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Hydrocotyle asiatica L.
{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Mandukaparni, Hydrocotyle asiatica L., Centella asiatica, Gotu kola, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Mandukaparni (Hydrocotyle asiatica L. / Centella asiatica) is widely used in Ayurveda as a premier brain tonic (Medhya) and Rejuvenative (Rasayana). It is traditionally indicated for skin disorders, cognitive enhancement, and blood purification.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
 
{{Infobox
{{Infobox
|title =Mandukaparni
|title = Mandukaparni
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Mandukaparni
|data1 = Herb database/Mandukaparni
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 =Hydrocotyle asiatica L.  
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centella_asiatica Hydrocotyle asiatica L.]
|label3 = Contributors
|label3 = Family
|data3 = --
|data3 = Apiaceae
|label4 = Year of publication  
|label4 = Availability
|data4 =  2025
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Publisher  
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = DOI  
|label6 = Year of publication  
|data6 = Awaited
|data6 =  2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|data7 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI  
|data8 = Awaited
}}
}}
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centella_asiatica Hydrocotyle asiatica L.]''' (syn. ''Centella asiatica'' (L.) Urb.), popularly known as '''Mandukaparni''' (Gotu Kola), is a small, herbaceous, creeping plant belonging to the family Apiaceae. It is highly revered in [[Ayurveda]] as a potent ''Medhya'' (intellect-promoting) drug and ''Rasayana'' (rejuvenative), traditionally utilized for enhancing cognitive functions, supporting neurological health, and purifying the blood.


==English name==
==English name==
--
Gotu kola, Indian pennywort
 
==Therepeutic uses<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 4:29</ref>==
Sotha(oedema), Aruchi(anorexia),Jwara(fever), Kasa(cough),kandu(itching),kustha(skin disease), raktapitta(bleeding disorder), meha,swasa(dyspnea),pandu(anemia),raktadosha.


==Therapeutic uses==
Sotha (oedema), Aruchi (anorexia), Jwara (fever), Kasa (cough), Kandu (itching), Kustha (skin disease), Raktapitta (bleeding disorder), Meha (urinary disorders), Swasa (dyspnea), Pandu (anemia), Raktadosha (blood vitiation)<ref name="ref1"/>


==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Somavalli, Divya(mandukaparni is appreciated by all owing to its extraordinary qualities), Mahoushadhi(it is one among best medicinal plant)
Somavalli, Divya (Mandukaparni is appreciated by all owing to its extraordinary qualities), Mahoushadhi (it is one among the best medicinal plants)


==Synonyms in bhavaprakasa nighantu<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 160, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020;</ref>==
==Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==
Manduki(mandukaparni has got runner and growth pattern resemble how frog jumps), tvaastri(mandukaparni is believed to be an abode of goddess laxmi.)
Manduki (Mandukaparni has a runner and growth pattern resembling how a frog jumps), Tvaastri (Mandukaparni is believed to be an abode of Goddess Lakshmi)<ref name="ref2"/>


==Other varieties==
==Other varieties==
Line 34: Line 48:




{| class="wikitable"


== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
In traditional Ayurvedic texts, Mandukaparni is classified under ''Vayasthapana'' (anti-ageing) and ''Tikta Skandha'' (group of bitter drugs). It possesses a bitter taste (''tikta rasa''), cold potency (''sheeta veerya''), sweet post-digestion effect (''madhura vipaka''), and light qualities (''laghu guna''). It acts primarily as a brain tonic (''medhya'') and pacifies Kapha and Pitta doshas.<ref name="ref2"/>


== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Properties
|+ Properties
|'''Sr.no.'''
|-
|'''Pharmacological criteria'''
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|'''Properties'''
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Bitter (tikta)<ref name="ref2"/>
|-
|-
|1
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Cold (sheeta)<ref name="ref2"/>
|Taste  (rasa)
|Bitter (tikta)
|-
|-
|2
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura)<ref name="ref2"/>
|Potency  (veerya)
|Cold (sheeta)
|-
|-
|3
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]]) || Light (laghu)<ref name="ref2"/>
|Post  digestion effect (vipaka)
|Sweet (madhura)
|-
|-
|4
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify Kapha and Pitta, Brain tonic (medhya)<ref name="ref2"/>
|Qualities  (guna)
|Light (laghu)
|-
|-
|5
|Actions  (karma)
|Pacify Kapha and Pitta, Brain tonic (medhya)
|}
|}


 
== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
==Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Herbs and their activities'''
|+ Herbs and their activities
|'''Sr.no.'''
|-
|'''Reference in Charak Samhita'''
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|'''Activity'''
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(50) || Vayasthapana mahakashaya (anti-ageing group of herbs)
|-
|-
|1
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/95 || In Shaka varga (class of vegetables)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(50)
|Vayasthapan (anti-ageing) mahakashaya
|-
|-
|2
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/143 || Tikta skandha (group of bitter drugs)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/95
|In Shaka varga (Class of vegetable)
|-
|-
|3
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/41 || As an ingredient for procedure to remove placenta post-delivery
|Cha.Sa.[[Viman Sthana]] 8/143
|Tikta skandha (group of bitter drugs)
|-
|-
|4
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/58 || In formulation of Dwitiya brahma rasayana
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/41
|As an ingredient for Procedure to remove placenta post-delivery
|-
|-
|5
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/3/30 || Ekala rasayana dravya (single rejuvenative drug)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/58
|In  formulation of dwitiya brahma rasayana
|-
|-
|6
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/92 || As a Vardhamana rasayana prayoga
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/3/30
|Ekala rasayan  dravya
|-
|-
|7
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/181 || In treatment of Sannipatodara (after visha prayoga)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/92
|As a Vardhaman Rasayan  Prayoga
|-
|-
|8
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/225 || As a pathya ahara (wholesome diet)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/181
|In treatment  of Sannipatodara (After visha  prayoga)  
|-
|-
|9
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/225
|As a pathya ahara.
|}
|}


==Dose<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 4:29</ref>==
==Dose==
* 3-6 gm
* Powder form: 3–6 g<ref name="ref1"/>
 
==Important formulation<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 4:29</ref>==
* Brahma rasayana


==Important formulation==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="ref1"/>
* Brahma rasayana


==Current availability ==
==Current availability ==
Available
Available
India – all india mostly in moist region
* '''India –''' Distributed throughout India, mostly found growing wild in moist and damp marshy areas.
 
== Phytoconstituents ==
The active constituents of ''Centella asiatica'' are pentacyclic triterpene derivatives, chiefly the asiaticosides and madecassosides, which have been the focus of most chemical and pharmacological investigation of the plant.<ref name="brinkhaus2000"/>
 
== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
 
=== Cognitive Function and Mood (''Medhya'') ===
Mandukaparni is classified in Ayurveda as a ''Medhya'' (intellect-promoting) drug, and its effect on cognition has been tested in a human trial.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 28 healthy elderly volunteers received a ''Centella asiatica'' extract at 250, 500 or 750 mg once daily for 2 months. The high dose improved working memory and increased the N100 amplitude of the event-related potential, and self-rated mood also improved.<ref name="wattanathorn2008"/>
 
=== Wound Healing and Skin (''Kustha'') ===
The traditional use of Mandukaparni in skin disease and tissue repair has been examined with its main triterpene glycoside, asiaticoside.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Topical 0.2% asiaticoside in guinea pig punch wounds increased hydroxyproline by 56% and tensile strength by 57%, and gave higher collagen content and better epithelialisation. In streptozotocin-diabetic rats with delayed healing, 0.4% asiaticoside improved the same parameters. It was also active orally at 1 mg/kg in guinea pigs.<ref name="shukla1999"/>
* '''Mechanism:''' Asiaticoside promoted angiogenesis in the chick chorioallantoic membrane model at 40 µg/disk.<ref name="shukla1999"/>
 
=== Anxiolytic Action ===
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 40 healthy volunteers (20 per group), a single 12 g oral dose of Gotu Kola significantly reduced the peak acoustic startle response at 30 and 60 minutes compared with placebo. It had no significant effect on self-rated mood, heart rate or blood pressure. The authors described the findings as preliminary evidence of anxiolytic activity.<ref name="bradwejn2000"/>
 
== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Acute toxicity (animal study):''' A single oral dose of 10 g/kg of a standardized ''Centella asiatica'' extract (ECa 233) given to mice caused no toxic signs and no deaths during the observation period.<ref name="chivapat2011"/>
* '''Precautions:''' Use under the guidance of a qualified Ayurveda physician, particularly in chronic conditions or when taking conventional medicines.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:''' Whole plant powder (churna) 3–6 g daily or as directed by an Ayurveda physician.<ref name="ref1"/>
 
== Research Gaps ==
Centella asiatica has been investigated more extensively than most medicinal plants, with clinical evidence mainly for venous insufficiency, striae gravidarum and wound healing disturbances. Clinical studies on its sedative, analgesic, antidepressive, antimicrobial, antiviral and immunomodulatory effects, which have been shown experimentally, are still lacking.<ref name="brinkhaus2000"/>
 
== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Experimental evidence for ''Centella asiatica''
! Indication !! Preparation studied !! Model !! Principal finding !! Reference
|-
| '''Cognitive function / Medhya''' || Plant extract (250–750 mg/day) || Healthy elderly volunteers (RCT, 2 months) || Improved working memory and self-rated mood at the high dose || <ref name="wattanathorn2008"/>
|-
| '''Wounds & skin diseases / Kustha''' || Asiaticoside (topical and oral) || Guinea pig and diabetic rat wounds || Higher hydroxyproline, tensile strength, collagen and epithelialisation || <ref name="shukla1999"/>
|-
| '''Anxiety / stress''' || Gotu Kola, single 12 g oral dose || Healthy volunteers (RCT) || Reduced acoustic startle response || <ref name="bradwejn2000"/>
|}


==Current researches ==
== References ==
https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Centella%20asiatica
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 4: 29.</ref>
<ref name="ref2">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no. 160, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020.</ref>
<ref name="brinkhaus2000">{{cite journal |last1=Brinkhaus |first1=B. |last2=Lindner |first2=M. |last3=Schuppan |first3=D. |last4=Hahn |first4=E. G. |year=2000 |title=Chemical, pharmacological and clinical profile of the East Asian medical plant ''Centella asiatica'' |journal=Phytomedicine |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=427–448 |pmid=11081995}}</ref>
<ref name="wattanathorn2008">{{cite journal |last1=Wattanathorn |first1=J. |last2=Mator |first2=L. |last3=Muchimapura |first3=S. |last4=Tongun |first4=T. |last5=Pasuriwong |first5=O. |last6=Piyawatkul |first6=N. |last7=Yimtae |first7=K. |last8=Sripanidkulchai |first8=B. |last9=Singkhoraard |first9=J. |year=2008 |title=Positive modulation of cognition and mood in the healthy elderly volunteer following the administration of ''Centella asiatica'' |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=116 |issue=2 |pages=325–332}}</ref>
<ref name="shukla1999">{{cite journal |last1=Shukla |first1=A. |last2=Rasik |first2=A. M. |last3=Jain |first3=G. K. |last4=Shankar |first4=R. |last5=Kulshrestha |first5=D. K. |last6=Dhawan |first6=B. N. |year=1999 |title=In vitro and in vivo wound healing activity of asiaticoside isolated from ''Centella asiatica'' |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1016/s0378-8741(98)00141-x |pmid=10350364}}</ref>
<ref name="bradwejn2000">{{cite journal |last1=Bradwejn |first1=J. |last2=Zhou |first2=Y. |last3=Koszycki |first3=D. |last4=Shlik |first4=J. |year=2000 |title=A double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the effects of Gotu Kola (''Centella asiatica'') on acoustic startle response in healthy subjects |journal=Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology |volume=20 |issue=6 |pages=680–684 |doi=10.1097/00004714-200012000-00015 |pmid=11106141}}</ref>
<ref name="chivapat2011">{{cite journal |last1=Chivapat |first1=S. |last2=Chavalittumrong |first2=P. |last3=Tantisira |first3=M. H. |year=2011 |title=Acute and sub-chronic toxicity studies of a standardized extract of ''Centella asiatica'' ECa 233 |journal=Thai Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=55–64 |doi=10.56808/3027-7922.2152}}</ref>
}}


[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]
  This article is under development ..

Latest revision as of 09:38, 11 October 2026


Mandukaparni
Section/Chapter Herb database/Mandukaparni
Botanical name(s) Hydrocotyle asiatica L.
Family Apiaceae
Availability Available
Contributors Team Dravyaguna
Year of publication 2026
Publisher Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre
DOI Awaited

Hydrocotyle asiatica L. (syn. Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.), popularly known as Mandukaparni (Gotu Kola), is a small, herbaceous, creeping plant belonging to the family Apiaceae. It is highly revered in Ayurveda as a potent Medhya (intellect-promoting) drug and Rasayana (rejuvenative), traditionally utilized for enhancing cognitive functions, supporting neurological health, and purifying the blood.

English name

Gotu kola, Indian pennywort

Therapeutic uses

Sotha (oedema), Aruchi (anorexia), Jwara (fever), Kasa (cough), Kandu (itching), Kustha (skin disease), Raktapitta (bleeding disorder), Meha (urinary disorders), Swasa (dyspnea), Pandu (anemia), Raktadosha (blood vitiation)[1]

Synonyms in Charak Samhita

Somavalli, Divya (Mandukaparni is appreciated by all owing to its extraordinary qualities), Mahoushadhi (it is one among the best medicinal plants)

Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu

Manduki (Mandukaparni has a runner and growth pattern resembling how a frog jumps), Tvaastri (Mandukaparni is believed to be an abode of Goddess Lakshmi)[2]

Other varieties

  • Centella asiatica
  • Trisanthus cochinchinensis


Botanical Profile & Traditional Context

In traditional Ayurvedic texts, Mandukaparni is classified under Vayasthapana (anti-ageing) and Tikta Skandha (group of bitter drugs). It possesses a bitter taste (tikta rasa), cold potency (sheeta veerya), sweet post-digestion effect (madhura vipaka), and light qualities (laghu guna). It acts primarily as a brain tonic (medhya) and pacifies Kapha and Pitta doshas.[2]

Ayurvedic pharmacological properties

Properties
Sr.no. Pharmacological criteria Properties
1 Taste (rasa) Bitter (tikta)[2]
2 Potency (veerya) Cold (sheeta)[2]
3 Post digestion effect (vipaka) Sweet (madhura)[2]
4 Qualities (guna) Light (laghu)[2]
5 Actions (karma) Pacify Kapha and Pitta, Brain tonic (medhya)[2]

Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions

Herbs and their activities
Sr.no. Reference in Charak Samhita Activity
1 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(50) Vayasthapana mahakashaya (anti-ageing group of herbs)
2 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 27/95 In Shaka varga (class of vegetables)
3 Cha.Sa.Vimana Sthana 8/143 Tikta skandha (group of bitter drugs)
4 Cha.Sa.Sharira Sthana 8/41 As an ingredient for procedure to remove placenta post-delivery
5 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 1/1/58 In formulation of Dwitiya brahma rasayana
6 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 1/3/30 Ekala rasayana dravya (single rejuvenative drug)
7 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 11/92 As a Vardhamana rasayana prayoga
8 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/181 In treatment of Sannipatodara (after visha prayoga)
9 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 23/225 As a pathya ahara (wholesome diet)

Dose

  • Powder form: 3–6 g[1]

Important formulation

As per A.P.I.[1]

  • Brahma rasayana

Current availability

Available

  • India – Distributed throughout India, mostly found growing wild in moist and damp marshy areas.

Phytoconstituents

The active constituents of Centella asiatica are pentacyclic triterpene derivatives, chiefly the asiaticosides and madecassosides, which have been the focus of most chemical and pharmacological investigation of the plant.[3]

Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy

Cognitive Function and Mood (Medhya)

Mandukaparni is classified in Ayurveda as a Medhya (intellect-promoting) drug, and its effect on cognition has been tested in a human trial.

  • Scientific Evidence: In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 28 healthy elderly volunteers received a Centella asiatica extract at 250, 500 or 750 mg once daily for 2 months. The high dose improved working memory and increased the N100 amplitude of the event-related potential, and self-rated mood also improved.[4]

Wound Healing and Skin (Kustha)

The traditional use of Mandukaparni in skin disease and tissue repair has been examined with its main triterpene glycoside, asiaticoside.

  • Scientific Evidence: Topical 0.2% asiaticoside in guinea pig punch wounds increased hydroxyproline by 56% and tensile strength by 57%, and gave higher collagen content and better epithelialisation. In streptozotocin-diabetic rats with delayed healing, 0.4% asiaticoside improved the same parameters. It was also active orally at 1 mg/kg in guinea pigs.[5]
  • Mechanism: Asiaticoside promoted angiogenesis in the chick chorioallantoic membrane model at 40 µg/disk.[5]

Anxiolytic Action

  • Scientific Evidence: In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 40 healthy volunteers (20 per group), a single 12 g oral dose of Gotu Kola significantly reduced the peak acoustic startle response at 30 and 60 minutes compared with placebo. It had no significant effect on self-rated mood, heart rate or blood pressure. The authors described the findings as preliminary evidence of anxiolytic activity.[6]

Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage

  • Acute toxicity (animal study): A single oral dose of 10 g/kg of a standardized Centella asiatica extract (ECa 233) given to mice caused no toxic signs and no deaths during the observation period.[7]
  • Precautions: Use under the guidance of a qualified Ayurveda physician, particularly in chronic conditions or when taking conventional medicines.
  • Standard Therapeutic Dosage: Whole plant powder (churna) 3–6 g daily or as directed by an Ayurveda physician.[1]

Research Gaps

Centella asiatica has been investigated more extensively than most medicinal plants, with clinical evidence mainly for venous insufficiency, striae gravidarum and wound healing disturbances. Clinical studies on its sedative, analgesic, antidepressive, antimicrobial, antiviral and immunomodulatory effects, which have been shown experimentally, are still lacking.[3]

Summary of Therapeutic Profile

Experimental evidence for Centella asiatica
Indication Preparation studied Model Principal finding Reference
Cognitive function / Medhya Plant extract (250–750 mg/day) Healthy elderly volunteers (RCT, 2 months) Improved working memory and self-rated mood at the high dose [4]
Wounds & skin diseases / Kustha Asiaticoside (topical and oral) Guinea pig and diabetic rat wounds Higher hydroxyproline, tensile strength, collagen and epithelialisation [5]
Anxiety / stress Gotu Kola, single 12 g oral dose Healthy volunteers (RCT) Reduced acoustic startle response [6]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 4: 29.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no. 160, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Brinkhaus, B.; Lindner, M.; Schuppan, D.; Hahn, E. G. (2000). "Chemical, pharmacological and clinical profile of the East Asian medical plant Centella asiatica". Phytomedicine. 7 (5): 427–448. PMID 11081995. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Wattanathorn, J.; Mator, L.; Muchimapura, S.; Tongun, T.; Pasuriwong, O.; Piyawatkul, N.; Yimtae, K.; Sripanidkulchai, B.; Singkhoraard, J. (2008). "Positive modulation of cognition and mood in the healthy elderly volunteer following the administration of Centella asiatica". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 116 (2): 325–332. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Shukla, A.; Rasik, A. M.; Jain, G. K.; Shankar, R.; Kulshrestha, D. K.; Dhawan, B. N. (1999). "In vitro and in vivo wound healing activity of asiaticoside isolated from Centella asiatica". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 65 (1): 1–11. PMID 10350364. doi:10.1016/s0378-8741(98)00141-x. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Bradwejn, J.; Zhou, Y.; Koszycki, D.; Shlik, J. (2000). "A double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the effects of Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica) on acoustic startle response in healthy subjects". Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 20 (6): 680–684. PMID 11106141. doi:10.1097/00004714-200012000-00015. 
  7. ↑ Chivapat, S.; Chavalittumrong, P.; Tantisira, M. H. (2011). "Acute and sub-chronic toxicity studies of a standardized extract of Centella asiatica ECa 233". Thai Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 35 (2): 55–64. doi:10.56808/3027-7922.2152. 

Herbs

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