Talk:Shallaki: Difference between revisions

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boswellia_serrata Boswellia serrata Roxb.]''', popularly known as '''Shallaki''', is a moderate-to-large branching tree of the family Burseraceae, found in the dry mountainous regions of India, Northern Africa and the Middle East. It is regarded as one of the ancient and most valued herbs of [[Ayurveda]], and its oleo-gum resin is used as an anti-inflammatory and joint-supportive therapeutic agent.<ref name="Siddiqui2011">{{cite journal |last1=Siddiqui |first1=M. Z. |year=2011 |title=Boswellia serrata, a potential antiinflammatory agent: an overview |journal=Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume=73 |issue=3 |pages=255–261 |doi=10.4103/0250-474X.93507}}</ref>

The therapeutic potential of ''Boswellia serrata'' is concentrated in its oleo-gum resin. The resin contains monoterpenes, diterpenes, triterpenes, tetracyclic triterpenic acids and four major pentacyclic triterpenic acids.<ref name="Siddiqui2011"/>

* '''Boswellic acids (pentacyclic triterpenic acids):''' β-boswellic acid, acetyl-β-boswellic acid, 11-keto-β-boswellic acid (KBA) and acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid (AKBA).

* '''Terpenes:''' Monoterpenes and diterpenes.

* '''Tetracyclic triterpenic acids.'''

=== Anti-inflammatory Mechanism ===

* '''Mechanism:''' Boswellic acids, isolated from the gum resin, decrease the formation of leukotriene B4 by inhibiting 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO). In vitro, acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid (AKBA) was the most potent (IC50 1.5 µM); boswellic acids did not impair cyclooxygenase or 12-lipoxygenase, indicating a specific, non-redox type of 5-LO inhibition.<ref name="Safayhi1992">{{cite journal |last1=Safayhi |first1=H. |last2=Mack |first2=T. |last3=Sabieraj |first3=J. |last4=Anazodo |first4=M. I. |last5=Subramanian |first5=L. R. |last6=Ammon |first6=H. P. |year=1992 |title=Boswellic acids: novel, specific, nonredox inhibitors of 5-lipoxygenase |journal=Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics |volume=261 |issue=3 |pages=1143–1146 |pmid=1602379}}</ref>

=== Osteoarthritis of the Knee ===

* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial, 30 patients with knee osteoarthritis (15 per group) received ''Boswellia serrata'' extract or placebo for eight weeks each, with a washout period before crossover. Drug treatment was associated with decreased knee pain, increased knee flexion, increased walking distance and reduced frequency of knee swelling; there was no radiological change.<ref name="Kimmatkar2003">{{cite journal |last1=Kimmatkar |first1=N. |last2=Thawani |first2=V. |last3=Hingorani |first3=L. |last4=Khiyani |first4=R. |year=2003 |title=Efficacy and tolerability of Boswellia serrata extract in treatment of osteoarthritis of knee – a randomized double blind placebo controlled trial |journal=Phytomedicine |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=3–7}}</ref>

=== Ulcerative Colitis ===

* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In a controlled clinical trial in patients with ulcerative colitis (grade II and III), ''Boswellia serrata'' gum resin (350 mg thrice daily for 6 weeks) was compared with sulfasalazine (1 g thrice daily). Stool properties, rectal histopathology and blood parameters improved; 82% of the treated patients went into remission against 75% with sulfasalazine.<ref name="Gupta1997">{{cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=I. |last2=Parihar |first2=A. |last3=Malhotra |first3=P. |last4=Singh |first4=G. B. |last5=Lüdtke |first5=R. |last6=Safayhi |first6=H. |last7=Ammon |first7=H. P. |year=1997 |title=Effects of Boswellia serrata gum resin in patients with ulcerative colitis |journal=European Journal of Medical Research |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=37–43 |pmid=9049593}}</ref>

|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Boswellia serrata''

| '''Osteoarthritis of the knee'''

| Boswellic acids (AKBA, KBA)

| 5-Lipoxygenase inhibition; reduced pain and swelling, improved flexion

| '''Ulcerative colitis'''

| Boswellic acids

| Clinical and histological improvement; remission comparable to sulfasalazine

| '''Bronchial asthma (Swasa)'''

| Boswellic acids

| Greater clinical improvement than placebo

<ref name="Kimmatkar2003">{{cite journal |last1=Kimmatkar |first1=N. |last2=Thawani |first2=V. |last3=Hingorani |first3=L. |last4=Khiyani |first4=R. |year=2003 |title=Efficacy and tolerability of Boswellia serrata extract in treatment of osteoarthritis of knee – a randomized double blind placebo controlled trial |journal=Phytomedicine |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=3–7}}</ref>

<ref name="Gupta1997">{{cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=I. |last2=Parihar |first2=A. |last3=Malhotra |first3=P. |last4=Singh |first4=G. B. |last5=Lüdtke |first5=R. |last6=Safayhi |first6=H. |last7=Ammon |first7=H. P. |year=1997 |title=Effects of Boswellia serrata gum resin in patients with ulcerative colitis |journal=European Journal of Medical Research |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=37–43 |pmid=9049593}}</ref>

<ref name="Gupta1998">{{cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=I. |last2=Gupta |first2=V. |last3=Parihar |first3=A. |last4=Gupta |first4=S. |last5=Lüdtke |first5=R. |last6=Safayhi |first6=H. |last7=Ammon |first7=H. P. |year=1998 |title=Effects of Boswellia serrata gum resin in patients with bronchial asthma: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, 6-week clinical study |journal=European Journal of Medical Research |volume=3 |issue=11 |pages=511–514}}</ref>