Charak Samhita

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|label5 = Contributors
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication  
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI  
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
|data8 = Awaited
}}
}}


'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodfordia_fruticosa Woodfordia floribunda Salisb.]''' (syn. *Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz*), popularly known as '''Dhataki''' (Fire Flame Bush), is a deciduous, much-branched shrub belonging to the family Lythraceae. Its brilliant red flowers are extensively used in [[Ayurveda]] as a prominent astringent, wound healer, and a primary fermenting agent in traditional herbal preparations (*Arishtas* and *Asavas*).
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodfordia_fruticosa Woodfordia floribunda Salisb.]''' (syn. ''Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz''), popularly known as '''Dhataki''' (Fire flame bush), is a deciduous, much-branched shrub of the family Lythraceae. Its red flowers are widely used in [[Ayurveda]] as an astringent, as a wound-healing drug and as a fermenting agent in ''Arishtas'' and ''Asavas''. Most modern research is published under the name ''Woodfordia fruticosa''.


==English name==
==English name==
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==Therapeutic uses==
==Therapeutic uses==
Atisara (diarrhoea), Raktapitta (bleeding disorder), Trushna (thirst), Vrana (wound), Visarpa (herpes)<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1: 22.</ref>
Atisara (diarrhoea), Raktapitta (bleeding disorder), Trushna (thirst), Vrana (wound), Visarpa (herpes)<ref name="ref1" />


==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Dhatakipushpa, Dhatupushpi (flowers of Dhataki are red in colour like that of red ochre), Vanhijwala, Samanga, Tamrapushpi, Kunjara, Subhiksha, Bahupushpi, Vanhipushpi (the flowers are red in colour like that of flame)
Dhatakipushpa, Dhatupushpi (flowers of Dhataki are red in colour like that of red ochre), Vanhijwala, Samanga, Tamrapushpi, Kunjara, Subhiksha, Bahupushpi, Vanhipushpi (the flowers are red in colour like that of flame)


==Traditional Context==
In Ayurvedic therapeutics Dhataki is included among the ''Sandhaniya'' (promoting union of tissues) and ''Purishasangrahaniya'' (faecal astringent) groups. It has cold potency (''sheeta veerya'') and pungent post-digestion effect (''katu vipaka''), and pacifies Pitta and Kapha doshas.


== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
==Ayurvedic pharmacological properties==
In traditional Ayurvedic therapeutics, Dhataki is classified under groups like *Sandhaniya* (promoting healing and union) and *Purishasangrahaniya* (faecal astringents). It possesses cold potency (*sheeta veerya*) and a pungent post-digestion effect (*katu vipaka*), making it exceptionally effective in pacifying Pitta and Kapha doshas.
 
== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Sr.no.'''  
|'''Sr.no.'''
|'''Pharmacological criteria'''
|'''Pharmacological criteria'''
|'''Properties'''
|'''Properties'''
|-
|-
|1
|1
|Taste ([[rasa]])  
|Taste ([[rasa]])
|Astringent (kashaya)
|Astringent (kashaya)
|-
|-
|2
|2
|Potency ([[veerya]])  
|Potency ([[veerya]])
|Cold (sheeta)
|Cold (sheeta)
|-
|-
|3
|3
|Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]])  
|Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]])
|Pungent (katu)
|Pungent (katu)
|-
|-
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|-
|-
|5
|5
|Actions ([[karma]])  
|Actions ([[karma]])
|Pacify Kapha and Pitta
|Pacify Kapha and Pitta
|-
|-
|}
|}


== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
==Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity  
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(5) || Sandhaniya mahakashaya (promoting union/binding)
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(5) || Sandhaniya mahakashaya (promoting union/binding)
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==Dose==
==Dose==
* 3–6 g of drug in powder form<ref name="ref1"/>
* 3–6 g of drug in powder form<ref name="ref1" />


==Important formulations==
==Important formulations==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="ref1"/>
As per A.P.I.
* Bruhat gangadhara churna
* Bruhat gangadhara churna
* Pushyanuga churna
* Pushyanuga churna
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* '''In India –''' Widely distributed throughout the hilly regions of India.
* '''In India –''' Widely distributed throughout the hilly regions of India.


== Phytochemical Composition ==
==Phytoconstituents==
The medicinal value of ''Woodfordia floribunda'' flowers and leaves stems from a robust phytochemical profile:
Woodfordia fruticosa has yielded the following major classes of compounds, mainly from the flowers and leaves:<ref name="Das2007" />
* '''Hydrolyzable Tannins:''' Abundant in ellagic acid, gallic acid, woodfordin C, and macranthin.
* '''Tannins:''' especially macrocyclic hydrolysable tannins (for example woodfordin C from the flowers).
* '''Flavonoids:''' Quercetin, myricetin, and various glycosidic derivatives.
* '''Flavonoids:''' including an anthocyanin pigment in the flowers.
* '''Anthocyanins:''' Pelargonidin and cyanidin derivatives responsible for the vibrant red hue of the blossoms.
* '''Anthraquinone glycosides.'''
* '''Other polyphenols.'''


== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
==Pharmacological Activities and Therapeutic Efficacy==
=== Gastrointestinal and Anti-Diarrheal Action ===
All studies below are preclinical (animal or in vitro). No controlled human clinical trial is cited in this monograph. Most studies used extracts of a specific plant part, which is stated for each topic.
Dhataki is traditionally and scientifically established as a premier remedy for diarrhoeal states (*atisara*).
* '''Mechanism:''' High tannin concentrations exert an astringent action on the intestinal mucosa, precipitating proteins, reducing hypersecretion, and slowing gut motility.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Pharmacological studies on extract models demonstrate significant anti-diarrheal activity, reducing frequency and wet weight of stools in experimental evaluations.<ref name="Jain2011"/>


=== Wound Healing and Antimicrobial Properties ===
===Antidiarrhoeal activity (Atisara)===
Its designation under *Sandhaniya* (healing promoters) correlates directly with its tissue-repair capabilities.
Methanolic extracts of the bark (200 and 400 mg/kg) and of the leaf (400 mg/kg) showed statistically significant antidiarrhoeal activity in rodents. This study used leaf and bark, not the flower, which is the part used in Ayurveda.<ref name="Rahman2023" />
* '''Mechanism:''' Stimulates fibroblast proliferation, enhances collagen deposition, and exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against pathogens commonly infecting wounds.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Topical application of Dhataki flower extract accelerated wound contraction and epithelialization rates in experimental excision and incision wound models.<ref name="Verma2012"/>


=== Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Effects ===
===Wound healing (Vrana)===
Dhataki exhibits substantial efficacy in managing inflammatory conditions like *Visarpa* and bleeding disorders (*Raktapitta*).
The ethanolic extract of the flowers (250 and 500 mg/kg in rats) showed dose-dependent wound-healing activity in excision, incision and dead-space models, with increased wound contraction and breaking strength. The ethanolic extract also showed strong, broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity.<ref name="Verma2013" />
* '''Mechanism:''' Inhibits key inflammatory mediators and neutralizes free radicals through its robust antioxidant polyphenol network.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Research confirms that flower extracts markedly suppress acute inflammation parameters and reduce oxidative stress markers.<ref name="Dhawan2015"/>


== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
===Anti-inflammatory activity===
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' Dhataki displays an excellent safety profile with negligible toxicity at recommended therapeutic dosages.
Methanol, ethyl acetate and hydro-alcohol extracts of the flowers (200 mg/kg, oral) inhibited egg-albumin and carrageenan-induced inflammation in rats. The extracts also showed antioxidant (free-radical stabilizing) and mast-cell stabilizing activity, and in vitro membrane stabilization.<ref name="Ghante2014" />
* '''Precautions:''' Due to its strong astringent (*kashaya*) nature, individuals suffering from chronic severe constipation should use it cautiously.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Flower Powder (Churna):'' 3–6 g daily or as advised by an Ayurveda practitioner<ref name="ref1"/>.


== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
==Safety, Toxicity and Dosage==
* '''Toxicity:''' The ethanolic flower extract produced no toxicity symptoms or mortality up to 2000 mg/kg, orally, in rats in an acute toxicity study following OECD guidelines.<ref name="Ghante2012" />
* '''Precautions (Ayurvedic, no experimental reference cited):''' Because of its strong astringent (''kashaya'') nature, people with chronic severe constipation should use it cautiously. No reference could be verified for the pregnancy-related safety of Dhataki, so no statement is made here; use only under physician supervision.
* '''Standard therapeutic dose:''' Flower powder (churna) 3–6 g daily, or as advised by an Ayurvedic physician (see Dose above).
 
==Summary of Therapeutic Profile==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Woodfordia floribunda''
|+ Therapeutic applications of ''Woodfordia fruticosa'' (preclinical evidence)
! Indication
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Part / preparation studied
! Primary Pharmacological Action
! Principal finding
|-
|-
| '''Diarrhoea / Atisara'''
| '''Diarrhoea / Atisara'''
| Woodfordin C, Tannins
| Methanolic bark and leaf extracts
| Intestinal astringent, Anti-secretory
| Significant antidiarrhoeal activity in rodents
|-
|-
| '''Wounds / Vrana'''
| '''Wounds / Vrana'''
| Gallic acid, Ellagic acid
| Ethanolic flower extract
| Pro-collagen stimulation, Antimicrobial
| Increased wound contraction and breaking strength in rats; antimicrobial activity
|-
| '''Inflammation / Visarpa'''
| Flower extracts
| Inhibition of carrageenan and egg-albumin induced inflammation in rats
|-
|-
| '''Bleeding Disorders / Raktapitta'''
| Flavonoids, Polyphenols
| Hemostatic, Anti-inflammatory
|}
|}


== References ==
==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1: 22.</ref>
<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1: 22.</ref>
<ref name="Jain2011">{{cite journal |last1=Jain |first1=S. K. |last2=Sharma |first2=P. |year=2011 |title=Evaluation of antidiarrheal activity of Woodfordia fruticosa kurz flowers in experimental animals |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=133 |issue=2 |pages=442–447}}</ref>
<ref name="Das2007">{{cite journal |last1=Das |first1=P. K. |last2=Goswami |first2=S. |last3=Chinniah |first3=A. |last4=Panda |first4=N. |last5=Banerjee |first5=S. |last6=Sahu |first6=N. P. |last7=Achari |first7=B. |year=2007 |title=Woodfordia fruticosa: traditional uses and recent findings |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=110 |issue=2 |pages=189–199}}</ref>
<ref name="Verma2012">{{cite journal |last1=Verma |first1=A. |last2=Malik |first2=J. |last3=Singh |first3=R. |year=2012 |title=Wound healing activity of Woodfordia fruticosa Kurz flowers extract in rats |journal=Journal of Pharmacy and BioAllied Sciences |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=234–238}}</ref>
<ref name="Rahman2023">{{cite journal |last1=Rahman |first1=M. M. |last2=Soma |first2=M. A. |last3=Sultana |first3=N. |last4=Hossain |first4=M. J. |last5=Sufian |first5=M. A. |last6=Rahman |first6=M. O. |last7=Rashid |first7=M. A. |year=2023 |title=Exploring therapeutic potential of Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz leaf and bark focusing on antioxidant, antithrombotic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antidiarrheal properties |journal=Health Science Reports |volume=6 |issue=10 |pages=e1654 |doi=10.1002/hsr2.1654}}</ref>
<ref name="Dhawan2015">{{cite journal |last1=Dhawan |first1=S. |last2=Gupta |first2=S. |year=2015 |title=Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential of Woodfordia floribunda flower extract |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=589–595}}</ref>
<ref name="Verma2013">{{cite journal |last1=Verma |first1=N. |last2=Amresh |first2=G. |last3=Sahu |first3=P. K. |last4=Mishra |first4=N. |last5=Rao |first5=Ch. V. |last6=Singh |first6=A. P. |year=2013 |title=Wound healing potential of flowers extracts of Woodfordia fruticosa Kurz |journal=Indian Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=296–304 |pmid=24772949}}</ref>
<ref name="Ghante2014">{{cite journal |last1=Ghante |first1=M. H. |last2=Bhusari |first2=K. P. |last3=Duragkar |first3=N. J. |last4=Ghiware |first4=N. B. |year=2014 |title=Pharmacological evaluation for anti-asthmatic and anti-inflammatory potential of Woodfordia fruticosa flower extracts |journal=Pharmaceutical Biology |volume=52 |issue=7 |pages=804–813}}</ref>
<ref name="Ghante2012">{{cite journal |last1=Ghante |first1=M. H. |last2=Bhusari |first2=K. P. |last3=Duragkar |first3=N. J. |last4=Jain |first4=N. S. |last5=Warokar |first5=A. S. |year=2012 |title=Bronchoprotective, bronchodilatory and anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract from Woodfordia fruticosa (Kurz.) flowers |journal=Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=168–173}}</ref>
}}
}}


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