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== Phytochemical Composition == | == Phytochemical Composition == | ||
The therapeutic versatility of ''Hemidesmus indicus'' stems from the secondary metabolites present primarily in its roots: | The therapeutic versatility of ''Hemidesmus indicus'' stems from the secondary metabolites present primarily in its roots: | ||
* '''Volatile constituents:''' 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde is the major constituent of the aromatic root volatiles (more than 90% in the GC-MS analysis), accompanied by minor terpenoid components such as camphor and borneol.<ref name="Nagarajan2001">{{cite journal |last1=Nagarajan |first1=S. |last2=Rao |first2=L. J. M. |last3=Gurudutt |first3=K. N. |year=2001 |title=Chemical composition of the volatiles of Hemidesmus indicus R.Br. |journal=Flavour and Fragrance Journal |volume=16 |pages=212–214}}</ref> | * '''Volatile constituents:''' 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde is the major constituent of the aromatic root volatiles (more than 90% in the GC-MS analysis), accompanied by minor terpenoid components such as camphor and borneol.<ref name="Nagarajan2001">{{cite journal |last1=Nagarajan |first1=S. |last2=Rao |first2=L. J. M. |last3=Gurudutt |first3=K. N. |year=2001 |title=Chemical composition of the volatiles of Hemidesmus indicus R.Br. |journal=Flavour and Fragrance Journal |volume=16 |pages=212–214 |doi=10.1002/ffj.985}}</ref> | ||
* '''Terpenoids and saponins:''' In a comparison of root extracts prepared with solvents of increasing polarity, the methanol extract had the highest phytochemical content, with terpenoids at 59.82 ± 0.97 mg LE/g and saponins at 15.03 ± 0.45 mg DE/g of extract.<ref name="Som2021">{{cite journal |last1=Som |first1=S. |last2=Antony |first2=J. |last3=Dhanabal |first3=P. |last4=Ponnusankar |first4=S. |year=2021 |title=Phytochemical profiling of Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. ex Schult and its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotection linked enzyme inhibitory properties |journal=Pharmacognosy Journal |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=196–205}}</ref> | * '''Terpenoids and saponins:''' In a comparison of root extracts prepared with solvents of increasing polarity, the methanol extract had the highest phytochemical content, with terpenoids at 59.82 ± 0.97 mg LE/g and saponins at 15.03 ± 0.45 mg DE/g of extract.<ref name="Som2021">{{cite journal |last1=Som |first1=S. |last2=Antony |first2=J. |last3=Dhanabal |first3=P. |last4=Ponnusankar |first4=S. |year=2021 |title=Phytochemical profiling of Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. ex Schult and its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotection linked enzyme inhibitory properties |journal=Pharmacognosy Journal |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=196–205}}</ref> | ||
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=== Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Activity === | === Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Activity === | ||
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In rats given bromobenzene, which causes oxidative damage to liver mitochondria, prior administration of an aqueous extract of ''H. indicus'' (100 mg/kg) stimulated respiration and prevented the rise in lipid peroxides and protein carbonyls, restoring sulphydryl groups to control levels. Vitamin E could not reverse the damage as effectively.<ref name="Gopi2010">{{cite journal |last1=Gopi |first1=S. |last2=Setty |first2=O. H. |year=2010 |title=Beneficial effect of the administration of Hemidesmus indicus against bromobenzene induced oxidative stress in rat liver mitochondria |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=127 |issue=1 |pages=200–203}}</ref> | * '''Scientific Evidence:''' In rats given bromobenzene, which causes oxidative damage to liver mitochondria, prior administration of an aqueous extract of ''H. indicus'' (100 mg/kg) stimulated respiration and prevented the rise in lipid peroxides and protein carbonyls, restoring sulphydryl groups to control levels. Vitamin E could not reverse the damage as effectively.<ref name="Gopi2010">{{cite journal |last1=Gopi |first1=S. |last2=Setty |first2=O. H. |year=2010 |title=Beneficial effect of the administration of Hemidesmus indicus against bromobenzene induced oxidative stress in rat liver mitochondria |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=127 |issue=1 |pages=200–203}}</ref> | ||
=== Antidiabetic Activity === | === Antidiabetic Activity === | ||
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<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:68</ref> | <ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:68</ref> | ||
<ref name="Bhavamishra2020">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Guduchyadi Varga, Verse no. 237, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020;</ref> | <ref name="Bhavamishra2020">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Guduchyadi Varga, Verse no. 237, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020;</ref> | ||
<ref name="Nagarajan2001">{{cite journal |last1=Nagarajan |first1=S. |last2=Rao |first2=L. J. M. |last3=Gurudutt |first3=K. N. |year=2001 |title=Chemical composition of the volatiles of Hemidesmus indicus R.Br. |journal=Flavour and Fragrance Journal |volume=16 |pages=212–214}}</ref> | <ref name="Nagarajan2001">{{cite journal |last1=Nagarajan |first1=S. |last2=Rao |first2=L. J. M. |last3=Gurudutt |first3=K. N. |year=2001 |title=Chemical composition of the volatiles of Hemidesmus indicus R.Br. |journal=Flavour and Fragrance Journal |volume=16 |pages=212–214 |doi=10.1002/ffj.985}}</ref> | ||
<ref name="Som2021">{{cite journal |last1=Som |first1=S. |last2=Antony |first2=J. |last3=Dhanabal |first3=P. |last4=Ponnusankar |first4=S. |year=2021 |title=Phytochemical profiling of Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. ex Schult and its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotection linked enzyme inhibitory properties |journal=Pharmacognosy Journal |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=196–205}}</ref> | <ref name="Som2021">{{cite journal |last1=Som |first1=S. |last2=Antony |first2=J. |last3=Dhanabal |first3=P. |last4=Ponnusankar |first4=S. |year=2021 |title=Phytochemical profiling of Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. ex Schult and its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotection linked enzyme inhibitory properties |journal=Pharmacognosy Journal |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=196–205}}</ref> | ||
<ref name="Lakshman2006">{{cite journal |last1=Lakshman |first1=K. |last2=Shivaprasad |first2=H. N. |last3=Jaiprakash |first3=B. |last4=Mohan |first4=S. |year=2006 |title=Anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of Hemidesmus indicus root extract |journal=African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=90–94}}</ref> | <ref name="Lakshman2006">{{cite journal |last1=Lakshman |first1=K. |last2=Shivaprasad |first2=H. N. |last3=Jaiprakash |first3=B. |last4=Mohan |first4=S. |year=2006 |title=Anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of Hemidesmus indicus root extract |journal=African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=90–94}}</ref> | ||
<ref name="Gopi2010">{{cite journal |last1=Gopi |first1=S. |last2=Setty |first2=O. H. |year=2010 |title=Beneficial effect of the administration of Hemidesmus indicus against bromobenzene induced oxidative stress in rat liver mitochondria |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=127 |issue=1 |pages=200–203}}</ref> | <ref name="Gopi2010">{{cite journal |last1=Gopi |first1=S. |last2=Setty |first2=O. H. |year=2010 |title=Beneficial effect of the administration of Hemidesmus indicus against bromobenzene induced oxidative stress in rat liver mitochondria |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=127 |issue=1 |pages=200–203}}</ref> | ||
<ref name="Hypoglycemic">{{cite journal |title=Hypoglycemic activity of Hemidesmus indicus R. Br. on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats |journal=International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries |pmc=2772005}}</ref> | <ref name="Hypoglycemic">{{cite journal |title=Hypoglycemic activity of Hemidesmus indicus R. Br. on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats |journal=International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries |pmc=2772005}}</ref> | ||
}} | }} | ||
[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]] | [[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]] | ||