Lodhra: Difference between revisions
No edit summary |
No edit summary |
||
| Line 30: | Line 30: | ||
}} | }} | ||
Symplocos racemosa Roxb., commonly known as Lodhra (Sanskrit: लोध्र), is an evergreen tree belonging to the family | Symplocos racemosa Roxb., commonly known as Lodhra (Sanskrit: लोध्र), is an evergreen tree belonging to the family Symplocaceae. It is native to the tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, including India, Nepal, and Myanmar. The stem bark of ''Symplocos racemosa'' has been extensively utilized in [[Ayurveda]] and traditional systems of medicine for various gynecological, inflammatory, and infectious conditions.<ref name="Bhutani1989">{{cite journal |last1=Bhutani |first1=K. K. |last2=Kapoor |first2=R. |last3=Anand |first3=D. K. |title=Ayurvedic drugs for gynecological disorders: Phytochemical and pharmacological studies on Symplocos racemosa |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=281–289 |year=1989 |doi=10.1016/0378-8741(89)90035-7}}</ref><ref name="DeSilva2016">{{cite journal |last1=De Silva |first1=K. T. |last2=Abeysundara |first2=A. T. |title=A comprehensive analysis on Symplocos racemosa Roxb.: Traditional uses, botany, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=181 |pages=236–251 |year=2016 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2016.01.032}}</ref> | ||
== Taxonomy and Botanical Description == | == Taxonomy and Botanical Description == | ||
| Line 39: | Line 39: | ||
| '''Botanical Name''' || ''Symplocos racemosa'' Roxb. | | '''Botanical Name''' || ''Symplocos racemosa'' Roxb. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Family''' || | | '''Family''' || Symplocaceae | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Common Names''' || Lodhra, Savara Lodhra (Sanskrit/Hindi), Lodh Tree (English) | | '''Common Names''' || Lodhra, Savara Lodhra (Sanskrit/Hindi), Lodh Tree (English) | ||
| Line 47: | Line 47: | ||
| '''Habit & Distribution''' || Evergreen tree growing 10–15 m tall; native to tropical and subtropical regions of India, particularly across the Himalayas, Assam, and Chota Nagpur. | | '''Habit & Distribution''' || Evergreen tree growing 10–15 m tall; native to tropical and subtropical regions of India, particularly across the Himalayas, Assam, and Chota Nagpur. | ||
|} | |} | ||
[[File:Lodhra.jpg|thumb|Lodhra (Symplocos racemosa Roxb.)]] | |||
==Therapeutic uses== | ==Therapeutic uses== | ||
Shotha(oedema), atisara (diarrhoea), netra roga (eye disease), raktapitta (bleeding disorder), pradara (menorrhagia and leucorrhea)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 01:53.</ref> | |||
==Synonyms in Charak Samhita== | ==Synonyms in Charak Samhita== | ||
| Line 389: | Line 390: | ||
* Pushyanuga churna | * Pushyanuga churna | ||
* Bruhata gangadhara churna | * Bruhata gangadhara churna | ||
== Current availability== | == Current availability== | ||
| Line 402: | Line 401: | ||
* '''Alkaloids:''' Beta-carboline alkaloids including loturine, collutrine, and loturidine. | * '''Alkaloids:''' Beta-carboline alkaloids including loturine, collutrine, and loturidine. | ||
* '''Glycosides:''' Phenolic glycosides such as symplocoside, symposide, and benzoyl-salicin derivatives. | * '''Glycosides:''' Phenolic glycosides such as symplocoside, symposide, and benzoyl-salicin derivatives. | ||
* '''Triterpenoids and Steroids:''' | * '''Triterpenoids and Steroids:''' Betulinic acid, oleanolic acid, acetyloleanolic acid, lupeol, and β-sitosterol. | ||
* '''Flavonoids and Phenolics:''' | * '''Flavonoids and Phenolics:''' Quercetin, ellagic acid, and condensed tannins (proanthocyanidins). | ||
== Therapeutic Efficacy and Pharmacological Activities == | == Therapeutic Efficacy and Pharmacological Activities == | ||
| Line 410: | Line 409: | ||
''Symplocos racemosa'' is renowned in traditional and experimental pharmacology for its gonadotropic-like modulatory actions and styptic properties:<ref name="Bhutani1989"/><ref name="Swarnakar2018">{{cite journal |last1=Swarnakar |first1=S. |last2=Maiti |first2=S. |last3=Ghosh |first3=A. |title=Evaluating the anti-androgenic and ovarian modulatory actions of Symplocos racemosa bark extract in PCOS models |journal=International Journal of Green Pharmacy |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=S341–S348 |year=2018}}</ref> | ''Symplocos racemosa'' is renowned in traditional and experimental pharmacology for its gonadotropic-like modulatory actions and styptic properties:<ref name="Bhutani1989"/><ref name="Swarnakar2018">{{cite journal |last1=Swarnakar |first1=S. |last2=Maiti |first2=S. |last3=Ghosh |first3=A. |title=Evaluating the anti-androgenic and ovarian modulatory actions of Symplocos racemosa bark extract in PCOS models |journal=International Journal of Green Pharmacy |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=S341–S348 |year=2018}}</ref> | ||
* ''' | * '''Menorrhagia and Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding (DUB):''' High tannin content imparts potent astringent properties, causing local vasoconstriction and protein precipitation, which reduces excessive capillary permeability and menses.<ref name="Bhutani1989"/> | ||
* ''' | * '''Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS):''' Ethanolic extracts restore serum levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), while reducing circulating free testosterones and decreasing ovarian cyst formation.<ref name="Swarnakar2018"/> | ||
* '''Uterine Tonicity:''' Alkaloids such as loturine act on uterine smooth muscle, helping normalize basal vascular tone and alleviating hyper-contractility associated with dysmenorrhea.<ref name="Bhutani1989"/> | * '''Uterine Tonicity:''' Alkaloids such as loturine act on uterine smooth muscle, helping normalize basal vascular tone and alleviating hyper-contractility associated with dysmenorrhea.<ref name="Bhutani1989"/> | ||
=== Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Activity === | === Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Activity === | ||
The bark extracts demonstrate significant anti-inflammatory and membrane-stabilizing efficacy:<ref name="Sunil2011">{{cite journal |last1=Sunil |first1=C. |last2=Ignacimuthu |first2=S. |title=In vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of Symplocos racemosa Roxb |journal=Pharmacognosy Research |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=225–231 |year=2011 |doi=10.4103/0974-8490.89748}}</ref> | The bark extracts demonstrate significant anti-inflammatory and membrane-stabilizing efficacy:<ref name="Sunil2011">{{cite journal |last1=Sunil |first1=C. |last2=Ignacimuthu |first2=S. |title=In vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of Symplocos racemosa Roxb |journal=Pharmacognosy Research |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=225–231 |year=2011 |doi=10.4103/0974-8490.89748}}</ref> | ||
* '''Enzyme Inhibition:''' Suppresses downstream synthesis of pro-inflammatory | * '''Enzyme Inhibition:''' Suppresses downstream synthesis of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins (PGE_2) and leukotrienes (LTB_4) through inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), and xanthine oxidase.<ref name="Sunil2011"/> | ||
* '''Protein Denaturation Protection:''' In vitro assays show dose-dependent inhibition of heat-induced protein denaturation with an | * '''Protein Denaturation Protection:''' In vitro assays show dose-dependent inhibition of heat-induced protein denaturation with an IC_{50} of approximately 30–40 μg/mL.<ref name="Sunil2011"/> | ||
=== Antimicrobial and Periodontal Applications === | === Antimicrobial and Periodontal Applications === | ||
* '''Antibacterial Activity:''' Demonstrates notable zones of inhibition against '' | * '''Antibacterial Activity:''' Demonstrates notable zones of inhibition against ''Staphylococcus aureus'', ''Escherichia coli'', ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'', and periodontal pathogens like ''Porphyromonas gingivalis''.<ref name="DeSilva2016"/> | ||
* '''Periodontal Hydrogel Formulations:''' Incorporation into localized hydrogel systems reduces oral inflammatory cascades and microbial plaque accumulation.<ref name="DeSilva2016"/> | * '''Periodontal Hydrogel Formulations:''' Incorporation into localized hydrogel systems reduces oral inflammatory cascades and microbial plaque accumulation.<ref name="DeSilva2016"/> | ||
=== Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Activity === | === Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Activity === | ||
* '''Radical Scavenging:''' High total phenolic content drives DPPH and ABTS free-radical scavenging, suppressing lipid peroxidation.<ref name="Rao2011">{{cite journal |last1=Rao |first1=Ch. V. |last2=Verma |first2=A. R. |last3=Vijayakumar |first3=M. |last4=Rastogi |first4=S. |title=Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of Symplocos racemosa bark extract on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic damage |journal=Phytomedicine |volume=18 |issue=12 |pages=1025–1030 |year=2011 |doi=10.1016/j.phymed.2011.05.003}}</ref><ref name="Sunil2011"/> | * '''Radical Scavenging:''' High total phenolic content drives DPPH and ABTS free-radical scavenging, suppressing lipid peroxidation.<ref name="Rao2011">{{cite journal |last1=Rao |first1=Ch. V. |last2=Verma |first2=A. R. |last3=Vijayakumar |first3=M. |last4=Rastogi |first4=S. |title=Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of Symplocos racemosa bark extract on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic damage |journal=Phytomedicine |volume=18 |issue=12 |pages=1025–1030 |year=2011 |doi=10.1016/j.phymed.2011.05.003}}</ref><ref name="Sunil2011"/> | ||
* '''Hepatic Restoration:''' In | * '''Hepatic Restoration:''' In carbon tetrachloride (<math>CCl_4</math>)-induced hepatotoxicity models, ethanol bark extracts restore serum AST, ALT, ALP, total bilirubin, and intracellular antioxidants (GSH, SOD, CAT) toward baseline ranges.<ref name="Rao2011"/> | ||
== Preclinical and Clinical Research Summary == | == Preclinical and Clinical Research Summary == | ||
| Line 434: | Line 433: | ||
| '''Reproductive Function / PCOS''' || ''In vivo'' || Female Sprague-Dawley Rats (PCOS model) || Normalized LH/FSH ratios, reduced ovarian weight, restored estrus cyclicity. || <ref name="Swarnakar2018"/> | | '''Reproductive Function / PCOS''' || ''In vivo'' || Female Sprague-Dawley Rats (PCOS model) || Normalized LH/FSH ratios, reduced ovarian weight, restored estrus cyclicity. || <ref name="Swarnakar2018"/> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Anti-Inflammatory''' || ''In vitro'' || Protein Denaturation & HRBC Membrane Stabilization || Significant dose-dependent inhibition of protein denaturation ( | | '''Anti-Inflammatory''' || ''In vitro'' || Protein Denaturation & HRBC Membrane Stabilization || Significant dose-dependent inhibition of protein denaturation (IC_{50} \approx 30\40\mu{g/mL}). || <ref name="Sunil2011"/> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Anti-Angiogenic / Cytotoxic''' || ''In vitro'' || Thymidine Phosphorylase Assay || Symplocosides inhibited angiogenesis via thymidine phosphorylase block. || <ref name="DeSilva2016"/> | | '''Anti-Angiogenic / Cytotoxic''' || ''In vitro'' || Thymidine Phosphorylase Assay || Symplocosides inhibited angiogenesis via thymidine phosphorylase block. || <ref name="DeSilva2016"/> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Hepatoprotective''' || ''In vivo'' || | | '''Hepatoprotective''' || ''In vivo'' || CCl_4-induced Liver Injury in Wistar Rats || Significant dose-dependent normalization of hepatic enzyme kinetics. || <ref name="Rao2011"/> | ||
|} | |} | ||
== Dosage, Safety, and Formulations == | == Dosage, Safety, and Formulations == | ||
; Safety & Toxicity | ; Safety & Toxicity | ||
''Symplocos racemosa'' bark extract exhibits a low toxicity profile in acute oral toxicity assays ( | ''Symplocos racemosa'' bark extract exhibits a low toxicity profile in acute oral toxicity assays (LD_{50} > 2000{mg/kg} body weight in rodent models). High tannin concentrations may cause mild gastrointestinal discomfort or constipation at elevated doses.<ref name="DeSilva2016"/> | ||
; Common Preparations | ; Common Preparations | ||
| Line 457: | Line 456: | ||
[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Symplocos%20racemosa IMPPAT database] | [https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Symplocos%20racemosa IMPPAT database] | ||
[[Category:Database of herbs and minerals|Herbs]] | [[index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals|Herbs]] | ||