Talk:Vasa: Difference between revisions

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'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhatoda_vasica Adhatoda vasica Nees. ]''', popularly known as '''Vasa''', is a well-known evergreen, sub-herbaceous bush native to India and Southeast Asia. It is widely revered in [[Ayurveda]] as the foremost expectorant and bronchodilatory drug of choice for managing respiratory ailments, cough, asthma, and bleeding disorders.

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhatoda_vasica Adhatoda vasica Nees. ]''', popularly known as '''Vasa''', is a well-known evergreen, sub-herbaceous bush native to India and Southeast Asia. It is widely revered in [[Ayurveda]] as the foremost expectorant and bronchodilatory drug of choice for managing respiratory ailments, cough, asthma, and bleeding disorders. Modern studies have focused mainly on its quinazoline alkaloids and on its antitussive, anti-asthmatic, anti-inflammatory and antitubercular effects, which are summarised below.

== English name ==

Line 148:

* Out of India: Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, China, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania.

== ~~Phytochemical Composition~~ ==

== Phytoconstituents ==

~~The therapeutic potential of *Adhatoda vasica* is derived from its diverse active secondary metabolites:~~

=== Quinazoline alkaloids ===

* '''Quinazoline Alkaloids:''' Vasicine, vasicinone, and ~~adhatodine~~.

Vasicine is the main alkaloid of the plant. A second alkaloid, vasicinone (C11H10N2O2), was isolated in crystalline form from the leaves and found to be a much weaker base than vasicine. It is identical to the quinazolone obtained by oxidising vasicine with hydrogen peroxide, and it was reported as a bronchodilator alkaloid.<ref name="Amin1959">Amin AH, Mehta DR. A bronchodilator alkaloid (vasicinone) from Adhatoda vasica Nees. Nature. 1959;184(Suppl 17):1317. doi:10.1038/1841317a0</ref>

* '''Essential Oils and ~~Phenolics~~:~~''' Active principles responsible for smooth muscle relaxation and antimicrobial effects~~.

* '''Flavonoids and Tannins:~~''' Kaempferol, quercetin, and abundant polyphenols~~.

== ~~Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==~~

=== Volatile oil (leaves) ===

=~~== Bronchodilatory and Expectorant Actions~~ ===

Hydrodistillation of the leaves gave 0.096% (v/w) essential oil. GC-MS identified eleven compounds, of which borneol (58.60%) was the most abundant.<ref name="Sarker2011">Sarker AK, Chowdhury JU, Bhuiyan HR. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil collected from Adhatoda vasica leaves. Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research. 2011;46(2):191–194. doi:10.3329/bjsir.v46i2.8185</ref>

* '''Mechanism:''' Vasicine and related alkaloids act as potent bronchodilators by relaxing the ~~bronchial smooth muscles and liquefying thick respiratory mucus, facilitating easy expectoration~~.

* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Clinical and pre-~~clinical evaluations demonstrate significant relief in bronchospasm~~, ~~cough frequency, and asthmatic symptoms~~.<ref name="~~Amin1959~~">~~{{cite journal |last1=Amin |first1=A~~. ~~H. |last2=Mehta |first2=D. R. |year=1959 |title=Vasicine, the alkaloid~~ of Adhatoda vasica~~; its isolation, properties and tentative structure |journal=~~Journal of ~~Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume=48 |issue=5 |pages=243–247}}~~</ref>

==~~= Anti-Bleeding and Hemostatic~~ Efficacy ===

== Therapeutic Efficacy: Pharmacological Evidence ==

* '''Mechanism:''' It helps manage internal hemorrhages (*raktapitta*) by promoting capillary integrity and ~~supporting coagulation parameters through its astringent and cold potency properties.~~

The evidence summarised below is from animal and in vitro studies. No controlled human clinical trial of Vasa alone was verified during the preparation of this monograph.

* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Experimental studies ~~confirm its utility in reducing bleeding time and mitigating inflammatory hemorrhagic conditions.<ref name="Dhuley1999">{{cite journal |last1=Dhuley |first1=J~~. ~~N. |year=1999 |title=antitussive and anti-inflammatory activity~~ of ~~Adhatoda vasica extracts in animals |journal=Journal~~ of ~~Ethnopharmadology |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=361–365}}</ref>~~

== ~~Safety, Toxicity,~~ and ~~Dosage~~ ==

=== Bronchodilatory and anti-asthmatic activity (Svasa) ===

* '''~~Precautions:~~''' ~~Due to its uterotonic properties~~ (~~vasicine can stimulate uterine contractions~~), ~~high doses should be avoided during pregnancy unless prescribed by a qualified specialist~~.

In a screening of traditional antiasthmatic plants, alkaloids from ''Adhatoda vasica'' that had not been described before gave pronounced protection against allergen-induced bronchial obstruction in guinea pigs (10 mg/ml, by aerosol).<ref name="Dorsch1991">Dorsch W, Wagner H. New antiasthmatic drugs from traditional medicine? International Archives of Allergy and Applied Immunology. 1991;94(1–4):262–265. doi:10.1159/000235378. PMID: 1937886</ref>

=== Antitussive activity (Kasa) ===

The antitussive effect of an ''Adhatoda vasica'' extract was studied against coughing induced by mechanical or chemical stimulation in animals, which supports the traditional use of Vasa in cough.<ref name="Dhuley1999">Dhuley JN. Antitussive effect of Adhatoda vasica extract on mechanical or chemical stimulation-induced coughing in animals. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1999;67(3):361–365. doi:10.1016/S0378-8741(99)00074-4. PMID: 10617073</ref>

=== Anti-inflammatory activity ===

Five alkaloids from the chloroform fraction (vasicine, vasicinone, vasicine acetate, 2-acetyl benzylamine and vasicinolone) showed anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity. Vasicine inhibited carrageenan-induced paw oedema by 59.51% at 20 mg/kg, and vasicinone inhibited CFA-induced paw oedema by 63.94% at 10 mg/kg.<ref name="Singh2013">Singh B, Sharma RA. Anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties of pyrroloquinazoline alkaloids from Adhatoda vasica Nees. Phytomedicine. 2013;20(5):441–445.</ref>

=== Antitubercular activity (Kshaya) ===

Vasicine acetate and 2-acetyl benzylamine, isolated from the hexane extract of the leaves, significantly inhibited ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis'', including a multi-drug-resistant strain, in vitro. The authors suggested they could be evaluated further as antitubercular drug leads.<ref name="Ignacimuthu2010">Ignacimuthu S, Shanmugam N. Antimycobacterial activity of two natural alkaloids, vasicine acetate and 2-acetyl benzylamine, isolated from Indian shrub Adhatoda vasica Ness. leaves. Journal of Biosciences. 2010;35(4):565–570. doi:10.1007/s12038-010-0065-8</ref>

=== Other traditional uses ===

Experimental evidence for the traditional uses in internal bleeding (raktapitta), jaundice (kamala) and diabetes (prameha) was not verified during the preparation of this monograph, so no efficacy claim is made for them.

== Safety, Toxicity, and Precautions ==

* '''Uterine effects:''' Several scientific reports in the last decades have described oxytocic (uterine-stimulating) and abortifacient effects of vasicine and of alkaloids derived from the plant. A critical review concluded that these reports raise questions about the safety of ''Adhatoda vasica'' as a herbal medicine, so it should be avoided in pregnancy and used only under qualified supervision.<ref name="Claeson2000">Claeson UP, Malmfors T, Wikman G, Bruhn JG. Adhatoda vasica: a critical review of ethnopharmacological and toxicological data. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2000;72(1–2):1–20. doi:10.1016/S0378-8741(00)00225-7. PMID: 10967448</ref>

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"

|+ Therapeutic Applications of *Adhatoda vasica*

|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Adhatoda vasica'' (preclinical evidence)

! Indication

! Indication !! Experimental finding !! Type of evidence

~~! Active Biomolecules~~

|-

~~! Primary Pharmacological Action~~

| '''Bronchial asthma (Svasa)''' || Protection against allergen-induced bronchial obstruction by alkaloids; vasicinone reported as bronchodilator || Guinea pig model

|-

| '''~~Bronchial Asthma &~~ Cough'''

| '''Cough (Kasa)''' || Antitussive effect against mechanically and chemically induced cough || Animal models

| ~~Vasicine, Vasicinone~~

| ~~Bronchodilator, Expectorant~~

|-

| '''~~Intrinsic Haemorrhage (Raktapitta)~~'''

| '''Inflammatory swelling''' || Vasicine and vasicinone reduced paw oedema || Rat models

| ~~Tannins, Quinazoline alkaloids~~

| ~~Hemostatic, Astringent~~

|-

| '''~~Respiratory Infections~~'''

| '''Tuberculosis (Kshaya)''' || Vasicine acetate and 2-acetyl benzylamine inhibited ''M. tuberculosis'' || In vitro

| ~~Essential oils, Flavonoids~~

| ~~Antimicrobial, Anti~~-~~inflammatory~~

|}

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<ref name="Chunekar2015">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Guduchyadi Varga, verse no. 88-89, p. 306.</ref>

<ref name="ChunekarNighantu">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Guduchyadi Varga, verse no. 88-89, p. 308-309.</ref>

<ref name="Amin1959">~~{{cite journal |last1=~~Amin ~~|first1=~~A. H. ~~|last2=Mehta |first2=D~~. R. ~~|year~~=~~1959 |title=Vasicine~~, ~~the alkaloid~~ of Adhatoda vasica; ~~its isolation~~, ~~properties~~ and ~~tentative structure |journal=Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume=48 |issue=5 |pages=243–247}}~~</ref>

<ref name="Amin1959">Amin AH, Mehta DR. A bronchodilator alkaloid (vasicinone) from Adhatoda vasica Nees. Nature. 1959;184(Suppl 17):1317. doi:10.1038/1841317a0</ref>

<ref name="Dhuley1999">~~{{cite journal |last1=~~Dhuley ~~|first1=J~~. N. ~~|year=~~1999 ~~|title~~=~~antitussive and anti~~-inflammatory activity of Adhatoda vasica ~~extracts in animals |journal~~=Journal of ~~Ethnopharmadology |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=361–365}}~~</ref>

<ref name="Sarker2011">Sarker AK, Chowdhury JU, Bhuiyan HR. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil collected from Adhatoda vasica leaves. Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research. 2011;46(2):191–194. doi:10.3329/bjsir.v46i2.8185</ref>

<ref name="Dorsch1991">Dorsch W, Wagner H. New antiasthmatic drugs from traditional medicine? International Archives of Allergy and Applied Immunology. 1991;94(1–4):262–265. doi:10.1159/000235378. PMID: 1937886</ref>

<ref name="Dhuley1999">Dhuley JN. Antitussive effect of Adhatoda vasica extract on mechanical or chemical stimulation-induced coughing in animals. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1999;67(3):361–365. doi:10.1016/S0378-8741(99)00074-4. PMID: 10617073</ref>

<ref name="Singh2013">Singh B, Sharma RA. Anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties of pyrroloquinazoline alkaloids from Adhatoda vasica Nees. Phytomedicine. 2013;20(5):441–445.</ref>

<ref name="Ignacimuthu2010">Ignacimuthu S, Shanmugam N. Antimycobacterial activity of two natural alkaloids, vasicine acetate and 2-acetyl benzylamine, isolated from Indian shrub Adhatoda vasica Ness. leaves. Journal of Biosciences. 2010;35(4):565–570. doi:10.1007/s12038-010-0065-8</ref>

<ref name="Claeson2000">Claeson UP, Malmfors T, Wikman G, Bruhn JG. Adhatoda vasica: a critical review of ethnopharmacological and toxicological data. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2000;72(1–2):1–20. doi:10.1016/S0378-8741(00)00225-7. PMID: 10967448</ref>

}}

[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]

@@ Line 30: / Line 30: @@
-'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhatoda_vasica Adhatoda vasica Nees. ]''', popularly known as '''Vasa''', is a well-known evergreen, sub-herbaceous bush native to India and Southeast Asia. It is widely revered in [[Ayurveda]] as the foremost expectorant and bronchodilatory drug of choice for managing respiratory ailments, cough, asthma, and bleeding disorders.
+'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhatoda_vasica Adhatoda vasica Nees. ]''', popularly known as '''Vasa''', is a well-known evergreen, sub-herbaceous bush native to India and Southeast Asia. It is widely revered in [[Ayurveda]] as the foremost expectorant and bronchodilatory drug of choice for managing respiratory ailments, cough, asthma, and bleeding disorders. Modern studies have focused mainly on its quinazoline alkaloids and on its antitussive, anti-asthmatic, anti-inflammatory and antitubercular effects, which are summarised below.
 == English name ==
@@ Line 148: / Line 148: @@
 * Out of India: Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, China, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania.
-== Phytochemical Composition ==
+== Phytoconstituents ==
-The therapeutic potential of *Adhatoda vasica* is derived from its diverse active secondary metabolites:
+=== Quinazoline alkaloids ===
-* '''Quinazoline Alkaloids:''' Vasicine, vasicinone, and adhatodine.
+Vasicine is the main alkaloid of the plant. A second alkaloid, vasicinone (C<sub>11</sub>H<sub>10</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>), was isolated in crystalline form from the leaves and found to be a much weaker base than vasicine. It is identical to the quinazolone obtained by oxidising vasicine with hydrogen peroxide, and it was reported as a bronchodilator alkaloid.<ref name="Amin1959">Amin AH, Mehta DR. A bronchodilator alkaloid (vasicinone) from Adhatoda vasica Nees. Nature. 1959;184(Suppl 17):1317. doi:10.1038/1841317a0</ref>
-* '''Essential Oils and Phenolics:''' Active principles responsible for smooth muscle relaxation and antimicrobial effects.
-* '''Flavonoids and Tannins:''' Kaempferol, quercetin, and abundant polyphenols.
-== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
+=== Volatile oil (leaves) ===
-=== Bronchodilatory and Expectorant Actions ===
+Hydrodistillation of the leaves gave 0.096% (v/w) essential oil. GC-MS identified eleven compounds, of which borneol (58.60%) was the most abundant.<ref name="Sarker2011">Sarker AK, Chowdhury JU, Bhuiyan HR. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil collected from Adhatoda vasica leaves. Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research. 2011;46(2):191–194. doi:10.3329/bjsir.v46i2.8185</ref>
-* '''Mechanism:''' Vasicine and related alkaloids act as potent bronchodilators by relaxing the bronchial smooth muscles and liquefying thick respiratory mucus, facilitating easy expectoration.
-* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Clinical and pre-clinical evaluations demonstrate significant relief in bronchospasm, cough frequency, and asthmatic symptoms.<ref name="Amin1959">{{cite journal |last1=Amin |first1=A. H. |last2=Mehta |first2=D. R. |year=1959 |title=Vasicine, the alkaloid of Adhatoda vasica; its isolation, properties and tentative structure |journal=Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume=48 |issue=5 |pages=243–247}}</ref>
-=== Anti-Bleeding and Hemostatic Efficacy ===
+== Therapeutic Efficacy: Pharmacological Evidence ==
-* '''Mechanism:''' It helps manage internal hemorrhages (*raktapitta*) by promoting capillary integrity and supporting coagulation parameters through its astringent and cold potency properties.
+The evidence summarised below is from animal and in vitro studies. No controlled human clinical trial of Vasa alone was verified during the preparation of this monograph.
-* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Experimental studies confirm its utility in reducing bleeding time and mitigating inflammatory hemorrhagic conditions.<ref name="Dhuley1999">{{cite journal |last1=Dhuley |first1=J. N. |year=1999 |title=antitussive and anti-inflammatory activity of Adhatoda vasica extracts in animals |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmadology |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=361–365}}</ref>
-== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
+=== Bronchodilatory and anti-asthmatic activity (Svasa) ===
-* '''Precautions:''' Due to its uterotonic properties (vasicine can stimulate uterine contractions), high doses should be avoided during pregnancy unless prescribed by a qualified specialist.
+In a screening of traditional antiasthmatic plants, alkaloids from ''Adhatoda vasica'' that had not been described before gave pronounced protection against allergen-induced bronchial obstruction in guinea pigs (10 mg/ml, by aerosol).<ref name="Dorsch1991">Dorsch W, Wagner H. New antiasthmatic drugs from traditional medicine? International Archives of Allergy and Applied Immunology. 1991;94(1–4):262–265. doi:10.1159/000235378. PMID: 1937886</ref>
+=== Antitussive activity (Kasa) ===
+The antitussive effect of an ''Adhatoda vasica'' extract was studied against coughing induced by mechanical or chemical stimulation in animals, which supports the traditional use of Vasa in cough.<ref name="Dhuley1999">Dhuley JN. Antitussive effect of Adhatoda vasica extract on mechanical or chemical stimulation-induced coughing in animals. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1999;67(3):361–365. doi:10.1016/S0378-8741(99)00074-4. PMID: 10617073</ref>
+=== Anti-inflammatory activity ===
+Five alkaloids from the chloroform fraction (vasicine, vasicinone, vasicine acetate, 2-acetyl benzylamine and vasicinolone) showed anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity. Vasicine inhibited carrageenan-induced paw oedema by 59.51% at 20 mg/kg, and vasicinone inhibited CFA-induced paw oedema by 63.94% at 10 mg/kg.<ref name="Singh2013">Singh B, Sharma RA. Anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties of pyrroloquinazoline alkaloids from Adhatoda vasica Nees. Phytomedicine. 2013;20(5):441–445.</ref>
+=== Antitubercular activity (Kshaya) ===
+Vasicine acetate and 2-acetyl benzylamine, isolated from the hexane extract of the leaves, significantly inhibited ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis'', including a multi-drug-resistant strain, in vitro. The authors suggested they could be evaluated further as antitubercular drug leads.<ref name="Ignacimuthu2010">Ignacimuthu S, Shanmugam N. Antimycobacterial activity of two natural alkaloids, vasicine acetate and 2-acetyl benzylamine, isolated from Indian shrub Adhatoda vasica Ness. leaves. Journal of Biosciences. 2010;35(4):565–570. doi:10.1007/s12038-010-0065-8</ref>
+=== Other traditional uses ===
+Experimental evidence for the traditional uses in internal bleeding (raktapitta), jaundice (kamala) and diabetes (prameha) was not verified during the preparation of this monograph, so no efficacy claim is made for them.
+== Safety, Toxicity, and Precautions ==
+* '''Uterine effects:''' Several scientific reports in the last decades have described oxytocic (uterine-stimulating) and abortifacient effects of vasicine and of alkaloids derived from the plant. A critical review concluded that these reports raise questions about the safety of ''Adhatoda vasica'' as a herbal medicine, so it should be avoided in pregnancy and used only under qualified supervision.<ref name="Claeson2000">Claeson UP, Malmfors T, Wikman G, Bruhn JG. Adhatoda vasica: a critical review of ethnopharmacological and toxicological data. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2000;72(1–2):1–20. doi:10.1016/S0378-8741(00)00225-7. PMID: 10967448</ref>
 == Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
 {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
-|+ Therapeutic Applications of *Adhatoda vasica*
+|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Adhatoda vasica'' (preclinical evidence)
-! Indication
+! Indication !! Experimental finding !! Type of evidence
-! Active Biomolecules
+|-
-! Primary Pharmacological Action
+| '''Bronchial asthma (Svasa)''' || Protection against allergen-induced bronchial obstruction by alkaloids; vasicinone reported as bronchodilator || Guinea pig model
 |-
-| '''Bronchial Asthma & Cough'''
+| '''Cough (Kasa)''' || Antitussive effect against mechanically and chemically induced cough || Animal models
-| Vasicine, Vasicinone
-| Bronchodilator, Expectorant
 |-
-| '''Intrinsic Haemorrhage (Raktapitta)'''
+| '''Inflammatory swelling''' || Vasicine and vasicinone reduced paw oedema || Rat models
-| Tannins, Quinazoline alkaloids
-| Hemostatic, Astringent
 |-
-| '''Respiratory Infections'''
+| '''Tuberculosis (Kshaya)''' || Vasicine acetate and 2-acetyl benzylamine inhibited ''M. tuberculosis'' || In vitro
-| Essential oils, Flavonoids
-| Antimicrobial, Anti-inflammatory
 |}
@@ Line 192: / Line 195: @@
 <ref name="Chunekar2015">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Guduchyadi Varga, verse no. 88-89, p. 306.</ref>
 <ref name="ChunekarNighantu">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Guduchyadi Varga, verse no. 88-89, p. 308-309.</ref>
-<ref name="Amin1959">{{cite journal |last1=Amin |first1=A. H. |last2=Mehta |first2=D. R. |year=1959 |title=Vasicine, the alkaloid of Adhatoda vasica; its isolation, properties and tentative structure |journal=Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume=48 |issue=5 |pages=243–247}}</ref>
+<ref name="Amin1959">Amin AH, Mehta DR. A bronchodilator alkaloid (vasicinone) from Adhatoda vasica Nees. Nature. 1959;184(Suppl 17):1317. doi:10.1038/1841317a0</ref>
-<ref name="Dhuley1999">{{cite journal |last1=Dhuley |first1=J. N. |year=1999 |title=antitussive and anti-inflammatory activity of Adhatoda vasica extracts in animals |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmadology |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=361–365}}</ref>
+<ref name="Sarker2011">Sarker AK, Chowdhury JU, Bhuiyan HR. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil collected from Adhatoda vasica leaves. Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research. 2011;46(2):191–194. doi:10.3329/bjsir.v46i2.8185</ref>
+<ref name="Dorsch1991">Dorsch W, Wagner H. New antiasthmatic drugs from traditional medicine? International Archives of Allergy and Applied Immunology. 1991;94(1–4):262–265. doi:10.1159/000235378. PMID: 1937886</ref>
+<ref name="Dhuley1999">Dhuley JN. Antitussive effect of Adhatoda vasica extract on mechanical or chemical stimulation-induced coughing in animals. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1999;67(3):361–365. doi:10.1016/S0378-8741(99)00074-4. PMID: 10617073</ref>
+<ref name="Singh2013">Singh B, Sharma RA. Anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties of pyrroloquinazoline alkaloids from Adhatoda vasica Nees. Phytomedicine. 2013;20(5):441–445.</ref>
+<ref name="Ignacimuthu2010">Ignacimuthu S, Shanmugam N. Antimycobacterial activity of two natural alkaloids, vasicine acetate and 2-acetyl benzylamine, isolated from Indian shrub Adhatoda vasica Ness. leaves. Journal of Biosciences. 2010;35(4):565–570. doi:10.1007/s12038-010-0065-8</ref>
+<ref name="Claeson2000">Claeson UP, Malmfors T, Wikman G, Bruhn JG. Adhatoda vasica: a critical review of ethnopharmacological and toxicological data. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2000;72(1–2):1–20. doi:10.1016/S0378-8741(00)00225-7. PMID: 10967448</ref>
 }}
 [[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]