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Saraca indica Linn.
{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= Ashoka, Saraca indica Linn., Saraca asoca, Asok Tree, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Ashoka (Saraca indica Linn.) is traditionally classified as a premier garbhasthapana and rakta-stambhaka herb, widely utilized in Ayurveda for managing gynecological disorders, excessive uterine bleeding, dysmenorrhea, and abdominal pain.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
 
 
{{Infobox
{{Infobox
|title = Ashoka
|title = Ashoka
Line 5: Line 15:
|data1 = Herb database/Ashoka
|data1 = Herb database/Ashoka
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Saraca indica Linn.
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraca_asoca Saraca indica Linn.]
|label3 = Contributors
|label3 = Family
|data3 = --
|data3 = Fabaceae (subfamily Caesalpinioideae)
|label4 = Year of publication  
|label4 = Availability
|data4 =  2023
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Publisher  
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = DOI  
|label6 = Year of publication  
|data6 = Awaited
|data6 =  2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI  
|data8 = Awaited
}}
}}


'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraca_asoca Saraca indica Linn.]''', popularly known as '''Ashoka''' or the '''Asok Tree''', is a small, evergreen, ornamental tree native to the Indian subcontinent and Sri Lanka. In [[Ayurveda]], it is highly revered as the premier uterine tonic, analgesic, and Pitta-Kapha pacifying medicine, traditionally indicated for bleeding disorders and gynecological complications.<ref name="API" />


==English name==
== English Name ==
Asok Tree
Asok Tree


==Therapeutic Use==
== Therapeutic Use ==
Swelling (Sotha), Burning sensation (Daha), Menorrhagia (Asrugdara), Apachi, Bleeding disorders (Raktadosha)
Swelling (Sotha), Burning sensation (Daha), Menorrhagia (Asrugdara), Apachi, Bleeding disorders (Raktadosha)<ref name="API" />


==Other varities / Other botanical names==
== Other Varieties / Other Botanical names ==
* Saraca asoca (Roxb.) de Wilde (currently accepted name)
* Jonesia asoca Roxb.
* Jonesia asoca Roxb.
* Jonesia confusa Hassk.
* Jonesia confusa Hassk.
Line 30: Line 46:
* Saraca indica sensu Bedd., non L.
* Saraca indica sensu Bedd., non L.


==Identification Characters==
== Identification Characters ==
* '''Gandhapushpa''' –Flowers of Asoka are aromatic.
* '''Gandhapushpa''' &ndash; Flowers of Asoka are aromatic.
* '''Tamrapallava''' – Tender leaves are coppery red in colour.
* '''Tamrapallava''' &ndash; Tender leaves are coppery red in colour.
* '''Pindapushpa''' – Infloroscence is globose.
* '''Pindapushpa''' &ndash; Inflorescence is globose.
* '''Madhupushpa''' – Plant flowers in Vasanta Ritu (Spring).
* '''Madhupushpa''' &ndash; Plant flowers in Vasanta Ritu (Spring).
* '''Hemapushpa''' – Flowers are golden coloured.
* '''Hemapushpa''' &ndash; Flowers are golden coloured.


== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
* Madhupushpa
* Raktapallavaka
* Hemapushpa
* Pindipushpa
* Nata
* Pallavadru


== Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu ==
* Ashoka &ndash; That which relieves shock or suffering.
* Hemapushpa &ndash; Golden yellow flower.
* Vanjula
* Tamrapallava &ndash; The tender leaves are coppery reddish in colour.
* Kankeli &ndash; The plant bears a pleasant look.
* Pindapushpa &ndash; Flowers occur in clusters.
* Gandhapushpa &ndash; Flowers have pleasant smell.
* Nata<ref name="Bhavaprakash" />


==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
Madhupushpa, Raktapallavaka, Hemapushpa, Pindipushpa, Nata, Pallavadru
According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Ashoka has the following properties:<ref name="API" />


==Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
Ashoka(that which relieves shock or suffering), Hemapushpa(golden yellow flower), Vanjula, Tamrapallava(the tender leaves are coppery reddish in colour), Kankeli(the plant bears a pleasant look), Pindapushpa(flowers occur in clusters), Gandhapushpa(flowers have pleasant smell), Nata
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
 
== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
Properties
|'''Sr.no.'''
|'''Pharmacological criteria'''
|'''Properties'''
|-
|-
|1
| 1 || Taste (''[[Rasa]]'') || Bitter (''Tikta''), Astringent (''Kashaya'')
|Taste (rasa)
|Bitter (tikta), Astringent (kashaya)
|-
|-
|2
| 2 || Potency (''[[Veerya]]'') || Cold (''Sheeta'')
|Potency (veerya)
|Cold (sheeta)
|-
|-
|3
| 3 || Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'') || Pungent (''Katu'')
|Post digestion effect (vipaka)
|Pungent (katu)
|-
|-
|4
| 4 || Qualities (''[[Guna]]'') || Light (''Laghu''), Rough (''Ruksha'')
|Qualities (guna)
|Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
|-
|-
|5
| 5 || Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'') || Pacifies Kapha and Pitta
|Actions (karma)
|Pacify Kapha and Pitta  
|}
|}


== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
== Reference in Charak Samhita and its Actions ==
{| class="wikitable"
Ashoka is prominently documented across multiple therapeutic chapters of the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':
|+
 
Herbs and their activities
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
|'''Sr.no.'''
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
|'''Reference in Charak Samhita'''
|'''Activity'''
|-
|-
|1
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(47) || Vedanasthapana mahakashaya (group of herbs to control pain)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]].  4/9(47)
|Vedanasthapana mahakashaya
|-
|-
|2
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/144 || Kashaya-skandha (astringent group)
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]].  8/144
|Kashaya-skandha
|}
|}


==Dose==
== Dose ==
20 – 30 gm of the drug decoction.
* '''Decoction (''Kwatha''):''' 20 – 30 ml of the drug.<ref name="API" />


==Important Formulations==
== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API" />
* Ashokarishta
* Ashokarishta
* Ashoka Ghrita
* Ashoka Ghrita


== Current Availability ==
Available
* '''In India:''' West Bengal, Assam, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Meghalaya, Maharashtra, Western Ghats (both south and central), the Sahyadri region, and throughout the Himalayas.
* '''Out of India:''' Eastern Pakistan, Myanmar, Sri Lanka
== Major Phytoconstituents ==
The pharmacological activity of ''Saraca indica'' (syn. ''S. asoca'') bark is associated with the following classes of secondary metabolites:
* '''Phenolic compounds and tannins:''' Proanthocyanidins and flavan-3-ols such as (&minus;)-epicatechin and procyanidin B2.
* '''Lignan glycosides:''' Lyoniside, nudiposide, schizandriside and related compounds.
* '''Sterols and glycosides:''' &beta;-Sitosterol glucoside, a ketosterol and a crystalline glycosidic constituent have been reported from the bark.
== Therapeutic Efficacy &amp; Modern Scientific Research ==
Modern pharmacological studies have examined several traditional indications of ''Saraca indica''. Each activity below is supported by one primary study. Most of the evidence is preclinical (animal and ''in vitro'' models); controlled human clinical trials are lacking.
=== 1. Uterine Activity (''Asrugdara'' / ''Garbhashaya Roga'') ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Menorrhagia, dysmenorrhea and other uterine disorders.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Pharmacological studies of Ashoka bark preparations and a purified glycoside fraction on uterine preparations of laboratory animals were carried out to understand its use in gynecological conditions.<ref name="Satyavati1970" />
=== 2. Anti-estrogenic Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Excessive uterine bleeding and hormone-related menstrual disorders.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Methanolic bark extract (600 mg/kg) of ''Saraca asoca'' significantly reduced the elevated estrogen levels induced by exogenous estrogen in female Wistar rats.<ref name="Suhail2022" />
=== 3. Anti-inflammatory and Anti-arthritic Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' ''Sotha'' (swelling) and ''Daha'' (burning sensation); a member of the ''Vedanasthapana'' group.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Acetone extract of the seeds (300 and 500 mg/kg, orally for 21 days) reduced paw and ankle-joint oedema, ESR and blood prostaglandin levels in Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats, with effect at the higher dose comparable to indomethacin and without gastric damage on histology.<ref name="Gupta2014" />


=== 4. Antipyretic Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' ''Jwara'' (fever), as a ''Vedanasthapana'' drug.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' The seeds were evaluated pharmacognostically, phytochemically and pharmacologically and showed an antipyretic effect in experimental animals.<ref name="Sasmal2012" />


=== 5. Antimicrobial Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Wound management and localized infections.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Methanolic and aqueous extracts of the stem bark were active against a panel of bacteria and fungi (including ''Staphylococcus aureus'', ''Escherichia coli'', ''Candida albicans''), with MIC ranging from 0.5–2% and 1–3% respectively; the methanolic extract was the most active.<ref name="Sainath2009" />
=== 6. Antioxidant Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' General health protection and tissue rejuvenation (extrapolated use).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Lignan glycosides and flavonoids isolated from the methanol extract of the bark showed free-radical scavenging activity in the DPPH assay.<ref name="Sadhu2007" />
== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Saraca indica''
! Indication
! Extract / Part studied
! Primary Pharmacological Action
! Level of evidence
|-
| '''Uterine disorders (''Asrugdara'')'''
| Bark preparations, purified glycoside
| Uterine activity; anti-estrogenic effect
| Preclinical (animal)
|-
| '''Pain, inflammation and fever (''Sotha'' / ''Daha'' / ''Jwara'')'''
| Seed acetone extract
| Anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, antipyretic
| Preclinical (animal)
|-
| '''Microbial infections'''
| Stem bark extracts
| Antibacterial, antifungal
| ''In vitro''
|-
| '''Oxidative stress'''
| Bark lignans and flavonoids
| Free-radical scavenging
| ''In vitro''
|}


==Current availability ==
== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
Available
* '''Precautions:''' Use within therapeutic dosage limits; overuse or unregulated consumption during non-indicated conditions should be avoided.
In India – West Bengal, Assam, Odissa, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka,Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Meghalaya, Maharashtra.
* '''Toxicity data (animal):''' Methanolic bark extract (0.3 and 1.2 g/kg) was well tolerated for 30 days in mice, with an acute oral LD50 of 6.526 g/kg and no significant change in body or organ weights.<ref name="Mukhopadhyay2011" />
Western ghats (both south and central), the Sahyadri region and throughout the Himalayas.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
Out of India – Eastern Pakistan, Myanmar, Sri Lanka
** ''Bark Decoction (''Kwatha''):'' 20–30 ml.<ref name="API" />


==Current researches ==
== References ==
[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
{{Reflist|refs=
   This article is under development ..
<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:9</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Pushpa Varga, Verse no. 47, Edited by Padmashree Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015.</ref>
<ref name="Satyavati1970">Satyavati GV, Prasad DN, Sen SP, Das PK. Further studies on the uterine activity of ''Saraca indica'' Linn. Indian J Med Res. 1970;58(7):947-60.</ref>
<ref name="Suhail2022">Suhail PT, Joseph S, Ajeesh V, Sreelakshmi SS, Anil K. Antiestrogenic and toxicological evaluation of methanolic extract of ''Saraca asoca'' and ''Cynometra travancorica''. J Res Pharm. 2022;26(5):1261-71. doi:10.29228/jrp.218.</ref>
<ref name="Gupta2014">Gupta M, Sasmal S, Mukherjee A. Therapeutic effects of acetone extract of ''Saraca asoca'' seeds on rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis via attenuating inflammatory responses. ISRN Rheumatol. 2014;2014:959687. doi:10.1155/2014/959687.</ref>
<ref name="Sasmal2012">Sasmal S, Majumdar S, Gupta M, Mukherjee A, Mukherjee PK. Pharmacognostical, phytochemical and pharmacological evaluation for the antipyretic effect of the seeds of ''Saraca asoca'' Roxb. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2012;2(10):782-6. doi:10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60229-9.</ref>
<ref name="Sainath2009">Sainath RS, Prathiba J, Malathi R. Antimicrobial properties of the stem bark of ''Saraca indica'' (Caesalpiniaceae). Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2009;13(5):371-4.</ref>
<ref name="Sadhu2007">Sadhu SK, Khatun A, Phattanawasin P, Ohtsuki T, Ishibashi M. Lignan glycosides and flavonoids from ''Saraca asoca'' with antioxidant activity. J Nat Med. 2007;61(4):480-2.   doi:10.1007/s11418-007-0182-3. </ref>
<ref name="Mukhopadhyay2011">Mukhopadhyay MK, Nath D. Phytochemical screening and toxicity study of ''Saraca asoca'' bark methanolic extract. Int J Phytomedicine. 2011;3:498-505.</ref>
}}


==References==
[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]


* Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Pushpa Varga, Verse no. 47, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;
''This article is under development ..''
* Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:9
* Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:9
* Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:9

Latest revision as of 05:19, 8 October 2026


Ashoka
Section/Chapter Herb database/Ashoka
Botanical name(s) Saraca indica Linn.
Family Fabaceae (subfamily Caesalpinioideae)
Availability Available
Contributors Team Dravyaguna
Year of publication 2026
Publisher Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre
DOI Awaited

Saraca indica Linn., popularly known as Ashoka or the Asok Tree, is a small, evergreen, ornamental tree native to the Indian subcontinent and Sri Lanka. In Ayurveda, it is highly revered as the premier uterine tonic, analgesic, and Pitta-Kapha pacifying medicine, traditionally indicated for bleeding disorders and gynecological complications.[1]

English Name

Asok Tree

Therapeutic Use

Swelling (Sotha), Burning sensation (Daha), Menorrhagia (Asrugdara), Apachi, Bleeding disorders (Raktadosha)[1]

Other Varieties / Other Botanical names

  • Saraca asoca (Roxb.) de Wilde (currently accepted name)
  • Jonesia asoca Roxb.
  • Jonesia confusa Hassk.
  • Jonesia pinnata Willd.
  • Saraca confusa (Hassk.) Backer
  • Saraca indica sensu Bedd., non L.

Identification Characters

  • Gandhapushpa – Flowers of Asoka are aromatic.
  • Tamrapallava – Tender leaves are coppery red in colour.
  • Pindapushpa – Inflorescence is globose.
  • Madhupushpa – Plant flowers in Vasanta Ritu (Spring).
  • Hemapushpa – Flowers are golden coloured.

Synonyms in Charak Samhita

  • Madhupushpa
  • Raktapallavaka
  • Hemapushpa
  • Pindipushpa
  • Nata
  • Pallavadru

Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu

  • Ashoka – That which relieves shock or suffering.
  • Hemapushpa – Golden yellow flower.
  • Vanjula
  • Tamrapallava – The tender leaves are coppery reddish in colour.
  • Kankeli – The plant bears a pleasant look.
  • Pindapushpa – Flowers occur in clusters.
  • Gandhapushpa – Flowers have pleasant smell.
  • Nata[2]

Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties

According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (Rasa Panchaka), Ashoka has the following properties:[1]

Sr. No. Pharmacological Criteria Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
1 Taste (Rasa) Bitter (Tikta), Astringent (Kashaya)
2 Potency (Veerya) Cold (Sheeta)
3 Post-digestion Effect (Vipaka) Pungent (Katu)
4 Qualities (Guna) Light (Laghu), Rough (Ruksha)
5 Dosha Action (Karma) Pacifies Kapha and Pitta

Reference in Charak Samhita and its Actions

Ashoka is prominently documented across multiple therapeutic chapters of the Charaka Samhita:

Sr. No. Reference in Charak Samhita Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
1 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(47) Vedanasthapana mahakashaya (group of herbs to control pain)
2 Cha.Sa.Vimana Sthana 8/144 Kashaya-skandha (astringent group)

Dose

  • Decoction (Kwatha): 20 – 30 ml of the drug.[1]

Important Formulations

As per A.P.I.[1]

  • Ashokarishta
  • Ashoka Ghrita

Current Availability

Available

  • In India: West Bengal, Assam, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Meghalaya, Maharashtra, Western Ghats (both south and central), the Sahyadri region, and throughout the Himalayas.
  • Out of India: Eastern Pakistan, Myanmar, Sri Lanka

Major Phytoconstituents

The pharmacological activity of Saraca indica (syn. S. asoca) bark is associated with the following classes of secondary metabolites:

  • Phenolic compounds and tannins: Proanthocyanidins and flavan-3-ols such as (−)-epicatechin and procyanidin B2.
  • Lignan glycosides: Lyoniside, nudiposide, schizandriside and related compounds.
  • Sterols and glycosides: β-Sitosterol glucoside, a ketosterol and a crystalline glycosidic constituent have been reported from the bark.

Therapeutic Efficacy & Modern Scientific Research

Modern pharmacological studies have examined several traditional indications of Saraca indica. Each activity below is supported by one primary study. Most of the evidence is preclinical (animal and in vitro models); controlled human clinical trials are lacking.

1. Uterine Activity (Asrugdara / Garbhashaya Roga)

  • Traditional Use: Menorrhagia, dysmenorrhea and other uterine disorders.
  • Scientific Evidence: Pharmacological studies of Ashoka bark preparations and a purified glycoside fraction on uterine preparations of laboratory animals were carried out to understand its use in gynecological conditions.[3]

2. Anti-estrogenic Activity

  • Traditional Use: Excessive uterine bleeding and hormone-related menstrual disorders.
  • Scientific Evidence: Methanolic bark extract (600 mg/kg) of Saraca asoca significantly reduced the elevated estrogen levels induced by exogenous estrogen in female Wistar rats.[4]

3. Anti-inflammatory and Anti-arthritic Activity

  • Traditional Use: Sotha (swelling) and Daha (burning sensation); a member of the Vedanasthapana group.
  • Scientific Evidence: Acetone extract of the seeds (300 and 500 mg/kg, orally for 21 days) reduced paw and ankle-joint oedema, ESR and blood prostaglandin levels in Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats, with effect at the higher dose comparable to indomethacin and without gastric damage on histology.[5]

4. Antipyretic Activity

  • Traditional Use: Jwara (fever), as a Vedanasthapana drug.
  • Scientific Evidence: The seeds were evaluated pharmacognostically, phytochemically and pharmacologically and showed an antipyretic effect in experimental animals.[6]

5. Antimicrobial Activity

  • Traditional Use: Wound management and localized infections.
  • Scientific Evidence: Methanolic and aqueous extracts of the stem bark were active against a panel of bacteria and fungi (including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans), with MIC ranging from 0.5–2% and 1–3% respectively; the methanolic extract was the most active.[7]

6. Antioxidant Activity

  • Traditional Use: General health protection and tissue rejuvenation (extrapolated use).
  • Scientific Evidence: Lignan glycosides and flavonoids isolated from the methanol extract of the bark showed free-radical scavenging activity in the DPPH assay.[8]

Summary of Therapeutic Profile

Therapeutic Applications of Saraca indica
Indication Extract / Part studied Primary Pharmacological Action Level of evidence
Uterine disorders (Asrugdara) Bark preparations, purified glycoside Uterine activity; anti-estrogenic effect Preclinical (animal)
Pain, inflammation and fever (Sotha / Daha / Jwara) Seed acetone extract Anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, antipyretic Preclinical (animal)
Microbial infections Stem bark extracts Antibacterial, antifungal In vitro
Oxidative stress Bark lignans and flavonoids Free-radical scavenging In vitro

Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage

  • Precautions: Use within therapeutic dosage limits; overuse or unregulated consumption during non-indicated conditions should be avoided.
  • Toxicity data (animal): Methanolic bark extract (0.3 and 1.2 g/kg) was well tolerated for 30 days in mice, with an acute oral LD50 of 6.526 g/kg and no significant change in body or organ weights.[9]
  • Standard Therapeutic Dosage:
    • Bark Decoction (Kwatha): 20–30 ml.[1]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:9
  2. ↑ Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Pushpa Varga, Verse no. 47, Edited by Padmashree Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015.
  3. ↑ Satyavati GV, Prasad DN, Sen SP, Das PK. Further studies on the uterine activity of Saraca indica Linn. Indian J Med Res. 1970;58(7):947-60.
  4. ↑ Suhail PT, Joseph S, Ajeesh V, Sreelakshmi SS, Anil K. Antiestrogenic and toxicological evaluation of methanolic extract of Saraca asoca and Cynometra travancorica. J Res Pharm. 2022;26(5):1261-71. doi:10.29228/jrp.218.
  5. ↑ Gupta M, Sasmal S, Mukherjee A. Therapeutic effects of acetone extract of Saraca asoca seeds on rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis via attenuating inflammatory responses. ISRN Rheumatol. 2014;2014:959687. doi:10.1155/2014/959687.
  6. ↑ Sasmal S, Majumdar S, Gupta M, Mukherjee A, Mukherjee PK. Pharmacognostical, phytochemical and pharmacological evaluation for the antipyretic effect of the seeds of Saraca asoca Roxb. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2012;2(10):782-6. doi:10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60229-9.
  7. ↑ Sainath RS, Prathiba J, Malathi R. Antimicrobial properties of the stem bark of Saraca indica (Caesalpiniaceae). Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2009;13(5):371-4.
  8. ↑ Sadhu SK, Khatun A, Phattanawasin P, Ohtsuki T, Ishibashi M. Lignan glycosides and flavonoids from Saraca asoca with antioxidant activity. J Nat Med. 2007;61(4):480-2. doi:10.1007/s11418-007-0182-3.
  9. ↑ Mukhopadhyay MK, Nath D. Phytochemical screening and toxicity study of Saraca asoca bark methanolic extract. Int J Phytomedicine. 2011;3:498-505.

Herbs

This article is under development ..

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