Lavanga: Difference between revisions

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* ''Eugenia caryophyllata'' Thunb.

* ''Eugenia caryophyllus'' (Spreng.) Bullock & S.G.Harrison

* ''Jambosa caryophyllus'' (Thunb.) Nied.

* ''Jambosa caryophyllus'' (Thunb.) Nied.[[File:Lavanga.jpg|thumb|'''Lavanga (''Syzygium aromaticum'')''']]

== Synonyms in Classical Texts ==

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The primary therapeutic potential of Lavanga resides in its volatile essential oil ('''Clove Oil'''), which yields 15% to 20% of the dried flower bud weight. The volatile profile is dominated by phenylpropanoids and sesquiterpenes:<ref name="AbdulAziz2023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Abdul Aziz AH, Rizkiyah DN, Qomariyah L, Irianto I, Che Yunus MA, Putra NR |title=Unlocking the Full Potential of Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) Spice: An Overview of Extraction Techniques, Bioactivity, and Future Opportunities in the Food and Beverage Industry |journal=Processes |volume=11 |issue=8 |pages=2453 |year=2023 |doi=10.3390/pr11082453}}</ref>

* '''[[Eugenol]] (4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol):''' Accounts for 70–90% of the total essential oil content. It functions as the primary bioactive constituent responsible for analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial actions.

* '''Eugenol (4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol):''' Accounts for 70–90% of the total essential oil content. It functions as the primary bioactive constituent responsible for analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial actions.

* '''Eugenyl Acetate:''' Comprises 2–15% of the oil, contributing to the sedative, anti-inflammatory, and antispasmodic profile.

* '''~~[[Beta-Caryophyllene|~~β-Caryophyllene]]:''' Represents 5–12% of the oil, acting as a selective ~~[[Cannabinoid receptor type 2|~~cannabinoid receptor type-2]] (CB2) agonist with anti-inflammatory properties.

* '''β-Caryophyllene:''' Represents 5–12% of the oil, acting as a selective cannabinoid receptor type-2 (CB2) agonist with anti-inflammatory properties.

* '''Polyphenols & Tannins:''' Contains gallic acid, ellagic acid, and flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol) providing antioxidant protection.

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== Safety Profile, Toxicology, & Contraindications ==

* '''Toxicity:''' ~~[[Generally recognized as safe|~~Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS)]] by the FDA as a food additive. However, concentrated clove oil applied undiluted can cause mucosal irritation, tissue necrosis, or contact dermatitis.

* '''Toxicity:''' Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) by the FDA as a food additive. However, concentrated clove oil applied undiluted can cause mucosal irritation, tissue necrosis, or contact dermatitis.

* '''Overdose Risk:''' Oral ingestion of concentrated eugenol in high doses (>10–12 mL) can induce systemic toxicity characterized by acute liver injury, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), metabolic acidosis, and central nervous system depression.

* '''Drug Interactions:''' Due to antiplatelet effects mediated through thromboxane A2 inhibition, caution is warranted when co-administered with oral anticoagulants (e.g., [[Warfarin]]) or antiplatelet agents (e.g., [[Aspirin]], [[Clopidogrel]]).

* '''Drug Interactions:''' Due to antiplatelet effects mediated through thromboxane A2 inhibition, caution is warranted when co-administered with oral anticoagulants (e.g., [[Warfarin]]) or antiplatelet agents (e.g., Aspirin, Clopidogrel).

== References ==

@@ Line 42: / Line 42: @@
 * ''Eugenia caryophyllata'' Thunb.
 * ''Eugenia caryophyllus'' (Spreng.) Bullock & S.G.Harrison
-* ''Jambosa caryophyllus'' (Thunb.) Nied.
+* ''Jambosa caryophyllus'' (Thunb.) Nied.[[File:Lavanga.jpg|thumb|'''Lavanga (''Syzygium aromaticum'')''']]
 == Synonyms in Classical Texts ==
@@ Line 108: / Line 108: @@
 The primary therapeutic potential of Lavanga resides in its volatile essential oil ('''Clove Oil'''), which yields 15% to 20% of the dried flower bud weight. The volatile profile is dominated by phenylpropanoids and sesquiterpenes:<ref name="AbdulAziz2023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Abdul Aziz AH, Rizkiyah DN, Qomariyah L, Irianto I, Che Yunus MA, Putra NR |title=Unlocking the Full Potential of Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) Spice: An Overview of Extraction Techniques, Bioactivity, and Future Opportunities in the Food and Beverage Industry |journal=Processes |volume=11 |issue=8 |pages=2453 |year=2023 |doi=10.3390/pr11082453}}</ref>
-* '''[[Eugenol]] (4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol):''' Accounts for 70–90% of the total essential oil content. It functions as the primary bioactive constituent responsible for analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial actions.
+* '''Eugenol (4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol):''' Accounts for 70–90% of the total essential oil content. It functions as the primary bioactive constituent responsible for analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial actions.
 * '''Eugenyl Acetate:''' Comprises 2–15% of the oil, contributing to the sedative, anti-inflammatory, and antispasmodic profile.
-* '''[[Beta-Caryophyllene|β-Caryophyllene]]:''' Represents 5–12% of the oil, acting as a selective [[Cannabinoid receptor type 2|cannabinoid receptor type-2]] (CB<sub>2</sub>) agonist with anti-inflammatory properties.
+* '''β-Caryophyllene:''' Represents 5–12% of the oil, acting as a selective cannabinoid receptor type-2 (CB<sub>2</sub>) agonist with anti-inflammatory properties.
 * '''Polyphenols & Tannins:''' Contains gallic acid, ellagic acid, and flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol) providing antioxidant protection.
@@ Line 157: / Line 157: @@
 == Safety Profile, Toxicology, & Contraindications ==
-* '''Toxicity:''' [[Generally recognized as safe|Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS)]] by the FDA as a food additive. However, concentrated clove oil applied undiluted can cause mucosal irritation, tissue necrosis, or contact dermatitis.
+* '''Toxicity:''' Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) by the FDA as a food additive. However, concentrated clove oil applied undiluted can cause mucosal irritation, tissue necrosis, or contact dermatitis.
 * '''Overdose Risk:''' Oral ingestion of concentrated eugenol in high doses (>10–12 mL) can induce systemic toxicity characterized by acute liver injury, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), metabolic acidosis, and central nervous system depression.
-* '''Drug Interactions:''' Due to antiplatelet effects mediated through thromboxane A<sub>2</sub> inhibition, caution is warranted when co-administered with oral anticoagulants (e.g., [[Warfarin]]) or antiplatelet agents (e.g., [[Aspirin]], [[Clopidogrel]]).
+* '''Drug Interactions:''' Due to antiplatelet effects mediated through thromboxane A<sub>2</sub> inhibition, caution is warranted when co-administered with oral anticoagulants (e.g., [[Warfarin]]) or antiplatelet agents (e.g., Aspirin, Clopidogrel).
 == References ==