Talk:Chitraka: Difference between revisions

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}}

==English ~~name~~ ==

'''Chitraka''' (''Plumbago zeylanica'' Linn.), commonly known as '''Ceylon leadwort''' or '''white leadwort''', is a distinguished perennial, sub-scandent [[shrub]] belonging to the family [[Plumbaginaceae]], which spans approximately 10 genera and 280 species.{{cite journal |last=Mandavkar |first=Y. D. |date=2011 |title=A comprehensive review on Plumbago zeylanica Linn |journal=African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology |volume=5 |issue=5 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.5897/ajpp11.739}} Revered for over 3,000 years within traditional Indian ([[Ayurveda]]) and [[Traditional Chinese medicine|Chinese medicine]] systems, Chitraka historically translates from [[Sanskrit]] to "the one which causes discoloration to the skin" due to the intense blistering properties of its fresh root juice.{{cite journal |last=Chetty |first=K. M. |title=Pharmaceutical Studies and Therapeutic Uses of Plumbago Zeylanica L. Roots (Chitraka, Chitramulamu) |journal=OpenSIUC |pages=1–10}}

The plant is widely distributed across tropical and subtropical zones globally. Its roots and root barks serve as a priceless repository for unique bioactive molecules, demonstrating extensive pharmacological applications ranging from anti-inflammatory to anticancer therapeutic actions.

== Botanical Profile and Vernacular Names ==

=== Vernacular Names ===

{| class="wikitable" style="width: 60%; text-align: left;"

! Language / Medical System !! Vernacular Name

|-

| '''[[Sanskrit]]''' || Chitraka, Chitramoolam, Agni, Dahana

|-

| '''[[English language|English]]''' || Ceylon Leadwort, White Leadwort, Wild Leadwort

|-

| '''[[Hindi]]''' || Chita, Chitrak, Chitarak

|-

| '''[[Bengali language|Bengali]]''' || Chita, Chitarak

|-

| '''[[Tamil language|Tamil]]''' || Chitramoolam, Kodiveli

|-

| '''[[Telugu language|Telugu]]''' || Chitramulam

|}

=== Morphological Characteristics ===

''Plumbago zeylanica'' is a [[perennial plant|perennial]] shrub with semi-woody stems and numerous rambling branches. Its leaves are simple, alternate, ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, and abruptly narrowed into a short petiole. The flowers are pure white, long, and slender, borne in terminal elongated spikes characterized by a persistent viscid, glandular calyx covered in sticky hairs. The roots are cylindrical, poorly branched, irregularly bent, and display shallow transverse fissures at their bends, featuring a dark brown bark and light yellow interior.

~~Leadwort~~

==Therapeutic uses==

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==Varieties==

# ~~Sweta~~- plumbago zeylanica

# Shweta- plumbago zeylanica

# Rakta- plumbago rosea

# Nila- plumabago capensis

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| 1

| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/18

| Deepaniya and ~~Shulaghniyavagu~~(Gruel for enhancing digestion and colic pain)

| Deepaniya and Shulaghni yavagu(Gruel for enhancing digestion and colic pain)

|-

| 2

| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/29

| ~~Bhediniyavagu~~(Gruels for catharsis and flatulence)

| Bhedini yavagu(Gruels for catharsis and flatulence)

|-

| 3

| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(3)

| ~~Lekhaniyamahakashaya~~(emaciating)

| Lekhaniya mahakashaya(emaciating)

|-

| 4

| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(4)

| ~~Bhedaniyamahakashaya~~(breaking mass/solid lesions)

| Bhedaniya mahakashaya(breaking mass/solid lesions)

|-

| 5

| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(6)

| ~~Deepaniyamahakashaya~~(Appetisers)

| Deepaniya mahakashaya(Appetisers)

|-

| 6

| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(11)

| ~~Truptighnamahakashaya~~(anti-satiety)

| Truptighna mahakashaya(anti-satiety)

|-

| 7

| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(12)

| ~~Arshoghnamahakashaya~~(anti-hemorrhoids)

| Arshoghna mahakashaya(anti-hemorrhoids)

|-

| 8

| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(45)

| ~~Shoolaprashamanmahakashaya~~(anti-spasmodics)

| Shoolaprashaman mahakashaya(anti-spasmodics)

|-

| 9

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|16

|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/41

|Prajata stree paricharya

|-

| 17

| Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/ 22

| Vamanartha(for emesis)

| Vamanartha (for emesis)

|-

| 18

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|27

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/3/3

|In formulation of amalakaayasa ~~brahmarasayana~~

|In formulation of amalakaayasa brahma rasayana

|-

|28

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|43

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/24

|In treatment of Vataj ~~Svayathu~~

|In treatment of Vataj Shvayathu

|-

|44

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|54

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/73

|As an Unmardan dravya in ~~Kaphaj~~ Shvayathu(swelling)

|As an Unmardan dravya in Kaphaja Shvayathu(swelling)

|-

|55

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|68

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/72

|As an ingredient of ~~takrarista~~

|As an ingredient of takrarishta

|-

|69

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/76

|Use dadhi and takra (By application of ~~citraka~~ kalka in ghata)

|Use dadhi and takra (By application of chitraka kalka in ghata)

|-

|70

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|73

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/107

|As an ingredient of ~~cavyadi~~ ghrita

|As an ingredient of chavyadi ghrita

|-

|74

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|77

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/144

|As an ingredient of ~~dantyarista~~

|As an ingredient of dantyarishta

|-

|78

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|106

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/94

|Used in yusha preparation for hikka ~~svasa~~

|Used in yusha preparation for hikka shvasa

|-

|107

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/96

|Used in yusha preparation for hikka ~~svasa~~

|Used in yusha preparation for hikka shvasa

|-

|108

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/101

|Used in yavagu preparation for hikka ~~svasa~~

|Used in yavagu preparation for hikka shvasa

|-

|109

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/110

|Kalka is used in hikka ~~svasa~~

|Kalka is used in hikka shvasa

|-

|110

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|114

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/57

|Use as an ingredient of ~~agastya~~ haritaki leha

|Use as an ingredient of Agastya haritaki leha

|-

|115

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|122

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/27

|As ~~a Ingridient~~ of dipaniya and sangrahi gana

|As an ingridient of dipaniya and sangrahi gana

|-

|123

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Available

India - ~~karnataka~~, ~~kerala~~ , ~~tamilanadu~~, ~~andhrapradesha~~, ~~uttarpradesh~~

India - Karnataka, Kerala , Tamilanadu, Andhra pradesh, Uttar pradesh

== Current researches ==

https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Plumbago%20zeylanica

== Phytochemical Composition ==

The therapeutic prowess of ''Plumbago zeylanica'' is heavily rooted in its secondary metabolite profile, localized primarily within its root system. The primary bioactive constituent is '''Plumbagin''' (5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone), a natural cyclic [[naphthoquinone]] structurally similar to [[Vitamin K]].{{cite journal |last1=Petrocelli |first1=G. |last2=Marrazzo |first2=P. |last3=Bonsi |first3=L. |last4=Facchin |first4=F. |last5=Alviano |first5=F. |last6=Canaider |first6=S. |date=2023 |title=Plumbagin, a Natural Compound with Several Biological Effects and Anti-Inflammatory Properties |journal=Life |volume=13 |issue=6 |pages=1303 |doi=10.3390/life13061303}}

Other notable phytoconstituents isolated from the roots include:

* '''Naphthoquinones:''' 3-chloroplumbagin, 2,3-biplumbagin, chitranone (3,3'-biplumbagin), zeylinone, isozeylinone, droserone, elliptinone, and plumbazeylanone.

* '''Organic Acids & Sterols:''' Plumbagic acid, sitosterol, lupeol, lupenyl acetate, and hentriacontane.

* '''Enzymes:''' Protease and invertase, which support its recognized digestive capabilities.

In contrast to the roots, the aerial components (leaves and stems) contain negligible amounts of plumbagin.

== Traditional Ayurvedic Applications ==

In the Ayurvedic system of medicine, Chitraka is classified as a potent herb that pacifies vitiated ''Vata'' and ''Kapha'' [[Dosha]]s while increasing ''Pitta''. It is deeply integrated into classical formulations like ''Chitrakadi Vati'', ''Chitrakadi Gutika'', and ''Chitrakaharitaki''. Traditionally, its medicinal actions are recognized as:

* '''Deepana & Pachana:''' Rekindling the digestive fire (''Agni'') and promoting assimilation, making it highly effective against [[dyspepsia]], indigestion, flatulence, and loss of appetite.

* '''Arshoghna:''' Specifically indicated for the treatment of ''Arsa'' ([[hemorrhoids]]/piles), where internal paste or cold infusions are historically administered to shrink hemorrhoidal masses.{{cite journal |last1=Nandi |first1=A. |last2=Nigar |first2=T. |last3=Das |first3=A. |last4=Dey |first4=Y. N. |date=2023 |title=Network pharmacology analysis of ''Plumbago zeylanica'' to identify the therapeutic targets and molecular mechanisms involved in ameliorating hemorrhoids |journal=Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=161–175 |doi=10.1080/07391102.2023.2280681}}

* '''Shothahara:''' Reducing inflammation, treating chronic skin disorders (including symptoms allied with [[leprosy]]), and managing conditions like nervous palsy, [[epilepsy]], and [[anemia]].

== Pharmacological Efficacy & Scientific Evidence ==

=== Antioxidant and Cytoprotective Activity ===

The aqueous and alcoholic root extracts of Chitraka, alongside its chief component plumbagin, exhibit robust antioxidant capacities. Pulse radiolysis studies indicate that plumbagin interacts efficiently with volatile [[free radical]]s such as hydroxyl (•OH), alkyl peroxyl, and glutathiyl radicals to yield stable phenoxyl radicals.{{cite journal |last1=Tilak |first1=J. C. |last2=Adhikari |first2=S. |last3=Devasagayam |first3=T. P. A. |date=2004 |title=Antioxidant properties of ''Plumbago zeylanica'', an Indian medicinal plant and its active ingredient, plumbagin |journal=Redox Report |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=219–227 |doi=10.1179/135100004225005976}} This mechanism significantly suppresses [[lipid peroxidation]] induced by cumene hydroperoxide and peroxynitrite, protecting cell lines from hydrogen peroxide-mediated oxidative damage.

=== Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Effects ===

Plumbagin acts as a powerful anti-inflammatory scaffold by modifying cellular [[redox]] states. It downregulates key pro-inflammatory targets and interrupts the electron transport chain during [[oxidative phosphorylation]], effectively quelling hyper-inflammatory states in various in vitro and in vivo models. This provides a firm molecular basis for the traditional use of Chitraka in arthritic pain, headaches, and localized body inflammation.

=== Anticancer and Cytotoxic Potential ===

Extensive preclinical research highlights Chitraka's efficacy against multiple oncogenic pathways. Bioassay-guided fractionation demonstrates that the dichloromethane fraction of ''P. zeylanica'' roots triggers [[apoptosis]] (programmed cell death) and arrests the cell cycle at G0/G1 and G2/M phases.{{cite journal |last=Thiruchenduran |first=M. |title=Synergistic anticancer effect of combined use of (plumbagin, cis-Isoshinanolone, 3'-O-β-glucopyranosyl plumbagic acid) isolated from Plumbago zeylanica, induces cell death through apoptosis in human HepG2 cancer cells |journal=bioRxiv |pages=1–15}}

Plumbagin acts as a pro-oxidant in cancer cells, inhibiting multiple molecular hallmarks including [[protein kinase C]] epsilon, which blocks tumor growth and invasion in hormone-refractory [[prostate cancer]], hepatoma (HepG2), [[breast cancer]], [[melanoma]], and [[leukemia]].{{cite journal |last1=Yin |first1=Z. |last2=Zhang |first2=J. |last3=Chen |first3=L. |last4=Guo |first4=Q. |last5=Yang |first5=B. |last6=Zhang |first6=W. |last7=Kang |first7=W. |date=2020 |title=Anticancer Effects and Mechanisms of Action of Plumbagin: Review of Research Advances |journal=BioMed Research International |volume=2020 |pages=1–15 |doi=10.1155/2020/6940953}} Combined fractions containing plumbagin, cis-isoshinanolone, and 3'-O-β-glucopyranosyl plumbagic acid demonstrate a superior synergistic cytotoxic action compared to single isolated molecules.

=== Gastrointestinal and Anti-Hemorrhoidal Action ===

[[Network pharmacology]] and in silico docking analyses have uncovered the multi-target mechanisms by which Chitraka treats hemorrhoids (piles). Bioactive root compounds selectively bind to core target proteins including PIK3CA, EGFR, PRKCA, VEGFA, MMP-9, and NOS2. This modulates cell migration, population proliferation, and vascular remodeling, directly suppressing the pathological [[angiogenesis]] and abnormal vasodilation that drive hemorrhoidal development.

=== Metabolic and Retinopathy Protection ===

Network pharmacology and [[molecular dynamics]] simulations demonstrate Chitraka’s utility in managing chronic diabetic complications. Root extracts effectively interfere with pathways governing [[diabetic retinopathy]] (DR). Plumbagin counters chronic retinal inflammation and intercepts angiogenesis pathways mediated by vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2).{{cite journal |last1=Sahu |first1=N. |last2=Tyagi |first2=R. |last3=Kumar |first3=N. |last4=Mujeeb |first4=M. |last5=Akhtar |first5=A. |last6=Alam |first6=P. |last7=Madan |first7=S. |date=2024 |title=Forecasting the Pharmacological Mechanisms of Plumbago zeylanica and Solanum xanthocarpum in Diabetic Retinopathy Treatment |journal=Biology |volume=13 |issue=9 |pages=732 |doi=10.3390/biology13090732}} Furthermore, its active components align with the PI3K-AKT signaling cascade and EGFR tyrosine kinase networks, offering a strategic multi-target approach to prevent abnormal microvascular growth in the retina.

== Safety, Toxicity, and Processing ==

Despite its profound therapeutic advantages, Chitraka is classified as a toxic plant in its raw, unprocessed state due to its highly caustic nature. Crude administration of high doses induces acute gastric irritation, severe vomiting, bloody diarrhea, gastrointestinal ulceration, painful [[urination|micturition]], and acts as a dangerous [[abortifacient]].

Consequently, traditional medicine systems mandate a strict ''Shodhana'' (purification process) before clinical formulation. This typically involves cutting the roots into small pieces and soaking them in lime water ([[calcium hydroxide]]) for a specific duration, which chemically modulates and reduces the toxic over-concentration of plumbagin to safe, therapeutic thresholds.

== Conclusion ==

Chitraka (''Plumbago zeylanica'') represents a highly potent therapeutic agent backed by millennia of traditional practice and substantial modern scientific validation. Its core bioactive naphthoquinone, plumbagin, acts via complex redox-balancing, anti-angiogenic, and apoptotic pathways to address oncology, chronic inflammation, metabolic disorders, and vascular diseases like hemorrhoids. Continued research and human clinical trials are imperative to safely translate these preclinical findings into standardized modern therapeutics.

== References ==

== External links ==

* [[https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Plumbagin](https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Plumbagin) NCBI PubChem - Plumbagin]

* [[http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2570341](https://www.google.com/search?

* [[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Plumbago%20zeylanica]

[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]

~~This article is under development ..~~

@@ Line 21: / Line 21: @@
 }}
-==English name ==
+'''Chitraka''' (''Plumbago zeylanica'' Linn.), commonly known as '''Ceylon leadwort''' or '''white leadwort''', is a distinguished perennial, sub-scandent [[shrub]] belonging to the family [[Plumbaginaceae]], which spans approximately 10 genera and 280 species.{{cite journal |last=Mandavkar |first=Y. D. |date=2011 |title=A comprehensive review on Plumbago zeylanica Linn |journal=African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology |volume=5 |issue=5 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.5897/ajpp11.739}} Revered for over 3,000 years within traditional Indian ([[Ayurveda]]) and [[Traditional Chinese medicine|Chinese medicine]] systems, Chitraka historically translates from [[Sanskrit]] to "the one which causes discoloration to the skin" due to the intense blistering properties of its fresh root juice.{{cite journal |last=Chetty |first=K. M. |title=Pharmaceutical Studies and Therapeutic Uses of Plumbago Zeylanica L. Roots (Chitraka, Chitramulamu) |journal=OpenSIUC |pages=1–10}}
+The plant is widely distributed across tropical and subtropical zones globally. Its roots and root barks serve as a priceless repository for unique bioactive molecules, demonstrating extensive pharmacological applications ranging from anti-inflammatory to anticancer therapeutic actions.
+== Botanical Profile and Vernacular Names ==
+=== Vernacular Names ===
+{| class="wikitable" style="width: 60%; text-align: left;"
+! Language / Medical System !! Vernacular Name
+|-
+| '''[[Sanskrit]]''' || Chitraka, Chitramoolam, Agni, Dahana
+|-
+| '''[[English language|English]]''' || Ceylon Leadwort, White Leadwort, Wild Leadwort
+|-
+| '''[[Hindi]]''' || Chita, Chitrak, Chitarak
+|-
+| '''[[Bengali language|Bengali]]''' || Chita, Chitarak
+|-
+| '''[[Tamil language|Tamil]]''' || Chitramoolam, Kodiveli
+|-
+| '''[[Telugu language|Telugu]]''' || Chitramulam
+|}
+=== Morphological Characteristics ===
+''Plumbago zeylanica'' is a [[perennial plant|perennial]] shrub with semi-woody stems and numerous rambling branches. Its leaves are simple, alternate, ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, and abruptly narrowed into a short petiole. The flowers are pure white, long, and slender, borne in terminal elongated spikes characterized by a persistent viscid, glandular calyx covered in sticky hairs. The roots are cylindrical, poorly branched, irregularly bent, and display shallow transverse fissures at their bends, featuring a dark brown bark and light yellow interior.
-Leadwort
 ==Therapeutic uses==
@@ Line 35: / Line 58: @@
 ==Varieties==
-# Sweta-  plumbago zeylanica
+# Shweta-  plumbago zeylanica
 # Rakta- plumbago rosea
 # Nila- plumabago capensis
@@ Line 66: / Line 89: @@
 | 1
 | Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/18
-| Deepaniya and Shulaghniyavagu(Gruel for enhancing digestion and colic pain)
+| Deepaniya and Shulaghni yavagu(Gruel for enhancing digestion and colic pain)
 |-
 | 2
 | Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/29
-| Bhediniyavagu(Gruels for catharsis and flatulence)
+| Bhedini yavagu(Gruels for catharsis and flatulence)
 |-
 | 3
 | Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(3)
-| Lekhaniyamahakashaya(emaciating)
+| Lekhaniya mahakashaya(emaciating)
 |-
 | 4
 | Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(4)
-| Bhedaniyamahakashaya(breaking mass/solid lesions)
+| Bhedaniya mahakashaya(breaking mass/solid lesions)
 |-
 | 5
 | Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(6)
-| Deepaniyamahakashaya(Appetisers)
+| Deepaniya mahakashaya(Appetisers)
 |-
 | 6
 | Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(11)
-| Truptighnamahakashaya(anti-satiety)
+| Truptighna mahakashaya(anti-satiety)
 |-
 | 7
 | Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(12)
-| Arshoghnamahakashaya(anti-hemorrhoids)
+| Arshoghna mahakashaya(anti-hemorrhoids)
 |-
 | 8
 | Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(45)
-| Shoolaprashamanmahakashaya(anti-spasmodics)
+| Shoolaprashaman mahakashaya(anti-spasmodics)
 |-
 | 9
@@ Line 126: / Line 149: @@
 |16
 |Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/41
-|Prajata stree  paricharya
+|Prajata stree paricharya
 |-
 | 17
 | Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/ 22
-| Vamanartha(for emesis)
+| Vamanartha (for emesis)
 |-
 | 18
@@ Line 170: / Line 193: @@
 |27
 |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/3/3
-|In  formulation of amalakaayasa brahmarasayana
+|In  formulation of amalakaayasa brahma rasayana
 |-
 |28
@@ Line 234: / Line 257: @@
 |43
 |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/24
-|In treatment of Vataj  Svayathu
+|In treatment of Vataj  Shvayathu
 |-
 |44
@@ Line 278: / Line 301: @@
 |54
 |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/73
-|As an Unmardan dravya  in Kaphaj Shvayathu(swelling)
+|As an Unmardan dravya  in Kaphaja Shvayathu(swelling)
 |-
 |55
@@ Line 334: / Line 357: @@
 |68
 |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/72
-|As an  ingredient of takrarista
+|As an  ingredient of takrarishta
 |-
 |69
 |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/76
-|Use dadhi and  takra (By application of citraka kalka in ghata)
+|Use dadhi and  takra (By application of chitraka kalka in ghata)
 |-
 |70
@@ Line 354: / Line 377: @@
 |73
 |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/107
-|As an  ingredient of cavyadi ghrita
+|As an  ingredient of chavyadi ghrita
 |-
 |74
@@ Line 370: / Line 393: @@
 |77
 |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/144
-|As an  ingredient of dantyarista
+|As an  ingredient of dantyarishta
 |-
 |78
@@ Line 486: / Line 509: @@
 |106
 |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/94
-|Used in yusha  preparation for hikka svasa
+|Used in yusha  preparation for hikka shvasa
 |-
 |107
 |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/96
-|Used in yusha  preparation for hikka svasa
+|Used in yusha  preparation for hikka shvasa
 |-
 |108
 |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/101
-|Used in yavagu  preparation for hikka svasa
+|Used in yavagu  preparation for hikka shvasa
 |-
 |109
 |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/110
-|Kalka is used in  hikka svasa
+|Kalka is used in  hikka shvasa
 |-
 |110
@@ Line 518: / Line 541: @@
 |114
 |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/57
-|Use as an  ingredient of agastya haritaki leha
+|Use as an  ingredient of Agastya haritaki leha
 |-
 |115
@@ Line 550: / Line 573: @@
 |122
 |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/27
-|As a Ingridient of dipaniya and sangrahi gana
+|As an ingridient of dipaniya and sangrahi gana
 |-
 |123
@@ Line 671: / Line 694: @@
 Available
-India -  karnataka, kerala , tamilanadu, andhrapradesha, uttarpradesh
+India -  Karnataka, Kerala , Tamilanadu, Andhra pradesh, Uttar pradesh
 == Current researches ==
-https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Plumbago%20zeylanica
+== Phytochemical Composition ==
+The therapeutic prowess of ''Plumbago zeylanica'' is heavily rooted in its secondary metabolite profile, localized primarily within its root system. The primary bioactive constituent is '''Plumbagin''' (5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone), a natural cyclic [[naphthoquinone]] structurally similar to [[Vitamin K]].{{cite journal |last1=Petrocelli |first1=G. |last2=Marrazzo |first2=P. |last3=Bonsi |first3=L. |last4=Facchin |first4=F. |last5=Alviano |first5=F. |last6=Canaider |first6=S. |date=2023 |title=Plumbagin, a Natural Compound with Several Biological Effects and Anti-Inflammatory Properties |journal=Life |volume=13 |issue=6 |pages=1303 |doi=10.3390/life13061303}}
+Other notable phytoconstituents isolated from the roots include:
+* '''Naphthoquinones:''' 3-chloroplumbagin, 2,3-biplumbagin, chitranone (3,3'-biplumbagin), zeylinone, isozeylinone, droserone, elliptinone, and plumbazeylanone.
+* '''Organic Acids & Sterols:''' Plumbagic acid, sitosterol, lupeol, lupenyl acetate, and hentriacontane.
+* '''Enzymes:''' Protease and invertase, which support its recognized digestive capabilities.
+In contrast to the roots, the aerial components (leaves and stems) contain negligible amounts of plumbagin.
+== Traditional Ayurvedic Applications ==
+In the Ayurvedic system of medicine, Chitraka is classified as a potent herb that pacifies vitiated ''Vata'' and ''Kapha'' [[Dosha]]s while increasing ''Pitta''. It is deeply integrated into classical formulations like ''Chitrakadi Vati'', ''Chitrakadi Gutika'', and ''Chitrakaharitaki''. Traditionally, its medicinal actions are recognized as:
+* '''Deepana & Pachana:''' Rekindling the digestive fire (''Agni'') and promoting assimilation, making it highly effective against [[dyspepsia]], indigestion, flatulence, and loss of appetite.
+* '''Arshoghna:''' Specifically indicated for the treatment of ''Arsa'' ([[hemorrhoids]]/piles), where internal paste or cold infusions are historically administered to shrink hemorrhoidal masses.{{cite journal |last1=Nandi |first1=A. |last2=Nigar |first2=T. |last3=Das |first3=A. |last4=Dey |first4=Y. N. |date=2023 |title=Network pharmacology analysis of ''Plumbago zeylanica'' to identify the therapeutic targets and molecular mechanisms involved in ameliorating hemorrhoids |journal=Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=161–175 |doi=10.1080/07391102.2023.2280681}}
+* '''Shothahara:''' Reducing inflammation, treating chronic skin disorders (including symptoms allied with [[leprosy]]), and managing conditions like nervous palsy, [[epilepsy]], and [[anemia]].
+== Pharmacological Efficacy & Scientific Evidence ==
+=== Antioxidant and Cytoprotective Activity ===
+The aqueous and alcoholic root extracts of Chitraka, alongside its chief component plumbagin, exhibit robust antioxidant capacities. Pulse radiolysis studies indicate that plumbagin interacts efficiently with volatile [[free radical]]s such as hydroxyl (•OH), alkyl peroxyl, and glutathiyl radicals to yield stable phenoxyl radicals.{{cite journal |last1=Tilak |first1=J. C. |last2=Adhikari |first2=S. |last3=Devasagayam |first3=T. P. A. |date=2004 |title=Antioxidant properties of ''Plumbago zeylanica'', an Indian medicinal plant and its active ingredient, plumbagin |journal=Redox Report |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=219–227 |doi=10.1179/135100004225005976}} This mechanism significantly suppresses [[lipid peroxidation]] induced by cumene hydroperoxide and peroxynitrite, protecting cell lines from hydrogen peroxide-mediated oxidative damage.
+=== Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Effects ===
+Plumbagin acts as a powerful anti-inflammatory scaffold by modifying cellular [[redox]] states. It downregulates key pro-inflammatory targets and interrupts the electron transport chain during [[oxidative phosphorylation]], effectively quelling hyper-inflammatory states in various in vitro and in vivo models. This provides a firm molecular basis for the traditional use of Chitraka in arthritic pain, headaches, and localized body inflammation.
+=== Anticancer and Cytotoxic Potential ===
+Extensive preclinical research highlights Chitraka's efficacy against multiple oncogenic pathways. Bioassay-guided fractionation demonstrates that the dichloromethane fraction of ''P. zeylanica'' roots triggers [[apoptosis]] (programmed cell death) and arrests the cell cycle at G0/G1 and G2/M phases.{{cite journal |last=Thiruchenduran |first=M. |title=Synergistic anticancer effect of combined use of (plumbagin, cis-Isoshinanolone, 3'-O-β-glucopyranosyl plumbagic acid) isolated from Plumbago zeylanica, induces cell death through apoptosis in human HepG2 cancer cells |journal=bioRxiv |pages=1–15}}
+Plumbagin acts as a pro-oxidant in cancer cells, inhibiting multiple molecular hallmarks including [[protein kinase C]] epsilon, which blocks tumor growth and invasion in hormone-refractory [[prostate cancer]], hepatoma (HepG2), [[breast cancer]], [[melanoma]], and [[leukemia]].{{cite journal |last1=Yin |first1=Z. |last2=Zhang |first2=J. |last3=Chen |first3=L. |last4=Guo |first4=Q. |last5=Yang |first5=B. |last6=Zhang |first6=W. |last7=Kang |first7=W. |date=2020 |title=Anticancer Effects and Mechanisms of Action of Plumbagin: Review of Research Advances |journal=BioMed Research International |volume=2020 |pages=1–15 |doi=10.1155/2020/6940953}} Combined fractions containing plumbagin, cis-isoshinanolone, and 3'-O-β-glucopyranosyl plumbagic acid demonstrate a superior synergistic cytotoxic action compared to single isolated molecules.
+=== Gastrointestinal and Anti-Hemorrhoidal Action ===
+[[Network pharmacology]] and in silico docking analyses have uncovered the multi-target mechanisms by which Chitraka treats hemorrhoids (piles). Bioactive root compounds selectively bind to core target proteins including PIK3CA, EGFR, PRKCA, VEGFA, MMP-9, and NOS2. This modulates cell migration, population proliferation, and vascular remodeling, directly suppressing the pathological [[angiogenesis]] and abnormal vasodilation that drive hemorrhoidal development.
+=== Metabolic and Retinopathy Protection ===
+Network pharmacology and [[molecular dynamics]] simulations demonstrate Chitraka’s utility in managing chronic diabetic complications. Root extracts effectively interfere with pathways governing [[diabetic retinopathy]] (DR). Plumbagin counters chronic retinal inflammation and intercepts angiogenesis pathways mediated by vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2).{{cite journal |last1=Sahu |first1=N. |last2=Tyagi |first2=R. |last3=Kumar |first3=N. |last4=Mujeeb |first4=M. |last5=Akhtar |first5=A. |last6=Alam |first6=P. |last7=Madan |first7=S. |date=2024 |title=Forecasting the Pharmacological Mechanisms of Plumbago zeylanica and Solanum xanthocarpum in Diabetic Retinopathy Treatment |journal=Biology |volume=13 |issue=9 |pages=732 |doi=10.3390/biology13090732}} Furthermore, its active components align with the PI3K-AKT signaling cascade and EGFR tyrosine kinase networks, offering a strategic multi-target approach to prevent abnormal microvascular growth in the retina.
+== Safety, Toxicity, and Processing ==
+Despite its profound therapeutic advantages, Chitraka is classified as a toxic plant in its raw, unprocessed state due to its highly caustic nature. Crude administration of high doses induces acute gastric irritation, severe vomiting, bloody diarrhea, gastrointestinal ulceration, painful [[urination|micturition]], and acts as a dangerous [[abortifacient]].
+Consequently, traditional medicine systems mandate a strict ''Shodhana'' (purification process) before clinical formulation. This typically involves cutting the roots into small pieces and soaking them in lime water ([[calcium hydroxide]]) for a specific duration, which chemically modulates and reduces the toxic over-concentration of plumbagin to safe, therapeutic thresholds.
+== Conclusion ==
+Chitraka (''Plumbago zeylanica'') represents a highly potent therapeutic agent backed by millennia of traditional practice and substantial modern scientific validation. Its core bioactive naphthoquinone, plumbagin, acts via complex redox-balancing, anti-angiogenic, and apoptotic pathways to address oncology, chronic inflammation, metabolic disorders, and vascular diseases like hemorrhoids. Continued research and human clinical trials are imperative to safely translate these preclinical findings into standardized modern therapeutics.
+== References ==
+{{reflist}}
+== External links ==
+* [[https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Plumbagin](https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Plumbagin) NCBI PubChem - Plumbagin]
+* [[http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2570341](https://www.google.com/search?
+* [[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Plumbago%20zeylanica]
 [[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
-  This article is under development ..