Talk:Usheera: Difference between revisions

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=== Phytochemical Composition ===

The root oil of ''Vetiveria zizanioides'' is a complex mixture dominated by sesquiterpenes, and its composition varies with genotype, geographical origin and extraction method.

* '''~~Sesquiterpene Alcohols and Ketones~~:''' ~~Khusimol was~~ the major ~~component (12~~.~~86%) of a Brazilian~~ root ~~oil~~,~~<ref name="Barros2009" />~~ and ~~vetiverols~~ and ~~vetivones are characteristic constituents reported in vetiver oils~~.<ref name="~~Chou2012~~" />

* '''Brazilian Root Oil:''' Thirty-eight compounds were identified, and khusimol, palustrol, khusimone, zizanone and epi-α-vetivone were the major constituents. The hydroalcoholic root extract contained terpenoids and/or saponins, flavonoids and phenolic acids, and the freeze-dried aqueous extract contained flavonoids and phenols.<ref name="Barros2009" />

* '''Taiwanese Steam-Distilled Oil:''' Twenty-five constituents were identified, with cedr-8-en-13-ol (12.4%), α-amorphene (7.80%), β-vatirenene (5.94%) and α-gurjunene (5.91%) predominating.<ref name="Biomolecules2025" /><ref name="Chou2012" />

* '''Chemotype Variation:''' Root oil from Giresun, Turkey was dominated by isobutyl angelate (11.15%), α-muurolene (10.56%), α-cedrene (8.42%), α-patchoulene (8.10%) and ethylene brassylate (7.49%), showing marked variation with origin and the need for standardisation.<ref name="Efe2021" />

Line 158:

==== Antimicrobial Actions ====

* '''Scientific Evidence:''' ~~Root~~ essential oil ~~from Brazil~~ inhibited ''~~Micrococcus roseus~~'' (MIC ~~70 µg~~/ml) and ''~~Staphylococcus aureus~~'' ~~(MIC 150 µg~~/ml).<ref name="Barros2009" /> Turkish root oil showed antimicrobial and antioxidant activity in disc diffusion, MIC, DPPH and FRAP assays.<ref name="Efe2021" /> Oil extracted from Chinese roots was active mainly against Gram-positive bacteria, especially ''S. aureus''.<ref name="David2019" />

* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Brazilian root essential oil inhibited ''Staphylococcus aureus'' (MIC 0.15 mg/ml). The crude ethanolic root extract showed MICs of 0.19 mg/ml against ''Bacillus cereus'' and ''Micrococcus roseus'' and 0.39 mg/ml against ''M. luteus'', ''S. aureus'' and ''B. subtilis'', and its hexane fraction was more active against ''M. luteus'', ''M. roseus'', ''S. aureus'' and ''B. cereus''.<ref name="Barros2009" /> Turkish root oil showed antimicrobial and antioxidant activity in disc diffusion, MIC, DPPH and FRAP assays.<ref name="Efe2021" /> Oil extracted from Chinese roots was active mainly against Gram-positive bacteria, especially ''S. aureus''.<ref name="David2019" />

* '''Interpretation:''' These in vitro results are consistent with the classical ''Vrana'' indication. Wound-healing and hemostatic (''Stambhana'') effects were not demonstrated in the studies reviewed here and need in vivo confirmation.

Line 166:

== Safety & Toxicity Profile ==

* '''Acute Safety:''' In a Brazilian ~~preclinical study~~, the ~~crude ethanolic extract of the~~ root showed no acute toxicity ~~in rats~~ at 2,000 mg/kg.<ref name="Barros2009" /> Chronic, reproductive and human safety data were not found.

* '''Acute Safety:''' In a Brazilian dissertation, the hydroalcoholic and freeze-dried aqueous root extracts showed no acute toxicity at a dose of 2,000 mg/kg.<ref name="Barros2009" /> Chronic, reproductive and human safety data were not found.

* '''Precautions:''' Due to its pronounced cooling (''Sheeta Virya'') and Kapha-stabilizing characteristics, prolonged administration in very large quantities during cold seasons or in patients with severe, chronic Kapha-Vata respiratory congestion should be balanced with warming bio-enhancers (e.g., Sunthi or Maricha).

~~== Research Gaps ==~~

* Randomized controlled trials for ''Jwara'', ''Daha'' and ''Trishna'' indications

* Replication of the antipyretic findings using standardised aqueous (''Hima''/''Kwatha'') preparations

* Experimental studies on the ''Stambhana'' (hemostatic) and wound-healing claims

* Chemical standardisation (HPTLC/GC-MS) of Ayurvedic preparations, given chemotype variation

* Chronic and human toxicity data

== References ==

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<ref name="API">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=3 |pages=99–100 |edition=Part I}}</ref>

<ref name="Bhavaprakash">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=K. C. |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Karpuradi varga, verse 86 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>

<ref name="Barros2009">{{cite thesis |last=Barros |first=Gilvana Cristina de |year=2009 |title=Estudo fitoquímico e avaliações da toxicidade aguda e atividades biológicas da raiz do vetiver (''Vetiveria zizanioides'' L. Nash) Poaceae |type=Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciências da Saúde – Farmácia) |publisher=Universidade Federal de Goiás |location=Goiânia |pages=100 |url=http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tde/2123}}</ref>

<ref name="Chou2012">{{cite journal |last1=Chou |first1=S. T. |last2=Lai |first2=C. P. |last3=Lin |first3=C. C. |last4=Shih |first4=Y. |year=2012 |title=Study of the chemical composition, antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory activity of essential oil from ''Vetiveria zizanioides'' |journal=Food Chemistry |volume=134 |issue=1 |pages=262–268 |doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.02.131}}</ref>

<ref name="Biomolecules2025">{{cite journal |last1=Gunasekar |first1=C. J. |last2=Majdalawieh |first2=A. F. |last3=Abu-Yousef |first3=I. A. |last4=Al Refaai |first4=S. A. |year=2025 |title=Pharmacological and therapeutic potential of ''Chrysopogon zizanioides'' (vetiver): a comprehensive review of its medicinal applications and future prospects |journal=Biomolecules |volume=15 |issue=9 |page=1312 |doi=10.3390/biom15091312}}</ref>

<ref name="Efe2021">{{cite journal |last1=Efe |first1=D. |last2=Karaköse |first2=M. |last3=Aktaş Karaçelik |first3=A. |last4=Ertan |first4=B. |year=2021 |title=GC-MS analyses and bioactivities of essential oil obtained from the roots of ''Chrysopogon zizanioides'' (L.) Roberty cultivated in Giresun, Turkey |journal=Turkish Journal of Chemistry |volume=45 |issue=5 |doi=10.3906/kim-2009-64}}</ref>

<ref name="JPharmaceutics2013">{{cite journal |year=2013 |title=HPLC quantification of phenolic acids from ''Vetiveria zizanioides'' (L.) Nash and its antioxidant and antimicrobial activity |journal=Journal of Pharmaceutics |volume=2013 |page=270472 |doi=10.1155/2013/270472}}</ref>

<ref name="Narkhede2012">{{cite journal |last1=Narkhede |first1=M. B. |last2=Ajmire |first2=P. V. |last3=Wagh |first3=A. E. |last4=Bhise |first4=M. R. |last5=Mehetre |first5=G. D. |last6=Patil |first6=H. J. |year=2012 |title=An evaluation of anti-pyretic potential of ''Vetiveria zizanioides'' (Linn.) root |journal=Research Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=11–13}}</ref>

<ref name="Luqman2009">{{cite journal |last1=Luqman |first1=S. |last2=Kumar |first2=R. |last3=Kaushik |first3=S. |last4=Srivastava |first4=S. |last5=Darokar |first5=M. P. |last6=Khanuja |first6=S. P. S. |year=2009 |title=Antioxidant potential of the root of ''Vetiveria zizanioides'' (L.) Nash |journal=Indian Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=122–125 |pmid=19374265}}</ref>

<ref name="Kim2005">{{cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=H. J. |last2=Chen |first2=F. |last3=Wang |first3=X. |last4=Chung |first4=H. Y. |last5=Jin |first5=Z. |year=2005 |title=Evaluation of antioxidant activity of vetiver (''Vetiveria zizanioides'' L.) oil and identification of its antioxidant constituents |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |volume=53 |issue=20 |pages=7691–7695}}</ref>

<ref name="Chou2012">{{cite journal |last1=Chou |first1=S. T. |last2=Lai |first2=C. P. |last3=Lin |first3=C. C. |last4=Shih |first4=Y. |year=2012 |title=Study of the chemical composition, antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory activity of essential oil from ''Vetiveria zizanioides'' |journal=Food Chemistry |volume=134 |issue=1 |pages=262–268 |doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.02.131}}</ref>

<ref name="Lima2012">{{cite journal |last1=Lima |first1=G. M. |last2=Quintans-Júnior |first2=L. J. |last3=Thomazzi |first3=S. M. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=Phytochemical screening, antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of ''Chrysopogon zizanioides'' essential oil |journal=Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=443–450 |doi=10.1590/S0102-695X2012005000005}}</ref>

<ref name="Phuong2024">{{cite journal |last1=Phuong |first1=M. H. |last2=Linh |first2=L. K. K. |year=2024 |title=Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity of vetiver root extract in Dak Lak, Viet Nam |url=https://vjol.vista.gov.vn/sphcm/en/article/view/105430}}</ref>

<ref name="Narkhede2012">{{cite journal |last1=Narkhede |first1=M. B. |last2=Ajmire |first2=P. V. |last3=Wagh |first3=A. E. |last4=Bhise |first4=M. R. |last5=Mehetre |first5=G. D. |last6=Patil |first6=H. J. |year=2012 |title=An evaluation of anti-pyretic potential of ''Vetiveria zizanioides'' (Linn.) root |journal=Research Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=11–13}}</ref>

<ref name="Barros2009">{{cite thesis |last=Barros |first=G. C. |year=2009 |title=Estudo fitoquímico e avaliações da toxicidade aguda e atividades biológicas da raiz do vetiver (''Vetiveria zizanioides'' L. Nash) Poaceae |publisher=Universidade Federal de Goiás |url=https://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/items/cc047cde-a52f-4ad2-b2f5-bdeb4002ba8b}}</ref>

<ref name="Efe2021">{{cite journal |last1=Efe |first1=D. |last2=Karaköse |first2=M. |last3=Aktaş Karaçelik |first3=A. |last4=Ertan |first4=B. |year=2021 |title=GC-MS analyses and bioactivities of essential oil obtained from the roots of ''Chrysopogon zizanioides'' (L.) Roberty cultivated in Giresun, Turkey |journal=Turkish Journal of Chemistry |volume=45 |issue=5 |doi=10.3906/kim-2009-64}}</ref>

<ref name="David2019">{{cite journal |last1=David |first1=A. |last2=Wang |first2=F. |last3=Sun |first3=X. |last4=Li |first4=H. |last5=Lin |first5=J. |display-authors=etal |year=2019 |title=Chemical composition, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of ''Vetiveria zizanioides'' (L.) Nash essential oil extracted by carbon dioxide expanded ethanol |journal=Molecules |volume=24 |issue=10 |page=1897 |doi=10.3390/molecules24101897}}</ref>

<ref name="Saiyudthong2015">{{cite journal |last1=Saiyudthong |first1=S. |last2=Pongmayteegul |first2=S. |last3=Marsden |first3=C. A. |last4=Phansuwan-Pujito |first4=P. |year=2015 |title=Anxiety-like behaviour and c-fos expression in rats that inhaled vetiver essential oil |journal=Natural Product Research |volume=29 |issue=22 |pages=2141–2144 |doi=10.1080/14786419.2014.992342}}</ref>

<ref name="JPharmaceutics2013">{{cite journal |year=2013 |title=HPLC quantification of phenolic acids from ''Vetiveria zizanioides'' (L.) Nash and its antioxidant and antimicrobial activity |journal=Journal of Pharmaceutics |volume=2013 |page=270472 |doi=10.1155/2013/270472}}</ref>

<ref name="Biomolecules2025">{{cite journal |year=2025 |title=Pharmacological and therapeutic potential of ''Chrysopogon zizanioides'' (vetiver): a comprehensive review of its medicinal applications and future prospects |journal=Biomolecules |volume=15 |issue=9 |page=1312 |doi=10.3390/biom15091312}}</ref>

}}

@@ Line 133: / Line 133: @@
 === Phytochemical Composition ===
 The root oil of ''Vetiveria zizanioides'' is a complex mixture dominated by sesquiterpenes, and its composition varies with genotype, geographical origin and extraction method.
-* '''Sesquiterpene Alcohols and Ketones:''' Khusimol was the major component (12.86%) of a Brazilian root oil,<ref name="Barros2009" /> and vetiverols and vetivones are characteristic constituents reported in vetiver oils.<ref name="Chou2012" />
+* '''Brazilian Root Oil:''' Thirty-eight compounds were identified, and khusimol, palustrol, khusimone, zizanone and epi-α-vetivone were the major constituents. The hydroalcoholic root extract contained terpenoids and/or saponins, flavonoids and phenolic acids, and the freeze-dried aqueous extract contained flavonoids and phenols.<ref name="Barros2009" />
 * '''Taiwanese Steam-Distilled Oil:''' Twenty-five constituents were identified, with cedr-8-en-13-ol (12.4%), α-amorphene (7.80%), β-vatirenene (5.94%) and α-gurjunene (5.91%) predominating.<ref name="Biomolecules2025" /><ref name="Chou2012" />
 * '''Chemotype Variation:''' Root oil from Giresun, Turkey was dominated by isobutyl angelate (11.15%), α-muurolene (10.56%), α-cedrene (8.42%), α-patchoulene (8.10%) and ethylene brassylate (7.49%), showing marked variation with origin and the need for standardisation.<ref name="Efe2021" />
@@ Line 158: / Line 158: @@
 ==== Antimicrobial Actions ====
-* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Root essential oil from Brazil inhibited ''Micrococcus roseus'' (MIC 70 µg/ml) and ''Staphylococcus aureus'' (MIC 150 µg/ml).<ref name="Barros2009" /> Turkish root oil showed antimicrobial and antioxidant activity in disc diffusion, MIC, DPPH and FRAP assays.<ref name="Efe2021" /> Oil extracted from Chinese roots was active mainly against Gram-positive bacteria, especially ''S. aureus''.<ref name="David2019" />
+* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Brazilian root essential oil inhibited ''Staphylococcus aureus'' (MIC 0.15 mg/ml). The crude ethanolic root extract showed MICs of 0.19 mg/ml against ''Bacillus cereus'' and ''Micrococcus roseus'' and 0.39 mg/ml against ''M. luteus'', ''S. aureus'' and ''B. subtilis'', and its hexane fraction was more active against ''M. luteus'', ''M. roseus'', ''S. aureus'' and ''B. cereus''.<ref name="Barros2009" /> Turkish root oil showed antimicrobial and antioxidant activity in disc diffusion, MIC, DPPH and FRAP assays.<ref name="Efe2021" /> Oil extracted from Chinese roots was active mainly against Gram-positive bacteria, especially ''S. aureus''.<ref name="David2019" />
 * '''Interpretation:''' These in vitro results are consistent with the classical ''Vrana'' indication. Wound-healing and hemostatic (''Stambhana'') effects were not demonstrated in the studies reviewed here and need in vivo confirmation.
@@ Line 166: / Line 166: @@
 == Safety & Toxicity Profile ==
-* '''Acute Safety:''' In a Brazilian preclinical study, the crude ethanolic extract of the root showed no acute toxicity in rats at 2,000 mg/kg.<ref name="Barros2009" /> Chronic, reproductive and human safety data were not found.
+* '''Acute Safety:''' In a Brazilian dissertation, the hydroalcoholic and freeze-dried aqueous root extracts showed no acute toxicity at a dose of 2,000 mg/kg.<ref name="Barros2009" /> Chronic, reproductive and human safety data were not found.
 * '''Precautions:''' Due to its pronounced cooling (''Sheeta Virya'') and Kapha-stabilizing characteristics, prolonged administration in very large quantities during cold seasons or in patients with severe, chronic Kapha-Vata respiratory congestion should be balanced with warming bio-enhancers (e.g., Sunthi or Maricha).
-== Research Gaps ==
-* Randomized controlled trials for ''Jwara'', ''Daha'' and ''Trishna'' indications
-* Replication of the antipyretic findings using standardised aqueous (''Hima''/''Kwatha'') preparations
-* Experimental studies on the ''Stambhana'' (hemostatic) and wound-healing claims
-* Chemical standardisation (HPTLC/GC-MS) of Ayurvedic preparations, given chemotype variation
-* Chronic and human toxicity data
 == References ==
@@ Line 180: / Line 173: @@
 <ref name="API">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=3 |pages=99–100 |edition=Part I}}</ref>
 <ref name="Bhavaprakash">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=K. C. |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Karpuradi varga, verse 86 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
+<ref name="Barros2009">{{cite thesis |last=Barros |first=Gilvana Cristina de |year=2009 |title=Estudo fitoquímico e avaliações da toxicidade aguda e atividades biológicas da raiz do vetiver (''Vetiveria zizanioides'' L. Nash) Poaceae |type=Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciências da Saúde – Farmácia) |publisher=Universidade Federal de Goiás |location=Goiânia |pages=100 |url=http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tde/2123}}</ref>
+<ref name="Chou2012">{{cite journal |last1=Chou |first1=S. T. |last2=Lai |first2=C. P. |last3=Lin |first3=C. C. |last4=Shih |first4=Y. |year=2012 |title=Study of the chemical composition, antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory activity of essential oil from ''Vetiveria zizanioides'' |journal=Food Chemistry |volume=134 |issue=1 |pages=262–268 |doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.02.131}}</ref>
+<ref name="Biomolecules2025">{{cite journal |last1=Gunasekar |first1=C. J. |last2=Majdalawieh |first2=A. F. |last3=Abu-Yousef |first3=I. A. |last4=Al Refaai |first4=S. A. |year=2025 |title=Pharmacological and therapeutic potential of ''Chrysopogon zizanioides'' (vetiver): a comprehensive review of its medicinal applications and future prospects |journal=Biomolecules |volume=15 |issue=9 |page=1312 |doi=10.3390/biom15091312}}</ref>
+<ref name="Efe2021">{{cite journal |last1=Efe |first1=D. |last2=Karaköse |first2=M. |last3=Aktaş Karaçelik |first3=A. |last4=Ertan |first4=B. |year=2021 |title=GC-MS analyses and bioactivities of essential oil obtained from the roots of ''Chrysopogon zizanioides'' (L.) Roberty cultivated in Giresun, Turkey |journal=Turkish Journal of Chemistry |volume=45 |issue=5 |doi=10.3906/kim-2009-64}}</ref>
+<ref name="JPharmaceutics2013">{{cite journal |year=2013 |title=HPLC quantification of phenolic acids from ''Vetiveria zizanioides'' (L.) Nash and its antioxidant and antimicrobial activity |journal=Journal of Pharmaceutics |volume=2013 |page=270472 |doi=10.1155/2013/270472}}</ref>
+<ref name="Narkhede2012">{{cite journal |last1=Narkhede |first1=M. B. |last2=Ajmire |first2=P. V. |last3=Wagh |first3=A. E. |last4=Bhise |first4=M. R. |last5=Mehetre |first5=G. D. |last6=Patil |first6=H. J. |year=2012 |title=An evaluation of anti-pyretic potential of ''Vetiveria zizanioides'' (Linn.) root |journal=Research Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=11–13}}</ref>
 <ref name="Luqman2009">{{cite journal |last1=Luqman |first1=S. |last2=Kumar |first2=R. |last3=Kaushik |first3=S. |last4=Srivastava |first4=S. |last5=Darokar |first5=M. P. |last6=Khanuja |first6=S. P. S. |year=2009 |title=Antioxidant potential of the root of ''Vetiveria zizanioides'' (L.) Nash |journal=Indian Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=122–125 |pmid=19374265}}</ref>
 <ref name="Kim2005">{{cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=H. J. |last2=Chen |first2=F. |last3=Wang |first3=X. |last4=Chung |first4=H. Y. |last5=Jin |first5=Z. |year=2005 |title=Evaluation of antioxidant activity of vetiver (''Vetiveria zizanioides'' L.) oil and identification of its antioxidant constituents |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |volume=53 |issue=20 |pages=7691–7695}}</ref>
-<ref name="Chou2012">{{cite journal |last1=Chou |first1=S. T. |last2=Lai |first2=C. P. |last3=Lin |first3=C. C. |last4=Shih |first4=Y. |year=2012 |title=Study of the chemical composition, antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory activity of essential oil from ''Vetiveria zizanioides'' |journal=Food Chemistry |volume=134 |issue=1 |pages=262–268 |doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.02.131}}</ref>
 <ref name="Lima2012">{{cite journal |last1=Lima |first1=G. M. |last2=Quintans-Júnior |first2=L. J. |last3=Thomazzi |first3=S. M. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=Phytochemical screening, antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of ''Chrysopogon zizanioides'' essential oil |journal=Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=443–450 |doi=10.1590/S0102-695X2012005000005}}</ref>
 <ref name="Phuong2024">{{cite journal |last1=Phuong |first1=M. H. |last2=Linh |first2=L. K. K. |year=2024 |title=Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity of vetiver root extract in Dak Lak, Viet Nam |url=https://vjol.vista.gov.vn/sphcm/en/article/view/105430}}</ref>
-<ref name="Narkhede2012">{{cite journal |last1=Narkhede |first1=M. B. |last2=Ajmire |first2=P. V. |last3=Wagh |first3=A. E. |last4=Bhise |first4=M. R. |last5=Mehetre |first5=G. D. |last6=Patil |first6=H. J. |year=2012 |title=An evaluation of anti-pyretic potential of ''Vetiveria zizanioides'' (Linn.) root |journal=Research Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=11–13}}</ref>
-<ref name="Barros2009">{{cite thesis |last=Barros |first=G. C. |year=2009 |title=Estudo fitoquímico e avaliações da toxicidade aguda e atividades biológicas da raiz do vetiver (''Vetiveria zizanioides'' L. Nash) Poaceae |publisher=Universidade Federal de Goiás |url=https://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/items/cc047cde-a52f-4ad2-b2f5-bdeb4002ba8b}}</ref>
-<ref name="Efe2021">{{cite journal |last1=Efe |first1=D. |last2=Karaköse |first2=M. |last3=Aktaş Karaçelik |first3=A. |last4=Ertan |first4=B. |year=2021 |title=GC-MS analyses and bioactivities of essential oil obtained from the roots of ''Chrysopogon zizanioides'' (L.) Roberty cultivated in Giresun, Turkey |journal=Turkish Journal of Chemistry |volume=45 |issue=5 |doi=10.3906/kim-2009-64}}</ref>
 <ref name="David2019">{{cite journal |last1=David |first1=A. |last2=Wang |first2=F. |last3=Sun |first3=X. |last4=Li |first4=H. |last5=Lin |first5=J. |display-authors=etal |year=2019 |title=Chemical composition, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of ''Vetiveria zizanioides'' (L.) Nash essential oil extracted by carbon dioxide expanded ethanol |journal=Molecules |volume=24 |issue=10 |page=1897 |doi=10.3390/molecules24101897}}</ref>
 <ref name="Saiyudthong2015">{{cite journal |last1=Saiyudthong |first1=S. |last2=Pongmayteegul |first2=S. |last3=Marsden |first3=C. A. |last4=Phansuwan-Pujito |first4=P. |year=2015 |title=Anxiety-like behaviour and c-fos expression in rats that inhaled vetiver essential oil |journal=Natural Product Research |volume=29 |issue=22 |pages=2141–2144 |doi=10.1080/14786419.2014.992342}}</ref>
-<ref name="JPharmaceutics2013">{{cite journal |year=2013 |title=HPLC quantification of phenolic acids from ''Vetiveria zizanioides'' (L.) Nash and its antioxidant and antimicrobial activity |journal=Journal of Pharmaceutics |volume=2013 |page=270472 |doi=10.1155/2013/270472}}</ref>
-<ref name="Biomolecules2025">{{cite journal |year=2025 |title=Pharmacological and therapeutic potential of ''Chrysopogon zizanioides'' (vetiver): a comprehensive review of its medicinal applications and future prospects |journal=Biomolecules |volume=15 |issue=9 |page=1312 |doi=10.3390/biom15091312}}</ref>
 }}