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Cuminum cyminum L.
{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Jeeraka, Cuminum cyminum L., Cuminum seeds, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Jeeraka (Cuminum cyminum L.) is widely used in Ayurveda for digestive and gastrointestinal disorders. It acts as a carminative, digestive aid, and pacifies Vata and Kapha doshas.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
 
{{Infobox
{{Infobox
|title = Jeeraka
|title = Jeeraka
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|data1 = Herb database/Jeeraka
|data1 = Herb database/Jeeraka
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Cuminum cyminum L.
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuminum_cyminum Cuminum cyminum L.]
|label3 = Family
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Apiaceae
|data3 = Apiaceae
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|data4 = Available
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = --
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication  
|label6 = Year of publication  
|data6 = 2025
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|label7 = Publisher  
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI  
|label8 = DOI  
|data8 = Awaited
|data8 = Awaited
}}
}}
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuminum_cyminum Cuminum cyminum L.]''', popularly known as '''Jeeraka''' (Cumin), is an annual herbaceous plant belonging to the family Apiaceae. Its seeds are extensively used as a spice and a prominent medicinal herb in [[Ayurveda]] for treating various gastrointestinal ailments and metabolic disorders.


==English name ==  
==English name ==  
Cumin seeds


Cuminum seeds
==Therapeutic Uses==
 
Agnimandya (digestive impairment), Atisara (diarrhoea), Krumiroga (worms)<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :34</ref>
==Therapeutic uses==
Agnimandya, atisara(diarrhoea),krumiroga(worms)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :34</ref>


==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
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==Varieties==
==Varieties==
==Bhavprakasa nighantu==
===Bhavprakasa nighantu===
Mentioned 3 types of varieties<ref>Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Haritakyadi varga, verse no.-81,82</ref>
Mentioned 3 types of varieties<ref name="ref2">Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Haritakyadi varga, verse no.-81,82</ref>
# Jiraka  
# Jiraka  
# Krshina jirak
# Krishnajeeraka
# Kalajaji
# Kalajaji


==Dhanvantari nighantu==
===Dhanvantari nighantu===
Mentioned 4 types of varieties
# Jiraka
# Jiraka
# Suklajiraka
# Suklajiraka
# Krishnajirak
# Krishnajirak
# bruhatpali
# Bruhatpali
 


== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
In traditional Ayurvedic texts, Jeeraka is classified under dipaniya (digestive stimulant) and pachana (carminative) groups. It helps balance Vata and Kapha doshas while promoting digestive fire (Agni).


== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==  
== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==  
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| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]])  || Pungent (katu)
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]])  || Pungent (katu)
|-
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) ||Hot (ushna)
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)
|-
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
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|-
|-
|}
|}
== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==  
== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==  


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|6
|6
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/21
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/21
|Ingredient in Vrushya  Pupalika  
|Ingredient in Vrushya  Pupalika  
|-
|-
|7
|7
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|13
|13
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/88
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/88
|As an  ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrit evum churna  
|As an  ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrit evum churna
|-
|-
|14
|14
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|-
|-
|18
|18
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/78  
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/78
|As an ingredient of Maha -Gandha hasti agada
|As an ingredient of Maha -Gandha hasti agada
|-
|-
|19
|19
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/95  
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/95
|As an ingredient of Rishabhakadi agada
|As an ingredient of Rishabhakadi agada
|-
|-
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|-
|-
|25
|25
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/22
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/22  
|As an ingredient of 2<sup>nd</sup>  Dviruttarahingvadi churna
|As an ingredient of 2<sup>nd</sup>  Dviruttarahingvadi churna
|-
|-
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==Dose==
==Dose==
* 1-3 gm of the drug in powder form<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :34</ref>
1-3 gm of the drug in powder form<ref name="ref1"/>


==Important formulations==
==Important Formulations==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :34</ref>
As per A.P.I.<ref name="ref1"/>
* Hingvadi churna
* Hingvadi churna
* Jirakadyarishta
* Jirakadyarishta
* Jirakadi modak
* Jirakadi modak
* Hingvadi churna
*


== Current availability==  
== Current availability==  
Available
* In India – Cultivated widely across India, with major production in Rajasthan and Punjab.


Available
== Phytochemical Composition ==
India- All over india but more in Rajasthan , Punjab
The seeds of ''Cuminum cyminum'' are a rich source of essential oil, and its chemistry has been extensively studied.<ref name="ref3">Johri RK. Cuminum cyminum and Carum carvi: An update. ''Pharmacogn Rev''. 2011;5(9):63-72. doi:10.4103/0973-7847.79101</ref> The main groups of constituents are:
* '''Volatile oil:''' Cuminaldehyde (the principal aldehyde), γ-terpinene, p-cymene and β-pinene.
* '''Flavonoids and other polyphenols:''' Contribute to the antioxidant profile of the seed.
* '''Other constituents:''' Fixed oil, proteins and minerals.


== Current researches ==
== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Cuminum%20cyminum


[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
=== Gastroprotective and Antioxidant Effects ===
Jeeraka is traditionally used as a digestive (dipana-pachana) drug. In experimental work, the methanol extract of cumin seeds (400 mg/kg) reduced the fasting-induced gastric ulcer score in streptozotocin-diabetic rats, restored gastric mucus glycoprotein content, raised mucosal glutathione and catalase, and lowered gastric TNF-α and lipid peroxidation. The same extract scavenged DPPH and superoxide radicals in vitro (IC<sub>50</sub> about 300 and 1131 µg/ml respectively).<ref name="ref4">Vador N, Jagtap AG, Damle A. Vulnerability of gastric mucosa in diabetic rats, its pathogenesis and amelioration by ''Cuminum cyminum''. ''Indian J Pharm Sci''. 2012;74(5):387-396. doi:10.4103/0250-474X.108413</ref>
 
=== Antidiabetic Activity ===
Cuminaldehyde and cuminol, isolated from the petroleum ether fraction of cumin distillate, were identified as insulinotropic components. In streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, the fraction lowered blood glucose without causing hypoglycaemia or β-cell exhaustion, and 45 days of administration improved the lipid profile.<ref name="ref5">Patil SB, Takalikar SS, Joglekar MM, Haldavnekar VS, Arvindekar AU. Insulinotropic and β-cell protective action of cuminaldehyde, cuminol and an inhibitor isolated from ''Cuminum cyminum'' in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. ''Br J Nutr''. 2013;110(8):1434-1443. doi:10.1017/S0007114513000627</ref>
 
=== Hypolipidemic Activity ===
A hypolipidemic effect of ''Cuminum cyminum'' has been reported in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.<ref name="ref6">Dhandapani S, Subramanian VR, Rajagopal S, Namasivayam N. Hypolipidemic effect of ''Cuminum cyminum'' L. on alloxan-induced diabetic rats. ''Pharmacol Res''. 2002;46:251-255. doi:10.1016/S1043-6618(02)00131-7</ref>
 
=== Antimicrobial Activity ===
The essential oil of cumin (main components: cuminaldehyde 27.10%, β-pinene 25.04% and γ-terpinene 15.68%) showed antibacterial activity against all the tested major food-borne pathogenic bacteria, and cuminaldehyde was identified as a major bioactive component.<ref name="ref7">Wongkattiya N, et al. Antibacterial activity of cuminaldehyde on food-borne pathogens, the bioactive component of essential oil from ''Cuminum cyminum'' L. collected in Thailand. ''J Complement Integr Med''. 2019;16(4). doi:10.1515/jcim-2018-0195</ref>
 
== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' In rats, a single oral dose of 2000 mg/kg of the methanol extract caused no morbidity or mortality over 14 days of observation.<ref name="ref4"/>
* '''Precautions:''' Use with caution in high Pitta conditions or excessive bleeding disorders due to its hot (ushna) potency (traditional precaution).
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Seed Powder (Churna):'' 1–3 g daily with warm water or honey<ref name="ref1"/>.
 
== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Cuminum cyminum''
! Indication
! Active Constituent / Preparation
! Reported Action
|-
| '''Indigestion / Agnimandya'''
| Seed powder (traditional); methanol extract (experimental)
| Digestive (dipana-pachana); gastroprotective and antioxidant in rats
|-
| '''Hyperglycemia'''
| Cuminaldehyde, cuminol
| Insulinotropic, β-cell protective
|-
| '''Dyslipidemia'''
| Cumin seed (diabetic rat model)
| Hypolipidemic
|-
| '''Bacterial infection (food-borne pathogens)'''
| Essential oil, cuminaldehyde
| Antibacterial
|}
 
== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :34</ref>
<ref name="ref2">Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Haritakyadi varga, verse no.-81,82</ref>
<ref name="ref3">Johri RK. Cuminum cyminum and Carum carvi: An update. ''Pharmacogn Rev''. 2011;5(9):63-72. doi:10.4103/0973-7847.79101</ref>
<ref name="ref4">Vador N, Jagtap AG, Damle A. Vulnerability of gastric mucosa in diabetic rats, its pathogenesis and amelioration by ''Cuminum cyminum''. ''Indian J Pharm Sci''. 2012;74(5):387-396. doi:10.4103/0250-474X.108413</ref>
<ref name="ref5">Patil SB, Takalikar SS, Joglekar MM, Haldavnekar VS, Arvindekar AU. Insulinotropic and β-cell protective action of cuminaldehyde, cuminol and an inhibitor isolated from ''Cuminum cyminum'' in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. ''Br J Nutr''. 2013;110(8):1434-1443. doi:10.1017/S0007114513000627</ref>
<ref name="ref6">Dhandapani S, Subramanian VR, Rajagopal S, Namasivayam N. Hypolipidemic effect of ''Cuminum cyminum'' L. on alloxan-induced diabetic rats. ''Pharmacol Res''. 2002;46:251-255. doi:10.1016/S1043-6618(02)00131-7</ref>
<ref name="ref7">Wongkattiya N, et al. Antibacterial activity of cuminaldehyde on food-borne pathogens, the bioactive component of essential oil from ''Cuminum cyminum'' L. collected in Thailand. ''J Complement Integr Med''. 2019;16(4). doi:10.1515/jcim-2018-0195</ref>
}}


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