Charak Samhita

Talk:Shalmali: Difference between revisions

← Older edit
VisualWikitext
Dridhabala (talk | contribs)
252 edits
No edit summary
Dridhabala (talk | contribs)
252 edits
No edit summary
 
Line 29: Line 29:
}}
}}


'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombax_ceiba Bombax ceiba L.]''' (syn. *Bombax malabarica* D.C.), popularly known as '''Shalmali''' (Silk cotton tree), is a large, deciduous tree native to tropical regions of Asia, Australia, and Africa. It is widely revered in [[Ayurveda]] as a prominent cooling, astringent, and healing agent, traditionally utilized for managing internal hemorrhages, inflammatory skin conditions, burning sensations, and wound healing.
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombax_ceiba Bombax ceiba L.]''' (syn. ''Bombax malabarica'' D.C.), popularly known as '''Shalmali''' (Silk cotton tree), is a large, deciduous tree native to tropical regions of Asia, Australia, and Africa. It is widely revered in [[Ayurveda]] as a prominent cooling, astringent, and healing agent, traditionally utilized for managing internal hemorrhages, inflammatory skin conditions, burning sensations, and wound healing.


== English name ==
== English name ==
Line 156: Line 156:


== Phytochemical Composition ==
== Phytochemical Composition ==
The therapeutic potential of *Bombax ceiba* stems from its diverse secondary metabolites:
The best-characterised constituent of ''Bombax ceiba'' (syn. ''Bombax malabaricum'') leaves is '''mangiferin''', a xanthone C-glucoside. Mangiferin was isolated from the leaves by repeated column chromatography of the n-butanol fraction of the 70% ethanol extract and identified by UV, NMR and mass spectrometry. It proved identical to the compound earlier reported as the flavonol C-glycoside "shamimin", whose structure was therefore revised.<ref name="Shahat2003">{{cite journal |last1=Shahat |first1=A. A. |last2=Hassan |first2=R. A. |last3=Nazif |first3=N. M. |last4=Van Miert |first4=S. |last5=Pieters |first5=L. |last6=Hammuda |first6=F. M. |last7=Vlietinck |first7=A. J. |year=2003 |title=Isolation of mangiferin from Bombax malabaricum and structure revision of shamimin |journal=Planta Medica |volume=69 |issue=11 |pages=1068–1070 |doi=10.1055/s-2003-45161}}</ref>
* '''Tannins and Phenolic Compounds:''' High concentrations of condensed tannins and gallic acid derivatives providing strong astringency.
* '''Flavonoids:''' Lupeol, mangiferin, and quercetin derivatives.
* '''Mucilage and Polysaccharides:''' Present extensively in the gum resin (Mocha rasa), facilitating demulcent and soothing actions.


== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
=== Hemostatic and Wound Healing Actions ===
=== Anti-diabetic and Hypolipidaemic Activity (Prameha) ===
* '''Mechanism:''' The rich tannin content acts as a natural astringent, precipitating proteins on mucosal surfaces and open wounds to arrest bleeding, reduce exudation, and accelerate cellular repair.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' A bark extract of ''Bombax ceiba'' was given orally to normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats at 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg/day for 21 days. The 600 mg/kg dose produced the most significant (p<0.001) hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic effects, including lower total cholesterol and triglycerides in severely diabetic rats. GC-MS studies confirmed triterpenoid compounds in the extract, which the authors suggest may account for the activity.<ref name="Bhavsar2013">{{cite journal |last1=Bhavsar |first1=C. J. |last2=Talele |first2=G. S. |year=2013 |title=Potential anti-diabetic activity of Bombax ceiba |journal=Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=102–106 |doi=10.3329/bjp.v8i2.13701}}</ref>
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Preclinical studies demonstrate significant reduction in bleeding time and improved wound contraction rates when utilizing bark and resin extracts.<ref name="Bains2005">{{cite journal |last1=Bains |first1=S. |last2=Puri |first2=D. |year=2005 |title=Hypolipidemic and antioxidant activity of Bombax ceiba flower extract |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=98 |issue=1 |pages=85–91}}</ref>


=== Anti-Inflammatory and Demulcent Efficacy ===
=== Anti-arthritic and Anti-inflammatory Activity ===
* '''Mechanism:''' The mucilaginous polysaccharides coat irritated gastrointestinal and urogenital linings, minimizing inflammation and providing relief from burning sensations (*daha*).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In Wistar rats with Freund's complete adjuvant-induced arthritis, a 70% ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of ''Bombax ceiba'' (200 and 400 mg/kg) significantly inhibited paw oedema, reduced the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6, and reduced histopathological changes in the joint over 28 days. The authors concluded that the findings support the traditional use of the plant in arthritis.<ref name="Posinasetty2023">{{cite journal |last1=Posinasetty |first1=B. |last2=Chikatipalli |first2=R. |last3=Chenchula |first3=S. |last4=Kuttiappan |first4=A. |last5=Swapna |first5=G. |last6=Lakshmi |first6=G. N. A. |last7=Audinarayana |first7=N. |year=2023 |title=Anti-arthritic efficacy of Bombax ceiba ethanolic extract in a murine model for rheumatoid arthritis using in vivo, in vitro and radiological analysis |journal=Bioinformation |volume=19 |issue=8 |pages=833–839 |doi=10.6026/97320630019833 |pmid=37908617}}</ref>
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Experimental models confirm its substantial anti-inflammatory capacity and protective effects against mucosal irritation.<ref name="Dar2006">{{cite journal |last1=Dar |first1=A. |last2=Faizi |first2=S. |last3=Naqvi |first3=S. |year=2006 |title=Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of Bombax ceiba constituents |journal=Phytomedicine |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=202–207}}</ref>
 
=== Antioxidant, Hepatoprotective and Analgesic Activity ===
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Mangiferin obtained from methanolic extracts of ''Bombax ceiba'' leaves showed strong antioxidant activity in the DPPH assay (EC50 5.8 ± 0.96 µg/mL), comparable to rutin, and protected against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in vivo. It also produced a significant analgesic effect in acetic acid-induced writhing and hot-plate tests in mice. The plant extracts and mangiferin did not show acute anti-inflammatory activity in that study.<ref name="Dar2005">{{cite journal |last1=Dar |first1=A. |last2=Faizi |first2=S. |last3=Naqvi |first3=S. |last4=Roome |first4=T. |last5=Zikr-ur-Rehman |first5=S. |last6=Ali |first6=M. |last7=Firdous |first7=S. |last8=Moin |first8=S. T. |year=2005 |title=Analgesic and antioxidant activity of mangiferin and its derivatives: the structure activity relationship |journal=Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=596–600 |doi=10.1248/bpb.28.596}}</ref>
 
=== Hypotensive Activity ===
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' The C-flavonol glucoside shamimin (later shown to be mangiferin) from ''Bombax ceiba'' leaves was a significant hypotensive agent in Sprague-Dawley rats at 15, 3 and 1 mg/kg, and showed significant hypoglycaemic activity at 500 mg/kg.<ref name="Saleem1999">{{cite journal |last1=Saleem |first1=R. |last2=Ahmad |first2=M. |last3=Hussain |first3=S. A. |last4=Qazi |first4=A. M. |last5=Ahmad |first5=S. I. |last6=Qazi |first6=M. H. |last7=Ali |first7=M. |last8=Faizi |first8=S. |last9=Akhtar |first9=S. |last10=Husnain |first10=S. N. |year=1999 |title=Hypotensive, hypoglycaemic and toxicological studies on the flavonol C-glycoside shamimin from Bombax ceiba |journal=Planta Medica |volume=65 |issue=4 |pages=331–334 |doi=10.1055/s-1999-14060 |pmid=10364838}}</ref>


== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' *Bombax ceiba* extracts exhibit a very favorable safety margin in standard experimental evaluations.
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' In the study of shamimin, no mortality occurred in mice at 1 g/kg, whereas 500 mg/kg was a lethal dose in rats; the safety of crude extracts in humans has not been established in the studies cited here.<ref name="Saleem1999"/>
* '''Precautions:''' No major adverse contraindications are noted under standard dosages; however, excessive ingestion of crude gum without fluid can cause mild digestive heaviness.
 


== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of *Bombax ceiba*
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Bombax ceiba''
! Indication
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
|-
| '''Intrinsic Haemorrhage (Raktapitta)'''
| '''Diabetes (Prameha)'''
| Condensed tannins, Gallic acid
| Triterpenoids (bark extract)
| Hemostatic, Astringent
| Hypoglycaemic, hypolipidaemic (rat model)
|-
| '''Arthritis'''
| Ethanolic extract of aerial parts
| Reduced paw oedema, TNF-α and IL-6 (rat model)
|-
|-
| '''Wounds & Skin Irritations'''
| '''Oxidative stress, liver injury, pain'''
| Flavonoids, Lupeol
| Mangiferin
| Wound healing, Anti-inflammatory
| Antioxidant, hepatoprotective, analgesic (animal models)
|-
|-
| '''Burning Sensation & Ulcerations'''
| '''Hypertension'''
| Mucilage polysaccharides
| Shamimin (mangiferin)
| Demulcent, Cytoprotective
| Hypotensive (rat model)
|}
|}


Line 206: Line 209:
<ref name="CharakSamhitaVol2">Acharya Vidyadhar Shukla, Prof. Ravidatta Tripathi, Charaka Samhita Vol. 2, Reprint 2006, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Pratishthan, Chikitsa Sthana, chapter no. 14, verse no. 188-192, p. 343.</ref>
<ref name="CharakSamhitaVol2">Acharya Vidyadhar Shukla, Prof. Ravidatta Tripathi, Charaka Samhita Vol. 2, Reprint 2006, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Pratishthan, Chikitsa Sthana, chapter no. 14, verse no. 188-192, p. 343.</ref>
<ref name="Sunishannaka">Acharya Vidyadhar Shukla, Prof. Ravidatta Tripathi, Charaka Samhita Vol. 2, Reprint 2006, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Pratishthan, Chikitsa Sthana, chapter no. 14, verse no. 235-242, p. 349.</ref>
<ref name="Sunishannaka">Acharya Vidyadhar Shukla, Prof. Ravidatta Tripathi, Charaka Samhita Vol. 2, Reprint 2006, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Pratishthan, Chikitsa Sthana, chapter no. 14, verse no. 235-242, p. 349.</ref>
<ref name="Bains2005">{{cite journal |last1=Bains |first1=S. |last2=Puri |first2=D. |year=2005 |title=Hypolipidemic and antioxidant activity of Bombax ceiba flower extract |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=98 |issue=1 |pages=85–91}}</ref>
<ref name="Shahat2003">{{cite journal |last1=Shahat |first1=A. A. |last2=Hassan |first2=R. A. |last3=Nazif |first3=N. M. |last4=Van Miert |first4=S. |last5=Pieters |first5=L. |last6=Hammuda |first6=F. M. |last7=Vlietinck |first7=A. J. |year=2003 |title=Isolation of mangiferin from Bombax malabaricum and structure revision of shamimin |journal=Planta Medica |volume=69 |issue=11 |pages=1068–1070 |doi=10.1055/s-2003-45161}}</ref>
<ref name="Dar2006">{{cite journal |last1=Dar |first1=A. |last2=Faizi |first2=S. |last3=Naqvi |first3=S. |year=2006 |title=Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of Bombax ceiba constituents |journal=Phytomedicine |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=202–207}}</ref>
<ref name="Bhavsar2013">{{cite journal |last1=Bhavsar |first1=C. J. |last2=Talele |first2=G. S. |year=2013 |title=Potential anti-diabetic activity of Bombax ceiba |journal=Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=102–106 |doi=10.3329/bjp.v8i2.13701}}</ref>
<ref name="Posinasetty2023">{{cite journal |last1=Posinasetty |first1=B. |last2=Chikatipalli |first2=R. |last3=Chenchula |first3=S. |last4=Kuttiappan |first4=A. |last5=Swapna |first5=G. |last6=Lakshmi |first6=G. N. A. |last7=Audinarayana |first7=N. |year=2023 |title=Anti-arthritic efficacy of Bombax ceiba ethanolic extract in a murine model for rheumatoid arthritis using in vivo, in vitro and radiological analysis |journal=Bioinformation |volume=19 |issue=8 |pages=833–839 |doi=10.6026/97320630019833 |pmid=37908617}}</ref>
<ref name="Dar2005">{{cite journal |last1=Dar |first1=A. |last2=Faizi |first2=S. |last3=Naqvi |first3=S. |last4=Roome |first4=T. |last5=Zikr-ur-Rehman |first5=S. |last6=Ali |first6=M. |last7=Firdous |first7=S. |last8=Moin |first8=S. T. |year=2005 |title=Analgesic and antioxidant activity of mangiferin and its derivatives: the structure activity relationship |journal=Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=596–600 |doi=10.1248/bpb.28.596}}</ref>
<ref name="Saleem1999">{{cite journal |last1=Saleem |first1=R. |last2=Ahmad |first2=M. |last3=Hussain |first3=S. A. |last4=Qazi |first4=A. M. |last5=Ahmad |first5=S. I. |last6=Qazi |first6=M. H. |last7=Ali |first7=M. |last8=Faizi |first8=S. |last9=Akhtar |first9=S. |last10=Husnain |first10=S. N. |year=1999 |title=Hypotensive, hypoglycaemic and toxicological studies on the flavonol C-glycoside shamimin from Bombax ceiba |journal=Planta Medica |volume=65 |issue=4 |pages=331–334 |doi=10.1055/s-1999-14060 |pmid=10364838}}</ref>
}}
}}


[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
Retrieved from "https://www.charakasamhitauptodate.com/index.php?title=Talk:Shalmali"
Return to "Shalmali" page.