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Tribulus terrestris L.
{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= Tribulus terrestris L., Gokshura, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Tribulus terrestris L. (family Zygophyllaceae), commonly known as Gokshura, is an annual Mediterranean-climate herb widely utilized in traditional Ayurvedic and Asian medicine systems.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribulus_terrestris Tribulus terrestris L.]


{{Infobox
{{Infobox
Line 7: Line 16:
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Tribulus terrestris L.
|data2 = Tribulus terrestris L.
|label3 = Contributors
|label3 = Family
|data3 = --
|data3 = Zygophyllaceae
|label4 = Year of publication  
|label4 = Availability
|data4 =  2021
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Publisher  
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = DOI  
|label6 = Year of publication  
|data6 = Awaited
|data6 =  2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|data7 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI  
|data8 = {{DoiWithLink}}
}}
}}
[[File:Gokshura.jpg|thumb|'''Gokshura''']]
'''''Tribulus terrestris''''' L. (family Zygophyllaceae), commonly known as '''Gokshura''', is an annual Mediterranean-climate herb widely utilized in traditional Ayurvedic and Asian medicine systems. The therapeutic profile of Gokshura is driven by its bioactive constituents, predominantly steroidal saponins (furostanol and spirostanol glycosides), flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin derivatives), and trace alkaloids. Protodioscin, a primary furostanol saponin, serves as the principal biomarker for standardizing pharmaceutical extracts.


==English name ==  
==English name ==  


Land caltrops, Puncture vine
Land caltrops, Puncture vine
==Therapeutic use==
* '''Gokshura (root)'''-Mainly used in Urinary disorders, dysuria (mutrakrichhra), premature ejaculation, dyspnoea with bronchial asthma (shwasa), heart diseases(hridroga), cough (kasa), diseases due to vata dosha, abdominal colic (shularoga),  renal calculi (ashmari)
* '''Gokshura (Fruit)'''-Abdominal colic (shula roga), dyspnoea(shwasa), hemorrhoids (arsha), generalized weakness(daurbalya), heart diseases (hridroga), cough(kasa), difficulty in micturition (mutrakrichhra), renal calculi (ashmari), obstinate Urinary disorders including diabetes mellitus (prameha)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of
Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:25,26</ref>
== Other varieties/ Other botanical names ==
* Tribulus terrestris var. bicornutus
* Tribulus terrestris var. inermis
* Tribulus terrestris var. robustus
* Tribulus terrestris var. terrestris
== Identification Characters ==
* '''Chanadruma''' – Herbaceous plant with leaves resembling leaves of Chana (Bengal gram).
* '''Gokantaka''' – Fruits of Gokshura has spines which pricks grazing cattle.
* '''Kshuraka''' – The fruits bears sharp spines.
* '''Shvadamshtra''' – Fruits of Gokshura has spines resembling canines of dog.
* '''Trikantaka''' – Fruits bears three spines.
* '''Kantaphala''' – Fruits have spines.
== Types ==
# Brihat Gokshura – Pedalium murex
# Laghu Gokshura – Tribulus terrestris


== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==


Swadanstra
Shwadanshtra, Kshurak, Trikantaka, Svadukantak, Gokantak, Gokshurak, Vanshrugant, Palankasha, Ikshugandhika
 
== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]])  || Sweet (madhura)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Cold (sheeta)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Heavy (guru), Unctuous (snigdha)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[vata]] and [[pitta]]
|}


== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==  
== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==  
Line 32: Line 92:
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity  
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity  
|-
|-
| 1 || Sutra sthana 2/12 || Asthapana
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/12 || Asthapana(herb used in therapeutic enema)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/22 || Mutrakrichhrahara yavagu(gruel for dysuria)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(15) || Krimighna(anthelmintic)  mahakashaya
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(26) || Anuvasanopaga (sub – unctuous enema)  mahakashaya
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(35) || Mootravirechaniya (sub – unctuous enema) mahakashaya
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(38) || Shwayathuhara(reducing edema)  mahakashaya
|-
|7
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/139
|Madhura skandha (group of sweet drugs)
|-
|8
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/12
|Santarpanajanya  vikara (over nutrition and it’s disorders) chikitsa
|-
|9
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/15
|Santarpanajanya  vikar(over nutrition and it’s disorders)  chikitsa
|-
|10
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40
|Agrya Sangraha(from the collections of best food articles, factors and drugs in various conditions)
|-
|11
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]
1/1/42
|As an ingredient  of Brahma rasayana
|-
|12
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/1/26
|Ingredient in Brumhaniya  Gutika
|-
|13
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/2/5
|Ingredient in Apatyakari  Shashtikadi Gutika
|-
|14
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/3/8
|Ingredient in Apatyakar  Kshir Yoga
|-
|15
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]  2/3/14
|Ingredient in Vrushyapayas  Yoga
|-
|16
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]  2/4/28
|Ingredient in Apatyakar  Ghrita
|-
|17
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/182
|Used as peya with where jwara is associated with  Parshvashoola, Bastishoola, shirashoola.
|-
|18
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/224
|As an ingredient of Baladi Ghrita
|-
|19
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/236
|Used as ksheerpaka in varch-mutra vibandha(constipation)  and  shopha(edema)
|-
|20
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/234
|Used as Panchamuli shruta paya in Kasa, Shvasa,  Shirashoola, Parshvashoola, Jwara
|-
|21
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/241
|As an ingredient of Patoladi niruha basti
|-
|22
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267
|As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
|-
|23
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/84
|As an ingredient of Drakshadi yoga
|-
|24
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/85
|Used in Mutragata raktapitta (bleeding from urinary tract)
|-
|25
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/67
|To increase effect of Trayushanaadi  ghrita
|-
|26
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/97
|Mixed with Shilajit prayoga
|-
|27
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/143
|Ingredient in Bhallatakadya Ghrita for Kaphaj Gulma(abdominal lumps)
|-
|28
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/149
|Ingredient of Mishrak Sneha
|-
|29
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/167
|Panak in Kaphaj Gulma(abdominal lumps)
|-
|30
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/65
|Ingredient in Mustadi Churna
|-
|31
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/81
|Ingredient in Triphalasava
|-
|32
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/52
|Ingredient in Apara  Lashunadya Ghrita
|-
|33
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/18
|Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya  Ghrita
|-
|34
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/50
|Ingredient in Kansaharitaki  Avaleha
|-
|35
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/65
|In treatment of Vatodara for anuvasan basti(oily enema)
|-
|36
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/113
|As an  ingredient of Panchakola ghrita
|-
|37
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/82
|As an  ingredient of Dashamuladya ghrita
|-
|38
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/156
|As an  ingredient of Mulasava
|-
|39
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/173
|As an  ingredient of Pipallimuladya Kshara
|-
|40
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/94
|Used in yusha  preparation for hikka svasa
|-
|41
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]
17/102
|Used in yavagu(dietary gruel)  preparation  for hikka svasa
|-
|42
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]
17/96
|Used in yusha  preparation for hikka svasa
|-
|43
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]
17/105
|Dasamula kwath is  used in condition of trishna(thirst) in terms of patients of hikka svasa
|-
|44
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/140
|As an ingredient of  Dashamuladhya ghrita
|-
|45
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/89
|As an ingredient  of leha yoga in treatment of Pittaja kasa
|-
|46
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/127
|As an ingredient  of Kantakari ghrita
|-
|47
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/21
|As a pramathya(decoction) dravya
|-
|-
| 2 || Sutra sthana 2/22 || Mutrakrichhayavagu
|48
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/26
|As a Ingridient of dipaniya(digestive stimulant)  and sangrahi gana(constipationg)
|-
|-
| 3 || Sutra sthana 4/9(15) || Krimighnamahakashay
|49
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/50
|As a yavagu dravya(ingredient of a dietary gruel)
|-
|-
| 4 || Sutra sthana 4/9(26) || Anuvasanopagmahakashay
|50
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/78
|Used for parisechana (pouring) in Daha (burning sensation) & shoola (pain)
|-
|-
| 5 || Sutra sthana 4/9(35) || Mootravirechaniyamahakashaya
|51
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/41
|As an ingredient  of Piluparnyadi Yoga
|-
|-
| 6 || Sutra sthana 4/9(38) || Shwayathuharamahakashaya
|52
|}
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/56
 
|As an ingredient  of Shyonakdi Parisheka(poring)  and Pralepa(external application)
 
== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|53
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/146
|As an ingredient of Shvdamstra taila
|-
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]])  || Sweet (madhura)
|54
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/168
|As an ingredient of Mulakadhya taila
|-
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Cold (sheeta)
|55
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/161
|As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila
|-
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura)
|56
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/173
|As an ingredient of Mulaka taila
|-
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Heavy (guru), Unctuous (snigdha)
|57
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/76
|As an ingredient of Sthiradi Ghrita/Taila
|-
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[vata]] and [[pitta]]
|58
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/57
|Kshirapana in yoni shula(pain in vagina)
|}
|}
 
 
==Dose==
* '''Gokshura (root):'''  20 – 30 gm of the drug for decoction.
 
* '''Gokshura (fruit)'''
* 3 – 6 gm of the drug in powder form.
* 20 – 30 gm of the drug for decoction.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of
Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:25,26</ref>
==Important formulations==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of
Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:25,26</ref>
 
'''Gokshura (root)'''
*Sahacharadi taila
*Dashamula kwatha churna
*Dashamulakatutraya kwatha churna
*Dasamulapanchakoladi kwatha churna
'''Gokshura (fruit)'''
* Gokshuradi guggulu
* Trikantaka ghrita
* Drakshadi churna
 
== Current availability==  
== Current availability==  


Available  
Available  
*In India – West Rajasthan and Gujarat.
*Out of India – Afghanistan, Algeria, Greece, Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Austria, Botswana, Kenya, Zimbabwe, United states, Australia, New Zealand.


== Current researches ==
== Current researches ==
== Therapeutic indications and mechanisms ==
=== Sexual dysfunction and reproductive health ===
The most thoroughly investigated application of ''T. terrestris'' is its pro-erectile and androgenic-modulating activity. Extract administration enhances intracavernous pressure (ICP) and penile erection via nitric oxide (NO)/nitric oxide synthase (NOS) pathways, relaxing corpus cavernosum smooth muscle in animal models.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Do |first1=J. |last2=Choi |first2=S. |last3=Choi |first3=J. |last4=Hyun |first4=J. S. |date=2013 |title=Effects and Mechanism of Action of a Tribulus terrestris Extract on Penile Erection |journal=Korean Journal of Urology |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=183 |doi=10.4111/kju.2013.54.3.183}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gauthaman |first1=K. |last2=Adaikan |first2=P. G. |last3=Prasad |first3=R. N. V. |date=2002 |title=Aphrodisiac properties of Tribulus Terrestris extract (Protodioscin) in normal and castrated rats |journal=Life Sciences |volume=71 |issue=12 |pages=1385–1396 |doi=10.1016/s0024-3205(02)01858-1}}</ref> Bioactive saponins like protodioscin also exert protective effects against toxin-induced gonadal toxicity, mitigating testicular oxidative stress and preserving androgenic parameters.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pavin |first1=N. F. |last2=Izaguirry |first2=A. P. |last3=Soares |first3=M. B. |last4=Spiazzi |first4=C. C. |last5=Mendez |first5=A. S. L. |last6=Leivas |first6=F. G. |date=2018 |title=Tribulus terrestris Protects against Male Reproductive Damage Induced by Cyclophosphamide in Mice |journal=Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity |volume=2018 |pages=5758191 |doi=10.1155/2018/5758191}}</ref>
=== Urolithiasis and renal function ===
Gokshura demonstrates clear anti-urolithiatic and nephroprotective efficacy. ''In vitro'' and ''in vivo'' models show that aqueous extracts diminish calcium oxalate crystallization, inhibit crystal nucleation, and reduce oxalate-induced renal tubular epithelial cell injury.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Aggarwal |first1=A. |last2=Tandon |first2=S. |last3=Singla |first3=S. K. |last4=Tandon |first4=C. |date=2010 |title=Diminution of oxalate induced renal tubular epithelial cell injury and inhibition of calcium oxalate crystallization in vitro by aqueous extract of Tribulus terrestris |journal=International Braz J Urol |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=480–489 |doi=10.1590/s1677-55382010000400011}}</ref> Co-administration strategies incorporating ''T. terrestris'' significantly reduce urinary oxalate excretion and prevent renal parenchymal calcification.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Afkari |first1=R. |last2=Feizabadi |first2=M. M. |last3=Ansari-Moghadam |first3=A. |last4=Safari |first4=T. |last5=Bokaeian |first5=M. |date=2019 |title=Simultaneous use of oxalate-degrading bacteria and herbal extract to reduce the urinary oxalate in a rat model: A new strategy |journal=International Braz J Urol |volume=45 |issue=6 |pages=1249–1259 |doi=10.1590/s1677-5538.ibju.2019.0167}}</ref>
=== Cardiovascular and vascular endothelial protection ===
Beyond urogenital targets, ''T. terrestris'' exerts vascular protective and anti-inflammatory activity. In hypertensive renal impairment, the herb protects glomerular endothelial cells by upregulating microRNA-155 (miR-155-5p) expression and downregulating target histone H2AC6 networks.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pei |first1=H.-J. |last2=Yang |first2=J. |last3=Hu |first3=F.-X. |last4=Chen |first4=Y.-Z. |last5=Yang |first5=C.-H. |date=2021 |title=Tribulus terrestris L. protects glomerular endothelial cells via the miR155-H2AC6 interaction network in hypertensive renal injury |journal=Annals of Translational Medicine |volume=9 |issue=21 |pages=1626 |doi=10.21037/atm-21-5641}}</ref>
== Safety and clinical considerations ==
While standard doses of standardized extracts are well tolerated in clinical settings, excessive consumption or concentrated botanical water remedies pose acute safety risks. Isolated clinical reports highlight potential toxicities under unstandardized overuse, including severe nephrotoxicity and acute kidney injury.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Talasaz |first1=A. H. |last2=Abbasi |first2=M.-R. |last3=Abkhiz |first3=S. |last4=Dashti-Khavidaki |first4=S. |date=2010 |title=Tribulus terrestris-induced severe nephrotoxicity in a young healthy male |journal=Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation |volume=25 |issue=11 |pages=3792–3793 |doi=10.1093/ndt/gfq457}}</ref> Standardized dosing and monitoring remain critical during therapeutic administration.
== References ==
{{reflist}}


[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
==External links==
  This article is under development ..
[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Tribulus%20terrestris IMPPAT database]
[[index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]
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