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# Nila nirgundi  
# Nila nirgundi  
# Sephali  
# Sephali  
[[File:Vitex_negundo.jpg|thumb|Nirgundi (Vitex negundo)]]


== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
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== Phytochemical Composition ==
== Phytochemical Composition ==
The therapeutic efficacy of ''Vitex negundo'' leaves and extracts is attributed to a rich array of bioactive secondary metabolites:
The major classes of bioactive secondary metabolites reported from ''Vitex negundo'' are flavonoids, iridoid glycosides, triterpenoids and volatile oil constituents.
* '''Flavonoids & Glycosides:''' Casticin, agnuside, negative, and quercetin.
 
* '''Volatile Essential Oils:''' Pinene, cineole, sesquiterpenes, and viridiflorol.
* '''Flavonoids:''' Vitexicarpin (casticin) has been isolated from the leaves; it showed broad cytotoxicity against a panel of human cancer cell lines.<ref name="Diaz2003">Díaz F, Chávez D, Lee D, Mi Q, Chai HB, Tan GT, et al. Cytotoxic flavone analogues of vitexicarpin, a constituent of the leaves of ''Vitex negundo''. J Nat Prod. 2003;66(6):865–867.</ref>
* '''Iridoid Glycosides:''' Aucubin, agnuside, and negundoside possessing anti-inflammatory activity.
* '''Iridoid glycosides:''' Negundoside (2′-p-hydroxybenzoyl mussaenosidic acid) and agnuside are the characteristic iridoids of the leaves.<ref name="Sehgal1982">Sehgal CK, Taneja SC, Dhar KL, Atal CK. 2′-p-Hydroxybenzoyl mussaenosidic acid, a new iridoid glycoside from ''Vitex negundo''. Phytochemistry. 1982;21(2):363–366.</ref>
* '''Triterpenoids:''' Betulinic acid and ursolic acid have been isolated and characterised from the plant.<ref name="Chandramu2003">Chandramu C, Manohar RD, Krupadanam DG, Dashavantha RV. Isolation, characterization and biological activity of betulinic acid and ursolic acid from ''Vitex negundo'' L. Phytother Res. 2003;17(2):129–134.</ref>
* '''Volatile essential oils:''' The leaf oil contains δ-guaiene and caryophyllene epoxide as main constituents; the flower oil contains α-selinene and germacren-4-ol; the fruit oil contains β-selinene and germacrene D.<ref name="Khokra2008">Khokra SL, Prakash O, Jain S, Aneja KR, Dhingra Y. Essential oil composition and antibacterial studies of ''Vitex negundo'' Linn. extracts. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2008;70(4):522–526.</ref>


== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
=== Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Effects ===
=== Anti-Inflammatory Effect (Sopha, Amavata, Vatavyadhi) ===
Nirgundi is globally celebrated for its robust capacity to reduce joint pain and swelling, mirroring its traditional use in *Amavata* and *Vatavyadhi*.
Nirgundi is traditionally used for painful and swollen joints, and experimental work supports its anti-inflammatory use.
* '''Mechanism:''' Active constituents like casticin and iridoid glycosides inhibit prostaglandin synthesis and suppress key inflammatory enzymes (such as cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase).
* '''Evidence:''' Oral ethanolic leaf extract (100, 250 and 500 mg/kg) showed dose-dependent activity in carrageenin-induced paw oedema and cotton pellet granuloma models in rats.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Preclinical and clinical studies confirm that topical and oral administration of leaf extracts significantly reduces acute and chronic inflammation, providing notable relief in arthritic models.<ref name="Tandon2005">{{cite journal |last1=Tandon |first1=V. R. |year=2005 |title=Therapeutic potential and mechanism of action of Vitex negundo L. against inflammatory disorders |journal=Indian Journal of Pharmacology |volume=37 |issue=5 |pages=293–298}}</ref>
* '''Mechanism:''' The activity was attributed to prostaglandin inhibition in acute inflammation and reduction of oxidative stress in sub-acute inflammation.<ref name="Tandon2006">Tandon VR, Gupta RK. Anti-inflammatory activity and mechanism of action of ''Vitex negundo'' Linn. Int J Pharmacol. 2006;2(3):303–308.</ref>
 
=== Adjuvant to Anti-inflammatory Drugs ===
A sub-effective dose of the ethanolic leaf extract potentiated the anti-inflammatory action of phenylbutazone and ibuprofen in rats, suggesting a possible adjuvant role alongside standard anti-inflammatory therapy.<ref name="TandonGupta2006">Tandon VR, Gupta RK. ''Vitex negundo'' Linn (VN) leaf extract as an adjuvant therapy to standard anti-inflammatory drugs. Indian J Med Res. 2006;124(4):447–450.</ref>
 
=== Analgesic Effect (Sula) ===
Ethanolic leaf extract (100, 250 and 500 mg/kg, oral) showed antinociceptive activity in the tail-flick test in rats and the acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice, and potentiated the analgesic action of meperidine and aspirin.<ref name="GuptaTandon2005">Gupta RK, Tandon VR. Antinociceptive activity of ''Vitex-negundo'' Linn leaf extract. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2005;49(2):163–170.</ref>


=== Muscle Relaxant and Neuroprotective Properties ===
=== Antihistaminic and Anti-pruritic Effect (Kandu) ===
Modern research supports its historical applications in central nervous and neuromuscular disorders.
An oral aqueous extract of mature fresh leaves showed antihistamine activity in rats, which the authors proposed as a basis for the anti-itching use claimed in Ayurveda.<ref name="Dharmasiri2003">Dharmasiri MG, Jayakody JRAC, Galhena G, Liyanage SSP, Ratnasooriya WD. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of mature fresh leaves of ''Vitex negundo''. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003;87(2–3):199–206.</ref>
* '''Mechanism:''' Central nervous system modulation and peripheral neuromuscular blockade help alleviate spasticity and muscular pain.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Experimental studies demonstrate significant anticonvulsant, analgesic, and anxiolytic properties of leaf essential oils and flavonoid fractions.<ref name="Gupta2005">{{cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=M. |last2=Mazumder |first2=U. K. |last3=Bhaduri |first3=S. |year=2005 |title=CNS activities of Vitex negundo L. in mice |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=143–146}}</ref>


=== Antimicrobial and Wound Healing Actions ===
=== Central Nervous System Activity (Vatavyadhi) ===
Traditional indications for wounds (*vrana*) and skin conditions (*kustha*) are backed by modern microbiological tests.
The methanolic leaf extract potentiated pentobarbitone-, diazepam- and chlorpromazine-induced sleeping time in mice, potentiated morphine and pethidine analgesia, and protected against strychnine- and leptazole-induced convulsions, indicating a dose-dependent CNS depressant action.<ref name="Gupta1999">Gupta M, Mazumder UK, Bhawal SR. CNS activity of ''Vitex negundo'' Linn. in mice. Indian J Exp Biol. 1999;37(2):143–146.</ref>
* '''Mechanism:''' Extracts disrupt bacterial and fungal cell walls, while stimulating collagen cross-linking and cellular proliferation at wound sites.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In vitro evaluations verify strong inhibitory action against multi-drug resistant bacterial strains, alongside accelerated wound closure in animal testing models.<ref name="Telang1999">{{cite journal |last1=Telang |first1=R. S. |last2=Chaturvedi |first2=C. |last3=Sharma |first3=P. V. |year=1999 |title=Evaluation of Vitex negundo leaf extract for wound healing activity in albino rats |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=163–165}}</ref>


== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
=== Hepatoprotective Effect (Pliha roga) ===
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' Nirgundi exhibits a high safety margin at standard therapeutic dosages.
Leaf extract of ''Vitex negundo'' has been shown to protect against liver injury caused by anti-tubercular drugs in an experimental model, which is relevant to the traditional use in hepatic and splenic disorders.<ref name="Tandon2008">Tandon VR, Khajuria V, Kapoor B, Kour D, Gupta S. Hepatoprotective activity of ''Vitex negundo'' leaf extract against anti-tubercular drugs induced hepatotoxicity. Fitoterapia. 2008;79(7–8):533–538.</ref>
 
=== Wound Healing (Vrana) ===
The ethanolic leaf extract and its major iridoid agnuside were studied in incision and excision wound models in Wistar rats. A 25% agnuside-enriched fraction gave rapid wound healing, comparable to the standard drug Soframycin.<ref name="Ibrahim2018">Muhamad Ibrahim A, Nagarajan A, Majeed M. Wound healing activity of the ethanolic extract and agnuside isolated from ''Vitex negundo'' L. leaves. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2018;7(5):1823–1832.</ref>
 
=== Antibacterial Activity ===
Essential oils from leaves, flowers and fruits, and successive leaf extracts, were tested against ''Staphylococcus aureus'', ''Bacillus subtilis'', ''Escherichia coli'' and ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''. The ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts showed prominent activity against all the strains tested.<ref name="Khokra2008"/>
 
=== Antioxidant Activity ===
Polar fractions of the plant trapped free radicals, inhibited lipid peroxidation and chelated iron in vitro, which may contribute to its anti-inflammatory action.<ref name="Tiwari2007">Tiwari OP, Tripathi YB. Antioxidant properties of different fractions of ''Vitex negundo'' Linn. Food Chem. 2007;100(3):1170–1176.</ref>
 
== Safety and Dosage ==
* '''Precautions:''' Use under professional guidance during pregnancy or lactation.
* '''Precautions:''' Use under professional guidance during pregnancy or lactation.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''  
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''  
** ''Fresh Leaf Juice (Swarasa):'' 10–20 ml daily<ref name="ref1"/>.
** ''Fresh Leaf Juice (Swarasa):'' 10–20 ml<ref name="ref1"/>.
** ''External Application (Taila/Lepa):'' As directed by an Ayurveda practitioner.
** ''External Application (Taila/Lepa):'' As directed by an Ayurveda practitioner.


Line 174: Line 187:
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Vitex negundo''
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Vitex negundo''
! Indication
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Active Biomolecules / Preparation Studied
! Primary Pharmacological Action
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
|-
| '''Rheumatoid Arthritis / Amavata'''
| '''Inflammation, joint pain / Sopha, Amavata'''
| Casticin, Iridoid glycosides
| Ethanolic leaf extract
| Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic
| Anti-inflammatory, adjuvant to NSAIDs
|-
| '''Pain / Sula'''
| Ethanolic leaf extract
| Analgesic
|-
| '''Itching / Kandu'''
| Aqueous extract of fresh leaves
| Antihistaminic
|-
| '''Nervous disorders / Vatavyadhi'''
| Methanolic leaf extract
| CNS depressant, anticonvulsant
|-
|-
| '''Pain & Edema / Sula & Sopha'''
| '''Liver and spleen disorders / Pliha roga'''
| Volatile essential oils, Flavonoids
| Leaf extract
| Muscle relaxant, Anti-oedematogenic
| Hepatoprotective
|-
|-
| '''Wounds & Skin Ailments / Vrana'''
| '''Wounds / Vrana'''
| Tannins, Essential oil fractions
| Ethanolic extract, agnuside
| Antimicrobial, Pro-healing stimulant
| Wound healing, antibacterial
|}
|}


Line 195: Line 220:
<ref name="ref2">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Guduchyadi Varga, Verse no. 113, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020;</ref>
<ref name="ref2">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Guduchyadi Varga, Verse no. 113, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020;</ref>
<ref name="ref3">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raja Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, ed. 2016, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, Shatavhadi Varga, verse no. 152, 154, 156.</ref>
<ref name="ref3">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raja Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, ed. 2016, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, Shatavhadi Varga, verse no. 152, 154, 156.</ref>
<ref name="Tandon2005">{{cite journal |last1=Tandon |first1=V. R. |year=2005 |title=Therapeutic potential and mechanism of action of Vitex negundo L. against inflammatory disorders |journal=Indian Journal of Pharmacology |volume=37 |issue=5 |pages=293–298}}</ref>
<ref name="Diaz2003">Díaz F, Chávez D, Lee D, Mi Q, Chai HB, Tan GT, et al. Cytotoxic flavone analogues of vitexicarpin, a constituent of the leaves of ''Vitex negundo''. J Nat Prod. 2003;66(6):865–867.</ref>
<ref name="Gupta2005">{{cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=M. |last2=Mazumder |first2=U. K. |last3=Bhaduri |first3=S. |year=2005 |title=CNS activities of Vitex negundo L. in mice |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=143–146}}</ref>
<ref name="Sehgal1982">Sehgal CK, Taneja SC, Dhar KL, Atal CK. 2′-p-Hydroxybenzoyl mussaenosidic acid, a new iridoid glycoside from ''Vitex negundo''. Phytochemistry. 1982;21(2):363–366.</ref>
<ref name="Telang1999">{{cite journal |last1=Telang |first1=R. S. |last2=Chaturvedi |first2=C. |last3=Sharma |first3=P. V. |year=1999 |title=Evaluation of Vitex negundo leaf extract for wound healing activity in albino rats |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=163–165}}</ref>
<ref name="Chandramu2003">Chandramu C, Manohar RD, Krupadanam DG, Dashavantha RV. Isolation, characterization and biological activity of betulinic acid and ursolic acid from ''Vitex negundo'' L. Phytother Res. 2003;17(2):129–134.</ref>
<ref name="Khokra2008">Khokra SL, Prakash O, Jain S, Aneja KR, Dhingra Y. Essential oil composition and antibacterial studies of ''Vitex negundo'' Linn. extracts. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2008;70(4):522–526.</ref>
<ref name="Tandon2006">Tandon VR, Gupta RK. Anti-inflammatory activity and mechanism of action of ''Vitex negundo'' Linn. Int J Pharmacol. 2006;2(3):303–308.</ref>
<ref name="TandonGupta2006">Tandon VR, Gupta RK. ''Vitex negundo'' Linn (VN) leaf extract as an adjuvant therapy to standard anti-inflammatory drugs. Indian J Med Res. 2006;124(4):447–450.</ref>
<ref name="GuptaTandon2005">Gupta RK, Tandon VR. Antinociceptive activity of ''Vitex-negundo'' Linn leaf extract. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2005;49(2):163–170.</ref>
<ref name="Dharmasiri2003">Dharmasiri MG, Jayakody JRAC, Galhena G, Liyanage SSP, Ratnasooriya WD. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of mature fresh leaves of ''Vitex negundo''. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003;87(2–3):199–206.</ref>
<ref name="Gupta1999">Gupta M, Mazumder UK, Bhawal SR. CNS activity of ''Vitex negundo'' Linn. in mice. Indian J Exp Biol. 1999;37(2):143–146.</ref>
<ref name="Tandon2008">Tandon VR, Khajuria V, Kapoor B, Kour D, Gupta S. Hepatoprotective activity of ''Vitex negundo'' leaf extract against anti-tubercular drugs induced hepatotoxicity. Fitoterapia. 2008;79(7–8):533–538.</ref>
<ref name="Ibrahim2018">Muhamad Ibrahim A, Nagarajan A, Majeed M. Wound healing activity of the ethanolic extract and agnuside isolated from ''Vitex negundo'' L. leaves. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2018;7(5):1823–1832.</ref>
<ref name="Tiwari2007">Tiwari OP, Tripathi YB. Antioxidant properties of different fractions of ''Vitex negundo'' Linn. Food Chem. 2007;100(3):1170–1176.</ref>
}}
}}


[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]
[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Latest revision as of 08:56, 11 October 2026


Nirgundi
Section/Chapter Herb database/Nirgundi
Botanical name(s) Vitex negundo L.
Family Verbenaceae
Availability Available
Contributors Team Dravyaguna
Year of publication 2026
Publisher Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre
DOI Awaited

Vitex negundo L., popularly known as Nirgundi (Five-leaved Chaste Tree), is a large aromatic shrub or small tree belonging to the family Verbenaceae. It is widely recognized in Ayurveda for its potent anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and muscle-relaxant properties, especially in managing musculoskeletal and neurological disorders (*Vatavyadhi*).

English name

Five-leaved chaste tree

Therapeutic Uses

Sula (pain), Sopha (edema), Vatavyadhi (diseases of nervous system), Amavata (rheumatoid arthritis), Kustha (skin diseases), Kandu (itching), Kasa (cough), Pradara (excessive vaginal discharge), Adhmana (flatulence), Pliha roga (splenic disorders), Gulma (abdominal lumps), Aruchi (anorexia), Krumi (worms), Vrana (wounds), Karnasula (earache), Sutika (postnatal care), Jwara (fever)[1]

Synonyms in Charak Samhita

Samhalu, Shefali, Nilapishpi, Suvaha, Sindhuvarika, Harenu (Nirgundi beeja)

Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu

Swetapushpa, Sinduka[2]

Varieties

Bhavaprakasha Nighantu

Mentioned 2 types[2]

  1. Swetapushpa nirgundi
  2. Nilapushpa nirgundi

Raja Nighantu

Mentioned 3 types[3]

  1. Sinduvara
  2. Nila nirgundi
  3. Sephali

Botanical Profile & Traditional Context

In traditional Ayurveda, Nirgundi is classified primarily as *Vatashamaka* (pacifying Vata dosha) and *Vedanahara* (analgesic). Its leaves, roots, and seeds are utilized extensively in decoctions, oils, and pastes to treat chronic joint pain, swelling, and inflammatory conditions.

Ayurvedic pharmacological properties

Properties
Sr.no. Pharmacological criteria Properties
1 Taste (rasa) Pungent (katu), Bitter (tikta)
2 Potency (veerya) Hot (ushna)
3 Post digestion effect (vipaka) Pungent (katu)
4 Qualities (guna) Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
5 Actions (karma) Pacify Vata and Kapha

Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions

Herbs and their activities
Sr.no. Reference in Charak Samhita Activity
1 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 3/5 Siddhatama churna pradeha (external application)
2 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(15) Krimighna mahakashaya (anti-helminthics)
3 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 5/20 Dhuma varti dravya
4 Cha.Sa.Vimana Sthana 6/21 Abhyantara krimi chikitsa
5 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 27/28 Shamidhanya Varga (The class of pulses)
6 Cha.Sa.Vimana Sthana 8/135 Vamana dravyani (medicines used in therapeutic emesis)
7 Cha.Sa.Sharira Sthana 8/56 Kshira vishodhana dravya
8 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 4/47 In Yavagu prayoga (medicated gruels)
9 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 8/84 Ingredient in Lepa
10 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/165 As an ingredient of Madhavarishta
11 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 23/56 As an ingredient of Mrita sanjivani agada
12 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 23/79 As an ingredient of Maha-Gandha hasti agada
13 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 23/195 Used in the treatment of Darvikara sarpa damsha (snake bite)
14 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 23/200 Used in the treatment of Luta visha (spider poison)
15 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 28/134 As an ingredient of Nirgundi taila
16 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 30/271 Used in treatment of vaivarnya stanya dosha (vitiated breast milk), as an ingredient of Jivakadya lepa

Dose

  • Fresh Juice (Swarasa): 10–20 ml[1]

Useful Part

Important Formulations

As per A.P.I.[1]

  • Vatagajankusa rasa
  • Mahavata vidhvansana rasa
  • Yakrutapliha loha
  • Dasamula taila
  • Trivikrama rasa
  • Nirgundi taila
  • Tribhuvankirti rasa
  • Visatinduka taila

Current availability

Available

  • In India – Widely distributed throughout the country, found near water courses, waste lands, and mixed deciduous forests.

Phytochemical Composition

The major classes of bioactive secondary metabolites reported from Vitex negundo are flavonoids, iridoid glycosides, triterpenoids and volatile oil constituents.

  • Flavonoids: Vitexicarpin (casticin) has been isolated from the leaves; it showed broad cytotoxicity against a panel of human cancer cell lines.[4]
  • Iridoid glycosides: Negundoside (2′-p-hydroxybenzoyl mussaenosidic acid) and agnuside are the characteristic iridoids of the leaves.[5]
  • Triterpenoids: Betulinic acid and ursolic acid have been isolated and characterised from the plant.[6]
  • Volatile essential oils: The leaf oil contains δ-guaiene and caryophyllene epoxide as main constituents; the flower oil contains α-selinene and germacren-4-ol; the fruit oil contains β-selinene and germacrene D.[7]

Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy

Anti-Inflammatory Effect (Sopha, Amavata, Vatavyadhi)

Nirgundi is traditionally used for painful and swollen joints, and experimental work supports its anti-inflammatory use.

  • Evidence: Oral ethanolic leaf extract (100, 250 and 500 mg/kg) showed dose-dependent activity in carrageenin-induced paw oedema and cotton pellet granuloma models in rats.
  • Mechanism: The activity was attributed to prostaglandin inhibition in acute inflammation and reduction of oxidative stress in sub-acute inflammation.[8]

Adjuvant to Anti-inflammatory Drugs

A sub-effective dose of the ethanolic leaf extract potentiated the anti-inflammatory action of phenylbutazone and ibuprofen in rats, suggesting a possible adjuvant role alongside standard anti-inflammatory therapy.[9]

Analgesic Effect (Sula)

Ethanolic leaf extract (100, 250 and 500 mg/kg, oral) showed antinociceptive activity in the tail-flick test in rats and the acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice, and potentiated the analgesic action of meperidine and aspirin.[10]

Antihistaminic and Anti-pruritic Effect (Kandu)

An oral aqueous extract of mature fresh leaves showed antihistamine activity in rats, which the authors proposed as a basis for the anti-itching use claimed in Ayurveda.[11]

Central Nervous System Activity (Vatavyadhi)

The methanolic leaf extract potentiated pentobarbitone-, diazepam- and chlorpromazine-induced sleeping time in mice, potentiated morphine and pethidine analgesia, and protected against strychnine- and leptazole-induced convulsions, indicating a dose-dependent CNS depressant action.[12]

Hepatoprotective Effect (Pliha roga)

Leaf extract of Vitex negundo has been shown to protect against liver injury caused by anti-tubercular drugs in an experimental model, which is relevant to the traditional use in hepatic and splenic disorders.[13]

Wound Healing (Vrana)

The ethanolic leaf extract and its major iridoid agnuside were studied in incision and excision wound models in Wistar rats. A 25% agnuside-enriched fraction gave rapid wound healing, comparable to the standard drug Soframycin.[14]

Antibacterial Activity

Essential oils from leaves, flowers and fruits, and successive leaf extracts, were tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts showed prominent activity against all the strains tested.[7]

Antioxidant Activity

Polar fractions of the plant trapped free radicals, inhibited lipid peroxidation and chelated iron in vitro, which may contribute to its anti-inflammatory action.[15]

Safety and Dosage

  • Precautions: Use under professional guidance during pregnancy or lactation.
  • Standard Therapeutic Dosage:
    • Fresh Leaf Juice (Swarasa): 10–20 ml[1].
    • External Application (Taila/Lepa): As directed by an Ayurveda practitioner.

Summary of Therapeutic Profile

Therapeutic Applications of Vitex negundo
Indication Active Biomolecules / Preparation Studied Primary Pharmacological Action
Inflammation, joint pain / Sopha, Amavata Ethanolic leaf extract Anti-inflammatory, adjuvant to NSAIDs
Pain / Sula Ethanolic leaf extract Analgesic
Itching / Kandu Aqueous extract of fresh leaves Antihistaminic
Nervous disorders / Vatavyadhi Methanolic leaf extract CNS depressant, anticonvulsant
Liver and spleen disorders / Pliha roga Leaf extract Hepatoprotective
Wounds / Vrana Ethanolic extract, agnuside Wound healing, antibacterial

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3: 64.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Guduchyadi Varga, Verse no. 113, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020;
  3. ↑ Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raja Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, ed. 2016, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, Shatavhadi Varga, verse no. 152, 154, 156.
  4. ↑ Díaz F, Chávez D, Lee D, Mi Q, Chai HB, Tan GT, et al. Cytotoxic flavone analogues of vitexicarpin, a constituent of the leaves of Vitex negundo. J Nat Prod. 2003;66(6):865–867.
  5. ↑ Sehgal CK, Taneja SC, Dhar KL, Atal CK. 2′-p-Hydroxybenzoyl mussaenosidic acid, a new iridoid glycoside from Vitex negundo. Phytochemistry. 1982;21(2):363–366.
  6. ↑ Chandramu C, Manohar RD, Krupadanam DG, Dashavantha RV. Isolation, characterization and biological activity of betulinic acid and ursolic acid from Vitex negundo L. Phytother Res. 2003;17(2):129–134.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Khokra SL, Prakash O, Jain S, Aneja KR, Dhingra Y. Essential oil composition and antibacterial studies of Vitex negundo Linn. extracts. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2008;70(4):522–526.
  8. ↑ Tandon VR, Gupta RK. Anti-inflammatory activity and mechanism of action of Vitex negundo Linn. Int J Pharmacol. 2006;2(3):303–308.
  9. ↑ Tandon VR, Gupta RK. Vitex negundo Linn (VN) leaf extract as an adjuvant therapy to standard anti-inflammatory drugs. Indian J Med Res. 2006;124(4):447–450.
  10. ↑ Gupta RK, Tandon VR. Antinociceptive activity of Vitex-negundo Linn leaf extract. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2005;49(2):163–170.
  11. ↑ Dharmasiri MG, Jayakody JRAC, Galhena G, Liyanage SSP, Ratnasooriya WD. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of mature fresh leaves of Vitex negundo. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003;87(2–3):199–206.
  12. ↑ Gupta M, Mazumder UK, Bhawal SR. CNS activity of Vitex negundo Linn. in mice. Indian J Exp Biol. 1999;37(2):143–146.
  13. ↑ Tandon VR, Khajuria V, Kapoor B, Kour D, Gupta S. Hepatoprotective activity of Vitex negundo leaf extract against anti-tubercular drugs induced hepatotoxicity. Fitoterapia. 2008;79(7–8):533–538.
  14. ↑ Muhamad Ibrahim A, Nagarajan A, Majeed M. Wound healing activity of the ethanolic extract and agnuside isolated from Vitex negundo L. leaves. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2018;7(5):1823–1832.
  15. ↑ Tiwari OP, Tripathi YB. Antioxidant properties of different fractions of Vitex negundo Linn. Food Chem. 2007;100(3):1170–1176.

Herbs

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