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Azadirachta indica A. Juss
{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
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|keywords= Nimba, Neem, Azadirachta indica A. Juss,Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description='''Nimba''' (''Azadirachta indica'') is a plant species widely recognized in [[Ayurveda]] and modern pharmacology for its broad spectrum of therapeutic applications
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
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}}
[[wikipedia:Azadirachta_indica|Azadirachta indica A. Juss]]


{{Infobox
{{Infobox
Line 7: Line 16:
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Azadirachta indica A. Juss
|data2 = Azadirachta indica A. Juss
|label3 = Contributors
|label3 = Family
|data3 = --
|data3 = Meliaceae
|label4 = Year of publication  
|label4 = Availability
|data4 =  2021
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Publisher  
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data5 = Team Dravyaguna
|label6 = DOI  
|label6 = Year of publication  
|data6 = Awaited
|data6 =  2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|data7 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI  
|data8 = Awaited
}}
}}
'''Nimba''' (''Azadirachta indica'') or Margosa tree is a plant species widely recognized in [[Ayurveda]] and modern pharmacology for its broad spectrum of therapeutic applications.
== General Overview ==
* '''Taxonomic Name:''' ''Azadirachta indica'' A. Juss.
* '''Ayurvedic Designation:''' ''Nimba'' / ''Arishtha'' ("Reliever of Sickness")
* [[File:Nimba.jpg|thumb|'''Nimba (''Azadirachta indica'')''']]'''Primary Phytochemicals:''' Azadirachtin, Nimbolide, Nimbidin, Gedunin, Quercetin, Salannin


==English name ==  
==Therapeutic uses==


Margosa tree
Daha(burning), jwara (fever) , Krumi roga(worms), Kandu(itching), Kushtha(skin disease), Prameha(diabetes), Rakta pitta(bleeding disorder), Vrana(wound)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 5:55</ref>


== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Nimba, Pichumarda (Nimba is very efficacious drug when it comes to skin disease ), Arishta(it cures many disease, does good always if use.), Tiktaka(best drug having tikta rasa), Paribhadra(does good always if use), Hinguniryasa(the exudate from nimba resemble hingu niryasa.)


Nimba
==Synonyms in Bhavprakasa Nighantu==
Pichumarda<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 53, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020;</ref>


Pichumarda
==Varieties==
# Nimba
# Mahanimba
# Parvata nimba
# Akasa nimba
 
== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==


{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]])  || Bitter (tikta), Astringent (kashaya)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Cold (sheeta)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[kapha]] and [[pitta]]
|-
|}
== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==  
== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==  


Line 34: Line 77:
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity  
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity  
|-
|-
| 1 || Sutra sthana 2/7 || [[Vamana]] (Therapeutic emesis)
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/7 || [[Vamana]] (Therapeutic emesis)
|-
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 3/3 || Siddhatama churna pradeha(Local application)
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(14) || Kandughna mahakashaya(anti-pruritic/itching)
|-
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(48) || Sandnyasthapana mahakashaya(restoring consciousness)
|-
| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/279 || Used in the treatment of Gaurava stanya dosha( vitiated breast milk)
|-
| 6 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/10
| Santarpanajanya  vikara chikitsa(Over-nutrition disorders)
|-
|7
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/12
|Santarpanajanya vikaar chikitsa(Over-nutrition disorders)
|-
|8
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/97
|Shaka Varga (Class of vegetables)
|-
|9
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/17
|Abhyantar Krimi  Chikitsa
|-
|10
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135
|Vaman dravyani List of medicines used in therapeutic emesis
|-
|11
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/143
|Tikta skandha(group of bitter drugs)
|-
|12
|Ch.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/32
|Garbha shalya chikitsa
|-
|13
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/22
|Vamanartha
|-
|14
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/201
|Used as kwatha in Anydyushka jwara
|-
|15
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/204
|As an ingredient of Vatsakadi kashaya
|-
|16
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/224
|Used in formulation of Baladi Ghrita
|-
|17
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/241
|Used in niruha basti
|-
|18
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/252
|As an ingredient of Patoladi anuvasana basti
|-
|19
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/258
|As an ingredient of Chandanadya taila
|-
|20
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/307
|Used as Dhoopana dravya for Vishama jwara
|-
|21
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/38
|As pathya ahara in Rakta Pitta
|-
|22
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]  5/115
|Ingredient of Rohinyadya  Ghrita for Pittaja Gulma
|-
|23
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/30
|Used for making decoction in Pittaja  Prameha
|-
|24
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/31
|Used for making decoction in Pittaja  Prameha
|-
|25
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/38
|Trikantakadhya Taila/Ghrita in Vata-kaphaja prameha
|-
|26
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/43
|As Vamana dravya
|-
|27
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/46
|As Asthapan Basti dravya
|-
|28
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/47
|As Anuvasana Basti dravya
|-
|29
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/57
|For Scrapping
|-
|30
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/65
|Ingredient in Mustadi  Churna
|-
|31
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/68
|Ingredient in Triphaladi  Churna
|-
|32
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/82
|Pathya diet in Kushtha
|-
|33
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/97
|Ingredient in Kushthaghna  Yoga
|-
|34
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/100
|Kwath prayog in Kapha-Pittaja Kushtha
|-
|35
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/101
|Kwath prayog in Kapha-Pittaja Kushtha
|-
|36
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/103
|Bahyaprayogartha taila in Kushtha
|-
|37
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/112
|Ingredient in Kanakakshiri  Taila
|-
|38
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/129
|Abhyantar and Bahyaprayogartha, Pana, Snana
|-
|39
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/131
|Abhyantar and Bahyaprayogarth in Pittaja  Kushtha
|-
|40
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/135
|For Rakta and Pitta Shamana
|-
|41
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/136
|Ingredient in Vata-Pitta Nashak Ghrita
|-
|42
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/140
|Ingredient in Tiktashatpala  Ghrita
|-
|43
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/144
|Ingredient in Mahatikta  Ghrita
|-
|44
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/152
|Ingredient in Mahakhadira  Ghrita
|-
|45
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/157
|Snana, Pana and Pradeh in  Galit-Kushtha
|-
|46
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/158
|Abhyantar and Bahyaprayogarth, Pana, Snana, Lepa
|-
|47
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/33
|Ingredient in oil preparation for Bahyaprayogartha
|-
|48
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/63
|As a Pathya Diet in treatment of Shvayathu
|-
|49
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/72
|As an Unmardan dravya  in Kaphaja Shvayathu
|-
|50
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/186
|Used for rakta stambhana
|-
|51
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/214
|Used for  parishechana in rakta arsha
|-
|52
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/220
|Used for pratisarana  in rakta arsha
|-
|53
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/126 
|As an  ingredient of Chandanadya ghrita
|-
|54
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/138
|As an  ingredient of Kiratadhya churna (Pittaja Grahani chiktsa)
|-
|55
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/181
|As an  ingredient of Bhunimbadhya Kshara
|-
|56
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/189
|Used in preparation of Pancham Kshara
|-
|57
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/46
|As an ingredient of Katukadi Ghrita
|-
|58
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/53
|Used in Haridradi Ghrita
|-
|59
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/63
|Formulation which use in treatment of pandu
|-
|60
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/87
|As an ingredient of Shilajatu vataka
|-
|61
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/97
|Used in yusha preparation for hikka shvasa
|-
|62
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/34
|For vamana(emesis) in Kaphaja chhardi
|-
|63
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/35
|As a pathya ahara(wholesome diet) in kaphaja chhardi
|-
|64
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/51
|For Vamana karma
|-
|65
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/54
|For Kashaya (decoction) pana
|-
|66
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/52
|For Vamana (emesis) karma
|-
|67
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/59
|For Kashaya (decoction)pana
|-
|68
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/97
|As a prakshalana  prayoga for vrana – ropana
|-
|69
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/51
|For Agada pana in 8<sup>th</sup> vega of visha
|-
|70
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/69
|For Anjana prayoga, obstruction in eye
|-
|71
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/79
|As an ingredient of Maha-Gandha hasti agada
|-
|72
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/202
|As an ingredient of Madhukadi yoga
|-
|73
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/243
|As an ingredient of Amruta ghrita
|-
|-
| 2 || Sutra sthana 3/3 || Siddhatamachurnapradeha
|74
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/160
|Used as lepa in Madyajanita daha
|-
|-
| 3 || Sutra sthana 4/9(14) || Kandughnamahakashay
|75
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/84
|Used as vranashodhaka kashaya
|-
|-
| 4 || Sutra sthana 4/9(48) || Sandnyasthapanamahakashaya
|76
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/85
|Used as vranashodhaka lepa
|-
|-
| 5 || Sutra sthana 4/9(48) || Sandnyasthapanamahakashaya
|77
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/90
|As an ingredient of Kampillakadi taila
|-
|-
| 6 || [[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/22 || Azadirachta indica A. JUSS.
|78
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/239
|Used for aaschotana in Kaphaja  netraroga
|-
|-
|}
|79
 
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/27
== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
|As Pathya in  Urustambha(Diseases of thigh and hip)
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|80
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/52
|As an ingredient  of Tarkaryadi Parishechana
|-
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Bitter (tikta), Astringent (kashaya)
|81
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/50
|As an ingredient of Utsadana Yoga
|-
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Cold (sheeta)
|82
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/148
|Apply lepa for Kaphaja Vatarakta
|-
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
|83
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/74
|As an ingredient of Udumbaradi taila
|-
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu)
|84
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/82
|For yoni prakshalana
|-
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[kapha]] and [[pitta]]
|85
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/99
|Used in the treatment of Kaphaja pradara
|-
|-
|86
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/253
|Used in the treatment of Stanya dosha( vitiated breast milk), for vamana
|}
|}
 
 
==Dose==
* 2-4 g. of the drug in powder form. 
* Decoction should be used externally.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 5:55</ref>
 
==Useful part== 
* Stem bark<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 5:55</ref>
 
==Important formulations==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 5:55</ref>
* Sudarsana churna
* Nimbadi kwatha
* Nimbadi churna
* Panchanimba churna
* Panchatikta ghruta guggulu
* Pathyadi kwatha churna
== Current availability==  
== Current availability==  


Line 72: Line 432:


== Current researches ==
== Current researches ==
== Pharmacological Profile & Mechanisms ==
''Azadirachta indica'' exerts multi-targeted therapeutic action through phytocompounds that modulate cellular signaling pathways including p53, NF-κB, PI3K/Akt, and Nrf2.<ref name="Alzohairy2016" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Pharmacological Properties and Bioactivities of ''Azadirachta indica''
! Therapeutic Category !! Primary Active Compounds !! Key Molecular Targets & Bioactivities
|-
| '''Antimicrobial & Dental''' || Azadirachtin, Mahmoodin || Biofilm disruption; growth inhibition of ''S. mutans'', ''E. faecalis'', and ''C. albicans''
|-
| '''Anticancer & Antiproliferative''' || Nimbolide, Azadiradione || Apoptosis induction via p53/pTEN upregulation and downregulation of Bcl-2 and PI3K/Akt
|-
| '''Anti-inflammatory & Analgesic''' || Nimbidin, Sodium Nimbidate || Suppression of macrophage/neutrophil activity and inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis
|-
| '''Reproductive & Contraceptive''' || Neem seed oil extracts || Spermicidal action and anti-ovulatory efficacy without reducing libido
|}
== Key Clinical & Preclinical Evidence ==
=== Antimicrobial & Dental Health ===
Aqueous and ethanolic leaf extracts exhibit potent broad-spectrum activity against oral pathogens. In endodontic and periodontal models, ''A. indica'' preparations suppress polymicrobial biofilms with efficacy comparable to chlorhexidine rinses.<ref name="Wylie2022" />
=== Oncological Management ===
Active limonoids—primarily nimbolide—suppress cellular proliferation and induce apoptosis in androgen-receptor (AR)-positive and AR-negative prostate cancer lines. Preclinical xenograft models demonstrate significant tumor weight reduction via combined inhibition of AR signaling and the PI3K/Akt pathway.<ref name="Batra2022" />
=== Anti-inflammatory Activity ===
Crude bitter constituents, notably nimbidin, demonstrate dose-dependent anti-inflammatory action in acute paw edema and arthritis assays, suppressing cellular exudation and systemic inflammatory cascades.<ref name="Alzohairy2016" />
=== Fertility Control ===
Concentrated seed extracts act as localized spermicides and systemic contraceptives by interrupting sperm membrane integrity and blocking folliculogenesis without disrupting secondary sex hormones.<ref name="Patil2021" />
== References ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="Alzohairy2016">{{cite journal |last1=Alzohairy |first1=M. A. |title=Therapeutics Role of Azadirachta indica (Neem) and Their Active Constituents in Diseases Prevention and Treatment |journal=Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine |volume=2016 |year=2016 |pages=7382506 |doi=10.1155/2016/7382506 |pmid=27034694 |pmc=4791507}}</ref>
<ref name="Batra2022">{{cite journal |last1=Batra |first1=N. |last2=Kumar |first2=V. E. |last3=Nambiar |first3=R. |title=Exploring the therapeutic potential of Neem (Azadirachta Indica) for the treatment of prostate cancer: a literature review |journal=Annals of Translational Medicine |volume=10 |issue=13 |year=2022 |pages=754 |doi=10.21037/atm-22-94 |pmid=35928741 |pmc=9358521}}</ref>
<ref name="Patil2021">{{cite journal |last1=Patil |first1=S. M. |last2=Shirahatti |first2=P. S. |last3=V B |first3=C. K. |last4=Ramu |first4=R. |last5=M N |first5=N. P. |title=Azadirachta indica A. Juss (neem) as a contraceptive: An evidence-based review on its pharmacological efficiency |journal=Phytomedicine |volume=88 |year=2021 |pages=153596 |doi=10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153596 |pmid=34116323}}</ref>
<ref name="Wylie2022">{{cite journal |last1=Wylie |first1=M. R. |last2=Merrell |first2=D. S. |title=The Antimicrobial Potential of the Neem Tree Azadirachta indica |journal=Frontiers in Pharmacology |volume=13 |year=2022 |pages=891535 |doi=10.3389/fphar.2022.891535 |pmid=35711603 |pmc=9198380}}</ref>
}}
==External Links==
[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Azadirachta%20indica IMPPAT database]


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