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{{#seo:

|title=Grahani Chikitsa

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<big>'''[[Chikitsa Sthana]] Chapter 15. Management of Grahani (Diseases of digestion and metabolism) </big>'''

{{Infobox

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|data5 = [[Sutra Sthana]], [[Nidana Sthana]], [[Vimana Sthana]], [[Sharira Sthana]], [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Kalpa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]

|label6 = Translator and commentator

|data6 = Patwardhan K., Ojha S.N.,Upadhyaya W., Samant A.

|data6 = Patwardhan K., Ojha S.N., Upadhyaya W., Samant A.

|label7 = Reviewer

|data7 = Dharmadhikari A., Kajaria D.

|label8 = Editors

|data8 = Singh G., Goyal M., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.

|data8 = Singh G., Goyal M., [[Yogesh Deole|Deole Y.S.]], [[Gopal Basisht|Basisht G.]]

|label9 = Year of publication

|data9 = 2020

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}}

<big>'''Abstract </big>'''

<~~div~~ style="text-align:justify;">

[[Grahani Chikitsa]] consists of three parts. The first part explains the concept of normal digestion process. The second part describes the abnormal digestion and third part is about diseases caused by abnormality of digestive factors and its interaction with proximal intestine or ''grahani''. These disorders are called ''grahanidosha''.

[[Grahani Chikitsa]] consists of three parts. The first part explains the concept of normal digestion process. The second part describes the abnormal digestion and third part is about diseases caused by abnormality of digestive factors and its interaction with proximal intestine or ''grahani''. These disorders are called ''grahanidosha''.

[[agni]] (digestive and metabolic agents), based on their specific functions of conversion of food into biological elements of the body are classified into thirteen types. First, the ''jatharagni'' is most important because it is the initiator of digestive process and it strengthens the digestive ability of other twelve ''agnis''. Five ''bhutagnis'' transform the ''panchmahabhauika'' components of ''ahara rasa'' created by ''jatharagni'' into different structures of the body. Seven ''dhatvagnis'' create seven tissues elements(''[[dhatu]]'').

''Jatharagni'' initiates the first phase of digestion process by conversion of food into nutrient fluid (''ahara rasa''). This nutrient fluid is further trifurcated into three biological substances ''[[kapha]], [[pitta]]'' and ''[[vata]]'' in three stages to ''madhura, amla'' and ''katu awastha paka'' respectively. This biofluid is separated into excretable waste or impure products by ''samana vata'' in ''grahani'' (middle part of GI Tract) and useful, pure circulable products. ''Samana vata'' analyzes and separates the useful products (''prasada'') and waste (''kitta''). Useful products get absorbed by ''rasayani'' (villi) of the intestine, sent to the micro channels (''srotas'') by ''vyanvata'', simutaneouly, to the entire body. Waste products are excreted out by ''apana vayu'' through urine, feces and sweat.

Now second and third phase of digestion process occur simultaneously in the ''srotas'' (microchannels). Five ''bhutagnis'' work on the formation of anatomical structure of the body from respective ''[[panchamahabhuta]]'' in the form of micro channels, by digesting needful components present in biofluid. Each gross and subtle particle of body is ''[[panchabhautika]]'', but each one is having different proportion of ''[[mahabhuta]]''.

Now the third phase of digestion is processed in seven micro channels (''srotas'') specified for seven body tissues (''[[dhatu]]'') for the formation of body tissues by their specific seven tissue transformers (''dhatvagnis'') Excreable waste products are carried out by three excreatory channels as feces, urine and sweat, along with sub tissues and sub excreta of sensory organs.

Second part of this chapter explains the etiopathology of abnormal digestion, and formation of intermediate products as seed cause of various diseases in the form of ''ama, shukta'' and ''amavisha''.

Third part explicates the etiopathology, types, symptoms and treatments of ''grahanidosha'' as a syndrome of various digestive disorders. The chapter sums up in defining abnormal dietary habits.

'''Keywords''': Digestion in [[Ayurveda]], metabolism in [[Ayurveda]], ''jatharagni, bhutagni, dhatvagni, grahani, grahanidosha, grahani roga, annavisha, atyagni, samashana, vishamashana, adhyashana''.

</~~div~~>

== Introduction ==

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''Samana vayu'' separates nutritive (''prasad'') and waste (''kitta'') part from ''ahara rasa''. Nutritive part is circulated to entire body after absorption through ''rasayini'' (villi) by ''vyana vayu''. Waste part is excreted as feces, urine and sweat through their excretory channels by ''apana vata''. Absorbed nutritive substances circulate all over the body through seven specific micro channels of each of the seven ''[[dhatu]]s''.

=== ''Dhatvagni'' ===

=== [[Dhatvagni]] ===

Each ''[[dhatu]]'' has its own transforming [[agni]] and ''srotas''. ''Srotas'' or micro channels have two functions of carrying and transforming the tissues with the help of their specific ''dhatvagni''. Five ~~''bhutagnis''~~, one for each ''[[mahabhuta]]'', transform five ''bhautic'' elements into the body tissues and organs. Seven ''dhatvagni'' or tissue transformers, form the tissue elements of seven ''[[dhatu]]s'' by their needed nutrients. After formation of ''[[dhatu]'', the microchannels permeates them into the organs for functioning. During this transformation process, ''upadhatu'' or subtissues and ''dhatumala'' or waste products are formed. ~~''Updhatus''~~ of ''[[rasa dhatu]]'' is breast milk; menstrual blood is ''upadhatu'' of ''[[rakta]]''; tendons and six layers of skin are ''upadhatu'' of ''[[mamsa dhatu]]'' etc.

Each ''[[dhatu]]'' has its own transforming [[agni]] and [[srotas]]. [[Srotas]] or micro channels have two functions of carrying and transforming the tissues with the help of their specific [[dhatvagni]]. Five [[bhutagni]]s, one for each ''[[mahabhuta]]'', transform five ''bhautic'' elements into the body tissues and organs. Seven [[dhatvagni]] or tissue transformers, form the tissue elements of seven ''[[dhatu]]s'' by their needed nutrients. After formation of ''[[dhatu]'', the microchannels permeates them into the organs for functioning. During this transformation process, [[upadhatu]] or subtissues and ''dhatumala'' or waste products are formed. [[Upadhatu]]s of ''[[rasa dhatu]]'' is breast milk; menstrual blood is ''upadhatu'' of ''[[rakta]]''; tendons and six layers of skin are [[upadhatu]] of ''[[mamsa dhatu]]'' etc.

Apart from digestion, the gut performs various other significant functions as well. The gut has its own protective mechanism in the form of gut-associated lymphoid tissue, which prevents the entry of pathogens into the bloodstream. The micro-biota in the gut serves vital functions related to various aspects of health. The enteric nervous system of the gut has its own functional significance and has been proven to be very closely associated with the central nervous system functions. The gut secretes several hormone-like substances that are helpful in regulating long-term energy balance. All the factors mentioned are either directly or indirectly dependent on these functional domains of the gut. <ref>W I Khan, J E Ghia. Gut hormones: emerging role in immune activation and inflammation. Clin Exp Immunol. 2010 July; 161(1): 19–27</ref> <ref>Andrew L. Kau, Philip P. Ahern, Nicholas W. Griffin, Andrew L. Goodman, Jeffrey I. Gordon. Human nutrition, the gut microbiome, and immune system: envisioning the future. Nature. 2011 June 15; 474(7351): 327–336. doi: 10.1038/nature10213</ref> Other forms of [[agni]] in this context are indicative of ''bhutagni'' and ''dhatvagni'', which in turn, are functionally dependent on ''jatharagni''. ''Prana'' in this context may stand for all types of ''[[vata]]'' as well.

Apart from digestion, the gut performs various other significant functions as well. The gut has its own protective mechanism in the form of gut-associated lymphoid tissue, which prevents the entry of pathogens into the bloodstream. The micro-biota in the gut serves vital functions related to various aspects of health. The enteric nervous system of the gut has its own functional significance and has been proven to be very closely associated with the central nervous system functions. The gut secretes several hormone-like substances that are helpful in regulating long-term energy balance. All the factors mentioned are either directly or indirectly dependent on these functional domains of the gut. <ref>W I Khan, J E Ghia. Gut hormones: emerging role in immune activation and inflammation. Clin Exp Immunol. 2010 July; 161(1): 19–27</ref> <ref>Andrew L. Kau, Philip P. Ahern, Nicholas W. Griffin, Andrew L. Goodman, Jeffrey I. Gordon. Human nutrition, the gut microbiome, and immune system: envisioning the future. Nature. 2011 June 15; 474(7351): 327–336. doi: 10.1038/nature10213</ref> Other forms of [[agni]] in this context are indicative of [[bhutagni]] and [[dhatvagni]], which in turn, are functionally dependent on [[jatharagni]]. [[Prana]] in this context may stand for all types of ''[[vata]]'' as well.

=== Three stages of digestion ===

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''Prayatna'' (effort), ''urja'' (energy) and ''bala'' (strength) are the role played by ''[[vata]], [[pitta]]'' and ''[[kapha]]'' in building up of immunity. When the ''[[dosha]]'' gets vitiated ''prayatna, urja'' and ''bala'' are hampered leading to suppression of immunity.

Exogenous and endogenous factors vitiate the [[~~doṣha~~]] which when associated with ama produce either local or systemic disorders.

Exogenous and endogenous factors vitiate the [[dosha]] which when associated with ama produce either local or systemic disorders.

''Tridosha'' play role in impairing immunity and depending on the dominance of a particular ''[[dosha]]'' they are classified as ''[[vata]]ja, [[pitta]]ka'' and ''[[kapha]]ja'' disorders.[Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 28/7]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{CiteButton}}
 {{#seo:
 |title=Grahani Chikitsa
@@ Line 8: / Line 9: @@
 |type=article
 }}
 <big>'''[[Chikitsa Sthana]] Chapter 15. Management of Grahani (Diseases of digestion and metabolism) </big>'''
 {{Infobox
@@ Line 22: / Line 22: @@
 |data5 = [[Sutra Sthana]], [[Nidana Sthana]],  [[Vimana Sthana]],  [[Sharira Sthana]], [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Kalpa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]
 |label6 = Translator and commentator
-|data6 = Patwardhan K., Ojha S.N.,Upadhyaya W., Samant A.
+|data6 = Patwardhan K., Ojha S.N., Upadhyaya W., Samant A.
 |label7 = Reviewer
 |data7  = Dharmadhikari A., Kajaria D.
 |label8 = Editors
-|data8  = Singh G., Goyal M., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
+|data8  = Singh G., Goyal M., [[Yogesh Deole|Deole Y.S.]], [[Gopal Basisht|Basisht G.]]
 |label9 = Year of publication
 |data9 =  2020
@@ Line 35: / Line 35: @@
 }}
 <big>'''Abstract </big>'''
-<div style="text-align:justify;">
+<p style="text-align:justify;">[[Grahani Chikitsa]] consists of three parts. The first part explains the concept of normal digestion process. The second part describes the abnormal digestion and third part is about diseases caused by abnormality of digestive factors and its interaction with proximal intestine or ''grahani''. These disorders are called ''grahanidosha''.
-[[Grahani Chikitsa]] consists of three parts. The first part explains the concept of normal digestion process. The second part describes the abnormal digestion and third part is about diseases caused by abnormality of digestive factors and its interaction with proximal intestine or ''grahani''. These disorders are called ''grahanidosha''.
+<br/>
 [[agni]] (digestive and metabolic agents), based on their specific functions of conversion of food into biological elements of the body are classified into thirteen types. First, the ''jatharagni'' is most important because it is the initiator of digestive process and it strengthens the digestive ability of other twelve ''agnis''. Five ''bhutagnis'' transform the ''panchmahabhauika'' components of ''ahara rasa'' created by ''jatharagni'' into different structures of the body. Seven ''dhatvagnis'' create seven tissues elements(''[[dhatu]]'').
+<br/>
 ''Jatharagni'' initiates the first phase of digestion process by conversion of food into nutrient fluid (''ahara rasa''). This nutrient fluid is further trifurcated into three biological substances ''[[kapha]], [[pitta]]'' and ''[[vata]]'' in three stages to ''madhura, amla'' and ''katu awastha paka'' respectively. This biofluid is separated into excretable waste or impure products by ''samana vata'' in ''grahani'' (middle part of GI Tract) and useful, pure circulable products.  ''Samana vata'' analyzes and separates the useful products (''prasada'') and waste (''kitta''). Useful products get absorbed by ''rasayani'' (villi) of the intestine, sent to the micro channels (''srotas'') by ''vyanvata'', simutaneouly, to the entire body. Waste products are excreted out by ''apana vayu'' through urine, feces and sweat.
+  <br/>
 Now second and third phase of digestion process occur simultaneously in the ''srotas'' (microchannels). Five ''bhutagnis'' work on the formation of anatomical structure of the body from respective ''[[panchamahabhuta]]'' in the form of micro channels, by digesting needful components present in biofluid. Each gross and subtle particle of body is ''[[panchabhautika]]'', but each one is having different proportion of ''[[mahabhuta]]''.
+<br/>
 Now the third phase of digestion is processed in seven micro channels (''srotas'') specified for seven body tissues (''[[dhatu]]'') for the formation of body tissues by their specific seven tissue transformers (''dhatvagnis'') Excreable waste products are carried out by three excreatory channels as feces, urine and sweat, along with sub tissues and sub excreta of sensory organs.
+<br/>
 Second part of this chapter explains the etiopathology of abnormal digestion, and formation of intermediate products as seed cause of various diseases in the form of ''ama, shukta'' and ''amavisha''.
+<br/>
 Third part explicates the etiopathology, types, symptoms and treatments of ''grahanidosha'' as a syndrome of various digestive disorders. The chapter sums up in defining abnormal dietary habits.
+  <br/>
 '''Keywords''': Digestion in [[Ayurveda]], metabolism in [[Ayurveda]], ''jatharagni, bhutagni, dhatvagni, grahani, grahanidosha, grahani roga, annavisha, atyagni, samashana, vishamashana, adhyashana''.
-</div>
+</p>
 == Introduction ==
@@ Line 4,164: / Line 4,162: @@
 ''Samana vayu'' separates nutritive (''prasad'') and waste (''kitta'') part from ''ahara rasa''. Nutritive part is circulated to entire body after absorption through ''rasayini'' (villi) by ''vyana vayu''. Waste part is excreted as feces, urine and sweat through their excretory channels by ''apana vata''. Absorbed nutritive substances circulate all over the body through seven specific micro channels of each of the seven ''[[dhatu]]s''.
-=== ''Dhatvagni'' ===
+=== [[Dhatvagni]] ===
-Each ''[[dhatu]]'' has its own transforming [[agni]] and ''srotas''. ''Srotas'' or micro channels have two functions of carrying and transforming the tissues with the help of their specific ''dhatvagni''. Five ''bhutagnis'', one for each ''[[mahabhuta]]'', transform five ''bhautic'' elements into the body tissues and organs. Seven ''dhatvagni'' or tissue transformers, form the tissue elements of seven ''[[dhatu]]s'' by their needed nutrients. After formation of ''[[dhatu]'', the microchannels permeates them into the organs for functioning. During this transformation process, ''upadhatu'' or subtissues and ''dhatumala'' or waste products are formed. ''Updhatus'' of ''[[rasa dhatu]]'' is breast milk; menstrual blood is ''upadhatu'' of ''[[rakta]]''; tendons and six layers of skin are ''upadhatu'' of ''[[mamsa dhatu]]'' etc.
+Each ''[[dhatu]]'' has its own transforming [[agni]] and [[srotas]]. [[Srotas]] or micro channels have two functions of carrying and transforming the tissues with the help of their specific [[dhatvagni]]. Five [[bhutagni]]s, one for each ''[[mahabhuta]]'', transform five ''bhautic'' elements into the body tissues and organs. Seven [[dhatvagni]] or tissue transformers, form the tissue elements of seven ''[[dhatu]]s'' by their needed nutrients. After formation of ''[[dhatu]'', the microchannels permeates them into the organs for functioning. During this transformation process, [[upadhatu]] or subtissues and ''dhatumala'' or waste products are formed. [[Upadhatu]]s of ''[[rasa dhatu]]'' is breast milk; menstrual blood is ''upadhatu'' of ''[[rakta]]''; tendons and six layers of skin are [[upadhatu]] of ''[[mamsa dhatu]]'' etc.
-Apart from digestion, the gut performs various other significant functions as well. The gut has its own protective mechanism in the form of gut-associated lymphoid tissue, which prevents the entry of pathogens into the bloodstream. The micro-biota in the gut serves vital functions related to various aspects of health. The enteric nervous system of the gut has its own functional significance and has been proven to be very closely associated with the central nervous system functions. The gut secretes several hormone-like substances that are helpful in regulating long-term energy balance. All the factors mentioned are either directly or indirectly dependent on these functional domains of the gut. <ref>W I Khan, J E Ghia. Gut hormones: emerging role in immune activation and inflammation. Clin Exp Immunol. 2010 July; 161(1): 19–27</ref> <ref>Andrew L. Kau, Philip P. Ahern, Nicholas W. Griffin, Andrew L. Goodman, Jeffrey I. Gordon. Human nutrition, the gut microbiome, and immune system: envisioning the future. Nature. 2011 June 15; 474(7351): 327–336. doi: 10.1038/nature10213</ref> Other forms of [[agni]] in this context are indicative of ''bhutagni'' and ''dhatvagni'', which in turn, are functionally dependent on ''jatharagni''. ''Prana'' in this context may stand for all types of ''[[vata]]'' as well.
+Apart from digestion, the gut performs various other significant functions as well. The gut has its own protective mechanism in the form of gut-associated lymphoid tissue, which prevents the entry of pathogens into the bloodstream. The micro-biota in the gut serves vital functions related to various aspects of health. The enteric nervous system of the gut has its own functional significance and has been proven to be very closely associated with the central nervous system functions. The gut secretes several hormone-like substances that are helpful in regulating long-term energy balance. All the factors mentioned are either directly or indirectly dependent on these functional domains of the gut. <ref>W I Khan, J E Ghia. Gut hormones: emerging role in immune activation and inflammation. Clin Exp Immunol. 2010 July; 161(1): 19–27</ref> <ref>Andrew L. Kau, Philip P. Ahern, Nicholas W. Griffin, Andrew L. Goodman, Jeffrey I. Gordon. Human nutrition, the gut microbiome, and immune system: envisioning the future. Nature. 2011 June 15; 474(7351): 327–336. doi: 10.1038/nature10213</ref> Other forms of [[agni]] in this context are indicative of [[bhutagni]] and [[dhatvagni]], which in turn, are functionally dependent on [[jatharagni]]. [[Prana]] in this context may stand for all types of ''[[vata]]'' as well.
 === Three stages of digestion ===
@@ Line 4,256: / Line 4,254: @@
 ''Prayatna'' (effort), ''urja'' (energy) and ''bala'' (strength) are the role played by ''[[vata]], [[pitta]]'' and ''[[kapha]]'' in building up of immunity. When the ''[[dosha]]'' gets vitiated ''prayatna, urja'' and ''bala'' are hampered leading to suppression of immunity.
-Exogenous and endogenous factors vitiate the [[doṣha]] which when associated with ama produce either local or systemic disorders.
+Exogenous and endogenous factors vitiate the [[dosha]] which when associated with ama produce either local or systemic disorders.
 ''Tridosha'' play role in impairing immunity and depending on the dominance of a particular ''[[dosha]]'' they are classified as ''[[vata]]ja, [[pitta]]ka'' and ''[[kapha]]ja'' disorders.[Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 28/7]