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* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 1 – 3 g daily.<ref name="API" />
* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 1 – 3 g daily.<ref name="API" />


== Important Formulation ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API" />
* ''Ajamodarka''
* ''Ajmodadi churna''
== Major Phytoconstituents ==
The pharmacological efficacy of ''Trachyspermum ammi'' is predominantly attributed to its essential oil content, which ranges from 2% to 5%. The primary active constituent is '''thymol''' (accounting for 35% to 60% of the oil), accompanied by p-cymene, γ-terpinene, α-pinene, β-pinene, and carvacrol.
== Therapeutic Efficacy & Modern Scientific Research ==
Modern pharmacological evaluations and clinical studies validate many of the traditional claims associated with *Trachyspermum ammi*. Its core therapeutic domains include:
=== 1. Gastrointestinal and Carminative Activity (''Deepana'' & ''Pachana'') ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Used for *Gulma* (abdominal lump), *Adhmana* (abdominal distention), *Aruchi* (anorexia), and *Sula* (colic pain).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Animal and in vitro studies demonstrate that the extract and essential oil of *T. ammi* exhibit significant anti-spasmodic (anticholinergic-like) and smooth-muscle relaxing properties. The carminative action is primarily mediated by thymol, which stimulates the secretion of gastric juices, enhances metabolic activity, and relieves flatulence and intestinal colic.
* '''Reference:''' *Tharakan, S. T., et al.* "Evaluation of spasmolytic and bronchodilator activities of Trachyspermum ammi." *Journal of Ethnopharmacology*.
=== 2. Antimicrobial and Antifungal Efficacy (''Krumiroga'') ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Employed in *Krumi roga* (parasitic and microbial infections).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' *T. ammi* essential oil and isolated thymol exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against various pathogenic bacteria (including *Staphylococcus aureus*, *Escherichia coli*, *Pseudomonas aeruginosa*) and fungi (such as *Candida albicans*). The high phenolic content disrupts microbial cell membranes, causing leakage of intracellular constituents.
* '''Reference:''' *Khosravi, A. R., et al.* "In vitro antifungal activity of Trachyspermum ammi essential oil against dermatophytes." *Mycoses*.
=== 3. Respiratory Support (''Hikka'' & Bronchodilation) ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Used in respiratory distress, asthma (*Swasa*), and cough.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Pharmacological studies confirm that the bronchodilator activity of *T. ammi* is comparable to standard reference drugs (like theophylline/atropine). The relaxation of tracheal chains by thymol and carvacrol facilitates easier airflow, validating its traditional use in obstructive airway diseases.
* '''Reference:''' *Boskabady, M. H., et al.* "Bronchodilator and anticough effects of Trachyspermum ammi." *Research Reports*.
=== 4. Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Properties ===
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' *T. ammi* seeds possess significant free-radical scavenging abilities due to their high concentration of phenolic compounds. In vivo anti-inflammatory models show that extracts can reduce acute and chronic inflammation, partly by inhibiting inflammatory pathways and prostaglandin synthesis.
* '''Reference:''' *Javed, I., et al.* "Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Trachyspermum ammi extracts." *Phytotherapy Research*.


== Current Availability ==
== Current Availability ==

Revision as of 09:15, 13 September 2026

Carum copticum Benth. & Hook

Section/Chapter Herb database/Dipyaka
Botanical name(s) Carum copticum Benth. & Hook
Family Umbeliferae
Availability Available
Contributors Team Dravyaguna
Year of publication 2026
Publisher Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre
DOI Awaited

Dipyaka (Latin: Carum copticum Benth. & Hook.; family: Umbelliferae) is an annual herbaceous plant widely cultivated for its aromatic fruits. In Ayurveda, it is highly valued as a carminative, digestive stimulant, and Kapha-Vata pacifying medicine.[1]

English Name

Ajowan

Therapeutic Use

Gulma (abdominal lump), Aruchi (anorexia), Adhmana (abdominal distention), Hikka, Chardi (vomiting), Krumi roga (worms), Sula (pain)[1]

Synonyms in Charak Samhita

  • Dipyaka – Increases appetite.
  • Yavani
  • Bhutik
  • Dipya
  • Ajamodika

Synonyms in Bhavaprakasa Nighantu

  • Ajamoda
  • Kharashva – Fruits of ajamoda have an odor similar to a donkey.
  • Maayuro
  • Brahmakusha
  • Kaaravi
  • Lochamastaka[2]

Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties

According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (Rasa Panchaka), Dipyaka has the following properties:[1]

Sr. No. Pharmacological Criteria Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
1 Taste (Rasa) Pungent (Katu)
2 Potency (Veerya) Hot (Ushna)
3 Post-digestion Effect (Vipaka) Pungent (Katu)
4 Qualities (Guna) Light (Laghu), Rough (Ruksha), Sharp (Tikshna)
5 Dosha Action (Karma) Pacifies Kapha and Vata

Reference in Charak Samhita and its Actions

Dipyaka is prominently documented across multiple therapeutic chapters of the Charaka Samhita:

Sr. No. Reference in Charak Samhita Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
1 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 23/20 Santarpanajanya vikar chikitsa (management of over-nutrition disorder)
2 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 27/170 Harita Varga (Class of green herbs)
3 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 27/307 Krutanna Varga (Class on food articles)
4 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/69 Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya ghrita
5 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/71 Ingredient of Hapushadya ghrita
6 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/86 Ingredient of Shatyadi Churna
7 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/165 Pathya Diet in Gulma (wholesome food in treatment of abdominal lump)
8 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/168 Vata, Kapha and Mala Anulomanarth
9 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 6/27 Used for making decoction in Kaphaj prameha (diabetes)
10 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 6/29 Used for making decoction in Kaphaj prameha (diabetes)
11 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 6/38 Trikantakadhya Tail/Ghrit in Vata-kaphaj prameha (diabetes)
12 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 6/41 Ingredient in Madhvasava
13 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 9/54 Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrita
14 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 9/55 Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrita
15 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/36 Ingredient in Triphaladhyarishta
16 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/43 Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
17 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/55 Ingredient in Chitrakadi Ghrita
18 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/103 In treatment of Kaphaja uadara roga
19 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/125 As an ingredient of narayan churna
20 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/63 As an ingredient of traushnadi churna

Dose

  • Powder (Churna): 1 – 3 g daily.[1]


Current Availability

Available

Current Researches

  • Under development.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. 1 (Part I ed.). Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India. 1986. p. 02. 
  2. ↑ Chunekar, Krushnachandra (2020). Bhavaprakash Nighantu (Reprint ed.). Chaukhambha Bharati Academy. pp. Haritakyadi varga, verse no.– 77. 

This article is under development ..

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