, small trials, and narrative reviews; large, well‑designed randomized controlled trials are still limited.<ref name="MetabolicReview2025"/>
== Clinical position ==
From an Ayurvedic perspective, Guduchi is regarded as a classical Rasayana with broad therapeutic indications, supported by long‑standing clinical experience.<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/><ref name="OnePlantManyRoles"/> From a modern evidence‑based medicine standpoint, it is best viewed as a promising but not yet fully established botanical agent for conditions such as metabolic syndrome, certain inflammatory disorders, and liver and immune‑mediated conditions.<ref name="MetabolicReview2025"/>
Use in clinical practice should emphasize:<ref name="LiverTox"/><ref name="AYUSHDossier"/>
*  Accurate botanical identification and use of standardized preparations
*  Caution in patients with liver disease or autoimmunity
*  Integration with, rather than substitution for, established medical therapies
=== Indian Medicinal Plant Database, Phytochemistry And Therapeutics (IMPPAT) ===
Link: https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Tinospora%20crispa


[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
   This article is under development ..
    
This article is under development ..


==References==
==References==
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