Charak Samhita

Lodhra: Difference between revisions

VisualWikitext
Anaghas (talk | contribs)
2,171 edits
Created page with "Symplocos racemosa Roxb {{Infobox |title = Lodhra |label1 = Section/Chapter |data1 = Herb database/Lodhra |label2 = Botanical name(s) |data2 = Symplocos racemosa Roxb |label3..."
 
Agnivesha (talk | contribs)
Administrators, Editors, Bots, Bureaucrats, Charaksamhita, csmoderator, Interface administrators, Administrators
10,572 edits
No edit summary
 
(6 intermediate revisions by 3 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
Symplocos racemosa Roxb
{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= Symplocos racemosa Roxb., Lodhra, Symplocos tree, Lodh tree, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=Symplocos racemosa Roxb., commonly known as Lodhra
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
 
Symplocos racemosa Roxb.
{{Infobox
{{Infobox
|title = Lodhra
|title = Lodhra
Line 6: Line 16:
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Symplocos racemosa Roxb
|data2 = Symplocos racemosa Roxb
|label3 = Contributors
|label3 = Family
|data3 = --
|data3 = Symplocaceae
|label4 = Year of publication  
|label4 = Availability
|data4 =  2021
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Publisher  
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data5 = Team Dravyaguna
|label6 = DOI  
|label6 = Year of publication  
|data6 = Awaited
|data6 =  2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|data7 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI  
|data8 = {{DoiWithLink}}
}}
}}


==English name ==  
Symplocos racemosa Roxb., commonly known as Lodhra (Sanskrit: लोध्र), is an evergreen tree belonging to the family Symplocaceae. It is native to the tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, including India, Nepal, and Myanmar. The stem bark of ''Symplocos racemosa'' has been extensively utilized in [[Ayurveda]] and traditional systems of medicine for various gynecological, inflammatory, and infectious conditions.<ref name="Bhutani1989">{{cite journal |last1=Bhutani |first1=K. K. |last2=Kapoor |first2=R. |last3=Anand |first3=D. K. |title=Ayurvedic drugs for gynecological disorders: Phytochemical and pharmacological studies on Symplocos racemosa |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=281–289 |year=1989 |doi=10.1016/0378-8741(89)90035-7}}</ref><ref name="DeSilva2016">{{cite journal |last1=De Silva |first1=K. T. |last2=Abeysundara |first2=A. T. |title=A comprehensive analysis on Symplocos racemosa Roxb.: Traditional uses, botany, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=181 |pages=236–251 |year=2016 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2016.01.032}}</ref>


--
== Taxonomy and Botanical Description ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Botanical & Taxonomic Summary
! Category !! Description / Classification
|-
| '''Botanical Name''' || ''Symplocos racemosa'' Roxb.
|-
| '''Family''' || Symplocaceae
|-
| '''Common Names''' || Lodhra, Savara Lodhra (Sanskrit/Hindi), Lodh Tree (English)
|-
| '''Plant Part Used''' || Stem Bark (''Symploci Cortex'')
|-
| '''Habit & Distribution''' || Evergreen tree growing 10–15 m tall; native to tropical and subtropical regions of India, particularly across the Himalayas, Assam, and Chota Nagpur.
|}
[[File:Lodhra.jpg|thumb|Lodhra (Symplocos racemosa Roxb.)]]
 
==Therapeutic uses==
Shotha(oedema), atisara (diarrhoea), netra roga (eye disease), raktapitta (bleeding disorder), pradara (menorrhagia and leucorrhea)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 01:53.</ref>
 
==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Tilvaka(it produces smoothness to the organs of the body), Brihatpatra, Tiritaka, Lodhra, Tirita(cure many disease), Shavara, Galava, Malav, Shavar lodhra, Savaraka, Sthulavalkala, Shabara


== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
==Synonyms in bhavaprakasa nighantu==
Kramuka, sthulavalkal , jirna patra,  bruhatpatra<ref>Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, haritakyadi  varga, verse no.-215</ref>


Tilvaka
==Varieties==
===Bhavaprakasa nighantu ===
Mentioned 2 types
# Lodhra
# Pattika lodhra
===Dhanvantari nighantu===
Mentioned 2 types<ref>Pro. Dr. Zarkhande oza , dr.Umapati Mishra , dhanvanatari Nighantu. Edition 2016, Chaukhambha surbharti prakashana, chandanadi varga verse no. 156,158</ref>
# Lodhra
# Kramuka


== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==  
== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==  


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]])  || Astringent (kashaya), Bitter (tikta)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Cold (sheeta)
|-
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
|-
|-
| 1 || [[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/6|| Shodhanartha
| 4 || Qualities ([[Guna]])|| Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
|-
|-
| || ||  
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify Kapha and Pitta
|-
|-
| || ||  
| 6 || Extra ordinary effect ([[prabhava]]) || Grahi
|}
|}


 
== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==  
== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==  


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/116
| Shodhana  (Twak) vriksha(Virechana)
|-
| 2
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 3/5
| Churna  pradeha
|-
| 3
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(5)
| Sandhaniya  mahakashaya(promoting union/binding)
|-
| 4
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(46)
| Shonitasthapana  mahakashaya(hemostatics)
|-
| 5
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(31)
| Purishsangrahaniya  mahakashaya(faecal astringents)
|-
| 6
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/22
| Dhuma varti  dravya
|-
| 7
| Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]]  8/144
| Kashaya-skandha(group of astringent drugs)
|-
| 8
| Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/44
| Naadi kalpana
|-
| 9
| Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/50
| Balak paricharya
|-
| 10
| Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/6
| Shodhanartha
|-
| 11
| Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 9/3
| Lodhra Synonyms
|-
| 12
| Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/35
| Yoga
|-
| 13
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267
| As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
|-
| 14
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/45
| In Yavagu prayoga
|-
| 15
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/66
| As a Raktapitta nashaka kwath dravya
|-
| 16
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/67
| Used along with Atarushakadi kwath
|-
| 17
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/73
| As an ingredient of Ushiradi churna
|-
| 18
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/81
| As an ingredient of Priyangvadi peya
|-
| 19
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/89
| As a ghrita prayoga
|-
| 20
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/99
| Used in Nasagata raktapitta.(bleeding disorder)
|-
| 21
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/104
| Used as Pradeha-Parisechana-Avagaha dravya
|-
| 22
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/27
| Used for making decoction in Kaphaj prameha(diabetes)
|-
| 23
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/30
| Used for making decoction in Pittaj  prameha(diabetes)
|-
| 24
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/31
| Used for making decoction in Pittaj  prameha(diabetes)
|-
| 25
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/38
| Trikantakadhya Tail/Ghrita in Vata-kaphaj prameha(diabetes)
|-
| 26
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/41
| Ingredient  in Madhvasava
|-
| 27
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/93
| Bahyaprayogarth Lepa in Kushtha(skin disease) 
|-
| 28
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/95
| Bahyaprayogarth Lepa in Kushtha (skin disease)
|-
| 29
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/129
| Abhyantar and Bahyaprayogarth ,Pana, Snana
|-
| 30
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/131
| Abhyantar and Bahyaprayogath in Pittaj  Kushth(skin disease)
|-
| 31
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/139
| As an ingredient of Abhayarishta
|-
| 32
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/159
| As an ingredient of Kanakarishta
|-
| 33
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/193
| Used in rakta arsha(hemorrhoids)
|-
| 34
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/197
| Used in rakta arsha(hemorrhoids)
|-
| 35
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/230
| As an ingredient of hriberadi ghrita
|-
| 36
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/79
| Used for virechana  in vataja grahani
|-
| 37
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/158
| As an  ingredient of Mulasava
|-
| 38
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/105
| As an ingredient of Gaud Arishta
|-
| 39
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/53
| As a yoga dravya in treatment of pittaja atisara(diarrhoea)
|-
| 40
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/90
| As a pratisarana dravya
|-
| 41
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/109
| As a yoga dravya
|-
| 42
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/55
| For kashaya  pana
|-
| 43
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/57
| For kashaya  pana
|-
| 44
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/76
| As an ingredient  of Sarivadi pralepa(external application)
|-
| 45
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/77
| As an ingredient  of Naladadi pralepa(external application)
|-
| 46
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/97
| Avachurnana  prayoga for vrana-ropana(healing of wound)
|-
| 47
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 22/36
| For lepa prayoga(external application)
|-
| 48
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 22/43
| Management of pitta dominant trishna
|-
| 49
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/55
| As an ingredient of Mrita Sanjivani agada
|-
| 50
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/57
| As an ingredient of Mrita Sanjivani agada
|-
| 51
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/246
| As an ingredient of Amruta ghrita
|-
| 52
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/159
| Used as lepa in  Madhyajanita daha (burning due to alcoholism)
|-
| 53
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/66
| Used for avachurnana
|-
| 54
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/90
| As an ingredient of Kampillakadi taila
|-
| 55
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/110
| Used for vrana shaithilya, saukumarya &  prasadana
|-
| 56
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/113
| Used for tvak janana
|-
| 57
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/101
| Used in Hrudshoola.(cardiac pain)
|-
| 58
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/191
| As an ingredient of Tejohvadi churna
|-
| 59
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/195
| As an ingredient of Kalak churna
|-
| 60
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/206
| As an ingredient of Khadiradi gutika
|-
| 61
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/217
| Used for Kavala in  Arochaka(anorexia)
|-
| 62
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/233
| Used for Vidalaka in  Vataja netraroga(eye disease)
|-
| 63
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/270
| As an ingredient of Mahaneela Ghrita
|-
| 64
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/30
| As an ingredient  of Urustambha nashak Yoga
|-
| 65
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/84
| Tilvaka siddha ghrita is used in vata vyadhi, when  other doshas are also involved
|-
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
| 66
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/111
| As an ingredient of Mahapadma taila
|-
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]])  || --
| 67
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/79
| As an ingredient of Dhatakyadi taila
|-
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || --
| 68
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/91
| As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna
|-
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || --
| 69
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/98
| Used in the treatment of Pittaja pradara
|-
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[Guna]])|| --
| 70
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/118
| Used in the treatment of Sveta pradara
|-
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || --
| 71
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/119
| Used in the treatment of Sveta pradara
|-
|-
| 6 || Extra ordinary effect ([[prabhava]]) || --
|}
|}
 
 
==Dose==
* 3-5 gm of drug in powder form
* 20-30 gm of drug in decoction<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 01:53.</ref>
 
==Important formulation==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 01:53.</ref>
* Lodhrasava
* Pushyanuga churna
* Bruhata gangadhara churna
== Current availability==  
== Current availability==  


Line 65: Line 396:
== Current researches ==
== Current researches ==


[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
== Phytochemistry ==
Phytochemical investigations of ''Symplocos racemosa'' stem bark have identified several bioactive secondary metabolites:<ref name="Bhutani1989"/><ref name="DeSilva2016"/>
 
* '''Alkaloids:''' Beta-carboline alkaloids including loturine, collutrine, and loturidine.
* '''Glycosides:''' Phenolic glycosides such as symplocoside, symposide, and benzoyl-salicin derivatives.
* '''Triterpenoids and Steroids:''' Betulinic acid, oleanolic acid, acetyloleanolic acid, lupeol, and β-sitosterol.
* '''Flavonoids and Phenolics:''' Quercetin, ellagic acid, and condensed tannins (proanthocyanidins).
 
== Therapeutic Efficacy and Pharmacological Activities ==
 
=== Gynecological and Reproductive Disorders ===
''Symplocos racemosa'' is renowned in traditional and experimental pharmacology for its gonadotropic-like modulatory actions and styptic properties:<ref name="Bhutani1989"/><ref name="Swarnakar2018">{{cite journal |last1=Swarnakar |first1=S. |last2=Maiti |first2=S. |last3=Ghosh |first3=A. |title=Evaluating the anti-androgenic and ovarian modulatory actions of Symplocos racemosa bark extract in PCOS models |journal=International Journal of Green Pharmacy |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=S341–S348 |year=2018}}</ref>
 
* '''Menorrhagia and Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding (DUB):''' High tannin content imparts potent astringent properties, causing local vasoconstriction and protein precipitation, which reduces excessive capillary permeability and menses.<ref name="Bhutani1989"/>
* '''Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS):''' Ethanolic extracts restore serum levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), while reducing circulating free testosterones and decreasing ovarian cyst formation.<ref name="Swarnakar2018"/>
* '''Uterine Tonicity:''' Alkaloids such as loturine act on uterine smooth muscle, helping normalize basal vascular tone and alleviating hyper-contractility associated with dysmenorrhea.<ref name="Bhutani1989"/>
 
=== Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Activity ===
The bark extracts demonstrate significant anti-inflammatory and membrane-stabilizing efficacy:<ref name="Sunil2011">{{cite journal |last1=Sunil |first1=C. |last2=Ignacimuthu |first2=S. |title=In vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of Symplocos racemosa Roxb |journal=Pharmacognosy Research |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=225–231 |year=2011 |doi=10.4103/0974-8490.89748}}</ref>
* '''Enzyme Inhibition:''' Suppresses downstream synthesis of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins (PGE_2) and leukotrienes (LTB_4) through inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), and xanthine oxidase.<ref name="Sunil2011"/>
* '''Protein Denaturation Protection:''' In vitro assays show dose-dependent inhibition of heat-induced protein denaturation with an IC_{50} of approximately 30–40 μg/mL.<ref name="Sunil2011"/>
 
=== Antimicrobial and Periodontal Applications ===
* '''Antibacterial Activity:''' Demonstrates notable zones of inhibition against ''Staphylococcus aureus'', ''Escherichia coli'', ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'', and periodontal pathogens like ''Porphyromonas gingivalis''.<ref name="DeSilva2016"/>
* '''Periodontal Hydrogel Formulations:''' Incorporation into localized hydrogel systems reduces oral inflammatory cascades and microbial plaque accumulation.<ref name="DeSilva2016"/>
 
=== Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Activity ===
* '''Radical Scavenging:''' High total phenolic content drives DPPH and ABTS free-radical scavenging, suppressing lipid peroxidation.<ref name="Rao2011">{{cite journal |last1=Rao |first1=Ch. V. |last2=Verma |first2=A. R. |last3=Vijayakumar |first3=M. |last4=Rastogi |first4=S. |title=Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of Symplocos racemosa bark extract on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic damage |journal=Phytomedicine |volume=18 |issue=12 |pages=1025–1030 |year=2011 |doi=10.1016/j.phymed.2011.05.003}}</ref><ref name="Sunil2011"/>
* '''Hepatic Restoration:''' In carbon tetrachloride (<math>CCl_4</math>)-induced hepatotoxicity models, ethanol bark extracts restore serum AST, ALT, ALP, total bilirubin, and intracellular antioxidants (GSH, SOD, CAT) toward baseline ranges.<ref name="Rao2011"/>
 
== Preclinical and Clinical Research Summary ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Biological Activities of ''Symplocos racemosa''
! Biological Activity !! Study Type !! Experimental Model !! Key Findings !! Reference
|-
| '''Reproductive Function / PCOS''' || ''In vivo'' || Female Sprague-Dawley Rats (PCOS model) || Normalized LH/FSH ratios, reduced ovarian weight, restored estrus cyclicity. || <ref name="Swarnakar2018"/>
|-
| '''Anti-Inflammatory''' || ''In vitro'' || Protein Denaturation & HRBC Membrane Stabilization || Significant dose-dependent inhibition of protein denaturation (IC_{50} \approx 30\40\mu{g/mL}). || <ref name="Sunil2011"/>
|-
| '''Anti-Angiogenic / Cytotoxic''' || ''In vitro'' || Thymidine Phosphorylase Assay || Symplocosides inhibited angiogenesis via thymidine phosphorylase block. || <ref name="DeSilva2016"/>
|-
| '''Hepatoprotective''' || ''In vivo'' || CCl_4-induced Liver Injury in Wistar Rats || Significant dose-dependent normalization of hepatic enzyme kinetics. || <ref name="Rao2011"/>
|}
 
== Dosage, Safety, and Formulations ==
; Safety & Toxicity
''Symplocos racemosa'' bark extract exhibits a low toxicity profile in acute oral toxicity assays (LD_{50} > 2000{mg/kg} body weight in rodent models). High tannin concentrations may cause mild gastrointestinal discomfort or constipation at elevated doses.<ref name="DeSilva2016"/>
 
; Common Preparations
* '''Standard Powder (Churna):''' 1–3 g/day in divided doses.
* '''Decoction (Kwath):''' 20–30 g boiled in water reduced to 30–50 mL.
* '''Classical Formulations:''' ''Lodhrasava'', ''Pushyanuga Churna'', ''Chandanasava''.
 
== References ==
<references />
 
== See also ==
 
[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Symplocos%20racemosa IMPPAT database]  


This article is under development
[[index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals|Herbs]]
Retrieved from "https://www.charakasamhitauptodate.com/index.php?title=Lodhra"