Talk:Shigru: Difference between revisions
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'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moringa_oleifera Moringa oleifera LAM.]''', popularly known as '''Shigru''' (Drumstick plant), is a fast-growing, deciduous tree native to the Indian subcontinent and cultivated across tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. It is widely revered in [[Ayurveda]] as a powerful anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and scraping ( | '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moringa_oleifera Moringa oleifera LAM.]''', popularly known as '''Shigru''' (Drumstick plant), is a fast-growing, deciduous tree native to the Indian subcontinent and cultivated across tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. It is widely revered in [[Ayurveda]] as a powerful anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and scraping (''lekhan'') drug of choice for managing painful edematous swellings, metabolic disorders, and microbial infections. | ||
== English name == | == English name == | ||
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== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context == | == Botanical Profile & Traditional Context == | ||
In traditional medicine, Shigru is classified as a potent Vata and Kapha pacifying agent with sharp ( | In traditional medicine, Shigru is classified as a potent Vata and Kapha pacifying agent with sharp (''tikshna'') and hot (''ushna'') properties. It is exceptionally valued for clearing deep-seated tissue toxins, reducing chronic inflammation, and rectifying lipid metabolism (''medoroga''). | ||
== Bhavaprakasha Nighantu == | == Bhavaprakasha Nighantu == | ||
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== Phytochemical Composition == | == Phytochemical Composition == | ||
The | The leaves of ''Moringa oleifera'' are rich in proteins, minerals, vitamins (particularly C and E) and β-carotene, and in bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, glucosinolates and isothiocyanates, tannins and saponins.<ref name="Leone2015b">{{cite journal |last1=Leone |first1=A. |display-authors=etal |year=2015 |title=Nutritional characterization and phenolic profiling of Moringa oleifera leaves grown in Chad, Sahrawi refugee camps, and Haiti |journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences |volume=16 |issue=8 |pages=18923–18937}}</ref> | ||
* ''' | * '''Flavonoids:''' Quercetin and kaempferol glycosides were the main phenolic compounds identified in methanolic leaf extracts. | ||
* ''' | * '''Phenolic acids:''' Salicylic acid (0.14–0.33 mg/100 g) and ferulic acid (6.61–9.69 mg/100 g) were found in leaves grown in Chad, the Sahrawi refugee camps and Haiti. | ||
* ''' | * '''Isothiocyanates (seeds):''' 4(α-L-rhamnosyloxy)benzyl isothiocyanate, an antimicrobial principle, makes up about 8–10% of defatted, shell-free seeds (see Antimicrobial Activity below). | ||
== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy == | == Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy == | ||
=== Anti- | === Anti-inflammatory and Anti-arthritic Activity (Sopha) === | ||
* ''' | * '''Scientific Evidence:''' In rats with complete Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis, an ethanol extract of ''Moringa oleifera'' leaves (250 and 500 mg/kg) was reported to prevent the development of arthritis or ameliorate its severity, and also showed dose-dependent anti-nociceptive activity in normal and arthritic rats.<ref name="Mahdi2018">{{cite journal |last1=Mahdi |first1=H. J. |display-authors=etal |year=2018 |title=In vivo anti-arthritic and anti-nociceptive effects of ethanol extract of Moringa oleifera leaves on complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis in rats |journal=Integrative Medicine Research |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=85–94 |doi=10.1016/j.imr.2017.11.002}}</ref> | ||
=== Antimicrobial | === Antimicrobial Activity === | ||
* ''' | * '''Scientific Evidence:''' 4(α-L-rhamnosyloxy)benzyl isothiocyanate was identified as an active antimicrobial agent from the seeds of ''Moringa oleifera'' and ''M. stenopetala''. It acts on several bacteria and fungi; the minimal bactericidal concentration in vitro was 40 µmol/l for ''Mycobacterium phlei'' and 56 µmol/l for ''Bacillus subtilis''. Roots of ''M. oleifera'' contain this compound and benzyl isothiocyanate but not pterygospermin, as had previously been suggested.<ref name="Eilert1981">{{cite journal |last1=Eilert |first1=U. |last2=Wolters |first2=B. |last3=Nahrstedt |first3=A. |year=1981 |title=The antibiotic principle of seeds of Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala |journal=Planta Medica |volume=42 |issue=5 |pages=55–61 |doi=10.1055/s-2007-971546}}</ref> | ||
== | === Metabolic Disorders (Medoroga) === | ||
* ''' | * '''Scientific Evidence:''' A review of studies on moringa leaf preparations given orally in chronic hyperglycaemia and dyslipidaemia reported beneficial changes in specific biochemical parameters of these conditions.<ref name="Mbikay2012">{{cite journal |last1=Mbikay |first1=M. |year=2012 |title=Therapeutic potential of Moringa oleifera leaves in chronic hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia: a review |journal=Frontiers in Pharmacology |volume=3 |pages=24 |doi=10.3389/fphar.2012.00024}}</ref> | ||
== Safety and Limitations of Evidence == | |||
* '''Clinical evidence:''' A review of the pharmacology of moringa leaves concluded that there are still too few studies in humans to recommend the leaves as medication for the prevention or treatment of diseases; the pharmacological findings cited above come from animal and in vitro studies.<ref name="Leone2015a">{{cite journal |last1=Leone |first1=A. |last2=Spada |first2=A. |last3=Battezzati |first3=A. |last4=Schiraldi |first4=A. |last5=Aristil |first5=J. |last6=Bertoli |first6=S. |year=2015 |title=Cultivation, genetic, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Moringa oleifera leaves: an overview |journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=12791–12835 |doi=10.3390/ijms160612791}}</ref> | |||
== Summary of Therapeutic Profile == | == Summary of Therapeutic Profile == | ||
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;" | {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;" | ||
|+ Therapeutic Applications of | |+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Moringa oleifera'' | ||
! Indication | ! Indication | ||
! Active Biomolecules | ! Active Biomolecules | ||
! Primary Pharmacological Action | ! Primary Pharmacological Action | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Inflammatory Swelling (Sopha)''' | | '''Inflammatory Swelling / Arthritis (Sopha)''' | ||
| | | Leaf ethanol extract (phenolics, flavonoids) | ||
| Anti- | | Anti-arthritic, anti-nociceptive (rat model) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''' | | '''Microbial Infections''' | ||
| | | 4(α-L-rhamnosyloxy)benzyl isothiocyanate (seeds) | ||
| | | Antibacterial, antifungal (in vitro) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Metabolic Disorders (Medoroga)''' | | '''Metabolic Disorders (Medoroga)''' | ||
| | | Leaf preparations | ||
| | | Beneficial changes in glycaemic and lipid parameters (reviewed studies) | ||
|} | |} | ||
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<ref name="Tripathi2006">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, ed. 2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi; Mulakadi Varga, Verse no. 26-33, p. 193-194.</ref> | <ref name="Tripathi2006">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, ed. 2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi; Mulakadi Varga, Verse no. 26-33, p. 193-194.</ref> | ||
<ref name="ChunekarNighantu">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Guduchyadi Varga, p. 324.</ref> | <ref name="ChunekarNighantu">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Guduchyadi Varga, p. 324.</ref> | ||
<ref name=" | <ref name="Leone2015b">{{cite journal |last1=Leone |first1=A. |display-authors=etal |year=2015 |title=Nutritional characterization and phenolic profiling of Moringa oleifera leaves grown in Chad, Sahrawi refugee camps, and Haiti |journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences |volume=16 |issue=8 |pages=18923–18937}}</ref> | ||
<ref name="Eilert1981">{{cite journal |last1=Eilert |first1=U. |last2=Wolters |first2=B. |last3=Nahrstedt |first3=A. |year=1981 |title=The antibiotic principle of seeds of Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala |journal=Planta Medica |volume=42 |issue= | <ref name="Mahdi2018">{{cite journal |last1=Mahdi |first1=H. J. |display-authors=etal |year=2018 |title=In vivo anti-arthritic and anti-nociceptive effects of ethanol extract of Moringa oleifera leaves on complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis in rats |journal=Integrative Medicine Research |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=85–94 |doi=10.1016/j.imr.2017.11.002}}</ref> | ||
<ref name="Eilert1981">{{cite journal |last1=Eilert |first1=U. |last2=Wolters |first2=B. |last3=Nahrstedt |first3=A. |year=1981 |title=The antibiotic principle of seeds of Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala |journal=Planta Medica |volume=42 |issue=5 |pages=55–61 |doi=10.1055/s-2007-971546}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Mbikay2012">{{cite journal |last1=Mbikay |first1=M. |year=2012 |title=Therapeutic potential of Moringa oleifera leaves in chronic hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia: a review |journal=Frontiers in Pharmacology |volume=3 |pages=24 |doi=10.3389/fphar.2012.00024}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Leone2015a">{{cite journal |last1=Leone |first1=A. |last2=Spada |first2=A. |last3=Battezzati |first3=A. |last4=Schiraldi |first4=A. |last5=Aristil |first5=J. |last6=Bertoli |first6=S. |year=2015 |title=Cultivation, genetic, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Moringa oleifera leaves: an overview |journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=12791–12835 |doi=10.3390/ijms160612791}}</ref> | |||
}} | }} | ||
[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]] | [[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]] | ||