Santarpaniya Adhyaya: Difference between revisions

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<big>'''Sutra Sthana Chapter 23. Over-nutrition, under-nutrition and its disorders '''</big>

{{Infobox

|data5 = [[Nidana Sthana]], [[Vimana Sthana]],  [[Sharira Sthana]],  [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Chikitsa Sthana]], [[Kalpa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]

|label6 = Translator and commentator

|label7 = Reviewer  

|data7  = Byadgi P.S.

|label8 = Editors

|label9 = Year of publication  

|data9 =  2020

|data11 = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.025 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.025]

}}

<big>'''Abstract'''</big>

'''Keywords''': ''santarpana'' (over-nutrition), ''apatarpana'' (under-nutrition), management of over-nutrition induced disorders, nutrition deficiency disorders.

Unctuous (''snigdha''), sweet (''madhura''), heavy to digest (''guru''), and slimy (''pichhilla'') foods predominantly have [[Prithvi]] and [[jala mahabhuta]], leading to an increase in [[kapha]] and [[rasa dhatu]].  

Today’s research is consistent with the above findings of [[Ayurveda]]. Researchers acknowledge that taste receptors exist in the upper gastrointestinal tract as well. These receptors are “primarily located in the intestinal brush and enteroendocrine cells, and recognize sugars, D-amino acids, sweet proteins, and artificial sweeteners<ref>Greenfield Jerry R.,  Chisholm Donald J.  How Sweet It Is: Intestinal Sweet Taste Receptors in Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes. 2013 Oct; 62(10): 3336–3337.</ref>”, per their research. Peptide YY (PYY) exerts its action through NPY receptors by inhibiting gastric motility and increasing water and electrolyte absorption in the colon<ref> Liu C, Aloia T, Adrian T, Newton T, Bilchik A, Zinner M, Ashley S, McFadden D (1996). "Peptide YY: a potential proabsorptive hormone for the treatment of malabsorptive disorders". Am Surg 62 (3): 232–6.Charak Samhita Sutra Sthana 27/309 </ref>.  PYY may also suppress pancreatic secretion, as it is secreted by neuro-endocrine cells in the ileum and colon in response to a meal, and has been shown to reduce appetite. It works by slowing the gastric emptying, thereby increasing the efficiency of digestion and nutrient absorption after a meal. Considering the effects of sweet food substances, PYY, in certain quantities, helps induce satiety in a person and thus in excess, inhibits appetite. This study clearly suggests the impact of ''madhura rasa'' and ''snigdha'' food substances in creating ''santarpaniya vyadhi'' or increased anabolism. Like GLP -1, GIP is related to metabolism and inflammation.  

While treating ''santarpanajanya vyadhis'' like ''sthulata'' (obesity) and ''madhumeha'' (diabetes), consumption of ''dravyas'' that have ''guru'' and ''ruksha'' properties is advised. Along with medicines, the diet must also be ''ruksha''. For skin ailments, applying powders of medicinal plants all over the body which can provide relief from ''kandu'' (itching) and ''kotha'' (pre-gangrenous condition) are advised. So the food must be ''guru'' and ''apatarpaka'', i.e., it should induce catabolic activities. Applying these powders on the lesions may improve blood circulation which may consequently improve the increased hydroxylysine and glucose disaccharide content, decrease in proteoglycan and heparin sulfate and decrease in lysine content towards the lesion. The effects of honey, a food rich in antioxidants, on diseases such as cancer, coronary diseases, inflammatory disorders, and aging, has helped it gain lot of attention among nutritionists<ref> Jaganathan et al. Antiproliferative Effects of Honey and of Its Polyphenols: A Review. 2009 Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology. Article ID 830616</ref>.  Properties of honey are ''ruksha, guru,'' and ''kashaya''. Food and medicine having these properties enhance ''akasha'' and ''vayu mahabhuta'' which tends the person towards ''apatarpana''.  

Pericarp of ''haritaki'' showed cardiotonic activities in frog hearts, increasing the force of contraction and cardiac output without altering the heart rate<ref> Reddy VRC, Kumari SVR, Reddy BM, Azeem MA, Prabhkar MC, Rao AVN (1990) Cardionic activity of the fruits of Terminalia chebula. Fitotera- pia 41, 517-52 </ref>. ''Haritaki'' extracts administered before initiating any treatment showed signs of reduced myocardial damage caused by isoproterenol in rats. ''Haritaki'' reduced lipid peroxidation and significantly reduced cholesterolemia, aortic sudanophilia, and cholesterol content of the aorta and liver<ref> The Ayurvedic medicines Haritaki, Amala and Bahira reduce cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis in rabbits. Int J Cardiol. 1988 Nov;21(2):167-75.Thakur CP, Thakur B, Singh S, Sinha PK, Sinha SK.Patna Medical College, India. </ref>.  

    

   

'''''Triphala''''' is one of the oldest used polyherbal preparations. It is comprised of Terminalia chebula, Terminalia bellerica and Emblica officinalis. Some of the positive qualities of ''triphala'' in-vivo and in-vitro are that it is an antioxidant, anti-hypercholesterolemic, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, and possesses chemo-preventive potential and anti-mutagenic activities, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, radioprotective effect, immunomodulatory, improving wound healing, enteroprotective efficacies, anti-gastric ulcers and nitric oxide scavenging properties. This herbal combination can have profound healing benefits in multi-organ systems.  It is rich in Mg, K, Ca, Fe, Se and Zn, which enhance their bioavailability. Low molecular weight tannins, gallic acid and other important phytochemicals are responsible for the above effects <ref> A systematic review of the antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-obesity effects and safety of triphala herbal formulation Kamali Seyed Hamid et al Journal of Medicinal Plants Research Vol. 7(14), pp. 831-844, 10 April, 2013  DOI: 10.5897/JMPR12.352  ISSN 1996-0875 ©2013 Academic Journals  http://www.academicjournals.org/JMPR  </ref>.   

Cyperus rotundus has antioxidant and anti-atherosclerotic effects due to the presence of flavanoids, polyphenols and terpenes which reduce absorption of total cholesterol and triglycerides. Cyperus rotundus, in the form of a fine powder or an aqueous solution, exhibits lipolytic properties and showed mobilization of fats from adipose tissues. Cyperus rotundus is supposed to have activators of beta adreno receptors<ref> Bhambhole V.d.et al Effect of some medicinal plant preparation on adipose tissue metabolism. Ancient Science of life 1998 117-124 </ref>.   

Investigation demonstrate that extracts of C. deodara shows reduction in body weight in treated groups in a dose dependent manner. The major chemical constituents of C. deodara are sterols, poly-phenols, flavanoids such as taxifolin, quercetin and saponins<ref> Agarwal PK, Agarwal SK, Rastogi RP. A new neolignan and other phenolic constituents from Cedrus deodara. Phytochemistry. 1980;19:1260–1.</ref>. It is well established that saponins are useful in treatment of obesity<ref> George Francis, Zohar Kerem, Harinder P.S. Makkar, Becker Klaus. The biological action of saponin in animal systems: A review. Brit J Nutr. 2002;88:587–605. [PubMed] </ref>. Phytosterols have beneficial effects on hyperlipidemia<ref> David JA, Cyril WC. Plant sterols, health claims and strategies to reduce cardiovascular disease risk.J Am Coll Nutr. 1999;18:559–62.  </ref> and poly-phenols and flavanoids have potential antioxidant properties. Therefore, it could be possible that presence of these compounds is responsible for observed glucose and lipid lowering properties.

Above are all the important reasons why ''sattu'' is recommended as one of the important food in ''santarpaniya vyadhi''.

Those individuals who exercise regularly, who do not eat until the previous meals are completely digested, who do not indulge in overeating, who regularly consume barley and wheat in diet get relief from all the diseases due to ''santarpana'' and obesity. This is how all the ''santarpanjanya vyadhis'' are treated with ''apatarpana'' medicines.  

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! Name !! Latin name !! Family !! ''Rasa'' !! ''Veerya'' !! ''Vipaka''

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#Mudigoudar Yoshadha S (2000) : The efficacy of Pippalyadi Guggulu in Medoroga (w.s.r. to its hypolipidaemic effect).

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== References==

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