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'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluchea_lanceolata Pluchea lanceolata Oliv.]''', popularly known as '''Rasna''', is a xerophytic perennial herb native to dry and semi-arid regions of India and South Asia. It is highly revered in [[Ayurveda]] as a primary drug of choice for managing painful inflammatory musculoskeletal conditions, particularly Vata disorders and rheumatoid arthritis.
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluchea_lanceolata Pluchea lanceolata Oliv.]''', popularly known as '''Rasna''', is a xerophytic perennial herb native to dry and semi-arid regions of India and South Asia. It is highly revered in [[Ayurveda]] as a primary drug of choice for managing painful inflammatory musculoskeletal conditions, particularly Vata disorders and Amavata (rheumatoid arthritis). Modern experimental studies have examined its anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, antioxidant, antimalarial, anti-asthmatic and neuro-inflammatory-modulating effects; these are summarised below together with its classical description.<ref name="Srivastava2012">Srivastava P, Shanker K. Pluchea lanceolata (Rasana): Chemical and biological potential of Rasayana herb used in traditional system of medicine. Fitoterapia. 2012;83(8):1371–1385. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2012.07.008. PMID: 22877846</ref>


== English name ==
== English name ==
Line 46: Line 46:


== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
In traditional Indian medicine, Rasna is classified as a vital anti-inflammatory and analgesic agent, heavily utilized in formulations for joint stiffness, sciatica, swelling, and respiratory distress.  
Pluchea lanceolata is an erect, perennial undershrub growing up to 30–100 cm in height, with a cylindrical, hairy, branched stem and simple, alternate, oblong to lanceolate leaves. In traditional Indian medicine it is described as an antipyretic, analgesic, bitter, laxative and nervine tonic, and is used for dyspepsia, bronchitis and rheumatoid arthritis.<ref name="Khan2010">Khan S, Rawat R, Rawat AKS, Shirwaikar A. A report on the quality control parameters of aerial parts of Pluchea lanceolata (DC.) Oliv. & Hiern, Asteraceae. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia. 2010;20. Available from: https://www.scielo.br/j/rbfar/a/vpXGbMFB45qRpt6V76tyhQn/?lang=en</ref>


== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
Line 131: Line 131:
Available in India: Karnataka, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Punjab.
Available in India: Karnataka, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Punjab.


== Phytochemical Composition ==
== Phytoconstituents ==
The therapeutic versatility of *Pluchea lanceolata* arises from its complex secondary metabolite profile:
=== Triterpenoids, sterols and flavonoids ===
* '''Triterpenoids and Phytosterols:''' Alpha-amyrin, lupeol, beta-sitosterol, and taraxasterols.
Constituents reported to have been isolated from the plant include the triterpenoids α-amyrin, β-amyrin caproate, moretenol, moretenol acetate, neolupenol and ψ-taraxasterol acetate; the sterol stigmasterol; and the flavonoids quercetin and isorhamnetin. Preliminary screening of aerial-part extracts showed proteins, starch, fixed oil, steroids, glycosides, triterpenoids and flavonoids, with a total flavonoid content of 67.24 ± 1.4 µg/mL in the samples studied.<ref name="Khan2010"/>
* '''Flavonoids:''' Quercetin, isorhamnetin, and daidzein derivatives.
* '''Other Constituents:''' Pluchine, tannins, phenolic compounds, and glycosides.


== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
=== Volatile oil (aerial parts) ===
=== Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Arthritic Actions ===
GC-MS and NMR analysis of the hydrodistilled essential oil of the aerial parts identified oxygenated monoterpenes (53.4%) as the major group. The principal components were linalool (32.2%), β-caryophyllene (8.5%), α-terpineol (8.0%), spathulenol (7.4%) and linalyl acetate (5.6%).<ref name="Srivastava2015">Srivastava P, Jyotshna, Chanda D, Shanker K. Chemical characterization and acetylcholinesterase inhibition potential of volatile components of aerial parts of Pluchea lanceolata (DC.) Oliv. & Hiern. Records of Natural Products. 2015;9(4):586–591.</ref>
* '''Mechanism:''' Ethanolic and fractionated extracts exhibit significant suppression of acute and chronic inflammation, strongly supporting its indication in rheumatoid arthritis and joint conditions. Active phytoconstituents downregulate inflammatory cytokines and pathways.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Experimental models validate that administration of plant extracts reduces paw edema and joint swelling, aligning with its traditional use for *Amavata*.<ref name="RasnaInflam2010">{{cite journal |last1=Patel |first1=M. B. |last2=Mishra |first2=S. H. |year=2011 |title=Anti-inflammatory activity of Pluchea lanceolata root extract in rats |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=748–753}}</ref>


=== Analgesic and Antipyretic Properties ===
== Therapeutic Efficacy: Pharmacological Evidence ==
* '''Mechanism:''' Peripheral and central pain pathways are modulated by the triterpenoid and flavonoid fractions, reducing discomfort associated with musculoskeletal disorders.
The evidence summarised below is preclinical (animal and in vitro studies). No controlled human clinical trial of ''Pluchea lanceolata'' alone was found during the preparation of this monograph.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Studies demonstrate meaningful analgesic responses in animal models, corroborating its application in painful inflammatory states and fever-like conditions.<ref name="RasnaAnalgesic2012">{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=V. |last2=Gupta |first2=V. B. |year=2012 |title=Analgesic and antipyretic effects of Pluchea lanceolata leaves extracts |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=140 |issue=2 |pages=318–323}}</ref>


=== Immunomodulatory and Immunosuppressive Effects ===
=== Anti-inflammatory activity ===
* '''Mechanism:''' Research on leaf extracts indicates modulation of both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, particularly suppressing certain T-cell populations and Th1-associated cytokines (such as IL-2 and IFN-γ).
A chemical investigation of the plant, carried out alongside anti-inflammatory evaluation, supported the traditional use of Rasna in inflammatory conditions.<ref name="Chawla1991">Chawla AS, Kaith BS, Handa SS, Kulshreshtha DK, Srimal RC. Chemical investigation and anti-inflammatory activity of Pluchea lanceolata. Fitoterapia. 1991;62(5):441–444.</ref>
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Controlled laboratory findings show that specific fractions can successfully curb overactive immune responses relevant to autoimmune joint diseases.<ref name="RasnaImmuno2015">{{cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=A. |last2=Kumar |first2=S. |year=2015 |title=Immunomodulatory activity of Pluchea lanceolata leaf extract on immunological parameters in rodents |journal=Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=175–181}}</ref>


== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
=== Anti-arthritic, analgesic and antipyretic activity ===
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' *Pluchea lanceolata* exhibits a favorable safety margin under standard experimental evaluation parameters.
A comprehensive review of the plant's chemistry and pharmacology records anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity, along with analgesic, laxative and antipyretic activities, and attributes the anti-inflammatory effect mainly to its triterpenoids. This agrees with the classical use of Rasna in Amavata and Vatavyadhi, though the review-level evidence is not a substitute for clinical trials.<ref name="Srivastava2012"/>
* '''Precautions:''' Due to limited clinical data regarding safety during pregnancy, nursing, or small children, internal use should be approached cautiously. Individuals with known hypersensitivity to the Asteraceae (composite) family should monitor for potential allergic reactions.
 
== Standard Therapeutic Dosage ==
=== Immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory activity ===
* Decoction (Kwath): 25–50 g of drug material for decoction preparation.<ref name="Anonymous1986"/>
In Balb/c mice, a 50% ethanolic leaf extract reduced the humoral antibody response and delayed-type hypersensitivity, and also decreased phagocytosis and delayed skin-graft rejection. Its chloroform fraction (25–200 mg/kg, orally) significantly suppressed CD8+/CD4+ T-cell surface markers and the intracellular Th1 cytokines IL-2 and IFN-γ. The authors concluded that the plant acts by inhibiting Th1 cytokines, which is relevant to autoimmune joint disease.<ref name="Bhagwat2010">Bhagwat DP, Kharya MD, Bani S, Kaul A, Kour K, Chauhan PS, Suri KA, Satti NK. Immunosuppressive properties of Pluchea lanceolata leaves. Indian Journal of Pharmacology. 2010;42(1):21–26. doi:10.4103/0253-7613.62405</ref>
* Topical Application: Rasna-infused oils applied warm over painful joints and muscles.
 
=== Neuro-inflammation (Vata disorders) ===
In LPS-stimulated rat astrocytoma (C6) cells, the triterpene taraxasterol, isolated from the plant, significantly reduced the release of TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-6. Its acetate derivative did not inhibit IL-6 at lower concentrations. This offers an experimental basis for the traditional use of Rasna in neurological (Vata) disorders.<ref name="Srivastava2014">Srivastava P, Mohanty S, Bawankule DU, Khan F, Shanker K. Effect of Pluchea lanceolata bioactives in LPS-induced neuroinflammation in C6 rat glial cells. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology. 2014;387(2):119–127.</ref>
 
=== Acetylcholinesterase inhibition ===
The hydrodistilled volatile oil of the aerial parts inhibited acetylcholinesterase in mouse brain homogenate with an IC<sub>50</sub> of 2.54 ± 0.03 µg/mL, compared with 1.03 µg/mL for the reference drug physostigmine.<ref name="Srivastava2015"/>
 
=== Anti-asthmatic activity (Swasa, Kasa) ===
In isolated guinea pig tracheal chain, the ethyl acetate fraction of the leaf extract (100 µg/mL) significantly reduced histamine-induced contraction; the maximum contraction fell from 100% in controls to 57.81 ± 1.22%. This is an in vitro finding and has not been confirmed in clinical studies.<ref name="Arora2011">Arora R, Gill NS, Dhingra VK, Rana AC. Evaluation of anti-asthmatic potential of ethyl acetate fraction of Pluchea lanceolata. Pharmacologyonline. 2011;2:1126–1133.</ref>
 
=== Antimalarial activity (Jvara) ===
The hexane extract and taraxasterol acetate showed antimalarial activity against ''Plasmodium falciparum'' in vitro and ''P. berghei''-infected mice in vivo. Taraxasterol acetate also inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokines and raised blood glucose and haemoglobin levels in infected mice. No synergy with chloroquine was seen.<ref name="Mohanty2013">Mohanty S, Srivastava P, Maurya AK, Cheema HS, Shanker K, Dhawan S, Darokar MP, Bawankule DU. Antimalarial and safety evaluation of Pluchea lanceolata (DC.) Oliv. & Hiern: in-vitro and in-vivo study. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2013;149(3):797–802. PMID: 23954323</ref>
 
=== Antioxidant and protective activity ===
In mice challenged with benzo(a)pyrene, pretreatment with the plant extract (100 and 200 mg/kg) restored renal glutathione and its dependent enzymes, increased catalase and quinone reductase, reduced micronuclei formation in bone marrow cells, and restored DNA integrity.<ref name="Jahangir2013">Jahangir T, Safhi MM, Sultana S, Ahmad S. Pluchea lanceolata protects against benzo(a)pyrene induced renal toxicity and loss of DNA integrity. Interdisciplinary Toxicology. 2013;6(1):47–54. doi:10.2478/intox-2013-0009</ref>
 
== Safety, Toxicity, and Precautions ==
* '''Toxicity:''' The hexane extract was reported as non-toxic at higher concentrations in in vitro and in vivo safety evaluation.<ref name="Mohanty2013"/> No formal human safety data were found.
* '''Precautions (inference, not from a cited study):''' Because the extract showed immunosuppressive activity in mice, caution is reasonable in patients taking immunosuppressant drugs. Data on use in pregnancy, lactation and children are lacking, and people with known sensitivity to the Asteraceae (Compositae) family should be watchful for allergic reactions.


== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of *Pluchea lanceolata*
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Pluchea lanceolata'' (preclinical evidence)
! Indication
! Indication !! Experimental finding !! Type of evidence
! Active Biomolecules
|-
! Primary Pharmacological Action
| '''Amavata / joint inflammation''' || Anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity; Th1 cytokine suppression || Review; mouse study
|-
| '''Vatavyadhi (neurological disorders)''' || Reduced TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-6 (taraxasterol); acetylcholinesterase inhibition (volatile oil) || Cell culture; ex vivo
|-
|-
| '''Rheumatoid Arthritis / Joint Swelling'''
| '''Swasa / Kasa (asthma, cough)''' || Reduced histamine-induced tracheal contraction || Isolated guinea pig trachea
| Triterpenoids, Flavonoids (Quercetin)
| Anti-inflammatory, Anti-arthritic
|-
|-
| '''Musculoskeletal Pain'''
| '''Jvara (fever, malaria-like fever)''' || Antimalarial activity of hexane extract and taraxasterol acetate || In vitro; mouse model
| Sterols, Sesquiterpene fractions
| Analgesic, Smoothing muscle relaxant
|-
|-
| '''Pyrexia (Fever) & Respiratory Distress'''
| '''Oxidative stress / DNA damage''' || Restored renal antioxidant enzymes and DNA integrity || Mouse model
| Phenolic compounds, Glycosides
| Antipyretic, Bronchodilatory support
|}
|}


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<ref name="Tripathi2006">Dr. Indradev Tripathi , Raja Nighantu of pandit Narhari, ed.2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, pippalyadi varga 81</ref>
<ref name="Tripathi2006">Dr. Indradev Tripathi , Raja Nighantu of pandit Narhari, ed.2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, pippalyadi varga 81</ref>
<ref name="Bhavamishra2020">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 162, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020;</ref>
<ref name="Bhavamishra2020">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 162, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020;</ref>
<ref name="RasnaInflam2010">{{cite journal |last1=Patel |first1=M. B. |last2=Mishra |first2=S. H. |year=2011 |title=Anti-inflammatory activity of Pluchea lanceolata root extract in rats |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=748–753}}</ref>
<ref name="Srivastava2012">Srivastava P, Shanker K. Pluchea lanceolata (Rasana): Chemical and biological potential of Rasayana herb used in traditional system of medicine. Fitoterapia. 2012;83(8):1371–1385. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2012.07.008. PMID: 22877846</ref>
<ref name="RasnaAnalgesic2012">{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=V. |last2=Gupta |first2=V. B. |year=2012 |title=Analgesic and antipyretic effects of Pluchea lanceolata leaves extracts |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=140 |issue=2 |pages=318–323}}</ref>
<ref name="Khan2010">Khan S, Rawat R, Rawat AKS, Shirwaikar A. A report on the quality control parameters of aerial parts of Pluchea lanceolata (DC.) Oliv. & Hiern, Asteraceae. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia. 2010;20. Available from: https://www.scielo.br/j/rbfar/a/vpXGbMFB45qRpt6V76tyhQn/?lang=en</ref>
<ref name="RasnaImmuno2015">{{cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=A. |last2=Kumar |first2=S. |year=2015 |title=Immunomodulatory activity of Pluchea lanceolata leaf extract on immunological parameters in rodents |journal=Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=175–181}}</ref>
<ref name="Srivastava2015">Srivastava P, Jyotshna, Chanda D, Shanker K. Chemical characterization and acetylcholinesterase inhibition potential of volatile components of aerial parts of Pluchea lanceolata (DC.) Oliv. & Hiern. Records of Natural Products. 2015;9(4):586–591.</ref>
<ref name="Chawla1991">Chawla AS, Kaith BS, Handa SS, Kulshreshtha DK, Srimal RC. Chemical investigation and anti-inflammatory activity of Pluchea lanceolata. Fitoterapia. 1991;62(5):441–444.</ref>
<ref name="Bhagwat2010">Bhagwat DP, Kharya MD, Bani S, Kaul A, Kour K, Chauhan PS, Suri KA, Satti NK. Immunosuppressive properties of Pluchea lanceolata leaves. Indian Journal of Pharmacology. 2010;42(1):21–26. doi:10.4103/0253-7613.62405</ref>
<ref name="Srivastava2014">Srivastava P, Mohanty S, Bawankule DU, Khan F, Shanker K. Effect of Pluchea lanceolata bioactives in LPS-induced neuroinflammation in C6 rat glial cells. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology. 2014;387(2):119–127.</ref>
<ref name="Arora2011">Arora R, Gill NS, Dhingra VK, Rana AC. Evaluation of anti-asthmatic potential of ethyl acetate fraction of Pluchea lanceolata. Pharmacologyonline. 2011;2:1126–1133.</ref>
<ref name="Mohanty2013">Mohanty S, Srivastava P, Maurya AK, Cheema HS, Shanker K, Dhawan S, Darokar MP, Bawankule DU. Antimalarial and safety evaluation of Pluchea lanceolata (DC.) Oliv. & Hiern: in-vitro and in-vivo study. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2013;149(3):797–802. PMID: 23954323</ref>
<ref name="Jahangir2013">Jahangir T, Safhi MM, Sultana S, Ahmad S. Pluchea lanceolata protects against benzo(a)pyrene induced renal toxicity and loss of DNA integrity. Interdisciplinary Toxicology. 2013;6(1):47–54. doi:10.2478/intox-2013-0009</ref>
}}
}}


[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]

Latest revision as of 04:24, 17 October 2026


Rasna
Section/Chapter Herb database/Rasna
Botanical name(s) Pluchea lanceolata Oliv.
Family Asteraceae (Composite)
Availability Available
Contributors Team Dravyaguna
Year of publication 2026
Publisher Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre
DOI Awaited

Pluchea lanceolata Oliv., popularly known as Rasna, is a xerophytic perennial herb native to dry and semi-arid regions of India and South Asia. It is highly revered in Ayurveda as a primary drug of choice for managing painful inflammatory musculoskeletal conditions, particularly Vata disorders and Amavata (rheumatoid arthritis). Modern experimental studies have examined its anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, antioxidant, antimalarial, anti-asthmatic and neuro-inflammatory-modulating effects; these are summarised below together with its classical description.[1]

English name

Indian camphor weed

Therapeutic Uses

Sotha (edema), Vatavyadhi (neurological and Vata disorders), Swasa (dyspnea/asthma), Kasa (cough), Jvara (fever), Udararoga (generalized abdominal distension), Sidhma (skin disease), Adhyavata, Amavata (rheumatoid arthritis), Vatarakta (gout).[2]

Other Varieties / Other Botanical names

  • Berthelotia lanceolata DC.
  • Berthelotia lanceolata var. senegalensis DC.
  • Conyza proteiformis Perr. ex DC.
  • Conyza rubra Buch.-Ham. ex DC.
  • Pluchea lanceolata (DC.) Oliv. & Hiern
  • Saussurea mucronata Spreng. ex DC.

Botanical Profile & Traditional Context

Pluchea lanceolata is an erect, perennial undershrub growing up to 30–100 cm in height, with a cylindrical, hairy, branched stem and simple, alternate, oblong to lanceolate leaves. In traditional Indian medicine it is described as an antipyretic, analgesic, bitter, laxative and nervine tonic, and is used for dyspepsia, bronchitis and rheumatoid arthritis.[3]

Synonyms in Charak Samhita

Shreyasi (Rasna is regarded as the best drug for vataroga), Elaparni, Yuktarasa (plant is full of juices), Rasa, Suvaha, Surasa (the juice has good qualities), Sugandha, Surabhi, Nakuli (it is liked by mongoose).

Additional Synonyms in Bhavprakasha Nighantu

Rasya (the taste of rasna is very pleasant), Rasana[4]

Varieties

Raja Nighantu

Mentioned 3 types[5]

  1. Mula rasna – Rauwolfia serpentina
  2. Patra rasna – Lochnera rosea
  3. Trina rasna – Vanda tessellata

Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties

Properties
Sr.no. Pharmacological criteria Properties
1 Taste (rasa) Bitter (tikta)
2 Potency (veerya) Hot (ushna)
3 Post digestion effect (vipaka) Pungent (katu)
4 Qualities (guna) Heavy (guru)
5 Actions (karma) Pacify Kapha and Vata

Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions

Herbs and their activities
Sr.no. Reference in Charak Samhita Activity
1 Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 4/9(26) Anuvasanopag mahakashay (unctuous enema)
2 Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 25/40 Agrya Sangraha
3 Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 27/107 Shaka Varga (Class of vegetables, mentioned as Sheyasi)
4 Cha.Sa. Vimana Sthana 8/135 Vamana dravyani (List of medicines used in therapeutic emesis)
5 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 3/250 As an ingredient of Jeevantyadi anuvasana basti
6 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 3/267 As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
7 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 12/72 As an Unmardan dravya in Kaphaj Shvayathu
8 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 13/110 In treatment of Udara roga (for parisheka)
9 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 14/43 Used in swedana kriya (fomentation)
10 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 14/63 As an ingredient of traushnadi churna
11 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 17/96 Used in yusha preparation for hikka svasa
12 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 18/58 As an ingredient of agastya haritaki leha
13 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 26/82 As an ingredient of Punarnavadi taila for vataja hrudroga
14 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 28/165 As an ingredient of Rasna taila
15 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 30/60 As an ingredient of Guduchyadi taila for Vataja yoni roga

Dose

  • 25–50 g (Decoction)[2]

Useful Part

Leaf[2]

Important Formulations

As per A.P.I.[2]

  • Dashamularishta
  • Devadarvarishta
  • Rasnadi kwath churna
  • Rasanaerandadi kwath churna

Current Availability

Available in India: Karnataka, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Punjab.

Phytoconstituents

Triterpenoids, sterols and flavonoids

Constituents reported to have been isolated from the plant include the triterpenoids α-amyrin, β-amyrin caproate, moretenol, moretenol acetate, neolupenol and ψ-taraxasterol acetate; the sterol stigmasterol; and the flavonoids quercetin and isorhamnetin. Preliminary screening of aerial-part extracts showed proteins, starch, fixed oil, steroids, glycosides, triterpenoids and flavonoids, with a total flavonoid content of 67.24 ± 1.4 µg/mL in the samples studied.[3]

Volatile oil (aerial parts)

GC-MS and NMR analysis of the hydrodistilled essential oil of the aerial parts identified oxygenated monoterpenes (53.4%) as the major group. The principal components were linalool (32.2%), β-caryophyllene (8.5%), α-terpineol (8.0%), spathulenol (7.4%) and linalyl acetate (5.6%).[6]

Therapeutic Efficacy: Pharmacological Evidence

The evidence summarised below is preclinical (animal and in vitro studies). No controlled human clinical trial of Pluchea lanceolata alone was found during the preparation of this monograph.

Anti-inflammatory activity

A chemical investigation of the plant, carried out alongside anti-inflammatory evaluation, supported the traditional use of Rasna in inflammatory conditions.[7]

Anti-arthritic, analgesic and antipyretic activity

A comprehensive review of the plant's chemistry and pharmacology records anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity, along with analgesic, laxative and antipyretic activities, and attributes the anti-inflammatory effect mainly to its triterpenoids. This agrees with the classical use of Rasna in Amavata and Vatavyadhi, though the review-level evidence is not a substitute for clinical trials.[1]

Immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory activity

In Balb/c mice, a 50% ethanolic leaf extract reduced the humoral antibody response and delayed-type hypersensitivity, and also decreased phagocytosis and delayed skin-graft rejection. Its chloroform fraction (25–200 mg/kg, orally) significantly suppressed CD8+/CD4+ T-cell surface markers and the intracellular Th1 cytokines IL-2 and IFN-γ. The authors concluded that the plant acts by inhibiting Th1 cytokines, which is relevant to autoimmune joint disease.[8]

Neuro-inflammation (Vata disorders)

In LPS-stimulated rat astrocytoma (C6) cells, the triterpene taraxasterol, isolated from the plant, significantly reduced the release of TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-6. Its acetate derivative did not inhibit IL-6 at lower concentrations. This offers an experimental basis for the traditional use of Rasna in neurological (Vata) disorders.[9]

Acetylcholinesterase inhibition

The hydrodistilled volatile oil of the aerial parts inhibited acetylcholinesterase in mouse brain homogenate with an IC50 of 2.54 ± 0.03 µg/mL, compared with 1.03 µg/mL for the reference drug physostigmine.[6]

Anti-asthmatic activity (Swasa, Kasa)

In isolated guinea pig tracheal chain, the ethyl acetate fraction of the leaf extract (100 µg/mL) significantly reduced histamine-induced contraction; the maximum contraction fell from 100% in controls to 57.81 ± 1.22%. This is an in vitro finding and has not been confirmed in clinical studies.[10]

Antimalarial activity (Jvara)

The hexane extract and taraxasterol acetate showed antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro and P. berghei-infected mice in vivo. Taraxasterol acetate also inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokines and raised blood glucose and haemoglobin levels in infected mice. No synergy with chloroquine was seen.[11]

Antioxidant and protective activity

In mice challenged with benzo(a)pyrene, pretreatment with the plant extract (100 and 200 mg/kg) restored renal glutathione and its dependent enzymes, increased catalase and quinone reductase, reduced micronuclei formation in bone marrow cells, and restored DNA integrity.[12]

Safety, Toxicity, and Precautions

  • Toxicity: The hexane extract was reported as non-toxic at higher concentrations in in vitro and in vivo safety evaluation.[11] No formal human safety data were found.
  • Precautions (inference, not from a cited study): Because the extract showed immunosuppressive activity in mice, caution is reasonable in patients taking immunosuppressant drugs. Data on use in pregnancy, lactation and children are lacking, and people with known sensitivity to the Asteraceae (Compositae) family should be watchful for allergic reactions.

Summary of Therapeutic Profile

Therapeutic Applications of Pluchea lanceolata (preclinical evidence)
Indication Experimental finding Type of evidence
Amavata / joint inflammation Anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity; Th1 cytokine suppression Review; mouse study
Vatavyadhi (neurological disorders) Reduced TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-6 (taraxasterol); acetylcholinesterase inhibition (volatile oil) Cell culture; ex vivo
Swasa / Kasa (asthma, cough) Reduced histamine-induced tracheal contraction Isolated guinea pig trachea
Jvara (fever, malaria-like fever) Antimalarial activity of hexane extract and taraxasterol acetate In vitro; mouse model
Oxidative stress / DNA damage Restored renal antioxidant enzymes and DNA integrity Mouse model

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Srivastava P, Shanker K. Pluchea lanceolata (Rasana): Chemical and biological potential of Rasayana herb used in traditional system of medicine. Fitoterapia. 2012;83(8):1371–1385. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2012.07.008. PMID: 22877846
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3:73
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Khan S, Rawat R, Rawat AKS, Shirwaikar A. A report on the quality control parameters of aerial parts of Pluchea lanceolata (DC.) Oliv. & Hiern, Asteraceae. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia. 2010;20. Available from: https://www.scielo.br/j/rbfar/a/vpXGbMFB45qRpt6V76tyhQn/?lang=en
  4. ↑ Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 162, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020;
  5. ↑ Dr. Indradev Tripathi , Raja Nighantu of pandit Narhari, ed.2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, pippalyadi varga 81
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Srivastava P, Jyotshna, Chanda D, Shanker K. Chemical characterization and acetylcholinesterase inhibition potential of volatile components of aerial parts of Pluchea lanceolata (DC.) Oliv. & Hiern. Records of Natural Products. 2015;9(4):586–591.
  7. ↑ Chawla AS, Kaith BS, Handa SS, Kulshreshtha DK, Srimal RC. Chemical investigation and anti-inflammatory activity of Pluchea lanceolata. Fitoterapia. 1991;62(5):441–444.
  8. ↑ Bhagwat DP, Kharya MD, Bani S, Kaul A, Kour K, Chauhan PS, Suri KA, Satti NK. Immunosuppressive properties of Pluchea lanceolata leaves. Indian Journal of Pharmacology. 2010;42(1):21–26. doi:10.4103/0253-7613.62405
  9. ↑ Srivastava P, Mohanty S, Bawankule DU, Khan F, Shanker K. Effect of Pluchea lanceolata bioactives in LPS-induced neuroinflammation in C6 rat glial cells. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology. 2014;387(2):119–127.
  10. ↑ Arora R, Gill NS, Dhingra VK, Rana AC. Evaluation of anti-asthmatic potential of ethyl acetate fraction of Pluchea lanceolata. Pharmacologyonline. 2011;2:1126–1133.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Mohanty S, Srivastava P, Maurya AK, Cheema HS, Shanker K, Dhawan S, Darokar MP, Bawankule DU. Antimalarial and safety evaluation of Pluchea lanceolata (DC.) Oliv. & Hiern: in-vitro and in-vivo study. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2013;149(3):797–802. PMID: 23954323
  12. ↑ Jahangir T, Safhi MM, Sultana S, Ahmad S. Pluchea lanceolata protects against benzo(a)pyrene induced renal toxicity and loss of DNA integrity. Interdisciplinary Toxicology. 2013;6(1):47–54. doi:10.2478/intox-2013-0009
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