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[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachyspermum_ammi Carum copticum Benth. & Hook]
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|title=Charak Samhita - Herb Database
|title=Charak Samhita - Herb Database
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|keywords=Dipyaka, Carum copticum, Trachyspermum ammi, Ajowan, Ajwain, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia
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|description=Monograph on Dipyaka (Carum copticum Benth. & Hook): comprehensive botanical profile, classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics, and therapeutic uses.
|description=Monograph on Dipyaka (Carum copticum Benth. & Hook): comprehensive botanical profile, classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics, therapeutic efficacy, and modern scientific research.
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{{Infobox
{{Infobox
|title =  
|title = Dipyaka
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Dipyaka
|data1 = Herb database/Dipyaka
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Carum copticum Benth. & Hook
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachyspermum_ammi Carum copticum Benth. & Hook]
|label3 = Family
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Umbeliferae
|data3 = Umbelliferae
|label4 = Availability
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|data4 = Available
Line 30: Line 31:
}}
}}


'''Dipyaka''' (Latin: ''Carum copticum'' Benth. & Hook.; family: Umbelliferae) is an annual herbaceous plant widely cultivated for its aromatic fruits. In [[Ayurveda]], it is highly valued as a carminative, digestive stimulant, and Kapha-Vata pacifying medicine.<ref name="API">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=1 |pages=02 |edition=Part I}}</ref>
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachyspermum_ammi Carum copticum Benth. & Hook.]''', commonly known as '''Dipyaka''' or '''Ajowan''', is an annual herbaceous plant widely cultivated for its aromatic fruits. In [[Ayurveda]], it is highly valued as a carminative, digestive stimulant, and Kapha-Vata pacifying medicine.<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:02</ref>


== English Name ==
== English Name ==
Line 51: Line 52:
* ''Brahmakusha''
* ''Brahmakusha''
* ''Kaaravi''
* ''Kaaravi''
* ''Lochamastaka''<ref name="Bhavaprakash">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=Krushnachandra |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Haritakyadi varga, verse no.- 77 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
* ''Lochamastaka''<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no.- 77, Edited by Padmashree Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020.</ref>


== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
Line 120: Line 121:
* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 1 – 3 g daily.<ref name="API" />
* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 1 – 3 g daily.<ref name="API" />


== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API" />
* ''Ajamodarka''
* ''Ajmodadi churna''


== Current Availability ==
== Current Availability ==
Available
Available


== Current Researches ==
== Major Phytoconstituents ==
* Under development.
The pharmacological efficacy of ''Trachyspermum ammi'' is predominantly attributed to its essential oil content, which ranges from 2% to 5%. The primary active constituent is '''thymol''' (accounting for 35% to 60% of the oil), accompanied by p-cymene, γ-terpinene, α-pinene, β-pinene, and carvacrol.
 
== Therapeutic Efficacy & Modern Scientific Research ==
Modern pharmacological evaluations and clinical studies validate many of the traditional claims associated with *Trachyspermum ammi*. Its core therapeutic domains include:
 
=== 1. Gastrointestinal and Carminative Activity (''Deepana'' & ''Pachana'') ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Used for *Gulma* (abdominal lump), *Adhmana* (abdominal distention), *Aruchi* (anorexia), and *Sula* (colic pain).
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' Animal and in vitro studies demonstrate that the extract and essential oil of *T. ammi* exhibit significant anti-spasmodic (anticholinergic-like) and smooth-muscle relaxing properties. The carminative action is primarily mediated by thymol, which stimulates the secretion of gastric juices, enhances metabolic activity, and relieves flatulence and intestinal colic.<ref name="Tharakan2014">Tharakan, S. T., et al. "Evaluation of spasmolytic and bronchodilator activities of Trachyspermum ammi." Journal of Ethnopharmacology.</ref>
 
=== 2. Antimicrobial and Antifungal Efficacy (''Krumiroga'') ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Employed in *Krumi roga* (parasitic and microbial infections).
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' *T. ammi* essential oil and isolated thymol exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against various pathogenic bacteria (including *Staphylococcus aureus*, *Escherichia coli*, *Pseudomonas aeruginosa*) and fungi (such as *Candida albicans*). The high phenolic content disrupts microbial cell membranes, causing leakage of intracellular constituents.<ref name="Khosravi2009">Khosravi, A. R., et al. "In vitro antifungal activity of Trachyspermum ammi essential oil against dermatophytes." Mycoses.</ref>
 
=== 3. Respiratory Support (''Hikka'' & Bronchodilation) ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Used in respiratory distress, asthma (*Swasa*), and cough.
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' Pharmacological studies confirm that the bronchodilator activity of *T. ammi* is comparable to standard reference drugs (like theophylline/atropine). The relaxation of tracheal chains by thymol and carvacrol facilitates easier airflow, validating its traditional use in obstructive airway diseases.<ref name="Boskabady2014">Boskabady, M. H., et al. "Bronchodilator and anticough effects of Trachyspermum ammi." Research Reports.</ref>
 
=== 4. Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Properties ===
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' *T. ammi* seeds possess significant free-radical scavenging abilities due to their high concentration of phenolic compounds. In vivo anti-inflammatory models show that extracts can reduce acute and chronic inflammation, partly by inhibiting inflammatory pathways and prostaglandin synthesis.<ref name="Javed2012">Javed, I., et al. "Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Trachyspermum ammi extracts." Phytotherapy Research.</ref>
 
== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Trachyspermum ammi''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Gastrointestinal Colic / Flatulence'''
| Thymol, Carvacrol
| Spasmolytic, Digestive stimulant, Carminative
|-
| '''Microbial / Fungal Infections'''
| Essential Oils, Phenolics
| Cell membrane disruption, Broad-spectrum antimicrobial
|-
| '''Respiratory Disorders / Asthma'''
| Thymol, p-cymene
| Bronchodilation, Tracheal smooth muscle relaxation
|-
| '''Inflammation / Oxidative Stress'''
| Phenolic compounds
| Free-radical scavenging, Anti-inflammatory pathway inhibition
|}
 
== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Precautions:''' Due to the hot potency (''Ushna veerya'') and sharp qualities (''Tikshna guna''), it should be used cautiously in individuals with high Pitta aggravation or severe gastritis.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Fruit Powder (Churna):'' 1 – 3 g daily.<ref name="API" />


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=1 |pages=02 |edition=Part I}}</ref>
<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:02</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=Krushnachandra |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Haritakyadi varga, verse no.- 77 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no.- 77, Edited by Padmashree Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020.</ref>
<ref name="Tharakan2014">Tharakan, S. T., et al. "Evaluation of spasmolytic and bronchodilator activities of Trachyspermum ammi." Journal of Ethnopharmacology.</ref>
<ref name="Khosravi2009">Khosravi, A. R., et al. "In vitro antifungal activity of Trachyspermum ammi essential oil against dermatophytes." Mycoses.</ref>
<ref name="Boskabady2014">Boskabady, M. H., et al. "Bronchodilator and anticough effects of Trachyspermum ammi." Research Reports.</ref>
<ref name="Javed2012">Javed, I., et al. "Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Trachyspermum ammi extracts." Phytotherapy Research.</ref>
}}
}}


[[Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]
[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]


''This article is under development ..''
''This article is under development ..''

Revision as of 09:24, 13 September 2026


Dipyaka
Section/Chapter Herb database/Dipyaka
Botanical name(s) Carum copticum Benth. & Hook
Family Umbelliferae
Availability Available
Contributors Team Dravyaguna
Year of publication 2026
Publisher Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre
DOI Awaited

Carum copticum Benth. & Hook., commonly known as Dipyaka or Ajowan, is an annual herbaceous plant widely cultivated for its aromatic fruits. In Ayurveda, it is highly valued as a carminative, digestive stimulant, and Kapha-Vata pacifying medicine.[1]

English Name

Ajowan

Therapeutic Use

Gulma (abdominal lump), Aruchi (anorexia), Adhmana (abdominal distention), Hikka, Chardi (vomiting), Krumi roga (worms), Sula (pain)[1]

Synonyms in Charak Samhita

  • Dipyaka – Increases appetite.
  • Yavani
  • Bhutik
  • Dipya
  • Ajamodika

Synonyms in Bhavaprakasa Nighantu

  • Ajamoda
  • Kharashva – Fruits of ajamoda have an odor similar to a donkey.
  • Maayuro
  • Brahmakusha
  • Kaaravi
  • Lochamastaka[2]

Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties

According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (Rasa Panchaka), Dipyaka has the following properties:[1]

Sr. No. Pharmacological Criteria Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
1 Taste (Rasa) Pungent (Katu)
2 Potency (Veerya) Hot (Ushna)
3 Post-digestion Effect (Vipaka) Pungent (Katu)
4 Qualities (Guna) Light (Laghu), Rough (Ruksha), Sharp (Tikshna)
5 Dosha Action (Karma) Pacifies Kapha and Vata

Reference in Charak Samhita and its Actions

Dipyaka is prominently documented across multiple therapeutic chapters of the Charaka Samhita:

Sr. No. Reference in Charak Samhita Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
1 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 23/20 Santarpanajanya vikar chikitsa (management of over-nutrition disorder)
2 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 27/170 Harita Varga (Class of green herbs)
3 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 27/307 Krutanna Varga (Class on food articles)
4 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/69 Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya ghrita
5 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/71 Ingredient of Hapushadya ghrita
6 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/86 Ingredient of Shatyadi Churna
7 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/165 Pathya Diet in Gulma (wholesome food in treatment of abdominal lump)
8 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/168 Vata, Kapha and Mala Anulomanarth
9 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 6/27 Used for making decoction in Kaphaj prameha (diabetes)
10 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 6/29 Used for making decoction in Kaphaj prameha (diabetes)
11 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 6/38 Trikantakadhya Tail/Ghrit in Vata-kaphaj prameha (diabetes)
12 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 6/41 Ingredient in Madhvasava
13 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 9/54 Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrita
14 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 9/55 Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrita
15 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/36 Ingredient in Triphaladhyarishta
16 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/43 Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
17 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/55 Ingredient in Chitrakadi Ghrita
18 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/103 In treatment of Kaphaja uadara roga
19 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/125 As an ingredient of narayan churna
20 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/63 As an ingredient of traushnadi churna

Dose

  • Powder (Churna): 1 – 3 g daily.[1]

Important Formulations

As per A.P.I.[1]

  • Ajamodarka
  • Ajmodadi churna

Current Availability

Available

Major Phytoconstituents

The pharmacological efficacy of Trachyspermum ammi is predominantly attributed to its essential oil content, which ranges from 2% to 5%. The primary active constituent is thymol (accounting for 35% to 60% of the oil), accompanied by p-cymene, γ-terpinene, α-pinene, β-pinene, and carvacrol.

Therapeutic Efficacy & Modern Scientific Research

Modern pharmacological evaluations and clinical studies validate many of the traditional claims associated with *Trachyspermum ammi*. Its core therapeutic domains include:

1. Gastrointestinal and Carminative Activity (Deepana & Pachana)

  • Traditional Use: Used for *Gulma* (abdominal lump), *Adhmana* (abdominal distention), *Aruchi* (anorexia), and *Sula* (colic pain).
  • Mechanism & Scientific Evidence: Animal and in vitro studies demonstrate that the extract and essential oil of *T. ammi* exhibit significant anti-spasmodic (anticholinergic-like) and smooth-muscle relaxing properties. The carminative action is primarily mediated by thymol, which stimulates the secretion of gastric juices, enhances metabolic activity, and relieves flatulence and intestinal colic.[3]

2. Antimicrobial and Antifungal Efficacy (Krumiroga)

  • Traditional Use: Employed in *Krumi roga* (parasitic and microbial infections).
  • Mechanism & Scientific Evidence: *T. ammi* essential oil and isolated thymol exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against various pathogenic bacteria (including *Staphylococcus aureus*, *Escherichia coli*, *Pseudomonas aeruginosa*) and fungi (such as *Candida albicans*). The high phenolic content disrupts microbial cell membranes, causing leakage of intracellular constituents.[4]

3. Respiratory Support (Hikka & Bronchodilation)

  • Traditional Use: Used in respiratory distress, asthma (*Swasa*), and cough.
  • Mechanism & Scientific Evidence: Pharmacological studies confirm that the bronchodilator activity of *T. ammi* is comparable to standard reference drugs (like theophylline/atropine). The relaxation of tracheal chains by thymol and carvacrol facilitates easier airflow, validating its traditional use in obstructive airway diseases.[5]

4. Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Properties

  • Mechanism & Scientific Evidence: *T. ammi* seeds possess significant free-radical scavenging abilities due to their high concentration of phenolic compounds. In vivo anti-inflammatory models show that extracts can reduce acute and chronic inflammation, partly by inhibiting inflammatory pathways and prostaglandin synthesis.[6]

Summary of Therapeutic Profile

Therapeutic Applications of Trachyspermum ammi
Indication Active Biomolecules Primary Pharmacological Action
Gastrointestinal Colic / Flatulence Thymol, Carvacrol Spasmolytic, Digestive stimulant, Carminative
Microbial / Fungal Infections Essential Oils, Phenolics Cell membrane disruption, Broad-spectrum antimicrobial
Respiratory Disorders / Asthma Thymol, p-cymene Bronchodilation, Tracheal smooth muscle relaxation
Inflammation / Oxidative Stress Phenolic compounds Free-radical scavenging, Anti-inflammatory pathway inhibition

Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage

  • Precautions: Due to the hot potency (Ushna veerya) and sharp qualities (Tikshna guna), it should be used cautiously in individuals with high Pitta aggravation or severe gastritis.
  • Standard Therapeutic Dosage:
    • Fruit Powder (Churna): 1 – 3 g daily.[1]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:02
  2. ↑ Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no.- 77, Edited by Padmashree Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020.
  3. ↑ Tharakan, S. T., et al. "Evaluation of spasmolytic and bronchodilator activities of Trachyspermum ammi." Journal of Ethnopharmacology.
  4. ↑ Khosravi, A. R., et al. "In vitro antifungal activity of Trachyspermum ammi essential oil against dermatophytes." Mycoses.
  5. ↑ Boskabady, M. H., et al. "Bronchodilator and anticough effects of Trachyspermum ammi." Research Reports.
  6. ↑ Javed, I., et al. "Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Trachyspermum ammi extracts." Phytotherapy Research.

Herbs

This article is under development ..

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