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Carum copticum Benth. & Hook
<noinclude>
{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita - Herb Database
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Dipyaka, Celery, Carum copticum, Trachyspermum ammi, Ajowan, Ajwain, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=Monograph on Dipyaka (Carum copticum Benth. & Hook): comprehensive botanical profile, classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics, therapeutic efficacy, and modern scientific research.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
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</noinclude>
 
{{Infobox
{{Infobox
|title = Dipyaka
|title = Dipyaka
Line 5: Line 16:
|data1 = Herb database/Dipyaka
|data1 = Herb database/Dipyaka
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Carum copticum Benth. & Hook
|data2 = Trachyspermum ammi, Carum copticum Benth. & Hook
|label3 = Contributors
|label3 = Family
|data3 = --
|data3 = Apiaceae, Umbelliferae
|label4 = Year of publication  
|label4 = Availability
|data4 =  2023
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Publisher  
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = DOI  
|label6 = Year of publication  
|data6 = Awaited
|data6 =  2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI  
|data8 = Awaited
}}
}}
[[File:Ajwain.jpg|thumb|'''Ajwain (''Carum copticum'')''']]
'''[[wikipedia:Trachyspermum_ammi|Carum copticum Benth. & Hook.]]''', commonly known as '''Ajwain''', '''Dipyaka''' or '''Ajowan''', is an annual herbaceous plant widely cultivated for its aromatic fruits. In [[Ayurveda]], it is highly valued as a carminative, digestive stimulant, and Kapha-Vata pacifying medicine.<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:02</ref>
== English Name ==
Celery, Ajowan
== Therapeutic Use ==
Gulma (abdominal lump), Aruchi (anorexia), Adhmana (abdominal distention), Hikka, Chardi (vomiting), Krumi roga (worms), Sula (pain)<ref name="API" />
== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
* ''Dipyaka'' &ndash; Increases appetite.
* ''Yavani''
* ''Bhutik''
* ''Dipya''
* ''Ajamodika''


==English name==
== Synonyms in Bhavaprakasa Nighantu ==
--
* ''Ajamoda''
* ''Kharashva'' &ndash; Fruits of ajamoda have an odor similar to a donkey.
* ''Maayuro''
* ''Brahmakusha''
* ''Kaaravi''
* ''Lochamastaka''<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no.- 77, Edited by Padmashree Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020.</ref>


==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
==Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Dipyaka has the following properties:<ref name="API" />
Yavani, Bhutik, Dipya


== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
{| class="wikitable"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|+'''Herbs and their activities'''
|'''Sr.no.'''
|'''Reference in Charak Samhita'''
|'''Activity'''
|-
|-
|1
| 1 || Taste (''[[Rasa]]'') || Pungent (''Katu'')
|Ch Su 23/20
|Santarpanajanya  vikar chikitsa
|-
|-
|2
| 2 || Potency (''[[Veerya]]'') || Hot (''Ushna'')
|Ch Su 27/170
|Harita Varga
|-
|-
|3
| 3 || Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'') || Pungent (''Katu'')
|Ch Su 27/307
|Krutanna Varga
|-
|-
|4
| 4 || Qualities (''[[Guna]]'') || Light (''Laghu''), Rough (''Ruksha''), Sharp (''Tikshna'')
|Cha. Sa. Chi. 5/69
|Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya  ghrit
|-
|-
|5
| 5 || Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'') || Pacifies Kapha and Vata
|Cha. Sa. Chi.  5/71
|}
|Ingredient of Hapushadya  ghrit
 
== Reference in Charak Samhita and its Actions ==
Dipyaka is prominently documented across multiple therapeutic chapters of the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':
 
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
|-
|-
|6
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/20 || Santarpanajanya vikar chikitsa (management of over-nutrition disorder)
|Cha. Sa. Chi.  5/86
|Ingredient of Shatyadi  Churna
|-
|-
|7
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/170 || Harita Varga (Class of green herbs)
|Cha. Sa. Chi.  5/165
|Pathya Diet in Gulma
|-
|-
|8
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/307 || Krutanna Varga (Class on food articles)
|Cha. Sa. Chi.  5/168
|Vata, Kapha and Mala Anulomanarth
|-
|-
|9
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/69 || Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya ghrita
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 6/27
|Used for making decoction in Kaphaj  prameh
|-
|-
|10
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/71 || Ingredient of Hapushadya ghrita
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 6/29
|Used for making decoction in Kaphaj  prameh
|-
|-
|11
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/86 || Ingredient of Shatyadi Churna
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 6/38
|Trikantakadhya Tail/Ghrit in Vata-kaphaj prameh
|-
|-
|12
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/165 || Pathya Diet in Gulma (wholesome food in treatment of abdominal lump)
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 6/41
|Ingredient  in Madhvasav
|-
|-
|13
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/168 || Vata, Kapha and Mala Anulomanarth
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 9/54
|Ingredient in Apara  lasunadya Ghrita
|-
|-
|14
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/27 || Used for making decoction in Kaphaja prameha (diabetes)
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 9/55
|Ingredient in Apara  lasunadya Ghrita
|-
|-
|15
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/29 || Used for making decoction in Kaphaja prameha (diabetes)
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 12/39
|Ingredient in Triphaladhyarisht
|-
|-
|16
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/38 || Trikantakadhya Tail/Ghrit in Vata-kaphaja prameha (diabetes)
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 12/43
|Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
|-
|-
|17
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/41 || Ingredient in Madhvasava
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 12/55
|Ingredient in Chitrakadi  Ghrit
|-
|-
|18
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/54 || Ingredient in Apara Lasunadya Ghrita
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 13/103
|In treatment  of Kaphaja  uadara roga
|-
|-
|19
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/55 || Ingredient in Apara Lasunadya Ghrita
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa
 
Sthana13/125
|As an  ingredient of narayan churna
|-
|-
|20
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/36 || Ingredient in Triphaladhyarishta
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthan 14/63
|As an ingredient  of traushnadi churna
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Properties'''
|'''Sr.no.'''
|'''Pharmacological criteria'''
|'''Properties'''
|-
|-
|1
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43 || Ingredient in Kshara Gudika
|Taste  (rasa)
|
|-
|-
|2
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/55 || Ingredient in Chitrakadi Ghrita
|Potency  (veerya)
|
|-
|-
|3
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/103 || In treatment of Kaphaja uadara roga
|Post  digestion effect (vipaka)
|
|-
|-
|4
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/125 || As an ingredient of Narayan churna
|Qualities  (guna)
|
|-
|-
|5
| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/63 || As an ingredient of Traushnadi churna
|Actions  (karma)
|
|}
|}


==Current availability ==
== Dose ==
* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 1 – 3 g daily.<ref name="API" />
 
== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API" />
* ''Ajamodarka''
* ''Ajmodadi churna''
 
== Current Availability ==
Available
Available
==Current researches ==
 
[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
== Major Phytoconstituents ==
  This article is under development ..
The pharmacological efficacy of ''Trachyspermum ammi'' is predominantly attributed to its essential oil content, which ranges from 2% to 5%. The primary active constituent is '''thymol''' (accounting for 35% to 60% of the oil), accompanied by p-cymene, γ-terpinene, α-pinene, β-pinene, and carvacrol.
 
== Therapeutic Efficacy & Modern Scientific Research ==
Modern pharmacological evaluations and clinical studies validate many of the traditional claims associated with *Trachyspermum ammi*. Its core therapeutic domains include:
 
=== 1. Gastrointestinal and Carminative Activity ([[Deepana]] & [[Pachana]]) ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Used for Gulma (abdominal lump), Adhmana (abdominal distention), Aruchi (anorexia), and Shula (colic pain).
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' Animal and in vitro studies demonstrate that the extract and essential oil of T. ammi exhibit significant anti-spasmodic (anticholinergic-like) and smooth-muscle relaxing properties. The carminative action is primarily mediated by thymol, which stimulates the secretion of gastric juices, enhances metabolic activity, and relieves flatulence and intestinal colic.<ref name="Tharakan2014">Tharakan, S. T., et al. "Evaluation of spasmolytic and bronchodilator activities of Trachyspermum ammi." Journal of Ethnopharmacology.</ref>
 
=== 2. Antimicrobial and Antifungal Efficacy (''Krumiroga'') ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Employed in Krumi roga (parasitic and microbial infections).
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' T. ammi essential oil and isolated thymol exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against various pathogenic bacteria (including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and fungi (such as Candida albicans). The high phenolic content disrupts microbial cell membranes, causing leakage of intracellular constituents.<ref name="Khosravi2009">Khosravi, A. R., et al. "In vitro antifungal activity of Trachyspermum ammi essential oil against dermatophytes." Mycoses.</ref>
 
=== 3. Respiratory Support (''Hikka'' & Bronchodilation) ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Used in respiratory distress, asthma (Shwasa), and cough.
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' Pharmacological studies confirm that the bronchodilator activity of T. ammi is comparable to standard reference drugs (like theophylline/atropine). The relaxation of tracheal chains by thymol and carvacrol facilitates easier airflow, validating its traditional use in obstructive airway diseases.<ref name="Boskabady2014">Boskabady, M. H., et al. "Bronchodilator and anticough effects of Trachyspermum ammi." Research Reports.</ref>
 
=== 4. Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Properties ===
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' T. ammi seeds possess significant free-radical scavenging abilities due to their high concentration of phenolic compounds. In vivo anti-inflammatory models show that extracts can reduce acute and chronic inflammation, partly by inhibiting inflammatory pathways and prostaglandin synthesis.<ref name="Javed2012">Javed, I., et al. "Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Trachyspermum ammi extracts." Phytotherapy Research.</ref>
 
== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Trachyspermum ammi''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Gastrointestinal Colic / Flatulence'''
| Thymol, Carvacrol
| Spasmolytic, Digestive stimulant, Carminative
|-
| '''Microbial / Fungal Infections'''
| Essential Oils, Phenolics
| Cell membrane disruption, Broad-spectrum antimicrobial
|-
| '''Respiratory Disorders / Asthma'''
| Thymol, p-cymene
| Bronchodilation, Tracheal smooth muscle relaxation
|-
| '''Inflammation / Oxidative Stress'''
| Phenolic compounds
| Free-radical scavenging, Anti-inflammatory pathway inhibition
|}
 
== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Precautions:''' Due to the hot potency (''Ushna veerya'') and sharp qualities (''Tikshna guna''), it should be used cautiously in individuals with high Pitta aggravation or severe gastritis.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Fruit Powder (Churna):'' 1 – 3 g daily.<ref name="API" />
 
== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:02</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no.- 77, Edited by Padmashree Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020.</ref>
<ref name="Tharakan2014">Tharakan, S. T., et al. "Evaluation of spasmolytic and bronchodilator activities of Trachyspermum ammi." Journal of Ethnopharmacology.</ref>
<ref name="Khosravi2009">Khosravi, A. R., et al. "In vitro antifungal activity of Trachyspermum ammi essential oil against dermatophytes." Mycoses.</ref>
<ref name="Boskabady2014">Boskabady, M. H., et al. "Bronchodilator and anticough effects of Trachyspermum ammi." Research Reports.</ref>
<ref name="Javed2012">Javed, I., et al. "Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Trachyspermum ammi extracts." Phytotherapy Research.</ref>
}}
 
==External links==
 
[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Trachyspermum%20ammi IMPPAT database]
[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Latest revision as of 06:12, 23 September 2026


Dipyaka
Section/Chapter Herb database/Dipyaka
Botanical name(s) Trachyspermum ammi, Carum copticum Benth. & Hook
Family Apiaceae, Umbelliferae
Availability Available
Contributors Team Dravyaguna
Year of publication 2026
Publisher Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre
DOI Awaited
Ajwain (Carum copticum)

Carum copticum Benth. & Hook., commonly known as Ajwain, Dipyaka or Ajowan, is an annual herbaceous plant widely cultivated for its aromatic fruits. In Ayurveda, it is highly valued as a carminative, digestive stimulant, and Kapha-Vata pacifying medicine.[1]

English Name

Celery, Ajowan

Therapeutic Use

Gulma (abdominal lump), Aruchi (anorexia), Adhmana (abdominal distention), Hikka, Chardi (vomiting), Krumi roga (worms), Sula (pain)[1]

Synonyms in Charak Samhita

  • Dipyaka – Increases appetite.
  • Yavani
  • Bhutik
  • Dipya
  • Ajamodika

Synonyms in Bhavaprakasa Nighantu

  • Ajamoda
  • Kharashva – Fruits of ajamoda have an odor similar to a donkey.
  • Maayuro
  • Brahmakusha
  • Kaaravi
  • Lochamastaka[2]

Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties

According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (Rasa Panchaka), Dipyaka has the following properties:[1]

Sr. No. Pharmacological Criteria Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
1 Taste (Rasa) Pungent (Katu)
2 Potency (Veerya) Hot (Ushna)
3 Post-digestion Effect (Vipaka) Pungent (Katu)
4 Qualities (Guna) Light (Laghu), Rough (Ruksha), Sharp (Tikshna)
5 Dosha Action (Karma) Pacifies Kapha and Vata

Reference in Charak Samhita and its Actions

Dipyaka is prominently documented across multiple therapeutic chapters of the Charaka Samhita:

Sr. No. Reference in Charak Samhita Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
1 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 23/20 Santarpanajanya vikar chikitsa (management of over-nutrition disorder)
2 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 27/170 Harita Varga (Class of green herbs)
3 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 27/307 Krutanna Varga (Class on food articles)
4 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/69 Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya ghrita
5 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/71 Ingredient of Hapushadya ghrita
6 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/86 Ingredient of Shatyadi Churna
7 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/165 Pathya Diet in Gulma (wholesome food in treatment of abdominal lump)
8 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/168 Vata, Kapha and Mala Anulomanarth
9 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 6/27 Used for making decoction in Kaphaja prameha (diabetes)
10 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 6/29 Used for making decoction in Kaphaja prameha (diabetes)
11 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 6/38 Trikantakadhya Tail/Ghrit in Vata-kaphaja prameha (diabetes)
12 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 6/41 Ingredient in Madhvasava
13 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 9/54 Ingredient in Apara Lasunadya Ghrita
14 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 9/55 Ingredient in Apara Lasunadya Ghrita
15 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/36 Ingredient in Triphaladhyarishta
16 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/43 Ingredient in Kshara Gudika
17 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/55 Ingredient in Chitrakadi Ghrita
18 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/103 In treatment of Kaphaja uadara roga
19 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/125 As an ingredient of Narayan churna
20 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/63 As an ingredient of Traushnadi churna

Dose

  • Powder (Churna): 1 – 3 g daily.[1]

Important Formulations

As per A.P.I.[1]

  • Ajamodarka
  • Ajmodadi churna

Current Availability

Available

Major Phytoconstituents

The pharmacological efficacy of Trachyspermum ammi is predominantly attributed to its essential oil content, which ranges from 2% to 5%. The primary active constituent is thymol (accounting for 35% to 60% of the oil), accompanied by p-cymene, γ-terpinene, α-pinene, β-pinene, and carvacrol.

Therapeutic Efficacy & Modern Scientific Research

Modern pharmacological evaluations and clinical studies validate many of the traditional claims associated with *Trachyspermum ammi*. Its core therapeutic domains include:

1. Gastrointestinal and Carminative Activity (Deepana & Pachana)

  • Traditional Use: Used for Gulma (abdominal lump), Adhmana (abdominal distention), Aruchi (anorexia), and Shula (colic pain).
  • Mechanism & Scientific Evidence: Animal and in vitro studies demonstrate that the extract and essential oil of T. ammi exhibit significant anti-spasmodic (anticholinergic-like) and smooth-muscle relaxing properties. The carminative action is primarily mediated by thymol, which stimulates the secretion of gastric juices, enhances metabolic activity, and relieves flatulence and intestinal colic.[3]

2. Antimicrobial and Antifungal Efficacy (Krumiroga)

  • Traditional Use: Employed in Krumi roga (parasitic and microbial infections).
  • Mechanism & Scientific Evidence: T. ammi essential oil and isolated thymol exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against various pathogenic bacteria (including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and fungi (such as Candida albicans). The high phenolic content disrupts microbial cell membranes, causing leakage of intracellular constituents.[4]

3. Respiratory Support (Hikka & Bronchodilation)

  • Traditional Use: Used in respiratory distress, asthma (Shwasa), and cough.
  • Mechanism & Scientific Evidence: Pharmacological studies confirm that the bronchodilator activity of T. ammi is comparable to standard reference drugs (like theophylline/atropine). The relaxation of tracheal chains by thymol and carvacrol facilitates easier airflow, validating its traditional use in obstructive airway diseases.[5]

4. Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Properties

  • Mechanism & Scientific Evidence: T. ammi seeds possess significant free-radical scavenging abilities due to their high concentration of phenolic compounds. In vivo anti-inflammatory models show that extracts can reduce acute and chronic inflammation, partly by inhibiting inflammatory pathways and prostaglandin synthesis.[6]

Summary of Therapeutic Profile

Therapeutic Applications of Trachyspermum ammi
Indication Active Biomolecules Primary Pharmacological Action
Gastrointestinal Colic / Flatulence Thymol, Carvacrol Spasmolytic, Digestive stimulant, Carminative
Microbial / Fungal Infections Essential Oils, Phenolics Cell membrane disruption, Broad-spectrum antimicrobial
Respiratory Disorders / Asthma Thymol, p-cymene Bronchodilation, Tracheal smooth muscle relaxation
Inflammation / Oxidative Stress Phenolic compounds Free-radical scavenging, Anti-inflammatory pathway inhibition

Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage

  • Precautions: Due to the hot potency (Ushna veerya) and sharp qualities (Tikshna guna), it should be used cautiously in individuals with high Pitta aggravation or severe gastritis.
  • Standard Therapeutic Dosage:
    • Fruit Powder (Churna): 1 – 3 g daily.[1]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:02
  2. ↑ Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no.- 77, Edited by Padmashree Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020.
  3. ↑ Tharakan, S. T., et al. "Evaluation of spasmolytic and bronchodilator activities of Trachyspermum ammi." Journal of Ethnopharmacology.
  4. ↑ Khosravi, A. R., et al. "In vitro antifungal activity of Trachyspermum ammi essential oil against dermatophytes." Mycoses.
  5. ↑ Boskabady, M. H., et al. "Bronchodilator and anticough effects of Trachyspermum ammi." Research Reports.
  6. ↑ Javed, I., et al. "Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Trachyspermum ammi extracts." Phytotherapy Research.

External links

IMPPAT database Herbs

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