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|title=Charak Samhita | |||
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|keywords= Symplocos racemosa Roxb., Lodhra, Symplocos tree, Lodh tree, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda, | |||
|description=Symplocos racemosa Roxb., commonly known as Lodhra | |||
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg | |||
|image_alt=charak samhita | |||
|type=article | |||
}} | |||
Symplocos racemosa Roxb. | Symplocos racemosa Roxb. | ||
{{Infobox | {{Infobox | ||
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|data4 = Available | |data4 = Available | ||
|label5 = Contributors | |label5 = Contributors | ||
|data5 = | |data5 = Team Dravyaguna | ||
|label6 = Year of publication | |label6 = Year of publication | ||
|data6 = | |data6 = 2026 | ||
|label7 = Publisher | |label7 = Publisher | ||
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]] | |data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]] | ||
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}} | }} | ||
== | Symplocos racemosa Roxb., commonly known as Lodhra (Sanskrit: लोध्र), is an evergreen tree belonging to the family [[Symplocaceae]]. It is native to the tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, including India, Nepal, and Myanmar. The stem bark of ''Symplocos racemosa'' has been extensively utilized in [[Ayurveda]] and traditional systems of medicine for various gynecological, inflammatory, and infectious conditions.<ref name="Bhutani1989">{{cite journal |last1=Bhutani |first1=K. K. |last2=Kapoor |first2=R. |last3=Anand |first3=D. K. |title=Ayurvedic drugs for gynecological disorders: Phytochemical and pharmacological studies on Symplocos racemosa |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=281–289 |year=1989 |doi=10.1016/0378-8741(89)90035-7}}</ref><ref name="DeSilva2016">{{cite journal |last1=De Silva |first1=K. T. |last2=Abeysundara |first2=A. T. |title=A comprehensive analysis on Symplocos racemosa Roxb.: Traditional uses, botany, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=181 |pages=236–251 |year=2016 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2016.01.032}}</ref> | ||
Symplocos | == Taxonomy and Botanical Description == | ||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ Botanical & Taxonomic Summary | |||
! Category !! Description / Classification | |||
|- | |||
| '''Botanical Name''' || ''Symplocos racemosa'' Roxb. | |||
|- | |||
| '''Family''' || [[Symplocaceae]] | |||
|- | |||
| '''Common Names''' || Lodhra, Savara Lodhra (Sanskrit/Hindi), Lodh Tree (English) | |||
|- | |||
| '''Plant Part Used''' || Stem Bark (''Symploci Cortex'') | |||
|- | |||
| '''Habit & Distribution''' || Evergreen tree growing 10–15 m tall; native to tropical and subtropical regions of India, particularly across the Himalayas, Assam, and Chota Nagpur. | |||
|} | |||
==Therapeutic uses<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 01:53.</ref> | ==Therapeutic uses== | ||
Sotha(oedema), atisara(diarrhoea), netraroga(eye disease),raktapitta(bleeding disorder), pradara<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 01:53.</ref> | |||
==Synonyms in Charak Samhita== | ==Synonyms in Charak Samhita== | ||
Tilvaka(it produces smoothness to the organs of the body), Brihatpatra, Tiritaka, Lodhra, Tirita(cure many disease), Shavara, Galava, Malav, Shavar lodhra, Savaraka, Sthulavalkala, Shabara | Tilvaka(it produces smoothness to the organs of the body), Brihatpatra, Tiritaka, Lodhra, Tirita(cure many disease), Shavara, Galava, Malav, Shavar lodhra, Savaraka, Sthulavalkala, Shabara | ||
==Synonyms in bhavaprakasa nighantu<ref> | ==Synonyms in bhavaprakasa nighantu== | ||
Kramuka, sthulavalkal , jirna patra, bruhatpatra<ref>Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, haritakyadi varga, verse no.-215</ref> | |||
==Varieties== | ==Varieties== | ||
==Bhavaprakasa nighantu == | ===Bhavaprakasa nighantu === | ||
Mentioned 2 types | |||
# Lodhra | # Lodhra | ||
# Pattika lodhra | # Pattika lodhra | ||
==Dhanvantari nighantu<ref>Pro. Dr. | ===Dhanvantari nighantu=== | ||
Mentioned 2 types<ref>Pro. Dr. Zarkhande oza , dr.Umapati Mishra , dhanvanatari Nighantu. Edition 2016, Chaukhambha surbharti prakashana, chandanadi varga verse no. 156,158</ref> | |||
# Lodhra | # Lodhra | ||
# Kramuka | # Kramuka | ||
| Line 118: | Line 144: | ||
| 13 | | 13 | ||
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267 | | Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267 | ||
| As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila | | As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 14 | | 14 | ||
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/45 | | Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/45 | ||
| In Yavagu prayoga | | In Yavagu prayoga | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 15 | | 15 | ||
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/66 | | Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/66 | ||
| As a Raktapitta nashaka kwath dravya | | As a Raktapitta nashaka kwath dravya | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 16 | | 16 | ||
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/67 | | Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/67 | ||
| Used along with Atarushakadi kwath | | Used along with Atarushakadi kwath | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 17 | | 17 | ||
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/73 | | Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/73 | ||
| As an ingredient of Ushiradi churna | | As an ingredient of Ushiradi churna | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 18 | | 18 | ||
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/81 | | Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/81 | ||
| As an ingredient of Priyangvadi peya | | As an ingredient of Priyangvadi peya | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 19 | | 19 | ||
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/89 | | Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/89 | ||
| As a ghrita prayoga | | As a ghrita prayoga | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 20 | | 20 | ||
| Line 150: | Line 176: | ||
| 21 | | 21 | ||
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/104 | | Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/104 | ||
| Used as Pradeha-Parisechana-Avagaha dravya | | Used as Pradeha-Parisechana-Avagaha dravya | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 22 | | 22 | ||
| Line 174: | Line 200: | ||
| 27 | | 27 | ||
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/93 | | Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/93 | ||
| Bahyaprayogarth Lepa in | | Bahyaprayogarth Lepa in Kushtha(skin disease) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 28 | | 28 | ||
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/95 | | Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/95 | ||
| Bahyaprayogarth Lepa in | | Bahyaprayogarth Lepa in Kushtha (skin disease) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 29 | | 29 | ||
| Line 190: | Line 216: | ||
| 31 | | 31 | ||
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/139 | | Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/139 | ||
| As an ingredient of | | As an ingredient of Abhayarishta | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 32 | | 32 | ||
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/159 | | Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/159 | ||
| As an ingredient of | | As an ingredient of Kanakarishta | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 33 | | 33 | ||
| Line 213: | Line 239: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 37 | | 37 | ||
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] | | Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/158 | ||
| As an ingredient of Mulasava | | As an ingredient of Mulasava | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 221: | Line 247: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 39 | | 39 | ||
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/53 | | Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/53 | ||
| As a yoga dravya in treatment of | | As a yoga dravya in treatment of pittaja atisara(diarrhoea) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 40 | | 40 | ||
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/90 | | Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/90 | ||
| As a pratisarana dravya | | As a pratisarana dravya | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 234: | Line 260: | ||
| 42 | | 42 | ||
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/55 | | Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/55 | ||
| For kashaya pana | | For kashaya pana | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 43 | | 43 | ||
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/57 | | Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/57 | ||
| For kashaya pana | | For kashaya pana | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 44 | | 44 | ||
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/76 | | Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/76 | ||
| As an ingredient of Sarivadi pralepa | | As an ingredient of Sarivadi pralepa(external application) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 45 | | 45 | ||
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/77 | | Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/77 | ||
| As an ingredient of Naladadi pralepa | | As an ingredient of Naladadi pralepa(external application) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 46 | | 46 | ||
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/97 | | Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/97 | ||
| Avachurnana prayoga for vrana-ropana | | Avachurnana prayoga for vrana-ropana(healing of wound) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 47 | | 47 | ||
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 22/36 | | Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 22/36 | ||
| For lepa prayoga | | For lepa prayoga(external application) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 48 | | 48 | ||
| Line 262: | Line 288: | ||
| 49 | | 49 | ||
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/55 | | Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/55 | ||
| As an ingredient of Mrita | | As an ingredient of Mrita Sanjivani agada | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 50 | | 50 | ||
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/57 | | Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/57 | ||
| As an ingredient of Mrita | | As an ingredient of Mrita Sanjivani agada | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 51 | | 51 | ||
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/246 | | Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/246 | ||
| As an ingredient of Amruta ghrita | | As an ingredient of Amruta ghrita | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 52 | | 52 | ||
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/159 | | Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/159 | ||
| Used as lepa in Madhyajanita daha | | Used as lepa in Madhyajanita daha (burning due to alcoholism) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 53 | | 53 | ||
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/66 | | Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/66 | ||
| Used for | | Used for avachurnana | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 54 | | 54 | ||
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/90 | | Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/90 | ||
| As an ingredient of Kampillakadi taila | | As an ingredient of Kampillakadi taila | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 55 | | 55 | ||
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/110 | | Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/110 | ||
| Used for vrana shaithilya, saukumarya & prasadana | | Used for vrana shaithilya, saukumarya & prasadana | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 56 | | 56 | ||
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/113 | | Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/113 | ||
| Used for tvak janana | | Used for tvak janana | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 57 | | 57 | ||
| Line 298: | Line 324: | ||
| 58 | | 58 | ||
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/191 | | Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/191 | ||
| As an ingredient of Tejohvadi churna | | As an ingredient of Tejohvadi churna | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 59 | | 59 | ||
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/195 | | Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/195 | ||
| As an ingredient of Kalak churna | | As an ingredient of Kalak churna | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 60 | | 60 | ||
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/206 | | Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/206 | ||
| As an ingredient of Khadiradi gutika | | As an ingredient of Khadiradi gutika | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 61 | | 61 | ||
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/217 | | Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/217 | ||
| Used for Kavala in Arochaka | | Used for Kavala in Arochaka(anorexia) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 62 | | 62 | ||
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/233 | | Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/233 | ||
| Used for Vidalaka in Vataja netraroga | | Used for Vidalaka in Vataja netraroga(eye disease) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 63 | | 63 | ||
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/270 | | Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/270 | ||
| As an ingredient of Mahaneela Ghrita | | As an ingredient of Mahaneela Ghrita | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 64 | | 64 | ||
| Line 326: | Line 352: | ||
| 65 | | 65 | ||
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/84 | | Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/84 | ||
| Tilvaka siddha ghrita is used in vata vyadhi, when other doshas are also involved | | Tilvaka siddha ghrita is used in vata vyadhi, when other doshas are also involved | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 66 | | 66 | ||
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/111 | | Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/111 | ||
| As an ingredient of Mahapadma taila | | As an ingredient of Mahapadma taila | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 67 | | 67 | ||
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/79 | | Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/79 | ||
| As an ingredient of Dhatakyadi taila | | As an ingredient of Dhatakyadi taila | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 68 | | 68 | ||
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/91 | | Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/91 | ||
| As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna | | As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 69 | | 69 | ||
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/98 | | Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/98 | ||
| Used in the treatment of Pittaja pradara | | Used in the treatment of Pittaja pradara | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 70 | | 70 | ||
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/118 | | Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/118 | ||
| Used in the treatment of Sveta pradara | | Used in the treatment of Sveta pradara | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 71 | | 71 | ||
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/119 | | Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/119 | ||
| Used in the treatment of Sveta pradara | | Used in the treatment of Sveta pradara | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
==Dose | ==Dose== | ||
* 3-5 gm of drug in powder form | * 3-5 gm of drug in powder form | ||
* 20-30 gm of drug in decoction | * 20-30 gm of drug in decoction<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 01:53.</ref> | ||
==Important formulation<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 01:53.</ref> | ==Important formulation== | ||
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 01:53.</ref> | |||
* Lodhrasava | * Lodhrasava | ||
* Pushyanuga churna | * Pushyanuga churna | ||
| Line 369: | Line 396: | ||
== Current researches == | == Current researches == | ||
[[ | == Phytochemistry == | ||
Phytochemical investigations of ''Symplocos racemosa'' stem bark have identified several bioactive secondary metabolites:<ref name="Bhutani1989"/><ref name="DeSilva2016"/> | |||
* '''Alkaloids:''' Beta-carboline alkaloids including loturine, collutrine, and loturidine. | |||
* '''Glycosides:''' Phenolic glycosides such as symplocoside, symposide, and benzoyl-salicin derivatives. | |||
* '''Triterpenoids and Steroids:''' [[Betulinic acid]], [[oleanolic acid]], acetyloleanolic acid, [[lupeol]], and [[beta-Sitosterol|β-sitosterol]]. | |||
* '''Flavonoids and Phenolics:''' [[Quercetin]], [[ellagic acid]], and condensed [[tannin]]s (proanthocyanidins). | |||
== Therapeutic Efficacy and Pharmacological Activities == | |||
=== Gynecological and Reproductive Disorders === | |||
''Symplocos racemosa'' is renowned in traditional and experimental pharmacology for its gonadotropic-like modulatory actions and styptic properties:<ref name="Bhutani1989"/><ref name="Swarnakar2018">{{cite journal |last1=Swarnakar |first1=S. |last2=Maiti |first2=S. |last3=Ghosh |first3=A. |title=Evaluating the anti-androgenic and ovarian modulatory actions of Symplocos racemosa bark extract in PCOS models |journal=International Journal of Green Pharmacy |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=S341–S348 |year=2018}}</ref> | |||
* '''[[Menorrhagia]] and Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding (DUB):''' High tannin content imparts potent astringent properties, causing local vasoconstriction and protein precipitation, which reduces excessive capillary permeability and menses.<ref name="Bhutani1989"/> | |||
* '''[[Polycystic ovary syndrome|Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)]]:''' Ethanolic extracts restore serum levels of [[follicle-stimulating hormone]] (FSH) and [[luteinizing hormone]] (LH), while reducing circulating free testosterones and decreasing ovarian cyst formation.<ref name="Swarnakar2018"/> | |||
* '''Uterine Tonicity:''' Alkaloids such as loturine act on uterine smooth muscle, helping normalize basal vascular tone and alleviating hyper-contractility associated with dysmenorrhea.<ref name="Bhutani1989"/> | |||
=== Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Activity === | |||
The bark extracts demonstrate significant anti-inflammatory and membrane-stabilizing efficacy:<ref name="Sunil2011">{{cite journal |last1=Sunil |first1=C. |last2=Ignacimuthu |first2=S. |title=In vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of Symplocos racemosa Roxb |journal=Pharmacognosy Research |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=225–231 |year=2011 |doi=10.4103/0974-8490.89748}}</ref> | |||
* '''Enzyme Inhibition:''' Suppresses downstream synthesis of pro-inflammatory [[prostaglandin]]s (<math>PGE_2</math>) and [[leukotriene]]s (<math>LTB_4</math>) through inhibition of [[cyclooxygenase-2]] (COX-2), [[5-lipoxygenase]] (5-LOX), and [[xanthine oxidase]].<ref name="Sunil2011"/> | |||
* '''Protein Denaturation Protection:''' In vitro assays show dose-dependent inhibition of heat-induced protein denaturation with an <math>IC_{50}</math> of approximately 30–40 μg/mL.<ref name="Sunil2011"/> | |||
=== Antimicrobial and Periodontal Applications === | |||
* '''Antibacterial Activity:''' Demonstrates notable zones of inhibition against ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'', ''[[Escherichia coli]]'', ''[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]'', and periodontal pathogens like ''[[Porphyromonas gingivalis]]''.<ref name="DeSilva2016"/> | |||
* '''Periodontal Hydrogel Formulations:''' Incorporation into localized hydrogel systems reduces oral inflammatory cascades and microbial plaque accumulation.<ref name="DeSilva2016"/> | |||
=== Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Activity === | |||
* '''Radical Scavenging:''' High total phenolic content drives DPPH and ABTS free-radical scavenging, suppressing lipid peroxidation.<ref name="Rao2011">{{cite journal |last1=Rao |first1=Ch. V. |last2=Verma |first2=A. R. |last3=Vijayakumar |first3=M. |last4=Rastogi |first4=S. |title=Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of Symplocos racemosa bark extract on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic damage |journal=Phytomedicine |volume=18 |issue=12 |pages=1025–1030 |year=2011 |doi=10.1016/j.phymed.2011.05.003}}</ref><ref name="Sunil2011"/> | |||
* '''Hepatic Restoration:''' In [[carbon tetrachloride]] (<math>CCl_4</math>)-induced hepatotoxicity models, ethanol bark extracts restore serum AST, ALT, ALP, total bilirubin, and intracellular antioxidants (GSH, SOD, CAT) toward baseline ranges.<ref name="Rao2011"/> | |||
== Preclinical and Clinical Research Summary == | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ Biological Activities of ''Symplocos racemosa'' | |||
! Biological Activity !! Study Type !! Experimental Model !! Key Findings !! Reference | |||
|- | |||
| '''Reproductive Function / PCOS''' || ''In vivo'' || Female Sprague-Dawley Rats (PCOS model) || Normalized LH/FSH ratios, reduced ovarian weight, restored estrus cyclicity. || <ref name="Swarnakar2018"/> | |||
|- | |||
| '''Anti-Inflammatory''' || ''In vitro'' || Protein Denaturation & HRBC Membrane Stabilization || Significant dose-dependent inhibition of protein denaturation (<math>IC_{50} \approx 30\text{--}40\,\mu\text{g/mL}</math>). || <ref name="Sunil2011"/> | |||
|- | |||
| '''Anti-Angiogenic / Cytotoxic''' || ''In vitro'' || Thymidine Phosphorylase Assay || Symplocosides inhibited angiogenesis via thymidine phosphorylase block. || <ref name="DeSilva2016"/> | |||
|- | |||
| '''Hepatoprotective''' || ''In vivo'' || <math>CCl_4</math>-induced Liver Injury in Wistar Rats || Significant dose-dependent normalization of hepatic enzyme kinetics. || <ref name="Rao2011"/> | |||
|} | |||
== Dosage, Safety, and Formulations == | |||
; Safety & Toxicity | |||
''Symplocos racemosa'' bark extract exhibits a low toxicity profile in acute oral toxicity assays (<math>LD_{50} > 2000\,\text{mg/kg}</math> body weight in rodent models). High tannin concentrations may cause mild gastrointestinal discomfort or constipation at elevated doses.<ref name="DeSilva2016"/> | |||
; Common Preparations | |||
* '''Standard Powder (Churna):''' 1–3 g/day in divided doses. | |||
* '''Decoction (Kwath):''' 20–30 g boiled in water reduced to 30–50 mL. | |||
* '''Classical Formulations:''' ''Lodhrasava'', ''Pushyanuga Churna'', ''Chandanasava''. | |||
== References == | |||
<references /> | |||
== See also == | |||
[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Symplocos%20racemosa IMPPAT database] | |||
[[Category:Database of herbs and minerals|Herbs]] | |||