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Carum copticum Benth. & Hook

{{#seo:

|title=Charak Samhita

|titlemode=append

|keywords= *Dipyaka, Carum copticum Benth. & Hook, Ajowan* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,

|description= Dipyaka (Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague / Carum copticum) is traditionally classified as a deepana (digestive stimulant), pachana, and anulomaka herb, widely utilized in Ayurveda for managing gastrointestinal disorders, abdominal colic, indigestion, and respiratory ailments.

|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg

|image_alt=charak samhita

|type=article

}}

{{Infobox

|title = Dipyaka

Line 5:

Line 14:

|data1 = Herb database/Dipyaka

|label2 = Botanical name(s)

|data2 = Carum copticum Benth. & Hook

|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachyspermum_ammi Carum copticum Benth. & Hook]

|label3 = Family

|data3 = ~~Umbeliferae~~

|data3 = Umbelliferae

|label4 = Availability

|data4 = Available

|label5 = Contributors

|data5 = --

|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]

|label6 = Year of publication

|data6 = ~~2025~~

|data6 = 2026

|label7 = Publisher

|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]

|label8 = DOI

|data8 = Awaited

}}

==English ~~name~~==

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachyspermum_ammi Carum copticum Benth. & Hook.]''', commonly known as '''Dipyaka''' or '''Ajowan''', is an annual herbaceous plant widely cultivated for its aromatic fruits. In [[Ayurveda]], it is highly valued as a carminative, digestive stimulant, and Kapha-Vata pacifying medicine.<ref name="API" /> ''Trachyspermum ammi'' (L.) Sprague is regarded as a synonym of ''Carum copticum''.<ref name="Boskabady2014" />

== English Name ==

Ajowan

==Therapeutic ~~use<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :02</ref>~~==

== Therapeutic Use ==

Gulma(abdominal lump), Aruchi(anorexia), Adhmana(abdominal distention),Hikka, Chardi(vomiting), ~~krumi~~ roga(worms), ~~sula~~(pain)

Gulma (abdominal lump), Aruchi (anorexia), Adhmana (abdominal distention), Hikka, Chardi (vomiting), Krumi roga (worms), Sula (pain)<ref name="API" />

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==

* ''Dipyaka'' – Increases appetite.

* ''Yavani''

* ''Bhutik''

* ''Dipya''

* ''Ajamodika''

==Synonyms in ~~Charak Samhita~~==

== Synonyms in Bhavaprakasa Nighantu ==

~~Dipyaka(it increase appetite), Yavani, Bhutik, Dipya, Ajamodika~~

* ''Ajamoda''

* ''Kharashva'' – Fruits of ajamoda have an odor similar to a donkey.

* ''Maayuro''

* ''Brahmakusha''

* ''Kaaravi''

* ''Lochamastaka''<ref name="Bhavaprakash" />

==~~Synonyms in bhavaprakasa nighantu<ref> Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, haritakyadi varga, verse no.-77</ref>~~==

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==

~~Ajamoda, kharashva~~(~~fruits of ajamoda has got similar odour to donkey~~), ~~maayuro, brahmakusha,kaaravi, lochamastaka~~

According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Dipyaka has the following properties:<ref name="API" />

{| class="wikitable"

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"

~~== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==~~

! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)

~~{| class~~="~~wikitable~~"

~~|+'''Properties'''~~

~~|'''~~Sr.no.~~'''~~

~~|'''~~Pharmacological ~~criteria'''~~

~~|'''~~Properties~~'''~~

|-

|1

| 1 || Taste (''[[Rasa]]'') || Pungent (''Katu'')

|Taste (~~rasa~~)

|Pungent (~~katu~~)

|-

|2

| 2 || Potency (''[[Veerya]]'') || Hot (''Ushna'')

|Potency (~~veerya~~)

|Hot (~~ushna~~)

|-

|3

| 3 || Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'') || Pungent (''Katu'')

|Post digestion ~~effect~~ (~~vipaka~~)

|Pungent (~~katu~~)

|-

|4

| 4 || Qualities (''[[Guna]]'') || Light (''Laghu''), Rough (''Ruksha''), Sharp (''Tikshna'')

|Qualities (~~guna~~)

|Light (~~laghu~~), Rough (~~ruksha~~), Sharp (~~tikshna~~)

|-

|5

| 5 || Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'') || Pacifies Kapha and Vata

|~~Actions~~ (~~karma~~)

|~~Pacify~~ Kapha and Vata

|}

==Reference in Charak Samhita and its ~~actions~~ ==

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its Actions ==

Dipyaka is prominently documented across multiple therapeutic chapters of the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':

{| class="wikitable"

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"

|~~+ '''Herbs and their activities'''~~

! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use

| ~~'''Sr~~.no.~~'''~~

|-

| ~~'''Reference in Charak Samhita'''~~

| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/20 || Santarpanajanya vikar chikitsa (management of over-nutrition disorder)

| ~~'''Activity'''~~

|-

| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/170 || Harita Varga (Class of green herbs)

|-

| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/307 || Krutanna Varga (Class on food articles)

|-

| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/69 || Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya ghrita

|-

| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/71 || Ingredient of Hapushadya ghrita

|-

| 1

| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/86 || Ingredient of Shatyadi Churna

| Cha.Sa.[[~~Sutra~~ Sthana]] 23/20

| ~~Santarpanajanya vikar chikitsa(management~~ of ~~over nutrition disorder)~~

|-

| 2

| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/165 || Pathya Diet in Gulma (wholesome food in treatment of abdominal lump)

| Cha.Sa.[[~~Sutra~~ Sthana]] 27/~~170~~

| ~~Harita Varga~~(~~Class~~ of ~~green herbs~~)

|-

| 3

| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/168 || Vata, Kapha and Mala Anulomanarth

| Cha.Sa.[[~~Sutra~~ Sthana]] 27/~~307~~

| ~~Krutanna Varga(Class on food articles)~~

|-

| 4

| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/27 || Used for making decoction in Kaphaj prameha (diabetes)

| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/69

| ~~Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya ghrit~~

|-

| 5

| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/29 || Used for making decoction in Kaphaj prameha (diabetes)

| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/71

| ~~Ingredient of Hapushadya ghrit~~

|-

| 6

| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/38 || Trikantakadhya Tail/Ghrit in Vata-kaphaj prameha (diabetes)

| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/86

| ~~Ingredient of Shatyadi Churna~~

|-

| 7

| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/41 || Ingredient in Madhvasava

| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/~~165~~

| ~~Pathya Diet in Gulma(wholesome food~~ in ~~treatment of abdominal lump)~~

|-

| 8

| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/54 || Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrita

| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/~~168~~

| ~~Vata, Kapha and Mala Anulomanarth~~

|-

~~| 9~~

~~| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/27~~

| ~~Used for making decoction~~ in ~~Kaphaj prameha(diabetes)~~

|-

| 10

| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/55 || Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrita

| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/29

| ~~Used for making decoction~~ in ~~Kaphaj prameha(diabetes)~~

|-

| 11

| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/36 || Ingredient in Triphaladhyarishta

| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/38

| ~~Trikantakadhya Tail/Ghrit~~ in ~~Vata-kaphaj prameha(diabetes)~~

|-

| 12

| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43 || Ingredient in Kshar Gudika

| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/41

| Ingredient in ~~Madhvasava~~

|-

| 13

| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/55 || Ingredient in Chitrakadi Ghrita

| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/54

| Ingredient in ~~Apara lasunadya~~ Ghrita

|-

| 14

| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/103 || In treatment of Kaphaja uadara roga

| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/55

| ~~Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrita~~

|-

| 15

| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/125 || As an ingredient of narayan churna

| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/39

| ~~Ingredient in Triphaladhyarishta~~

|-

| 16

| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/63 || As an ingredient of traushnadi churna

| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43

|}

| ~~Ingredient~~ in ~~Kshar Gudika~~

== Dose ==

* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 1 – 3 g daily.<ref name="API" />

== Important Formulations ==

As per A.P.I.<ref name="API" />

* ''Ajamodarka''

* ''Ajmodadi churna''

== Current Availability ==

Available

== Major Phytoconstituents ==

The pharmacological activity of ''Trachyspermum ammi'' (''Carum copticum'') is mainly attributed to its essential oil. The oil composition varies with geographical origin: thymol is the main component of oil from south Indian plants (reported up to 97.9%), whereas carvacrol, γ-terpinene and ''p''-cymene are the main components of oil from other regions.<ref name="Boskabady2014" />

== Therapeutic Efficacy & Modern Scientific Research ==

Modern pharmacological studies support several of the traditional uses of ''Trachyspermum ammi'' (''Carum copticum''):

=== 1. Gastrointestinal and Antispasmodic Activity (''Deepana'' & ''Pachana'') ===

* '''Traditional Use:''' Used for ''Gulma'' (abdominal lump), ''Adhmana'' (abdominal distention), ''Aruchi'' (anorexia) and ''Sula'' (colic pain).<ref name="API" />

* '''Scientific Evidence:''' The aqueous-methanolic seed extract inhibited K+-induced contractions in isolated rabbit jejunum and shifted Ca2+ dose-response curves to the right, similar to verapamil, indicating a calcium channel blocking (antispasmodic) effect.<ref name="Gilani2005" />

=== 2. Antimicrobial Efficacy (''Krumiroga'') ===

* '''Traditional Use:''' Employed in ''Krumi roga'' (worms / microbial infections).<ref name="API" />

* '''Scientific Evidence:''' The essential oil of ''Carum copticum'' and its main compounds have been reported to have antibacterial and antifungal activity, assessed by MIC and MBC methods.<ref name="Kazemi2015" />

=== 3. Respiratory Support (''Swasa'' & Bronchodilation) ===

* '''Traditional Use:''' Used in asthma and dyspnea (''Swasa'') and cough; the plant is described in traditional medicine as anti-asthmatic and anti-dyspneic.<ref name="Boskabady2014" />

* '''Scientific Evidence:''' The seed extract inhibited carbachol- and K+-induced contractions in isolated guinea-pig trachea and shifted the carbachol and histamine dose-response curves to the right, suggesting a non-specific bronchodilator effect possibly mediated through calcium channel blockade.<ref name="Gilani2005" /> Bronchodilator effects of ''C. copticum'' have also been reviewed.<ref name="Boskabady2014" />

=== 4. Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Properties ===

* '''Scientific Evidence:''' The essential oil of ''Carum copticum'' showed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in laboratory evaluation.<ref name="Kazemi2015" />

=== 5. Hepatoprotective and Antihypertensive Activity ===

* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In rats, pretreatment with the seed extract (500 mg/kg orally) prevented the rise in serum ALP and aminotransferases induced by paracetamol and carbon tetrachloride, and the extract caused a dose-dependent fall in arterial blood pressure in anaesthetized rats (3–100 mg/kg).<ref name="Gilani2005" />

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"

|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Trachyspermum ammi''

! Indication

! Active Biomolecules

! Primary Pharmacological Action

|-

| 17

| '''Gastrointestinal Colic / Flatulence'''

| ~~Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/55~~

| Seed extract (calcium antagonist constituents)

| ~~Ingredient in Chitrakadi Ghrita~~

| Antispasmodic (calcium channel blockade)<ref name="Gilani2005" />

|-

| 18

| '''Microbial / Fungal Infections'''

| ~~Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/103~~

| Essential oil

| ~~In treatment of Kaphaja uadara roga~~

| Antibacterial, antifungal<ref name="Kazemi2015" />

|-

| 19

| '''Respiratory Disorders / Asthma'''

| ~~Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/125~~

| Seed extract

| ~~As an ingredient of narayan churna~~

| Bronchodilation, tracheal smooth muscle relaxation<ref name="Gilani2005" />

|-

| 20

| '''Inflammation / Oxidative Stress'''

| ~~Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/63~~

| Essential oil

| ~~As an ingredient of traushnadi churna~~

| Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory<ref name="Kazemi2015" />

|}

==~~Dose<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush~~, ~~Ministry of Health~~ and ~~Family welfare~~, ~~Govt~~. ~~of India, New Delhi, Part I~~. ~~1986; Volume 1~~ :~~02</ref>==~~

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==

* 1-3 ~~gm powder~~

* '''Precautions:''' Due to the hot potency (''Ushna veerya'') and sharp qualities (''Tikshna guna''), it should be used cautiously in individuals with high Pitta aggravation or severe gastritis. This is a classical rationale rather than a clinical finding.

~~==Important formulation~~<ref~~>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :02<~~/~~ref~~>==

* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''

* Ajamodarka

** ''Fruit Powder (Churna):'' 1 – 3 g daily.<ref name="API" />

* Ajmodadi churna

== References ==

{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="API">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |location=New Delhi |edition=Part I |volume=I |pages=02}}</ref>

<ref name="Bhavaprakash">{{cite book |last=Bhavamishra |first=Shri |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |others=Edited by Padmashree Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar |edition=Reprint |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |year=2020 |pages=Haritakyadi Varga, verse 77}}</ref>

<ref name="Boskabady2014">{{cite journal |last1=Boskabady |first1=M. H. |last2=Alitaneh |first2=S. |last3=Alavinezhad |first3=A. |year=2014 |title=Carum copticum L.: a herbal medicine with various pharmacological effects |journal=BioMed Research International |volume=2014 |pages=569087 |doi=10.1155/2014/569087 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4096002}}</ref>

<ref name="Gilani2005">{{cite journal |last1=Gilani |first1=A. H. |last2=Jabeen |first2=Q. |last3=Ghayur |first3=M. N. |last4=Janbaz |first4=K. H. |last5=Akhtar |first5=M. S. |year=2005 |title=Studies on the antihypertensive, antispasmodic, bronchodilator and hepatoprotective activities of the Carum copticum seed extract |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=98 |issue=1–2 |pages=127–135 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2005.01.017 |pmid=15763373 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15763373/}}</ref>

<ref name="Kazemi2015">{{cite journal |last=Kazemi |first=M. |year=2015 |title=Phenolic profile, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity of Carum copticum L. essential oil |journal=Bulgarian Chemical Communications |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=149–155 |url=https://hero.epa.gov/hero/index.cfm/reference/details/reference_id/3440018}}</ref>

}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

~~==Current availability ==~~

''This article is under development ..''

~~Available~~

~~==Current researches ==~~

~~[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]~~

This article is under development ..

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-Carum copticum Benth. & Hook
+{{#seo:
+|title=Charak Samhita
+|titlemode=append
+|keywords= *Dipyaka, Carum copticum Benth. & Hook, Ajowan* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
+|description= Dipyaka (Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague / Carum copticum) is traditionally classified as a deepana (digestive stimulant), pachana, and anulomaka herb, widely utilized in Ayurveda for managing gastrointestinal disorders, abdominal colic, indigestion, and respiratory ailments.
+|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
+|image_alt=charak samhita
+|type=article
+}}
 {{Infobox
 |title = Dipyaka
@@ Line 5: / Line 14: @@
 |data1 = Herb database/Dipyaka
 |label2 = Botanical name(s)
-|data2 = Carum copticum Benth. & Hook
+|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachyspermum_ammi Carum copticum Benth. & Hook]
 |label3 = Family
-|data3 = Umbeliferae
+|data3 = Umbelliferae
 |label4 = Availability
 |data4 = Available
 |label5 = Contributors
-|data5 = --
+|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
 |label6 = Year of publication
-|data6 =  2025
+|data6 =  2026
 |label7 = Publisher
-|data7 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
+|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
 |label8 = DOI
 |data8  = Awaited
 }}
-==English name==
+'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachyspermum_ammi Carum copticum Benth. & Hook.]''', commonly known as '''Dipyaka''' or '''Ajowan''', is an annual herbaceous plant widely cultivated for its aromatic fruits. In [[Ayurveda]], it is highly valued as a carminative, digestive stimulant, and Kapha-Vata pacifying medicine.<ref name="API" /> ''Trachyspermum ammi'' (L.) Sprague is regarded as a synonym of ''Carum copticum''.<ref name="Boskabady2014" />
+== English Name ==
 Ajowan
-==Therapeutic use<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :02</ref>==
+== Therapeutic Use ==
-Gulma(abdominal lump), Aruchi(anorexia), Adhmana(abdominal distention),Hikka, Chardi(vomiting), krumi roga(worms), sula(pain)
+Gulma (abdominal lump), Aruchi (anorexia), Adhmana (abdominal distention), Hikka, Chardi (vomiting), Krumi roga (worms), Sula (pain)<ref name="API" />
+== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
+* ''Dipyaka'' &ndash; Increases appetite.
+* ''Yavani''
+* ''Bhutik''
+* ''Dipya''
+* ''Ajamodika''
-==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
+== Synonyms in Bhavaprakasa Nighantu ==
-Dipyaka(it increase appetite), Yavani, Bhutik, Dipya, Ajamodika
+* ''Ajamoda''
+* ''Kharashva'' &ndash; Fruits of ajamoda have an odor similar to a donkey.
+* ''Maayuro''
+* ''Brahmakusha''
+* ''Kaaravi''
+* ''Lochamastaka''<ref name="Bhavaprakash" />
-==Synonyms in bhavaprakasa nighantu<ref>	Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, haritakyadi varga, verse no.-77</ref>==
+== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
-Ajamoda, kharashva(fruits of ajamoda has got similar odour to donkey), maayuro, brahmakusha,kaaravi, lochamastaka
+According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Dipyaka has the following properties:<ref name="API" />
-{| class="wikitable"
+{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
-== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
+! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
-{| class="wikitable"
-|+'''Properties'''
-|'''Sr.no.'''
-|'''Pharmacological criteria'''
-|'''Properties'''
 |-
-|1
+| 1 || Taste (''[[Rasa]]'') || Pungent (''Katu'')
-|Taste  (rasa)
-|Pungent (katu)
 |-
-|2
+| 2 || Potency (''[[Veerya]]'') || Hot (''Ushna'')
-|Potency  (veerya)
-|Hot (ushna)
 |-
-|3
+| 3 || Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'') || Pungent (''Katu'')
-|Post  digestion effect (vipaka)
-|Pungent (katu)
 |-
-|4
+| 4 || Qualities (''[[Guna]]'') || Light (''Laghu''), Rough (''Ruksha''), Sharp (''Tikshna'')
-|Qualities  (guna)
-|Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha), Sharp (tikshna)
 |-
-|5
+| 5 || Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'') || Pacifies Kapha and Vata
-|Actions  (karma)
-|Pacify Kapha and Vata
 |}
-==Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
+== Reference in Charak Samhita and its Actions ==
+Dipyaka is prominently documented across multiple therapeutic chapters of the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':
-{| class="wikitable"
+{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
-|+ '''Herbs and their activities'''
+! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
-| '''Sr.no.'''
+|-
-| '''Reference in Charak Samhita'''
+| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/20 || Santarpanajanya vikar chikitsa (management of over-nutrition disorder)
-| '''Activity'''
+|-
+| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/170 || Harita Varga (Class of green herbs)
+|-
+| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/307 || Krutanna Varga (Class on food articles)
+|-
+| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/69 || Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya ghrita
+|-
+| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/71 || Ingredient of Hapushadya ghrita
 |-
-| 1
+| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/86 || Ingredient of Shatyadi Churna
-| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/20
-| Santarpanajanya  vikar chikitsa(management of over nutrition disorder)
 |-
-| 2
+| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/165 || Pathya Diet in Gulma (wholesome food in treatment of abdominal lump)
-| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/170
-| Harita Varga(Class of green herbs)
 |-
-| 3
+| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/168 || Vata, Kapha and Mala Anulomanarth
-| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/307
-| Krutanna Varga(Class on food articles)
 |-
-| 4
+| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/27 || Used for making decoction in Kaphaj prameha (diabetes)
-| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/69
-| Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya  ghrit
 |-
-| 5
+| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/29 || Used for making decoction in Kaphaj prameha (diabetes)
-| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/71
-| Ingredient of Hapushadya  ghrit
 |-
-| 6
+| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/38 || Trikantakadhya Tail/Ghrit in Vata-kaphaj prameha (diabetes)
-| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/86
-| Ingredient of Shatyadi  Churna
 |-
-| 7
+| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/41 || Ingredient in Madhvasava
-| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/165
-| Pathya Diet in Gulma(wholesome food in treatment of abdominal lump)
 |-
-| 8
+| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/54 || Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrita
-| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/168
-| Vata, Kapha and Mala Anulomanarth
-|-
-| 9
-| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/27
-| Used for making decoction in Kaphaj  prameha(diabetes)
 |-
-| 10
+| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/55 || Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrita
-| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/29
-| Used for making decoction in Kaphaj  prameha(diabetes)
 |-
-| 11
+| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/36 || Ingredient in Triphaladhyarishta
-| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/38
-| Trikantakadhya Tail/Ghrit in Vata-kaphaj prameha(diabetes)
 |-
-| 12
+| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43 || Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
-| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/41
-| Ingredient  in Madhvasava
 |-
-| 13
+| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/55 || Ingredient in Chitrakadi Ghrita
-| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/54
-| Ingredient in Apara  lasunadya Ghrita
 |-
-| 14
+| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/103 || In treatment of Kaphaja uadara roga
-| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/55
-| Ingredient in Apara  lasunadya Ghrita
 |-
-| 15
+| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/125 || As an ingredient of narayan churna
-| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/39
-| Ingredient in Triphaladhyarishta
 |-
-| 16
+| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/63 || As an ingredient of traushnadi churna
-| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43
+|}
-| Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
+== Dose ==
+* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 1 – 3 g daily.<ref name="API" />
+== Important Formulations ==
+As per A.P.I.<ref name="API" />
+* ''Ajamodarka''
+* ''Ajmodadi churna''
+== Current Availability ==
+Available
+== Major Phytoconstituents ==
+The pharmacological activity of ''Trachyspermum ammi'' (''Carum copticum'') is mainly attributed to its essential oil. The oil composition varies with geographical origin: thymol is the main component of oil from south Indian plants (reported up to 97.9%), whereas carvacrol, &gamma;-terpinene and ''p''-cymene are the main components of oil from other regions.<ref name="Boskabady2014" />
+== Therapeutic Efficacy & Modern Scientific Research ==
+Modern pharmacological studies support several of the traditional uses of ''Trachyspermum ammi'' (''Carum copticum''):
+=== 1. Gastrointestinal and Antispasmodic Activity (''Deepana'' & ''Pachana'') ===
+* '''Traditional Use:''' Used for ''Gulma'' (abdominal lump), ''Adhmana'' (abdominal distention), ''Aruchi'' (anorexia) and ''Sula'' (colic pain).<ref name="API" />
+* '''Scientific Evidence:''' The aqueous-methanolic seed extract inhibited K<sup>+</sup>-induced contractions in isolated rabbit jejunum and shifted Ca<sup>2+</sup> dose-response curves to the right, similar to verapamil, indicating a calcium channel blocking (antispasmodic) effect.<ref name="Gilani2005" />
+=== 2. Antimicrobial Efficacy (''Krumiroga'') ===
+* '''Traditional Use:''' Employed in ''Krumi roga'' (worms / microbial infections).<ref name="API" />
+* '''Scientific Evidence:''' The essential oil of ''Carum copticum'' and its main compounds have been reported to have antibacterial and antifungal activity, assessed by MIC and MBC methods.<ref name="Kazemi2015" />
+=== 3. Respiratory Support (''Swasa'' & Bronchodilation) ===
+* '''Traditional Use:''' Used in asthma and dyspnea (''Swasa'') and cough; the plant is described in traditional medicine as anti-asthmatic and anti-dyspneic.<ref name="Boskabady2014" />
+* '''Scientific Evidence:''' The seed extract inhibited carbachol- and K<sup>+</sup>-induced contractions in isolated guinea-pig trachea and shifted the carbachol and histamine dose-response curves to the right, suggesting a non-specific bronchodilator effect possibly mediated through calcium channel blockade.<ref name="Gilani2005" /> Bronchodilator effects of ''C. copticum'' have also been reviewed.<ref name="Boskabady2014" />
+=== 4. Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Properties ===
+* '''Scientific Evidence:''' The essential oil of ''Carum copticum'' showed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in laboratory evaluation.<ref name="Kazemi2015" />
+=== 5. Hepatoprotective and Antihypertensive Activity ===
+* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In rats, pretreatment with the seed extract (500 mg/kg orally) prevented the rise in serum ALP and aminotransferases induced by paracetamol and carbon tetrachloride, and the extract caused a dose-dependent fall in arterial blood pressure in anaesthetized rats (3&ndash;100 mg/kg).<ref name="Gilani2005" />
+== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
+{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
+|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Trachyspermum ammi''
+! Indication
+! Active Biomolecules
+! Primary Pharmacological Action
 |-
-| 17
+| '''Gastrointestinal Colic / Flatulence'''
-| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/55
+| Seed extract (calcium antagonist constituents)
-| Ingredient in Chitrakadi  Ghrita
+| Antispasmodic (calcium channel blockade)<ref name="Gilani2005" />
 |-
-| 18
+| '''Microbial / Fungal Infections'''
-| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/103
+| Essential oil
-| In treatment  of Kaphaja  uadara roga
+| Antibacterial, antifungal<ref name="Kazemi2015" />
 |-
-| 19
+| '''Respiratory Disorders / Asthma'''
-| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/125
+| Seed extract
-| As an  ingredient of narayan churna
+| Bronchodilation, tracheal smooth muscle relaxation<ref name="Gilani2005" />
 |-
-| 20
+| '''Inflammation / Oxidative Stress'''
-| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/63
+| Essential oil
-| As an ingredient  of traushnadi churna
+| Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory<ref name="Kazemi2015" />
 |}
-==Dose<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :02</ref>==
+== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
-* 1-3 gm powder
+* '''Precautions:''' Due to the hot potency (''Ushna veerya'') and sharp qualities (''Tikshna guna''), it should be used cautiously in individuals with high Pitta aggravation or severe gastritis. This is a classical rationale rather than a clinical finding.
-==Important formulation<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :02</ref>==
+* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
-* Ajamodarka
+** ''Fruit Powder (Churna):'' 1 – 3 g daily.<ref name="API" />
-* Ajmodadi churna
+== References ==
+{{Reflist|refs=
+<ref name="API">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |location=New Delhi |edition=Part I |volume=I |pages=02}}</ref> <!-- verify volume and page -->
+<ref name="Bhavaprakash">{{cite book |last=Bhavamishra |first=Shri |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |others=Edited by Padmashree Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar |edition=Reprint |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |year=2020 |pages=Haritakyadi Varga, verse 77}}</ref>
+<ref name="Boskabady2014">{{cite journal |last1=Boskabady |first1=M. H. |last2=Alitaneh |first2=S. |last3=Alavinezhad |first3=A. |year=2014 |title=Carum copticum L.: a herbal medicine with various pharmacological effects |journal=BioMed Research International |volume=2014 |pages=569087 |doi=10.1155/2014/569087 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4096002}}</ref>
+<ref name="Gilani2005">{{cite journal |last1=Gilani |first1=A. H. |last2=Jabeen |first2=Q. |last3=Ghayur |first3=M. N. |last4=Janbaz |first4=K. H. |last5=Akhtar |first5=M. S. |year=2005 |title=Studies on the antihypertensive, antispasmodic, bronchodilator and hepatoprotective activities of the Carum copticum seed extract |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=98 |issue=1–2 |pages=127–135 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2005.01.017 |pmid=15763373 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15763373/}}</ref>
+<ref name="Kazemi2015">{{cite journal |last=Kazemi |first=M. |year=2015 |title=Phenolic profile, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity of Carum copticum L. essential oil |journal=Bulgarian Chemical Communications |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=149–155 |url=https://hero.epa.gov/hero/index.cfm/reference/details/reference_id/3440018}}</ref>
+}}
+[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]
-==Current availability ==
+''This article is under development ..''
-Available
-==Current researches ==
-[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
-  This article is under development ..