Talk:Sariva: Difference between revisions

From Charak Samhita
Jump to navigation Jump to search
← Older edit
VisualWikitext
Dridhabala (talk | contribs)
252 edits
No edit summary
Dridhabala (talk | contribs)
252 edits
No edit summary
 
(2 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 31: Line 31:
}}
}}


'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemidesmus_indicus Hemidesmus indicus (L.) SCHULT.]''', popularly known as '''Sariva''' (Indian sarsaparilla), is a slender, laticiferous, twining shrub native to the Indian subcontinent. It is widely revered in [[Ayurveda]] as a premier blood purifier (*raktashodhaka*), coolant (*pittahara*), and rejuvenative (*rasayana*) drug of choice for managing chronic skin disorders, burning sensations, fever, and metabolic toxemia.
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemidesmus_indicus Hemidesmus indicus (L.) SCHULT.]''', popularly known as '''Sariva''' (Indian sarsaparilla), is a slender, laticiferous, twining shrub native to the Indian subcontinent. It is widely revered in [[Ayurveda]] as a premier blood purifier (''raktashodhaka''), coolant (''pittahara''), and rejuvenative (''rasayana'') drug of choice for managing chronic skin disorders, burning sensations, fever, and metabolic toxemia.


== English name ==
== English name ==
Line 43: Line 43:


== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
In traditional Indian medicine, Sariva is classified as possessing sweet (*madhura*) and bitter (*tikta*) tastes, with a cooling potency (*sheeta veerya*) that pacifies all three doshas (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha), though it is exceptionally renowned for subduing aggravated Pitta and blood impurities.
In traditional Indian medicine, Sariva is classified as possessing sweet (''madhura'') and bitter (''tikta'') tastes, with a cooling potency (''sheeta veerya'') that pacifies all three doshas (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha), though it is exceptionally renowned for subduing aggravated Pitta and blood impurities.


== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
Line 191: Line 191:


== Phytochemical Composition ==
== Phytochemical Composition ==
The therapeutic versatility of ''Hemidesmus indicus'' stems from its diverse secondary metabolites present primarily in its roots:
The therapeutic versatility of ''Hemidesmus indicus'' stems from the secondary metabolites present primarily in its roots:
* '''Coumarins and Lignans:''' Hemidesmin-1, hemidesmin-2, and hemidesmin-3.
* '''Volatile constituents:''' 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde is the major constituent of the aromatic root volatiles (more than 90% in the GC-MS analysis), accompanied by minor terpenoid components such as camphor and borneol.<ref name="Nagarajan2001">{{cite journal |last1=Nagarajan |first1=S. |last2=Rao |first2=L. J. M. |last3=Gurudutt |first3=K. N. |year=2001 |title=Chemical composition of the volatiles of Hemidesmus indicus R.Br. |journal=Flavour and Fragrance Journal |volume=16 |pages=212–214}}</ref>
* '''Essential Oils:''' Rich in 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde, which gives the root its characteristic sarsaparilla-like aroma.
* '''Terpenoids and saponins:''' In a comparison of root extracts prepared with solvents of increasing polarity, the methanol extract had the highest phytochemical content, with terpenoids at 59.82 ± 0.97 mg LE/g and saponins at 15.03 ± 0.45 mg DE/g of extract.<ref name="Som2021">{{cite journal |last1=Som |first1=S. |last2=Antony |first2=J. |last3=Dhanabal |first3=P. |last4=Ponnusankar |first4=S. |year=2021 |title=Phytochemical profiling of Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. ex Schult and its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotection linked enzyme inhibitory properties |journal=Pharmacognosy Journal |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=196–205}}</ref>
* '''Triterpenoids and Sterols:''' Alpha-lupeol, beta-sitosterol, and stigmasterol.
* '''Flavonoids and Saponins:''' Hyperoside, rutin, and various glycosides.


== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==


=== Anti-inflammatory and Anti-arthritic Activity ===
=== Anti-inflammatory and Antipyretic Activity (Shotha, Jwara) ===
Sariva is extensively utilized in traditional medicine to mitigate inflammatory conditions and joint disorders.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Methanolic extract of ''Hemidesmus indicus'' root (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg orally) significantly reduced carrageenan-induced paw oedema and brewer's yeast-induced pyrexia in rats compared with control, indicating anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties.<ref name="Lakshman2006">{{cite journal |last1=Lakshman |first1=K. |last2=Shivaprasad |first2=H. N. |last3=Jaiprakash |first3=B. |last4=Mohan |first4=S. |year=2006 |title=Anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of Hemidesmus indicus root extract |journal=African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=90–94}}</ref>
* '''Mechanism:''' Active principles suppress the production of pro-inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) pathways.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Experimental studies demonstrate that root and leaf extracts significantly reduce acute and chronic paw edema in rat models, corroborating its traditional efficacy in inflammatory joint ailments.<ref name="DSouza2022">{{cite journal |last1=D’Souza |first1=Shalet |year=2022 |title=Hemidesmus indicus: Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of leaves |journal=NeuroQuantology |volume=20 |issue=12 |pages=1422–1437 |doi=10.14704/NQ.2022.20.12.NQ77122}}</ref>


=== Immunomodulatory and Hepatoprotective Effects ===
=== Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Activity ===
The plant exhibits strong potential in protecting liver tissues from toxins and boosting immune responses.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In rats given bromobenzene, which causes oxidative damage to liver mitochondria, prior administration of an aqueous extract of ''H. indicus'' (100 mg/kg) stimulated respiration and prevented the rise in lipid peroxides and protein carbonyls, restoring sulphydryl groups to control levels. Vitamin E could not reverse the damage as effectively.<ref name="Gopi2010">{{cite journal |last1=Gopi |first1=S. |last2=Setty |first2=O. H. |year=2010 |title=Beneficial effect of the administration of Hemidesmus indicus against bromobenzene induced oxidative stress in rat liver mitochondria |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=127 |issue=1 |pages=200–203}}</ref>
* '''Mechanism:''' It enhances endogenous antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase, neutralizing free radicals and mitigating lipid peroxidation in hepatic cells.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In vivo evaluations show that administration of ''H. indicus'' extract markedly restores altered serum marker enzymes (AST, ALT, ALP) and total bilirubin toward normal levels during hepatotoxin-induced liver injury.<ref name="Sultana2003">{{cite journal |last1=Sultana |first1=S. |last2=Khan |first2=N. |last3=Sharma |first3=S. |year=2003 |title=Modulatory effect of Hemidesmus indicus on cadmium-induced oxidative stress and hepatic injury in rats |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=85 |issue=2–3 |pages=207–213}}</ref>


=== Antimicrobial and Antifungal Efficacy ===
=== Antidiarrhoeal Activity (Atisara) ===
Sariva roots demonstrate broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties against various pathogenic bacteria and fungi.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In castor oil-induced diarrhoea in albino rats, aqueous and ethanolic root extracts (100 and 200 mg/kg) significantly reduced faecal droppings, intestinal transit and intestinal fluid secretion; the ethanolic extract at 200 mg/kg gave 75.5% protection in faecal score, 51.2% in intestinal dropping and 56.6% for intestinal fluid secretion.<ref name="Suyambu2015">{{cite journal |last1=Suyambu |first1=R. |last2=Shalini |first2=R. |year=2015 |title=Antidiarrhoeal activity of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Hemidesmus indicus root |journal=International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=403–406}}</ref>
* '''Mechanism:''' Essential oil components like 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde disrupt microbial cell membrane permeability, leading to intracellular component leakage and cell death.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In vitro assays indicate substantial inhibitory zones against multidrug-resistant bacterial strains and dermatophytic fungi, supporting its use in skin disorders (*kustha*).<ref name="ShOME2007">{{cite journal |last1=Shome |first1=S. |last2=Talukdar |first2=A. |last3=Choudhury |first3=M. D. |year=2007 |title=Antimicrobial activity of Hemidesmus indicus root extracts |journal=Research Journal of Microbiology |volume=2 |issue=10 |pages=779–783}}</ref>


=== Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Potential ===
=== Antidiabetic Activity ===
Sariva contributes significantly to glycemic control and oxidative stress reduction.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, an aqueous root extract at 500 mg/kg/day decreased blood glucose significantly within 5 h, and over 12 weeks restored serum electrolytes, glycolytic enzymes and hepatic cytochrome P-450 enzyme systems by preventing the formation of liver and kidney lipid peroxides.<ref name="Hypoglycemic">{{cite journal |title=Hypoglycemic activity of Hemidesmus indicus R. Br. on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats |journal=International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries |pmc=2772005}}</ref>
* '''Mechanism:''' It improves peripheral glucose utilization and protects pancreatic beta-cells from oxidative damage through its high phenolic and flavonoid content.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Research on diabetic rat models confirms that oral treatment with root extract leads to significant reduction in blood glucose levels and improvement in lipid profiles.<ref name="Tariq2010">{{cite journal |last1=Tariq |first1=M. |last2=Alam |first2=M. |last3=Jafri |first3=M. A. |year=2010 |title=Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activity of Hemidesmus indicus root extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats |journal=Pharmacognosy Magazine |volume=6 |issue=22 |pages=121–125}}</ref>


== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' ''Hemidesmus indicus'' is generally safe at recommended therapeutic doses. Acute toxicity trials indicate no major adverse effects or mortality at doses up to 2000 mg/kg body weight in animals.
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' The methanolic root extract did not cause any mortality in rats up to 500 mg/kg in the anti-inflammatory study cited above; safety of the root in humans has not been established in the studies cited here.<ref name="Lakshman2006"/>
* '''Precautions:''' Due to its cold (*sheeta*) potency, individuals with chronic respiratory weakness or severe cold hypersensitivity should consume it under professional guidance.
* '''Dose in Ayurveda:''' See the Dose section above (API).
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Root Decoction (Kwatha):'' 20–30 g daily.
** ''Root Powder (Churna):'' 3–6 g daily.


== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
Line 233: Line 220:
! Primary Pharmacological Action
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
|-
| '''Inflammatory Disorders & Arthritis'''
| '''Inflammation and Fever (Shotha, Jwara)'''
| Coumarins, Flavonoids
| Methanolic root extract
| COX/LOX inhibition, Anti-inflammatory
| Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic (rat models)
|-
|-
| '''Hepatotoxicity & Oxidative Stress'''
| '''Oxidative Liver Injury'''
| Triterpenoids, Phenolics
| Aqueous root extract
| Antioxidant enzyme enhancement, Hepatoprotection
| Protection of liver mitochondria from oxidative stress (rat model)
|-
|-
| '''Dermatological Infections'''
| '''Diarrhoea (Atisara)'''
| Essential oils (2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde)
| Aqueous and ethanolic root extracts
| Cell membrane disruption, Antimicrobial
| Reduced faecal output, intestinal transit and fluid secretion (rat model)
|-
|-
| '''Hyperglycemia'''
| '''Hyperglycaemia'''
| Polyphenols, Glycosides
| Aqueous root extract
| Pancreatic beta-cell protection, Antidiabetic
| Lowered blood glucose (rat model)
|}
|}


Line 253: Line 240:
{{Reflist|refs=
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:68</ref>
<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:68</ref>
<ref name="Bhavamishra2020">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Guduchyadi Varga, Verse no. 237, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020;</ref>
<ref name="Bhavamishra2020">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Guduchyadi Varga, Verse no. 237, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020;</ref>
 
<ref name="Nagarajan2001">{{cite journal |last1=Nagarajan |first1=S. |last2=Rao |first2=L. J. M. |last3=Gurudutt |first3=K. N. |year=2001 |title=Chemical composition of the volatiles of Hemidesmus indicus R.Br. |journal=Flavour and Fragrance Journal |volume=16 |pages=212–214}}</ref>
<ref name="DSouza2022">{{cite journal |last1=D’Souza |first1=Shalet |year=2022 |title=Hemidesmus indicus: Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of leaves |journal=NeuroQuantology |volume=20 |issue=12 |pages=1422–1437 |doi=10.14704/NQ.2022.20.12.NQ77122}}</ref>
<ref name="Som2021">{{cite journal |last1=Som |first1=S. |last2=Antony |first2=J. |last3=Dhanabal |first3=P. |last4=Ponnusankar |first4=S. |year=2021 |title=Phytochemical profiling of Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. ex Schult and its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotection linked enzyme inhibitory properties |journal=Pharmacognosy Journal |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=196–205}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Lakshman2006">{{cite journal |last1=Lakshman |first1=K. |last2=Shivaprasad |first2=H. N. |last3=Jaiprakash |first3=B. |last4=Mohan |first4=S. |year=2006 |title=Anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of Hemidesmus indicus root extract |journal=African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=90–94}}</ref>
<ref name="Sultana2003">{{cite journal |last1=Sultana |first1=S. |last2=Khan |first2=N. |last3=Sharma |first3=S. |year=2003 |title=Modulatory effect of Hemidesmus indicus on cadmium-induced oxidative stress and hepatic injury in rats |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=85 |issue=2–3 |pages=207–213}}</ref>
<ref name="Gopi2010">{{cite journal |last1=Gopi |first1=S. |last2=Setty |first2=O. H. |year=2010 |title=Beneficial effect of the administration of Hemidesmus indicus against bromobenzene induced oxidative stress in rat liver mitochondria |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=127 |issue=1 |pages=200–203}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Suyambu2015">{{cite journal |last1=Suyambu |first1=R. |last2=Shalini |first2=R. |year=2015 |title=Antidiarrhoeal activity of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Hemidesmus indicus root |journal=International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=403–406}}</ref>
<ref name="ShOME2007">{{cite journal |last1=Shome |first1=S. |last2=Talukdar |first2=A. |last3=Choudhury |first3=M. D. |year=2007 |title=Antimicrobial activity of Hemidesmus indicus root extracts |journal=Research Journal of Microbiology |volume=2 |issue=10 |pages=779–783}}</ref>
<ref name="Hypoglycemic">{{cite journal |title=Hypoglycemic activity of Hemidesmus indicus R. Br. on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats |journal=International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries |pmc=2772005}}</ref>
<ref name="Tariq2010">{{cite journal |last1=Tariq |first1=M. |last2=Alam |first2=M. |last3=Jafri |first3=M. A. |year=2010 |title=Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activity of Hemidesmus indicus root extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats |journal=Pharmacognosy Magazine |volume=6 |issue=22 |pages=121–125}}</ref>
}}
}}


[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]
[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Latest revision as of 12:28, 18 October 2026


Hemidesmus indicus (L.) SCHULT.

Sariva
Section/Chapter Herb database/Sariva
Botanical name(s) Hemidesmus indicus (L.) SCHULT.
Family Apocynaceae
Availability Available
Contributors Team Dravyaguna
Year of publication 2026
Publisher Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre
DOI Awaited

Hemidesmus indicus (L.) SCHULT., popularly known as Sariva (Indian sarsaparilla), is a slender, laticiferous, twining shrub native to the Indian subcontinent. It is widely revered in Ayurveda as a premier blood purifier (raktashodhaka), coolant (pittahara), and rejuvenative (rasayana) drug of choice for managing chronic skin disorders, burning sensations, fever, and metabolic toxemia.

English name

Indian sarsaparilla

Therapeutic Uses

Agnimandhya (digestive impairment), Aruchi (anorexia), Swasa (dyspnea), Kasa (cough), Jwara (fever), Atisara (diarrhea), Kandu (itching), Kustha (skin diseases), Raktavikara (blood disorders).[1]

Other Varieties

  • Periploca indica

Botanical Profile & Traditional Context

In traditional Indian medicine, Sariva is classified as possessing sweet (madhura) and bitter (tikta) tastes, with a cooling potency (sheeta veerya) that pacifies all three doshas (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha), though it is exceptionally renowned for subduing aggravated Pitta and blood impurities.

Synonyms in Charak Samhita

Sariva, Ananta, Gopakanya, Sphota, Shyama, Krushodari, Asphota, Phanijihvaka, Anantamoola, Gopavalli.

Additional Synonyms in Bhavprakasha Nighantu

Gopi, Gopavadhu, Lata.[2]

Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties

Properties
Sr.no. Pharmacological criteria Properties
1 Taste (rasa) Sweet (madhura), Bitter (tikta)
2 Potency (veerya) Cold (sheeta)
3 Post digestion effect (vipaka) Sweet (madhura)
4 Qualities (guna) Heavy (guru), Unctuous (snigdha)
5 Actions (karma) Pacify vata, pitta and kapha

Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions

Herbs and their activities
Sr.no. Reference in Charak Samhita Activity
1 Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 2/24 Pipasaghniyavagu (gruels for excess thirst and toxicity)
2 Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 4/9(9) Kanthya mahakashaya (beneficial for throat & voice)
3 Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 4/9(18) Stanyashodhana mahakashaya (galacto-purifiers)
4 Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 4/9(31) Purishsangrahaniya mahakashaya (faecal astringents)
5 Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 4/9(39) Jwarahara mahakashaya (relieving fever)
6 Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 4/9(41) Dahaprashamana mahakashaya (pacifying burning sensation)
7 Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 5/64 Anutailadravya
8 Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 25/40 Agrya Sangraha
9 Cha.Sa. Vimana Sthana 8/139 Madhurskandha (group of sweet drugs)
10 Cha.Sa. Sharira Sthana 8/29 Garbha Vyadhi chikitsa (treatment of constipation during third trimester)
11 Cha.Sa. Sharira Sthana 8/56 Kshira vishodhana dravya
12 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 3/201 Used as kwatha in Satat jwara
13 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 3/219 As an ingredient of Pippalyadi Ghrita
14 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 3/258 As an ingredient of Chandanadhya taila
15 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 4/76 As an ingredient of kiratatiktadi churna
16 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 4/81 As an ingredient of Priyangvadi peya
17 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/128 Abhyantara and Bahyaprayogartha (Pana, Snana, Lepa)
18 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/145 Ingredient in Mahatikta Ghrita
19 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 8/109 Ingredient in Duralabhadi Ghrita
20 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 9/35 Ingredient in Kalyanak Ghrita
21 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 9/42 Ingredient in Mahakalyanak Ghrita
22 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 14/160 As an ingredient of kanakasava
23 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 15/106 Agnivruddhiartha and alleviating kosthagata kapha in grahaniroga
24 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 15/125 As an ingredient of candanadhya ghrita
25 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 17/110 Used in treatment of hikka swasha (mentioned as Asphota)
26 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 18/177 As an ingredient of jivantyadi leha
27 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 19/50 As a pana dravya
28 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 21/54 For kashaya pana (decoction)
29 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 21/76 As an ingredient of Sarivadi pralepa
30 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 21/88 For pradeha prayoga in kaphaja visarpa
31 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 23/102 As an ingredient of ksharagada
32 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 23/201 Used in the treatment of Luta visha (spider poison)
33 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 23/202 As an ingredient of Madhukadi yoga
34 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 23/243 As an ingredient of Amruta ghrita
35 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 26/153 As an ingredient of Bhargyadi taila
36 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 26/185 Used in Kaphaja Siroroga for Pradhamana nasya
37 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 26/264 As an ingredient of Sahacharadi taila
38 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 26/269 As an ingredient of Mahaneela taila
39 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 26/168 As an ingredient of Mahamayura Ghrita
40 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 26/179 As an ingredient of Yashtyadi Ghrita
41 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 26/234 Used in Pittaja netraroga (eye disease)
42 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 26/243 As an ingredient of Amrutadi varti
43 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 28/125 As an ingredient of Dashamuladi majja sneha
44 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 28/158 As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila
45 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 29/76 As an ingredient of Sthiradi Ghrita/Taila
46 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 29/94 As an ingredient of Madhuparnyadi taila
47 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 29/123 As an ingredient of Pinda taila
48 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 29/146 Used in Kaphaja Vatarakta
49 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 30/92 As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna
50 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 30/263 Used in the treatment of Stanya Vairasya
51 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 30/275 Used in treatment of Dorgandhya Stanya dosha, as an ingredient of Sarivadi lepa

Dose

  • Kwatha (Decoction): 20–30 g of the drug.[1]

Important Formulations

As per A.P.I.[1]

  • Sarivadhyasava

Current Availability

Available

  • In India: Karnataka, Kerala, Bihar, West Bengal, Maharashtra.

Current Researches

Phytochemical Composition

The therapeutic versatility of Hemidesmus indicus stems from the secondary metabolites present primarily in its roots:

  • Volatile constituents: 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde is the major constituent of the aromatic root volatiles (more than 90% in the GC-MS analysis), accompanied by minor terpenoid components such as camphor and borneol.[3]
  • Terpenoids and saponins: In a comparison of root extracts prepared with solvents of increasing polarity, the methanol extract had the highest phytochemical content, with terpenoids at 59.82 ± 0.97 mg LE/g and saponins at 15.03 ± 0.45 mg DE/g of extract.[4]

Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy

Anti-inflammatory and Antipyretic Activity (Shotha, Jwara)

  • Scientific Evidence: Methanolic extract of Hemidesmus indicus root (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg orally) significantly reduced carrageenan-induced paw oedema and brewer's yeast-induced pyrexia in rats compared with control, indicating anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties.[5]

Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Activity

  • Scientific Evidence: In rats given bromobenzene, which causes oxidative damage to liver mitochondria, prior administration of an aqueous extract of H. indicus (100 mg/kg) stimulated respiration and prevented the rise in lipid peroxides and protein carbonyls, restoring sulphydryl groups to control levels. Vitamin E could not reverse the damage as effectively.[6]

Antidiarrhoeal Activity (Atisara)

  • Scientific Evidence: In castor oil-induced diarrhoea in albino rats, aqueous and ethanolic root extracts (100 and 200 mg/kg) significantly reduced faecal droppings, intestinal transit and intestinal fluid secretion; the ethanolic extract at 200 mg/kg gave 75.5% protection in faecal score, 51.2% in intestinal dropping and 56.6% for intestinal fluid secretion.[7]

Antidiabetic Activity

  • Scientific Evidence: In streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, an aqueous root extract at 500 mg/kg/day decreased blood glucose significantly within 5 h, and over 12 weeks restored serum electrolytes, glycolytic enzymes and hepatic cytochrome P-450 enzyme systems by preventing the formation of liver and kidney lipid peroxides.[8]

Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage

  • Acute Toxicity: The methanolic root extract did not cause any mortality in rats up to 500 mg/kg in the anti-inflammatory study cited above; safety of the root in humans has not been established in the studies cited here.[5]
  • Dose in Ayurveda: See the Dose section above (API).

Summary of Therapeutic Profile

Therapeutic Applications of Hemidesmus indicus
Indication Active Biomolecules Primary Pharmacological Action
Inflammation and Fever (Shotha, Jwara) Methanolic root extract Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic (rat models)
Oxidative Liver Injury Aqueous root extract Protection of liver mitochondria from oxidative stress (rat model)
Diarrhoea (Atisara) Aqueous and ethanolic root extracts Reduced faecal output, intestinal transit and fluid secretion (rat model)
Hyperglycaemia Aqueous root extract Lowered blood glucose (rat model)

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:68
  2. ↑ Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Guduchyadi Varga, Verse no. 237, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020;
  3. ↑ Nagarajan, S.; Rao, L. J. M.; Gurudutt, K. N. (2001). "Chemical composition of the volatiles of Hemidesmus indicus R.Br.". Flavour and Fragrance Journal. 16: 212–214. 
  4. ↑ Som, S.; Antony, J.; Dhanabal, P.; Ponnusankar, S. (2021). "Phytochemical profiling of Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. ex Schult and its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotection linked enzyme inhibitory properties". Pharmacognosy Journal. 13 (1): 196–205. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Lakshman, K.; Shivaprasad, H. N.; Jaiprakash, B.; Mohan, S. (2006). "Anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of Hemidesmus indicus root extract". African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines. 3 (1): 90–94. 
  6. ↑ Gopi, S.; Setty, O. H. (2010). "Beneficial effect of the administration of Hemidesmus indicus against bromobenzene induced oxidative stress in rat liver mitochondria". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 127 (1): 200–203. 
  7. ↑ Suyambu, R.; Shalini, R. (2015). "Antidiarrhoeal activity of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Hemidesmus indicus root". International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 7 (3): 403–406. 
  8. ↑ "Hypoglycemic activity of Hemidesmus indicus R. Br. on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats". International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries. PMC 2772005 Freely accessible. 

Herbs

Retrieved from "https://www.charakasamhitauptodate.com/index.php?title=Talk:Sariva&oldid=45837"