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{{#seo: | {{#seo: | ||
|title=Charak Samhita | |title=Charak Samhita | ||
|titlemode=append | |titlemode=append | ||
|keywords=Dipyaka, Carum copticum, | |keywords= *Dipyaka, Carum copticum Benth. & Hook, Ajowan* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda, | ||
|description= | |description= Dipyaka (Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague / Carum copticum) is traditionally classified as a deepana (digestive stimulant), pachana, and anulomaka herb, widely utilized in Ayurveda for managing gastrointestinal disorders, abdominal colic, indigestion, and respiratory ailments. | ||
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg | |image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg | ||
|image_alt= | |image_alt=charak samhita | ||
|type=article | |type=article | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{Infobox | {{Infobox | ||
|title = | |title = Dipyaka | ||
|label1 = Section/Chapter | |label1 = Section/Chapter | ||
|data1 = Herb database/Dipyaka | |data1 = Herb database/Dipyaka | ||
|label2 = Botanical name(s) | |label2 = Botanical name(s) | ||
|data2 = Carum copticum Benth. & Hook | |data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachyspermum_ammi Carum copticum Benth. & Hook] | ||
|label3 = Family | |label3 = Family | ||
|data3 = | |data3 = Umbelliferae | ||
|label4 = Availability | |label4 = Availability | ||
|data4 = Available | |data4 = Available | ||
| Line 30: | Line 29: | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Dipyaka''' | '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachyspermum_ammi Carum copticum Benth. & Hook.]''', commonly known as '''Dipyaka''' or '''Ajowan''', is an annual herbaceous plant widely cultivated for its aromatic fruits. In [[Ayurveda]], it is highly valued as a carminative, digestive stimulant, and Kapha-Vata pacifying medicine.<ref name="API" /> ''Trachyspermum ammi'' (L.) Sprague is regarded as a synonym of ''Carum copticum''.<ref name="Boskabady2014" /> | ||
== English Name == | == English Name == | ||
| Line 51: | Line 50: | ||
* ''Brahmakusha'' | * ''Brahmakusha'' | ||
* ''Kaaravi'' | * ''Kaaravi'' | ||
* ''Lochamastaka''<ref name="Bhavaprakash" | * ''Lochamastaka''<ref name="Bhavaprakash" /> | ||
== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties == | == Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties == | ||
| Line 120: | Line 119: | ||
* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 1 – 3 g daily.<ref name="API" /> | * '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 1 – 3 g daily.<ref name="API" /> | ||
== Important Formulations == | |||
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API" /> | |||
* ''Ajamodarka'' | |||
* ''Ajmodadi churna'' | |||
== Current Availability == | == Current Availability == | ||
Available | Available | ||
== | == Major Phytoconstituents == | ||
* | The pharmacological activity of ''Trachyspermum ammi'' (''Carum copticum'') is mainly attributed to its essential oil. The oil composition varies with geographical origin: thymol is the main component of oil from south Indian plants (reported up to 97.9%), whereas carvacrol, γ-terpinene and ''p''-cymene are the main components of oil from other regions.<ref name="Boskabady2014" /> | ||
== Therapeutic Efficacy & Modern Scientific Research == | |||
Modern pharmacological studies support several of the traditional uses of ''Trachyspermum ammi'' (''Carum copticum''): | |||
=== 1. Gastrointestinal and Antispasmodic Activity (''Deepana'' & ''Pachana'') === | |||
* '''Traditional Use:''' Used for ''Gulma'' (abdominal lump), ''Adhmana'' (abdominal distention), ''Aruchi'' (anorexia) and ''Sula'' (colic pain).<ref name="API" /> | |||
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' The aqueous-methanolic seed extract inhibited K<sup>+</sup>-induced contractions in isolated rabbit jejunum and shifted Ca<sup>2+</sup> dose-response curves to the right, similar to verapamil, indicating a calcium channel blocking (antispasmodic) effect.<ref name="Gilani2005" /> | |||
=== 2. Antimicrobial Efficacy (''Krumiroga'') === | |||
* '''Traditional Use:''' Employed in ''Krumi roga'' (worms / microbial infections).<ref name="API" /> | |||
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' The essential oil of ''Carum copticum'' and its main compounds have been reported to have antibacterial and antifungal activity, assessed by MIC and MBC methods.<ref name="Kazemi2015" /> | |||
=== 3. Respiratory Support (''Swasa'' & Bronchodilation) === | |||
* '''Traditional Use:''' Used in asthma and dyspnea (''Swasa'') and cough; the plant is described in traditional medicine as anti-asthmatic and anti-dyspneic.<ref name="Boskabady2014" /> | |||
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' The seed extract inhibited carbachol- and K<sup>+</sup>-induced contractions in isolated guinea-pig trachea and shifted the carbachol and histamine dose-response curves to the right, suggesting a non-specific bronchodilator effect possibly mediated through calcium channel blockade.<ref name="Gilani2005" /> Bronchodilator effects of ''C. copticum'' have also been reviewed.<ref name="Boskabady2014" /> | |||
=== 4. Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Properties === | |||
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' The essential oil of ''Carum copticum'' showed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in laboratory evaluation.<ref name="Kazemi2015" /> | |||
=== 5. Hepatoprotective and Antihypertensive Activity === | |||
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In rats, pretreatment with the seed extract (500 mg/kg orally) prevented the rise in serum ALP and aminotransferases induced by paracetamol and carbon tetrachloride, and the extract caused a dose-dependent fall in arterial blood pressure in anaesthetized rats (3–100 mg/kg).<ref name="Gilani2005" /> | |||
== Summary of Therapeutic Profile == | |||
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;" | |||
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Trachyspermum ammi'' | |||
! Indication | |||
! Active Biomolecules | |||
! Primary Pharmacological Action | |||
|- | |||
| '''Gastrointestinal Colic / Flatulence''' | |||
| Seed extract (calcium antagonist constituents) | |||
| Antispasmodic (calcium channel blockade)<ref name="Gilani2005" /> | |||
|- | |||
| '''Microbial / Fungal Infections''' | |||
| Essential oil | |||
| Antibacterial, antifungal<ref name="Kazemi2015" /> | |||
|- | |||
| '''Respiratory Disorders / Asthma''' | |||
| Seed extract | |||
| Bronchodilation, tracheal smooth muscle relaxation<ref name="Gilani2005" /> | |||
|- | |||
| '''Inflammation / Oxidative Stress''' | |||
| Essential oil | |||
| Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory<ref name="Kazemi2015" /> | |||
|} | |||
== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage == | |||
* '''Precautions:''' Due to the hot potency (''Ushna veerya'') and sharp qualities (''Tikshna guna''), it should be used cautiously in individuals with high Pitta aggravation or severe gastritis. This is a classical rationale rather than a clinical finding. | |||
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:''' | |||
** ''Fruit Powder (Churna):'' 1 – 3 g daily.<ref name="API" /> | |||
== References == | == References == | ||
{{Reflist|refs= | {{Reflist|refs= | ||
<ref name="API">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume= | <ref name="API">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |location=New Delhi |edition=Part I |volume=I |pages=02}}</ref> <!-- verify volume and page --> | ||
<ref name="Bhavaprakash">{{cite book |last= | <ref name="Bhavaprakash">{{cite book |last=Bhavamishra |first=Shri |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |others=Edited by Padmashree Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar |edition=Reprint |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |year=2020 |pages=Haritakyadi Varga, verse 77}}</ref> | ||
<ref name="Boskabady2014">{{cite journal |last1=Boskabady |first1=M. H. |last2=Alitaneh |first2=S. |last3=Alavinezhad |first3=A. |year=2014 |title=Carum copticum L.: a herbal medicine with various pharmacological effects |journal=BioMed Research International |volume=2014 |pages=569087 |doi=10.1155/2014/569087 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4096002}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Gilani2005">{{cite journal |last1=Gilani |first1=A. H. |last2=Jabeen |first2=Q. |last3=Ghayur |first3=M. N. |last4=Janbaz |first4=K. H. |last5=Akhtar |first5=M. S. |year=2005 |title=Studies on the antihypertensive, antispasmodic, bronchodilator and hepatoprotective activities of the Carum copticum seed extract |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=98 |issue=1–2 |pages=127–135 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2005.01.017 |pmid=15763373 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15763373/}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Kazemi2015">{{cite journal |last=Kazemi |first=M. |year=2015 |title=Phenolic profile, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity of Carum copticum L. essential oil |journal=Bulgarian Chemical Communications |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=149–155 |url=https://hero.epa.gov/hero/index.cfm/reference/details/reference_id/3440018}}</ref> | |||
}} | }} | ||
[[Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]] | [[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]] | ||
''This article is under development ..'' | ''This article is under development ..'' | ||
Latest revision as of 06:15, 6 October 2026
| Section/Chapter | Herb database/Dipyaka |
|---|---|
| Botanical name(s) | Carum copticum Benth. & Hook |
| Family | Umbelliferae |
| Availability | Available |
| Contributors | Team Dravyaguna |
| Year of publication | 2026 |
| Publisher | Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre |
| DOI | Awaited |
Carum copticum Benth. & Hook., commonly known as Dipyaka or Ajowan, is an annual herbaceous plant widely cultivated for its aromatic fruits. In Ayurveda, it is highly valued as a carminative, digestive stimulant, and Kapha-Vata pacifying medicine.[1] Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague is regarded as a synonym of Carum copticum.[2]
English Name
Ajowan
Therapeutic Use
Gulma (abdominal lump), Aruchi (anorexia), Adhmana (abdominal distention), Hikka, Chardi (vomiting), Krumi roga (worms), Sula (pain)[1]
Synonyms in Charak Samhita
- Dipyaka – Increases appetite.
- Yavani
- Bhutik
- Dipya
- Ajamodika
Synonyms in Bhavaprakasa Nighantu
- Ajamoda
- Kharashva – Fruits of ajamoda have an odor similar to a donkey.
- Maayuro
- Brahmakusha
- Kaaravi
- Lochamastaka[3]
Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties
According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (Rasa Panchaka), Dipyaka has the following properties:[1]
| Sr. No. | Pharmacological Criteria | Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Taste (Rasa) | Pungent (Katu) |
| 2 | Potency (Veerya) | Hot (Ushna) |
| 3 | Post-digestion Effect (Vipaka) | Pungent (Katu) |
| 4 | Qualities (Guna) | Light (Laghu), Rough (Ruksha), Sharp (Tikshna) |
| 5 | Dosha Action (Karma) | Pacifies Kapha and Vata |
Reference in Charak Samhita and its Actions
Dipyaka is prominently documented across multiple therapeutic chapters of the Charaka Samhita:
| Sr. No. | Reference in Charak Samhita | Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 23/20 | Santarpanajanya vikar chikitsa (management of over-nutrition disorder) |
| 2 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 27/170 | Harita Varga (Class of green herbs) |
| 3 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 27/307 | Krutanna Varga (Class on food articles) |
| 4 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/69 | Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya ghrita |
| 5 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/71 | Ingredient of Hapushadya ghrita |
| 6 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/86 | Ingredient of Shatyadi Churna |
| 7 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/165 | Pathya Diet in Gulma (wholesome food in treatment of abdominal lump) |
| 8 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/168 | Vata, Kapha and Mala Anulomanarth |
| 9 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 6/27 | Used for making decoction in Kaphaj prameha (diabetes) |
| 10 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 6/29 | Used for making decoction in Kaphaj prameha (diabetes) |
| 11 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 6/38 | Trikantakadhya Tail/Ghrit in Vata-kaphaj prameha (diabetes) |
| 12 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 6/41 | Ingredient in Madhvasava |
| 13 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 9/54 | Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrita |
| 14 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 9/55 | Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrita |
| 15 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/36 | Ingredient in Triphaladhyarishta |
| 16 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/43 | Ingredient in Kshar Gudika |
| 17 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/55 | Ingredient in Chitrakadi Ghrita |
| 18 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/103 | In treatment of Kaphaja uadara roga |
| 19 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/125 | As an ingredient of narayan churna |
| 20 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/63 | As an ingredient of traushnadi churna |
Dose
- Powder (Churna): 1 – 3 g daily.[1]
Important Formulations
As per A.P.I.[1]
- Ajamodarka
- Ajmodadi churna
Current Availability
Available
Major Phytoconstituents
The pharmacological activity of Trachyspermum ammi (Carum copticum) is mainly attributed to its essential oil. The oil composition varies with geographical origin: thymol is the main component of oil from south Indian plants (reported up to 97.9%), whereas carvacrol, γ-terpinene and p-cymene are the main components of oil from other regions.[2]
Therapeutic Efficacy & Modern Scientific Research
Modern pharmacological studies support several of the traditional uses of Trachyspermum ammi (Carum copticum):
1. Gastrointestinal and Antispasmodic Activity (Deepana & Pachana)
- Traditional Use: Used for Gulma (abdominal lump), Adhmana (abdominal distention), Aruchi (anorexia) and Sula (colic pain).[1]
- Scientific Evidence: The aqueous-methanolic seed extract inhibited K+-induced contractions in isolated rabbit jejunum and shifted Ca2+ dose-response curves to the right, similar to verapamil, indicating a calcium channel blocking (antispasmodic) effect.[4]
2. Antimicrobial Efficacy (Krumiroga)
- Traditional Use: Employed in Krumi roga (worms / microbial infections).[1]
- Scientific Evidence: The essential oil of Carum copticum and its main compounds have been reported to have antibacterial and antifungal activity, assessed by MIC and MBC methods.[5]
3. Respiratory Support (Swasa & Bronchodilation)
- Traditional Use: Used in asthma and dyspnea (Swasa) and cough; the plant is described in traditional medicine as anti-asthmatic and anti-dyspneic.[2]
- Scientific Evidence: The seed extract inhibited carbachol- and K+-induced contractions in isolated guinea-pig trachea and shifted the carbachol and histamine dose-response curves to the right, suggesting a non-specific bronchodilator effect possibly mediated through calcium channel blockade.[4] Bronchodilator effects of C. copticum have also been reviewed.[2]
4. Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Properties
- Scientific Evidence: The essential oil of Carum copticum showed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in laboratory evaluation.[5]
5. Hepatoprotective and Antihypertensive Activity
- Scientific Evidence: In rats, pretreatment with the seed extract (500 mg/kg orally) prevented the rise in serum ALP and aminotransferases induced by paracetamol and carbon tetrachloride, and the extract caused a dose-dependent fall in arterial blood pressure in anaesthetized rats (3–100 mg/kg).[4]
Summary of Therapeutic Profile
| Indication | Active Biomolecules | Primary Pharmacological Action |
|---|---|---|
| Gastrointestinal Colic / Flatulence | Seed extract (calcium antagonist constituents) | Antispasmodic (calcium channel blockade)[4] |
| Microbial / Fungal Infections | Essential oil | Antibacterial, antifungal[5] |
| Respiratory Disorders / Asthma | Seed extract | Bronchodilation, tracheal smooth muscle relaxation[4] |
| Inflammation / Oxidative Stress | Essential oil | Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory[5] |
Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage
- Precautions: Due to the hot potency (Ushna veerya) and sharp qualities (Tikshna guna), it should be used cautiously in individuals with high Pitta aggravation or severe gastritis. This is a classical rationale rather than a clinical finding.
- Standard Therapeutic Dosage:
- Fruit Powder (Churna): 1 – 3 g daily.[1]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. I (Part I ed.). New Delhi: Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India. 1986. p. 02.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Boskabady, M. H.; Alitaneh, S.; Alavinezhad, A. (2014). "Carum copticum L.: a herbal medicine with various pharmacological effects". BioMed Research International. 2014: 569087. doi:10.1155/2014/569087.
- ↑ Bhavamishra, Shri (2020). Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Edited by Padmashree Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar (Reprint ed.). Chaukhambha Bharati Academy. pp. Haritakyadi Varga, verse 77.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Gilani, A. H.; Jabeen, Q.; Ghayur, M. N.; Janbaz, K. H.; Akhtar, M. S. (2005). "Studies on the antihypertensive, antispasmodic, bronchodilator and hepatoprotective activities of the Carum copticum seed extract". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 98 (1–2): 127–135. PMID 15763373. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2005.01.017.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Kazemi, M. (2015). "Phenolic profile, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity of Carum copticum L. essential oil". Bulgarian Chemical Communications. 47 (1): 149–155.
This article is under development ..