Talk:Jyotishmati: Difference between revisions

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~~Celatrus panniculatus~~ Willd.

{{#seo:

|title=Jyotishmati

|titlemode=append

|keywords= *Jyotishmati, Celastrus paniculatus Willd., Staff tree, Intellect tree, Malkangani, Therapeutic efficacy, Medhya, nootropic, phytoconstituents, Dravyaguna, Charak Samhita, Ayurveda

|description= Jyotishmati (Celastrus paniculatus Willd.) is classified as a Medhya (nootropic) herb. It is traditionally indicated for memory loss, Vatavyadhi and Svitra; preclinical studies report cognitive-enhancing, neuroprotective, antioxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and wound-healing activities.

|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg

|image_alt=charak samhita

|type=article

}}

{{Infobox

Line 6:

Line 14:

|data1 = Herb database/Jyotishmati

|label2 = Botanical name(s)

|data2 = ~~Celatrus panniculatus~~ Willd.

|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celastrus_paniculatus Celastrus paniculatus Willd.]

|label3 = Family

|data3 = ~~Celasteraceae~~

|data3 = Celastraceae

|label4 = Availability

|data4 = Available

|label5 = Contributors

|data5 = --

|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]

|label6 = Year of publication

|data6 = ~~2024~~

|data6 = 2026

|label7 = Publisher

|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]

|label8 = DOI

|data8 = Awaited

}}

~~==English name ==~~

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celastrus_paniculatus Celastrus paniculatus Willd.]''', popularly known as '''Jyotishmati''' (Staff tree, Intellect tree), is a large woody climbing shrub native to the hills of India. It is regarded in [[Ayurveda]] as a ''Medhya'' (intellect-promoting) herb and is traditionally used for memory loss, diseases of the nervous system and skin disorders.

Staff tree

==English name==

Staff tree, Intellect tree

==Therapeutic Use==

Vatavyadhi (diseases of nervous system), Smruti dourbalya (memory loss), Svitra (hypopigmentation disorder of skin)<ref name="ref1" />

Vatavyadhi, Smruti dourbalya (memory loss), Svitra (hypopigmentation disorder of skin)

==Other varieties / Other botanical names==

* Celastrus dependens Wall.

* Celastrus montana

* Celastrus multiflora

* Celastrus nutans

* Celastrus senegelensis

* Celastrus spinoses

==Identification characters==

* '''Lata''' – Jyotishmati is a climber.

* '''Paravatapadi''' – Root of Jyotishmati ~~resemble~~ legs of pigeon.

* '''Paravatapadi''' – Root of Jyotishmati resembles legs of pigeon.

* '''Sphutatvacha''' – Stem bark has shining white dots over its surface.

* '''Suvarnalatika''' – Jyotishmati has yellow coloured flowers.

* '''Sukshmaphala'''– Fruits are small in size.

* '''Sukshmaphala''' – Fruits are small in size.

* '''Kakandi''' – Fruits of Jyotishmati ~~are resembling~~ eggs of crow.

* '''Kakandi''' – Fruits of Jyotishmati resemble eggs of crow.

* '''Pitataila''' – The oil prepared from Jyotishmati ~~will be having~~ yellow colour.

* '''Pitataila''' – The oil prepared from Jyotishmati is yellow in colour.

~~== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==~~

[[File:Celastrus_paniculatus.jpg|thumb|Jyotishmati (Celastrus paniculatus)]]

==Traditional Context==

In Ayurveda, Jyotishmati is categorized as a nervine tonic and ''Medhya'' drug. Its seed oil (Jyotishmati taila) is used for Vata disorders and for sharpening intellect.

==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==

Jyotishmati

==Additional Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==

Katabhi, Jyotishka, Kangani, Paravatapadi, Panya, Lata, Kakundani<ref name="ref2" />

~~Katabhi, Jyotishka, Kangani, Paravatapadi, Panya, Lata, Kakundani~~

==Ayurvedic pharmacological properties==

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"

|+ Properties

|-

! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties

|-

| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Pungent (katu), Bitter (tikta)

|-

| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)

Line 69:

Line 78:

| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)

|-

| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Sharp (tikshna)

| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]]) || Sharp (tikshna)

|-

| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[vata]] and [[kapha]]

|-

| 6 || Extra ordinary effect ([[prabhava]]) || Promotes intellect (medhya)

|-

|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

==Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions==

{| class="wikitable"

|+ Herbs and their activities

|-

! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity

|-

| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/78 || Mulini (Shirovirecha) (Errhine therapy)

| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/78 || Mulini (Shirovirecha) (Errhine therapy)

|-

| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(27) || Shirovirechanopagmahakashay

| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(27) || Shirovirechanopagmahakashay

|-

| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/26 || Vairechanikadhumavarti

| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/26 || Vairechanikadhumavarti

|-

| 4||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/23 || Vamanartha(for therapeutic emesis)

| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/23 || Vamanartha (for therapeutic emesis)

|-

|}

==Dose==

*Seed – 1 to 2 gm.

* Seed powder – 1 to 2 gm<ref name="ref1" />

*Oil – 5 to 15 drops

* Oil – 5 to 15 drops<ref name="ref1" />

==Important Formulations==

* Smritisagara rasa

As per A.P.I.<ref name="ref1" />

* Jyotishmati taila

* Smritisagara rasa

* Jyotishmati taila

==Current availability==

Available

* '''In India –''' Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Sikkim, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Meghalaya, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andaman Islands.

* '''Out of India –''' Australia, China, Taiwan, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam.

==Phytoconstituents==

Seeds, seed oil and other parts of ''Celastrus paniculatus'' contain the following major classes of secondary metabolites:<ref name="Nagpal2022" />

* '''Sesquiterpenes:''' β-dihydroagarofuran sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpene polyol esters (e.g. malkanguniol, malkangunin).

* '''Alkaloids:''' celastrine, celapanin, celapagin, paniculatin.

* '''Triterpenoids:''' β-amyrin, lupeol, pristimerin.

* '''Sterols and tocopherols:''' β-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol.

* '''Fatty acids:''' palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic acids.

* '''Flavonoids and phenolics''', and non-fatty acids such as benzoic and cinnamic acid.

==Pharmacological Activities and Therapeutic Efficacy==

All studies below are preclinical (animal or in vitro). No controlled human clinical trial is cited in this monograph.

===Nootropic / Memory-enhancing activity (Medhya)===

Chronic oral administration of ''C. paniculatus'' seed oil (50, 200 or 400 mg/kg for 14 days) completely reversed scopolamine-induced deficits in the Morris water maze in rats, whereas a single acute dose did not. The effect was not related to an anticholinesterase-like action.<ref name="Gattu1997" />

===Neuroprotective activity===

Water-soluble extracts of the seed significantly attenuated glutamate-induced neuronal death in rat forebrain neuronal cultures; the protection was linked to modulation of glutamate (NMDA) receptor function.<ref name="Godkar2004" />

===Antioxidant activity===

== ~~Current availability~~==

The aqueous seed extract (200 mg/kg for 14 days) improved learning and memory in rats, and an antioxidant effect was suggested to be involved in this cognitive enhancement.<ref name="Kumar2002" />

~~Available~~

===Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory activity===

The alcoholic seed extract (500 and 1000 mg/kg) showed antinociceptive activity in mice (tail immersion and hot plate tests) and significantly reduced carrageenan-induced paw oedema in rats, supporting the traditional use in painful ''Vata'' disorders.<ref name="Kulkarni2015" />

*In India – Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Sikkim, ~~Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Meghalaya, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andaman Islands~~

===Wound-healing activity===

*Out of ~~India – Australia~~, ~~China~~, ~~Taiwan, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand~~, ~~Vietnam~~.

Lupeol, a triterpenoid isolated from the petroleum-ether extract of the leaves, applied as 0.2% gel promoted healing in excision, incision and dead-space wound models in rats; docking with glycogen synthase kinase-3β supported the finding. This study used the leaf-derived compound, not the seed oil.<ref name="Harish2008" />

== ~~Current researches~~ ==

==Safety, Toxicity and Dosage==

* '''Toxicity:''' In an OECD-guideline study in rats, ''C. paniculatus'' seed oil was found safe up to 2000 mg/kg body weight.<ref name="Mishra2020" />

* '''Precautions (Ayurvedic, no experimental reference cited):''' Use under physician supervision in pregnancy, lactation, and in persons with Pitta aggravation or hyperacidity, in view of its ''ushna'' and ''tikshna'' attributes.

* '''Standard therapeutic dose:''' Seed powder 1–2 g; seed oil 5–15 drops, or as directed by an Ayurvedic physician (see Dose above).

~~[[Category~~: ~~Database~~ of ~~herbs~~ and ~~minerals~~ | ~~Herbs]]~~

==Summary of Therapeutic Profile==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"

|+ Therapeutic applications of ''Celastrus paniculatus'' (preclinical evidence)

! Indication

! Part / preparation studied

! Principal finding

|-

| '''Memory loss / Smruti dourbalya'''

| Seed oil

| Reversal of scopolamine-induced memory deficit in rats

|-

| '''Neuroprotection'''

| Water-soluble seed extracts

| Attenuation of glutamate-induced neuronal death in vitro

|-

| '''Neurological pain / Vatavyadhi'''

| Alcoholic seed extract

| Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity in rodents

|-

| '''Wounds'''

| Lupeol (leaf-derived)

| Enhanced wound healing in rats

|}

==References==

{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume II:29</ref>

<ref name="ref2">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 150 - 151, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

<ref name="Nagpal2022">{{cite journal |last1=Nagpal |first1=K. |last2=Garg |first2=M. |last3=Arora |first3=D. |last4=Dubey |first4=A. |last5=Grewal |first5=A. S. |year=2022 |title=An extensive review on phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of Indian medicinal plant Celastrus paniculatus Willd |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=1930–1951 |doi=10.1002/ptr.7424 |pmid=35199395}} </ref>

<ref name="Gattu1997">{{cite journal |last1=Gattu |first1=M. |last2=Boss |first2=K. L. |last3=Terry |first3=A. V. Jr |last4=Buccafusco |first4=J. J. |year=1997 |title=Reversal of scopolamine-induced deficits in navigational memory performance by the seed oil of Celastrus paniculatus |journal=Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=793–799 |doi=10.1016/s0091-3057(96)00391-7 |pmid=9259008}}</ref>

<ref name="Godkar2004">{{cite journal |last1=Godkar |first1=P. B. |last2=Gordon |first2=R. K. |last3=Ravindran |first3=A. |last4=Doctor |first4=B. P. |year=2004 |title=Celastrus paniculatus seed water soluble extracts protect against glutamate toxicity in neuronal cultures from rat forebrain |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=93 |issue=2-3 |pages=213–219}}</ref>

<ref name="Kumar2002">{{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=M. H. V. |last2=Gupta |first2=Y. K. |year=2002 |title=Antioxidant property of Celastrus paniculatus Willd.: a possible mechanism in enhancing cognition |journal=Phytomedicine |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=302–311 |doi=10.1078/0944-7113-00136 |pmid=12120811}}</ref>

<ref name="Kulkarni2015">{{cite journal |last1=Kulkarni |first1=Y. A. |last2=Agarwal |first2=S. |last3=Garud |first3=M. S. |year=2015 |title=Effect of Jyotishmati (Celastrus paniculatus) seeds in animal models of pain and inflammation |journal=Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=82–88 |doi=10.4103/0975-9476.146540}}</ref>

<ref name="Harish2008">{{cite journal |last1=Harish |first1=B. G. |last2=Krishna |first2=V. |last3=Santosh Kumar |first3=H. S. |last4=Khadeer Ahamed |first4=B. M. |last5=Sharath |first5=R. |last6=Kumara Swamy |first6=H. M. |year=2008 |title=Wound healing activity and docking of glycogen-synthase-kinase-3-β-protein with isolated triterpenoid lupeol in rats |journal=Phytomedicine |volume=15 |issue=9 |pages=763–767}}</ref>

<ref name="Mishra2020">{{cite journal |last1=Mishra |first1=B. |last2=John |first2=E. |year=2020 |title=Toxicity profile of Celastrus paniculatus seeds: a preclinical study |journal=Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research |volume=13 |issue=7 |doi=10.22159/ajpcr.2020.v13i7.37803}}</ref>

}}

~~This article is under development .~~.

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-Celatrus panniculatus Willd.
+{{#seo:
+|title=Jyotishmati
+|titlemode=append
+|keywords= *Jyotishmati, Celastrus paniculatus Willd., Staff tree, Intellect tree, Malkangani, Therapeutic efficacy, Medhya, nootropic, phytoconstituents, Dravyaguna, Charak Samhita, Ayurveda
+|description= Jyotishmati (Celastrus paniculatus Willd.) is classified as a Medhya (nootropic) herb. It is traditionally indicated for memory loss, Vatavyadhi and Svitra; preclinical studies report cognitive-enhancing, neuroprotective, antioxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and wound-healing activities.
+|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
+|image_alt=charak samhita
+|type=article
+}}
 {{Infobox
@@ Line 6: / Line 14: @@
 |data1 = Herb database/Jyotishmati
 |label2 = Botanical name(s)
-|data2 = Celatrus panniculatus Willd.
+|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celastrus_paniculatus Celastrus paniculatus Willd.]
 |label3 = Family
-|data3 = Celasteraceae
+|data3 = Celastraceae
 |label4 = Availability
 |data4 = Available
-|label5 =  Contributors
+|label5 = Contributors
-|data5 = --
+|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
 |label6 = Year of publication
-|data6 =  2024
+|data6 = 2026
 |label7 = Publisher
-|data7 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
+|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
 |label8 = DOI
-|data8  = Awaited
+|data8 = Awaited
 }}
-==English name ==
+'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celastrus_paniculatus Celastrus paniculatus Willd.]''', popularly known as '''Jyotishmati''' (Staff tree, Intellect tree), is a large woody climbing shrub native to the hills of India. It is regarded in [[Ayurveda]] as a ''Medhya'' (intellect-promoting) herb and is traditionally used for memory loss, diseases of the nervous system and skin disorders.
-Staff tree
+==English name==
+Staff tree, Intellect tree
 ==Therapeutic Use==
+Vatavyadhi (diseases of nervous system), Smruti dourbalya (memory loss), Svitra (hypopigmentation disorder of skin)<ref name="ref1" />
-Vatavyadhi, Smruti dourbalya (memory loss), Svitra (hypopigmentation disorder of skin)
 ==Other varieties / Other botanical names==
+* Celastrus dependens Wall.
-* 	Celastrus dependens Wall.
+* Celastrus montana
-* 	Celastrus montana
+* Celastrus multiflora
-* 	Celastrus multiflora
+* Celastrus nutans
-* 	Celastrus nutans
+* Celastrus senegelensis
-* 	Celastrus senegelensis
+* Celastrus spinoses
-* 	Celastrus spinoses
 ==Identification characters==
 * '''Lata''' – Jyotishmati is a climber.
-* '''Paravatapadi''' – Root of Jyotishmati resemble legs of pigeon.
+* '''Paravatapadi''' – Root of Jyotishmati resembles legs of pigeon.
 * '''Sphutatvacha''' – Stem bark has shining white dots over its surface.
 * '''Suvarnalatika''' – Jyotishmati has yellow coloured flowers.
-* '''Sukshmaphala'''– Fruits are small in size.
+* '''Sukshmaphala''' – Fruits are small in size.
-* '''Kakandi''' – Fruits of Jyotishmati are resembling eggs of crow.
+* '''Kakandi''' – Fruits of Jyotishmati resemble eggs of crow.
-* '''Pitataila''' – The oil prepared from Jyotishmati will be having yellow colour.
+* '''Pitataila''' – The oil prepared from Jyotishmati is yellow in colour.
-== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
+[[File:Celastrus_paniculatus.jpg|thumb|Jyotishmati (Celastrus paniculatus)]]
+==Traditional Context==
+In Ayurveda, Jyotishmati is categorized as a nervine tonic and ''Medhya'' drug. Its seed oil (Jyotishmati taila) is used for Vata disorders and for sharpening intellect.
+==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
 Jyotishmati
 ==Additional Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==
+Katabhi, Jyotishka, Kangani, Paravatapadi, Panya, Lata, Kakundani<ref name="ref2" />
-Katabhi, Jyotishka, Kangani, Paravatapadi, Panya, Lata, Kakundani
+==Ayurvedic pharmacological properties==
-== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
 {| class="wikitable"
 |+ Properties
 |-
 ! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
 |-
-| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]])  || Pungent (katu), Bitter (tikta)
+| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Pungent (katu), Bitter (tikta)
 |-
 | 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)
@@ Line 69: / Line 78: @@
 | 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
 |-
-| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Sharp (tikshna)
+| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]]) || Sharp (tikshna)
 |-
 | 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[vata]] and [[kapha]]
 |-
 | 6 || Extra ordinary effect ([[prabhava]]) || Promotes intellect (medhya)
+|-
 |}
-== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
+==Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions==
 {| class="wikitable"
 |+ Herbs and their activities
 |-
 ! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
 |-
-| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/78 || Mulini (Shirovirecha) (Errhine therapy)
+| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/78 || Mulini (Shirovirecha) (Errhine therapy)
 |-
-| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(27) || Shirovirechanopagmahakashay
+| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(27) || Shirovirechanopagmahakashay
 |-
-| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/26 || Vairechanikadhumavarti
+| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/26 || Vairechanikadhumavarti
 |-
-| 4||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/23 || Vamanartha(for therapeutic emesis)
+| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/23 || Vamanartha (for therapeutic emesis)
 |-
 |}
 ==Dose==
-*Seed – 1 to 2 gm.
+* Seed powder – 1 to 2 gm<ref name="ref1" />
-*Oil – 5 to 15 drops
+* Oil – 5 to 15 drops<ref name="ref1" />
 ==Important Formulations==
-* 	Smritisagara rasa
+As per A.P.I.<ref name="ref1" />
-* 	Jyotishmati taila
+* Smritisagara rasa
+* Jyotishmati taila
+==Current availability==
+Available
+* '''In India –''' Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Sikkim, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Meghalaya, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andaman Islands.
+* '''Out of India –''' Australia, China, Taiwan, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam.
+==Phytoconstituents==
+Seeds, seed oil and other parts of ''Celastrus paniculatus'' contain the following major classes of secondary metabolites:<ref name="Nagpal2022" />
+* '''Sesquiterpenes:''' β-dihydroagarofuran sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpene polyol esters (e.g. malkanguniol, malkangunin).
+* '''Alkaloids:''' celastrine, celapanin, celapagin, paniculatin.
+* '''Triterpenoids:''' β-amyrin, lupeol, pristimerin.
+* '''Sterols and tocopherols:''' β-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol.
+* '''Fatty acids:''' palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic acids.
+* '''Flavonoids and phenolics''', and non-fatty acids such as benzoic and cinnamic acid.
+==Pharmacological Activities and Therapeutic Efficacy==
+All studies below are preclinical (animal or in vitro). No controlled human clinical trial is cited in this monograph.
+===Nootropic / Memory-enhancing activity (Medhya)===
+Chronic oral administration of ''C. paniculatus'' seed oil (50, 200 or 400 mg/kg for 14 days) completely reversed scopolamine-induced deficits in the Morris water maze in rats, whereas a single acute dose did not. The effect was not related to an anticholinesterase-like action.<ref name="Gattu1997" />
+===Neuroprotective activity===
+Water-soluble extracts of the seed significantly attenuated glutamate-induced neuronal death in rat forebrain neuronal cultures; the protection was linked to modulation of glutamate (NMDA) receptor function.<ref name="Godkar2004" />
+===Antioxidant activity===
-== Current availability==
+The aqueous seed extract (200 mg/kg for 14 days) improved learning and memory in rats, and an antioxidant effect was suggested to be involved in this cognitive enhancement.<ref name="Kumar2002" />
-Available
+===Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory activity===
+The alcoholic seed extract (500 and 1000 mg/kg) showed antinociceptive activity in mice (tail immersion and hot plate tests) and significantly reduced carrageenan-induced paw oedema in rats, supporting the traditional use in painful ''Vata'' disorders.<ref name="Kulkarni2015" />
-*In India – Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Sikkim, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Meghalaya, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andaman Islands
+===Wound-healing activity===
-*Out of India – Australia, China, Taiwan, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam.
+Lupeol, a triterpenoid isolated from the petroleum-ether extract of the leaves, applied as 0.2% gel promoted healing in excision, incision and dead-space wound models in rats; docking with glycogen synthase kinase-3β supported the finding. This study used the leaf-derived compound, not the seed oil.<ref name="Harish2008" />
-== Current researches ==
+==Safety, Toxicity and Dosage==
+* '''Toxicity:''' In an OECD-guideline study in rats, ''C. paniculatus'' seed oil was found safe up to 2000 mg/kg body weight.<ref name="Mishra2020" />
+* '''Precautions (Ayurvedic, no experimental reference cited):''' Use under physician supervision in pregnancy, lactation, and in persons with Pitta aggravation or hyperacidity, in view of its ''ushna'' and ''tikshna'' attributes.
+* '''Standard therapeutic dose:''' Seed powder 1–2 g; seed oil 5–15 drops, or as directed by an Ayurvedic physician (see Dose above).
-[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
+==Summary of Therapeutic Profile==
+{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
+|+ Therapeutic applications of ''Celastrus paniculatus'' (preclinical evidence)
+! Indication
+! Part / preparation studied
+! Principal finding
+|-
+| '''Memory loss / Smruti dourbalya'''
+| Seed oil
+| Reversal of scopolamine-induced memory deficit in rats
+|-
+| '''Neuroprotection'''
+| Water-soluble seed extracts
+| Attenuation of glutamate-induced neuronal death in vitro
+|-
+| '''Neurological pain / Vatavyadhi'''
+| Alcoholic seed extract
+| Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity in rodents
+|-
+| '''Wounds'''
+| Lupeol (leaf-derived)
+| Enhanced wound healing in rats
+|}
+==References==
+{{Reflist|refs=
+<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume II:29</ref>
+<ref name="ref2">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 150 - 151, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>
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+}}
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