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Aquilaria malaccensis LAM.
{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita - Herb Database
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|keywords=Aguru, Aquilaria agallocha, Eaglewood, Agarwood, Aloeswood, Shwasahara, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia, Anu taila, Chyavanprasha, Essential oil,Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda
|description=Monograph on Aguru (Aquilaria agallocha Roxb.): comprehensive botanical profile, classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics, phytochemical constituents, and evidence-based therapeutic efficacy.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=Aguru - Aquilaria agallocha
|type=article
}}


Aquilaria agallocha Roxb
{{Infobox
{{Infobox
|title = Aguru
|title = Aguru  
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Aguru
|data1 = Herb database/aguru
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Aquilaria malaccensis LAM.
|data2 = Aquilaria agallocha Roxb. (syn. Aquilaria malaccensis Lam.)
|label3 = Contributors
|label3 = Family
|data3 = --
|data3 = Thymelaeaceae
|label4 = Year of publication  
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = 2021
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Publisher  
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = DOI  
|label6 = Year of publication  
|data6 = Awaited
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI  
|data8 = {{DoiWithLink}}
}}
}}
[[File:Aguru.jpg|thumb|'''Aguru (''Aquilaria agallocha'')''']]
'''Aguru''' (Latin: ''Aquilaria agallocha'' Roxb., syn. ''Aquilaria malaccensis'' Lam.; family: Thymelaeaceae) is a large evergreen tree native to the northeastern regions of India, Bhutan, and parts of Southeast Asia. In [[Ayurveda]], the invaluable aromatic heartwood (Agarwood) is historically formed as a pathological defense response following fungal infection, revered for its penetrating, warming potency and powerful therapeutic efficacy in managing respiratory distress, skin disorders, and neurological imbalances.<ref name="API">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=4 |pages=02 |edition=Part I}}</ref>


==English name ==  
== Botanical & Vernacular Names ==
* '''Botanical Name:''' ''Aquilaria agallocha'' Roxb. (syn. ''Aquilaria malaccensis'' Lam.)
* '''Family:''' Thymelaeaceae
* '''English Names:''' Eaglewood, Agarwood, Aloeswood
* '''Sanskrit / Classical Names:''' ''Aguru'', ''Pravara'', ''Loha'', ''Rajarha'', ''Yogaja'', ''Vashik'', ''Krumija''
* '''Hindi:''' Agaru, Agar
* '''Bengali:''' Agor, Agar
* '''Assamese:''' Sasi, Agaru


--
== Synonyms in Classical Texts ==
* '''Synonyms in Charak Samhita:'''
** ''Aguru'' &ndash; Classical designation.
** ''Pravara'' &ndash; Denotes its status as a potent and superior drug.
** ''Loha'' &ndash; Refers to the heavy, dense resinous heartwood that sinks in water.
** ''Rajarha'' &ndash; Valued and fit for royalty due to its exquisite fragrance.
** ''Yogaja'' &ndash; Formulated or generated through internal changes/infestation.
** ''Vashik'' &ndash; Possessing soothing and controlling attributes.
** ''Krumija'' / ''Krumijagdha'' &ndash; Aromatic resin formed as a result of fungal infestation.
* '''Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu:'''<ref name="Bhavaprakash">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=Krushnachandra |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Karpuradi varga, verse no.- 21, 22 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
** ''Anaaryaka'' &ndash; Plant commonly growing in the hilly regions of the northeastern parts of India.


== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
== Varieties ==
Aguru, Pravar, Loha, Rajarha, Yogaja, Vashik, Krumija,  
=== Raja Nighantu ===
Five varieties are mentioned:<ref name="RajaNighantu">{{cite book |last=Tripathi |first=Indradev |title=Raja Nighantu of Pandit Narhari |year=2006 |publisher=Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy |location=Varanasi |pages=Chandanadi varga verse no- 85, 87, 89, 91, 92}}</ref>
# Swadu
# Krushna aguru
# Kaastha aguru
# Daaha aguru
# Maangalya aguru


== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==  
== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Aguru possesses a hot potency and pungent-bitter taste profile, making it highly effective in pacifying Kapha and Vata doshas:<ref name="API" />


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
|+ Herbs and their activities
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
| 1 || '''Taste (''[[Rasa]]'')''' || Bitter (''Tikta''), Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
|-
| 1 ||Sutra sthana  4/9(37)  
| 2 || '''Potency (''[[Veerya]]'')'''|| Hot (''Ushna'')
| Shwasahara mahakashaya
|-
|-
| 2 || Sutra sthana  4/9(42)  
| 3 || '''Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'')'''|| Pungent (''Katu'')
| Sheetaprashaman mahakashaya
|-
|-
| 3 || Sutra sthana.  5/21
| 4 || '''Qualities (''[[Guna]]'')'''|| Light (''Laghu''), Rough (''Ruksha''), Sharpness (''Tikshna'')
|Dhuma varti  dravya
|-
|-
|4
| 5 || '''Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'')'''|| Pacifies Kapha and Vata (''Kapha-Vatahara'')
|Sutra sthana  5/26
|}
|Vairechanika dhuma varti
 
== References in Charak Samhita and its Actions ==
Aguru is prominently documented across multiple therapeutic chapters of the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':
 
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
|-
|-
|5
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(37) || Shwasahara mahakashaya (relieving respiratory distress)
|Sutra sthana  5/63
|Anu taila  dravya
|-
|-
|6
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(42) || Sheetaprashamana mahakashaya (pacifying cold)
|Sutra sthana  6/16
|Vihara in  Hemanta Rutu
|-
|-
|7
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/21 || Dhuma varti dravya (ingredient of therapeutic inhalation for disease prevention)
|Sutra sthana  6/25
|Vihara in  Vasanta Rutu
|-
|-
|8
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/26 || Vairechanika dhuma varti (ingredient of smoke inhalation with unctuous substances)
|Ch Su 25/40
|Agrya Sangraha
|-
|-
|9
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/63 || Anu taila dravya
|Ch Su 26/49
|Veerya varnan
|-
|-
|10
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 6/16 || Vihara in Hemanta Rutu
|Vimana Sthana 8/143
|Tiktaskandha
|-
|-
|11
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 6/25 || Vihara in Vasanta Rutu
|Ch.Sha.8/41
|Prajata stree  paricharya
|-
|-
|12
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40 || Agrya Sangraha (collections of best food articles, factors and drugs)
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 6/28
|Used for making decoction in ''Kaphaj  prameh''
|-
|-
|13
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/49 || Veerya varnan
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 12/36
|Ingredient in Punarnavadhyarisht
|-
|-
|14
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/143 || Tikta skandha (group of bitter drugs)
|Cha.sa. Chi.25/91
|As an ingredient of Kampillakadi taila.
|-
|-
|15
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/41 || Prajata stree paricharya / Apara patana (post-delivery management)
|Cha.sa. Chi.26/182
|Used in Kaphaja sira  shoola for dhoomavarti.
|-
|-
|16
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/28 || Used for decoction in ''Kaphaja prameha'' (diabetes)
|Cha.sa. Chi.26/188
|As an ingredient of  Pippalyadi churna for kavala karma.
|-
|-
|17
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/36 || Ingredient in Punarnavadhyarisht
|Cha.sa.Chi.26/209
|As an ingredient of Khadiradi gutika.
|-
|-
|18
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/65 || For ''Lepa, Abhyangadi Bahyaprayogarth'' (external applications)
|Cha.sa. Chi.26/270
|As an ingredient of  Mahaneela taila.
|-
|-
|19
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/70 || As a ''Lepa dravya'' in ''Kaphaj Shvayathu'' (swelling)
|Ca.Sa. Chi.27/41
|As an ingredient  of Piluparnyadi Yoga
|-
|-
|20
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/148 || As an ingredient of Madhookasava
|Ca. Sa.Chi.27/54
|As an ingredient of Vatsakadi Pralepa
|-
|-
|21
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/163 || As an ingredient of Madhvarishta
|Ch Ka 1/23
|Vamanarth
|-
|-
|22
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/80 || Used for shodhanottara dhumapana
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa sthana 1/1/58
|In  formulation of dwitiya brahma rasayana
|-
|-
|23
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/123 || As an ingredient of shatyadi churna
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 2/3/28
|As a mood enhancing
|-
|-
|24
| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/77 || As an ingredient of Mahagandha hasti agada
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 12/36
|Ingredient in ''Punarnavadhyarisht''
|-
|-
|25
| 21 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/231 || Used in the treatment of animals suffering with poison
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 12/65
|For ''Lepa, Abhyangadi  Bahyaprayogarth''
|-
|-
|26
| 22 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/91 || As an ingredient of Kampillakadi taila
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 12/70
|As a ''Lepa dravya'' in ''Kaphaj  Shvayathu''
|-
|-
|27
| 23 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/182 || Used in Kaphaja sira shoola for dhoomavarti
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 15/148
|As an  ingredient of Madhookasava
|-
|-
|28
| 24 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/188 || As an ingredient of Pippalyadi churna for kavala karma (gargling)
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 15/163
|As an ingredient of Madhvarista
|-
|-
|29
| 25 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/209 || As an ingredient of Khadiradi gutika
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 17/80
|Used for  shodhanottara dhumpana
|-
|-
|30
| 26 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/270 || As an ingredient of Mahaneela taila
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 17/123
|As an ingredient of satyadi churna.
|-
|-
|31
| 27 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/41 || As an ingredient of Piluparnyadi Yoga
|Cha.Sa.Chi.23/77
|As an ingredient of Mahagandha hasti agada.
|-
|-
|32
| 28 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/54 || As an ingredient of Vatsakadi Pralepa (external application)
|Cha.Sa. Chi.23/231
|Used in the treatment of animals suffering with  poison.
|-
|-
|33
| 29 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/150 || As an ingredient of Bala taila
|Cha.sa. Chi.25/91
|As an ingredient of Kampillakadi taila.
|-
|-
|34
| 30 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/168 || As an ingredient of Mulakadhya taila
|Cha.sa.Chi.26/182
|Used in Kaphaja sira  shoola for dhoomavarti.
|-
|-
|35
| 31 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/179 || Agurvadi taila is useful in Vata vyadhi
|Cha.sa.Chi.26/188
|As an ingredient of  Pippalyadi churna for kavala karma.
|-
|-
|36
| 32 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/92 || As an ingredient of Madhuparnyadi taila
|Cha.sa.Chi.26/209
|As an ingredient of Khadiradi gutika
|-
|-
|37
| 33 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/107 || As an ingredient of Amrutadya taila
|Cha.sa.Chi.26/270
|As an ingredient of Mahaneela taila.
|-
|-
|38
| 34 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/23 || Vamanarth (for emesis)
|Ca.Sa.Chi.27/41
|As an ingredient  of Piluparnyadi Yoga
|-
|-
|39
| 35 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/58 || In formulation of dwitiya brahma rasayana
|Ca. Sa.Chi.27/54
|As an ingredient  of Vatsakadi Pralepa
|-
|40
|Cha.Sa.Chi.28/150
|As an ingredient of Bala taila.
|-
|41
|Cha.Sa.Chi.28/168
|As an ingredient of Mulakadhya taila.
|-
|42
|Cha.Sa.Chi.28/179
|Agurvadi taila is useful in Vata vyadhi.
|-
|43
|Cha. Sa. chi.29/92
|As an ingredient of Madhuparnyadi taila.
|-
|44
|Cha.Sa.chi.29/107
|As an ingredient of Amrutadhya taila.
|-
|-
| 36 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/3/28 || As a mood enhancer
|}
|}


== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==  
== Therapeutic Indications (Classical) ==
Aguru is traditionally indicated in the clinical management of:<ref name="API" />
* ''Akshiroga'' (Eye diseases)
* ''Shwasa'' (Dyspnea / Respiratory distress)
* ''Karna roga'' (Ear diseases)
* ''Kushtha'' (Dermatological disorders / Skin diseases)
* ''Visha'' (Toxic conditions / Poisoning)


{| class="wikitable"
== Dosage & Administration ==
|+ Properties
* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 1 – 3 g daily in divided doses.<ref name="API" />
|-
 
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
== Classical Formulations ==
|-
* ''Madhukasava''
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]])  ||
* ''Mrudvikasava''
|-
* ''Karpuradyarka''
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) ||
* ''Chyavanprasha avaleha''
|-
* ''Anu taila''
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) ||
* ''Chandanadi taila''
|-
* ''Khadiradi gutika''
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| 
* ''Swasahara kashaya churna''
|-
* ''Guduchyadi taila''
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) ||
 
|-
== Current Researches ==
|}
=== Phytochemical Composition ===
Modern phytochemical profiling of ''Aquilaria agallocha'' resinous heartwood reveals a dense matrix of active constituents:
* '''Sesquiterpenes:''' Alpha-guaiene, beta-elemene, agarospirol, valencene, and jinkoh-eremol.
* '''Chromones:''' 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone derivatives and flindersia-type chromones imparting stability and aroma.
* '''Phenolic Compounds & Flavonoids:''' Luteolin, genkwanin, and diverse benzophenone derivatives exhibiting strong antioxidant properties.
 
=== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ===
* '''Anti-Inflammatory & Analgesic Efficacy:''' Sesquiterpenes and chromones inhibit lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase pathways, suppressing inflammatory mediators.<ref name="ResearchAPI">{{cite journal |title=Pharmacological evaluation and phytochemical constituents of Aquilaria agallocha |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |year=2021}}</ref>
* '''Neuroprotective & Anxiolytic Actions:''' Volatile sesquiterpenes cross the blood-brain barrier, interacting positively with GABAergic receptor systems to moderate central nervous system excitability.<ref name="ResearchAPI" />
* '''Antimicrobial & Antioxidant Properties:''' Phenolic fractions and oxygenated sesquiterpenes disrupt microbial membrane integrity while scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS), validating its efficacy against skin pathogens.<ref name="ResearchAPI" />


== Current availability==  
== Current Availability ==
* Available in India, particularly in the Himalayan region, Assam, and Manipur.


Available
== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=4 |pages=02 |edition=Part I}}</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=Krushnachandra |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Karpuradi varga, verse no.- 21, 22 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
<ref name="RajaNighantu">{{cite book |last=Tripathi |first=Indradev |title=Raja Nighantu of Pandit Narhari |year=2006 |publisher=Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy |location=Varanasi |pages=Chandanadi varga verse no- 85, 87, 89, 91, 92}}</ref>
<ref name="ResearchAPI">{{cite journal |title=Pharmacological evaluation and phytochemical constituents of Aquilaria agallocha |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |year=2021}}</ref>
}}
== External links ==


== Current researches ==
[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Aquilaria%20agallocha IMPPAT Database]


[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agarwood Wikipedia]


This article is under development ..
[[index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]
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