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Coriandrum sativum L.
{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Dhanyaka, Coriandrum sativum L., Coriander, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Dhanyaka (Coriandrum sativum L.) is widely used in Ayurveda for digestive, antipyretic, and carminative actions. It helps balance all three doshas and provides significant antioxidant properties.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
 
{{Infobox
{{Infobox
|title = Dhanyaka
|title = Dhanyaka
Line 5: Line 14:
|data1 = Herb database/Dhanyaka
|data1 = Herb database/Dhanyaka
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Coriandrum sativum L.
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coriander Coriandrum sativum L.]
|label3 = Family
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Umbelliferae
|data3 = Apiaceae
|label4 = Availability
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Avalable
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = --
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication  
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2025
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI  
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
|data8 = Awaited
}}
}}


==English name ==
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coriander Coriandrum sativum L.]''', popularly known as '''Dhanyaka''' (Coriander), is an annual herbaceous plant of the family Apiaceae (Umbelliferae). Its seeds (fruits) and fresh aerial parts are used as a culinary spice and as a medicinal drug in [[Ayurveda]] for digestive, antipyretic and burning conditions.
 
==English name==
Coriander
Coriander


==Therapeutic uses==
==Therapeutic uses==
Atisara(diarrhoea), chardi(vomiting), daha(burning), jwara(fever), trushna(thirst), ajirna(indigetion)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health nd Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :21</ref>
Atisara (diarrhoea), Chardi (vomiting), Daha (burning sensation), Jwara (fever), Trushna (thirst), Ajirna (indigestion)<ref name="ref1" />


==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Dhanyaka(having seeds like cereals), Dhanya, Shungaverika, Kustumburu(fruits of dhanyaka resemble tumburu), Chhatra, Dhaneyaka, Kunati, Dhanak, Dhana, Dhenuka, Chatra, Vitunnak, Kustumbar
Dhanyaka (having seeds like cereals), Dhanya, Shungaverika, Kustumburu (fruits of Dhanyaka resemble Tumburu), Chhatra, Dhaneyaka, Kunati, Dhanak, Dhana, Dhenuka, Chatra, Vitunnak, Kustumbar


==Varieties==
==Varieties==
# Gramya  
# Gramya
# Vanya
# Vanya
 
== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==  
==Traditional Context==
In Ayurvedic texts Dhanyaka is regarded as ''Tridoshahara'' (pacifying all three doshas), with sweet post-digestion effect (''madhura vipaka'') and hot potency (''ushna veerya''). It is used in formulations for kindling digestion and for fever.
 
==Ayurvedic pharmacological properties==


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties  
|+ Properties
|-
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Astringent (kashaya), Bitter (tikta)
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Astringent (kashaya), Bitter (tikta)
|-
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) ||Hot (ushna)
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)
|-
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura)
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura)
|-
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Unctuous (snigdha)
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]]) || Light (laghu), Unctuous (snigdha)
|-
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify all three dosha (tridoshahara)
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify all three doshas (tridoshahara)
|-
|-
|}
|}
== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==  
 
==Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions==


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity  
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
|-
| 1  
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(42) || Sheetaprashamana mahakashaya (pacifying cold)
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(42)  
| Sheetaprashaman mahakashaya(pacifying cold)
|-
|-
| 2  
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/20 || Santarpanajanya vikara chikitsa (disease due to over-nutrition)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/20  
| Santarpanajanya vikar chikitsa(disease due to over nutrition)
|-
|-
| 3  
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/171 || Harita Varga (Class of green herbs)
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/171  
|Harita Varga(Class of green herbs)
|-
|-
|4
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/173 || Harita Varga (Class of green herbs)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/173
|Harita Varga(Class of green herbs)
|-
|-
|5
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/307 || Krutanna Varga
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/307
|Krutanna Varga
|-
|-
|6
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135 || Vamana dravyani (emetic dravya)
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135
|Vaman dravyani(emetic dravya)
|-
|-
|7
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/40 || Kalyanaka Guda
| Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/40
|Kalyanaka Guda
|-
|-
|8
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/54 || Trivrittadi Modaka
| Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/54
|Trivrittadi Modaka
|-
|-
|9
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/183 || Used as peya with amla in Jwaraatisara
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/183
|Used as peya with amla in Jwaraatisara
|-
|-
|10
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267 || As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267
|As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
|-
|-
|11
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/65 || Ingredient in Trayushanaadi ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/65
|Ingredient in Trayushanaadi ghrita
|-
|-
|12
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/69 || Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/69
|Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya ghrita
|-
|-
|13
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/74 || Ingredient of Pippalyadya ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/74
|Ingredient of Pippalyadya ghrita
|-
|-
|14
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/80 || Ingredient of Hingvadi churna
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/80
|Ingredient of Hingvadi churna
|-
|-
|15
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/86 || Ingredient of Shatyadi churna
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/86
|Ingredient of Shatyadi Churna
|-
|-
|16
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/111 || As a diet in Gulma (abdominal lump)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/111
|As a diet in Gulma(abdominal lump)
|-
|-
|17
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/70 || Pathya diet for pinasa in treatment of rajayakshma
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/70
|Pathya diet for Pinas in treatment of Rajayakshma
|-
|-
|18
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/137 || As a kavala dravya for mukhashodhanartha
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/137
|As a Kaval dravya for Mukhashodhanarth 
|-
|-
|19
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/142 || Ingredient in Yavani shadav
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/142
|Ingredient in Yavani shadav
|-
|-
|20
| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/86 || Ingredient in Saindhavadi churna
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/86
|Ingredient in Saindhavadi Churna
|-
|-
|21
| 21 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/88 || Ingredient in Shadav
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/88
|Ingredient in Shadav
|-
|-
|22
| 22 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/55 || Ingredient of Chitrakadi ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/55
|Ingredient in Chitrakadi Ghrita
|-
|-
|23
| 23 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/65 || For lepa, abhyangadi bahyaprayogartha
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/65
|For Lepa, Abhyangadi  Bahyaprayogarth
|-
|-
|24
| 24 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/110 || In treatment of udara roga (for parisheka)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/110
|In treatment of Udara roga (for parisheka)  
|-
|-
|25
| 25 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/125 || As an ingredient of Narayana churna
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/125
|As an ingredient of narayan churna
|-
|-
|26
| 26 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/72 || As an ingredient of Takrarishta
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/72  
|As an ingredient of takrarista
|-
|-
|27
| 27 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/89 || Used in peya, khada yusha, ghrita, siddhanta jala
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/89
|Used in peya, khada yusha, ghrit, siddhant jala
|-
|-
|28
| 28 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/103 || Use with phanita and goghrita; removes vata and vibandha
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/103
|Use with phanita and goghrita, Removes vata and vibandha
|-
|-
|29
| 29 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/106 || As an ingredient of Nagaradya ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/106
|As an ingredient of nagaradya ghrita
|-
|-
|30
| 30 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/110 || Used as anupana in arsha (hemorrhoids)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/110
|Used as anupana in arsha(hemorrhoids)
|-
|-
|31
| 31 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/129 || Used in peya, khada yusha, ghrita, siddhanta jala
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/129
|Used in peya, khada yusha, ghrita, siddhant jala
|-
|-
|32
| 32 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/142 || Used as peya padartha in Kaphaja grahani
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/142
|Used as peya padartha in Kaphaja grahani
|-
|-
|33
| 33 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/44 || As an ingredient of Dadimadi ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/44
|As an ingredient of Dadimadi Ghrita
|-
|-
|34
| 34 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/20 || As a pramathya dravya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/20  
|As a pramathya dravya  
|-
|-
|35
| 35 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/26 || As an ingredient of dipaniya and sangrahi gana
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/26  
|As a Ingridient of dipaniya and sangrahi gana
|-
|-
|36
| 36 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/40 || As a yoga dravya in treatment of purisha kshaya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/40  
|As a yoga dravya in treatment of purisha kshaya
|-
|-
|37
| 37 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/44 || As an ingredient of Chavyadi ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/44
|As a ingredient of chavyadi ghrita
|-
|-
|38
| 38 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/105 || As a kwatha dravya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/105
|As a kwatha dravya  
|-
|-
|39
| 39 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/110 || As a yoga dravya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/110
|As a yoga dravya  
|-
|-
|40
| 40 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/23 || As a yusha prayoga in Vataja chhardi
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/23
|As a yusha prayoga in Vataja chhardi
|-
|-
|41
| 41 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/24 || Ghritapana in Vataja chhardi
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/24
|Ghritapana in Vataja chhardi
|-
|-
|42
| 42 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/31 || As a pana yoga in Pittaja chhardi
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/31
|As a pana yoga in Pittaja chhardi
|-
|-
|43
| 43 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/95 || As an ingredient of Rishabhakadi agada
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/95
|As an ingredient of Rishabhakadi agada
|-
|-
|44
| 44 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/128 || Used as anupana in Vataja madatyaya as an ingredient of trijataka
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/128
|Used as anupana in vataja  madatyaya as an ingredient of trijataka
|-
|-
|45
| 45 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/130 || Used as anupana in Vataja madatyaya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/130
|Used as anupana in Vataja madatyaya
|-
|-
|46
| 46 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/183 || Used in pachana
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/183
|Used in pachana.
|-
|-
|}
|}


==Dose==
==Dose==
* 1-3 gm of drug in powder form<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health nd Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :21</ref>
* 1–3 g of drug in powder form<ref name="ref1" />


==Important formulation==
==Important formulation==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health nd Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :21</ref>
As per A.P.I.
* Dhanyapanchaka kwath churna
* Dhanyapanchaka kwatha churna
 
==Current availability==
Available
* '''In India –''' Cultivated extensively throughout India as a common spice and crop.


==Phytoconstituents==
Coriander is a source of lipids rich in petroselinic acid and of an essential oil rich in linalool, both obtained from the seeds and the aerial parts.<ref name="Sahib2013" />


==Pharmacological Activities and Therapeutic Efficacy==
All studies below are preclinical (animal or in vitro). No controlled human clinical trial is cited in this monograph.


== Current availability==  
===Digestive and gut-modulatory activity (Ajirna, Atisara)===
The crude extract of coriander fruit stimulated the isolated guinea-pig ileum through an atropine-sensitive (cholinergic) effect, whereas in rabbit jejunum it produced contraction followed, in the presence of atropine, by relaxation similar to a calcium channel blocker. The authors suggested this may explain its use in dyspepsia, abdominal colic and diarrhoea.<ref name="Jabeen2009" />


Available
===Antioxidant activity===
In rats fed a high-fat diet, coriander seeds significantly decreased the levels of lipid peroxides, free fatty acids and glutathione, whereas the activity of antioxidant enzymes increased.<ref name="Chithra1999" />


== Current researches ==
===Anti-inflammatory activity (Daha)===
The hydroalcoholic seed extract showed anti-inflammatory activity in the carrageenan-induced paw oedema model and anti-granuloma activity in the cotton-pellet and adjuvant-stimulated macrophage models in rats, which the authors considered to support its traditional use in arthritis and other inflammatory disorders.<ref name="Nair2013" />


https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Coriandrum%20sativum
===Antidiabetic activity===
Coriander in the diet (62.5 g/kg) and drinking water (2.5 g/l) reduced hyperglycaemia of streptozotocin-diabetic mice, and an aqueous extract stimulated insulin secretion from a clonal B-cell line and glucose uptake in isolated mouse muscle.<ref name="Gray1999" />


==Safety, Toxicity and Dosage==
* '''Toxicity:''' No toxicity study could be verified for this monograph, so no toxicity statement is made.
* '''Precautions (no experimental reference cited):''' Persons with known hypersensitivity to Apiaceae plants should be cautious. As the studies above report glucose-lowering and blood-pressure-lowering effects in animals, persons on antidiabetic or antihypertensive medicines should use medicinal amounts only under medical supervision.
* '''Standard therapeutic dose:''' Seed powder (churna) 1–3 g daily, or as directed by an Ayurvedic physician (see Dose above).


[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
==Summary of Therapeutic Profile==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic applications of ''Coriandrum sativum'' (preclinical evidence)
! Indication
! Part / preparation studied
! Principal finding
|-
| '''Indigestion, colic, diarrhoea / Ajirna, Atisara'''
| Fruit crude extract
| Cholinergic gut stimulation and calcium-antagonist-like relaxation in isolated tissues
|-
| '''Oxidative stress'''
| Seeds in diet
| Reduced lipid peroxides and raised antioxidant enzymes in rats
|-
| '''Burning, inflammation / Daha'''
| Seed hydroalcoholic extract
| Anti-inflammatory and anti-granuloma activity in rats
|-
| '''Hyperglycaemia'''
| Diet and aqueous extract
| Lower blood glucose in diabetic mice; insulin-releasing activity in vitro
|-
|}
 
==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1: 21.</ref>
<ref name="Sahib2013">{{cite journal |last1=Sahib |first1=N. G. |last2=Anwar |first2=F. |last3=Gilani |first3=A. H. |last4=Hamid |first4=A. A. |last5=Saari |first5=N. |last6=Alkharfy |first6=K. M. |year=2013 |title=Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.): a potential source of high-value components for functional foods and nutraceuticals - a review |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=27 |issue=10 |pages=1439–1456 |doi=10.1002/ptr.4897}}</ref>
<ref name="Jabeen2009">{{cite journal |last1=Jabeen |first1=Q. |last2=Bashir |first2=S. |last3=Lyoussi |first3=B. |last4=Gilani |first4=A. H. |year=2009 |title=Coriander fruit exhibits gut modulatory, blood pressure lowering and diuretic activities |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=122 |issue=1 |pages=123–130}}</ref>
<ref name="Chithra1999">{{cite journal |last1=Chithra |first1=V. |last2=Leelamma |first2=S. |year=1999 |title=Coriandrum sativum changes the levels of lipid peroxides and activity of antioxidant enzymes in experimental animals |journal=Indian Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=59–61}}</ref>
<ref name="Nair2013">{{cite journal |last1=Nair |first1=V. |last2=Singh |first2=S. |last3=Gupta |first3=Y. K. |year=2013 |title=Anti-granuloma activity of Coriandrum sativum in experimental models |journal=Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=13–18 |doi=10.4103/0975-9476.109544}}</ref>
<ref name="Gray1999">{{cite journal |last1=Gray |first1=A. M. |last2=Flatt |first2=P. R. |year=1999 |title=Insulin-releasing and insulin-like activity of the traditional anti-diabetic plant Coriandrum sativum (coriander) |journal=British Journal of Nutrition |volume=81 |issue=3 |pages=203–209 |pmid=10434846}}</ref>
}}


This article is under development ..
[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Latest revision as of 13:29, 10 October 2026


Dhanyaka
Section/Chapter Herb database/Dhanyaka
Botanical name(s) Coriandrum sativum L.
Family Apiaceae
Availability Available
Contributors Team Dravyaguna
Year of publication 2026
Publisher Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre
DOI Awaited

Coriandrum sativum L., popularly known as Dhanyaka (Coriander), is an annual herbaceous plant of the family Apiaceae (Umbelliferae). Its seeds (fruits) and fresh aerial parts are used as a culinary spice and as a medicinal drug in Ayurveda for digestive, antipyretic and burning conditions.

English name

Coriander

Therapeutic uses

Atisara (diarrhoea), Chardi (vomiting), Daha (burning sensation), Jwara (fever), Trushna (thirst), Ajirna (indigestion)[1]

Synonyms in Charak Samhita

Dhanyaka (having seeds like cereals), Dhanya, Shungaverika, Kustumburu (fruits of Dhanyaka resemble Tumburu), Chhatra, Dhaneyaka, Kunati, Dhanak, Dhana, Dhenuka, Chatra, Vitunnak, Kustumbar

Varieties

  1. Gramya
  2. Vanya

Traditional Context

In Ayurvedic texts Dhanyaka is regarded as Tridoshahara (pacifying all three doshas), with sweet post-digestion effect (madhura vipaka) and hot potency (ushna veerya). It is used in formulations for kindling digestion and for fever.

Ayurvedic pharmacological properties

Properties
Sr.no. Pharmacological criteria Properties
1 Taste (rasa) Astringent (kashaya), Bitter (tikta)
2 Potency (veerya) Hot (ushna)
3 Post digestion effect (vipaka) Sweet (madhura)
4 Qualities (guna) Light (laghu), Unctuous (snigdha)
5 Actions (karma) Pacify all three doshas (tridoshahara)

Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions

Herbs and their activities
Sr.no. Reference in Charak Samhita Activity
1 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(42) Sheetaprashamana mahakashaya (pacifying cold)
2 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 23/20 Santarpanajanya vikara chikitsa (disease due to over-nutrition)
3 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 27/171 Harita Varga (Class of green herbs)
4 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 27/173 Harita Varga (Class of green herbs)
5 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 27/307 Krutanna Varga
6 Cha.Sa.Vimana Sthana 8/135 Vamana dravyani (emetic dravya)
7 Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 7/40 Kalyanaka Guda
8 Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 7/54 Trivrittadi Modaka
9 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/183 Used as peya with amla in Jwaraatisara
10 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/267 As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
11 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/65 Ingredient in Trayushanaadi ghrita
12 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/69 Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya ghrita
13 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/74 Ingredient of Pippalyadya ghrita
14 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/80 Ingredient of Hingvadi churna
15 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/86 Ingredient of Shatyadi churna
16 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/111 As a diet in Gulma (abdominal lump)
17 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 8/70 Pathya diet for pinasa in treatment of rajayakshma
18 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 8/137 As a kavala dravya for mukhashodhanartha
19 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 8/142 Ingredient in Yavani shadav
20 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 11/86 Ingredient in Saindhavadi churna
21 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 11/88 Ingredient in Shadav
22 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/55 Ingredient of Chitrakadi ghrita
23 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/65 For lepa, abhyangadi bahyaprayogartha
24 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/110 In treatment of udara roga (for parisheka)
25 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/125 As an ingredient of Narayana churna
26 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/72 As an ingredient of Takrarishta
27 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/89 Used in peya, khada yusha, ghrita, siddhanta jala
28 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/103 Use with phanita and goghrita; removes vata and vibandha
29 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/106 As an ingredient of Nagaradya ghrita
30 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/110 Used as anupana in arsha (hemorrhoids)
31 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/129 Used in peya, khada yusha, ghrita, siddhanta jala
32 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/142 Used as peya padartha in Kaphaja grahani
33 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 16/44 As an ingredient of Dadimadi ghrita
34 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/20 As a pramathya dravya
35 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/26 As an ingredient of dipaniya and sangrahi gana
36 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/40 As a yoga dravya in treatment of purisha kshaya
37 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/44 As an ingredient of Chavyadi ghrita
38 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/105 As a kwatha dravya
39 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/110 As a yoga dravya
40 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 20/23 As a yusha prayoga in Vataja chhardi
41 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 20/24 Ghritapana in Vataja chhardi
42 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 20/31 As a pana yoga in Pittaja chhardi
43 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 23/95 As an ingredient of Rishabhakadi agada
44 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 24/128 Used as anupana in Vataja madatyaya as an ingredient of trijataka
45 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 24/130 Used as anupana in Vataja madatyaya
46 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 24/183 Used in pachana

Dose

  • 1–3 g of drug in powder form[1]

Important formulation

As per A.P.I.

  • Dhanyapanchaka kwatha churna

Current availability

Available

  • In India – Cultivated extensively throughout India as a common spice and crop.

Phytoconstituents

Coriander is a source of lipids rich in petroselinic acid and of an essential oil rich in linalool, both obtained from the seeds and the aerial parts.[2]

Pharmacological Activities and Therapeutic Efficacy

All studies below are preclinical (animal or in vitro). No controlled human clinical trial is cited in this monograph.

Digestive and gut-modulatory activity (Ajirna, Atisara)

The crude extract of coriander fruit stimulated the isolated guinea-pig ileum through an atropine-sensitive (cholinergic) effect, whereas in rabbit jejunum it produced contraction followed, in the presence of atropine, by relaxation similar to a calcium channel blocker. The authors suggested this may explain its use in dyspepsia, abdominal colic and diarrhoea.[3]

Antioxidant activity

In rats fed a high-fat diet, coriander seeds significantly decreased the levels of lipid peroxides, free fatty acids and glutathione, whereas the activity of antioxidant enzymes increased.[4]

Anti-inflammatory activity (Daha)

The hydroalcoholic seed extract showed anti-inflammatory activity in the carrageenan-induced paw oedema model and anti-granuloma activity in the cotton-pellet and adjuvant-stimulated macrophage models in rats, which the authors considered to support its traditional use in arthritis and other inflammatory disorders.[5]

Antidiabetic activity

Coriander in the diet (62.5 g/kg) and drinking water (2.5 g/l) reduced hyperglycaemia of streptozotocin-diabetic mice, and an aqueous extract stimulated insulin secretion from a clonal B-cell line and glucose uptake in isolated mouse muscle.[6]

Safety, Toxicity and Dosage

  • Toxicity: No toxicity study could be verified for this monograph, so no toxicity statement is made.
  • Precautions (no experimental reference cited): Persons with known hypersensitivity to Apiaceae plants should be cautious. As the studies above report glucose-lowering and blood-pressure-lowering effects in animals, persons on antidiabetic or antihypertensive medicines should use medicinal amounts only under medical supervision.
  • Standard therapeutic dose: Seed powder (churna) 1–3 g daily, or as directed by an Ayurvedic physician (see Dose above).

Summary of Therapeutic Profile

Therapeutic applications of Coriandrum sativum (preclinical evidence)
Indication Part / preparation studied Principal finding
Indigestion, colic, diarrhoea / Ajirna, Atisara Fruit crude extract Cholinergic gut stimulation and calcium-antagonist-like relaxation in isolated tissues
Oxidative stress Seeds in diet Reduced lipid peroxides and raised antioxidant enzymes in rats
Burning, inflammation / Daha Seed hydroalcoholic extract Anti-inflammatory and anti-granuloma activity in rats
Hyperglycaemia Diet and aqueous extract Lower blood glucose in diabetic mice; insulin-releasing activity in vitro

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1: 21.
  2. ↑ Sahib, N. G.; Anwar, F.; Gilani, A. H.; Hamid, A. A.; Saari, N.; Alkharfy, K. M. (2013). "Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.): a potential source of high-value components for functional foods and nutraceuticals - a review". Phytotherapy Research. 27 (10): 1439–1456. doi:10.1002/ptr.4897. 
  3. ↑ Jabeen, Q.; Bashir, S.; Lyoussi, B.; Gilani, A. H. (2009). "Coriander fruit exhibits gut modulatory, blood pressure lowering and diuretic activities". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 122 (1): 123–130. 
  4. ↑ Chithra, V.; Leelamma, S. (1999). "Coriandrum sativum changes the levels of lipid peroxides and activity of antioxidant enzymes in experimental animals". Indian Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 36 (1): 59–61. 
  5. ↑ Nair, V.; Singh, S.; Gupta, Y. K. (2013). "Anti-granuloma activity of Coriandrum sativum in experimental models". Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine. 4 (1): 13–18. doi:10.4103/0975-9476.109544. 
  6. ↑ Gray, A. M.; Flatt, P. R. (1999). "Insulin-releasing and insulin-like activity of the traditional anti-diabetic plant Coriandrum sativum (coriander)". British Journal of Nutrition. 81 (3): 203–209. PMID 10434846. 

Herbs

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