Talk:Ativisha: Difference between revisions
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== Current Availability == | == Current Availability == | ||
Available | Available | ||
* '''In India:''' Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand | * '''In India:''' Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand | ||
* '''Out of India:''' Northern Pakistan, Nepal | * '''Out of India:''' Northern Pakistan, Nepal | ||
Conservation status: the species is reported as critically endangered because of over-harvesting.<ref name="Wani2022" /> | Conservation status: the species is reported as critically endangered because of over-harvesting.<ref name="Wani2022" /> | ||
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The pharmacological properties of ''Aconitum heterophyllum'' are primarily attributed to its diterpenoid alkaloids, which are concentrated in the root tubers:<ref name="Mathew2023" /> | The pharmacological properties of ''Aconitum heterophyllum'' are primarily attributed to its diterpenoid alkaloids, which are concentrated in the root tubers:<ref name="Mathew2023" /> | ||
* '''Diterpenoid Alkaloids:''' Atisine,<ref name="Malhotra2014" /><ref name="Jowett1896" /> atidine,<ref name="Jowett1896" /> heteratisine and benzoylheteratisine,<ref name="Jacobs1942" /> and aconitine (used as the HPLC marker compound for standardisation).<ref name="Prasad2014" /> Heterophylline, heterophylloidine, fischimine and aconine derivatives <sup>[citation needed]</sup> | * '''Diterpenoid Alkaloids:''' Atisine,<ref name="Malhotra2014" /><ref name="Jowett1896" /> atidine,<ref name="Jowett1896" /> heteratisine and benzoylheteratisine,<ref name="Jacobs1942" /> and aconitine (used as the HPLC marker compound for standardisation).<ref name="Prasad2014" /> Heterophylline, heterophylloidine, fischimine and aconine derivatives <sup>[citation needed]</sup> | ||
* '''Lactones & Flavonoids:''' Bitter principles and phenolic compounds contributing to digestive and anti-inflammatory actions | * '''Lactones & Flavonoids:''' Bitter principles and phenolic compounds contributing to digestive and anti-inflammatory actions | ||
== Therapeutic Efficacy & Modern Scientific Research == | == Therapeutic Efficacy & Modern Scientific Research == | ||
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== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage == | == Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage == | ||
* '''Precautions:''' Raw or unpurified roots contain potent aconite-type alkaloids that can be toxic; hence, strict adherence to classical purification (''Shodhana'') processes is mandatory prior to therapeutic usage.<ref name="Shodhana" / | * '''Precautions:''' Raw or unpurified roots contain potent aconite-type alkaloids that can be toxic; hence, strict adherence to classical purification (''Shodhana'') processes is mandatory prior to therapeutic usage.<ref name="Shodhana" /> | ||
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:''' | * '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:''' | ||
** ''Root Powder (Churna):'' 0.6–2 g daily.<ref name="API" /> | ** ''Root Powder (Churna):'' 0.6–2 g daily.<ref name="API" /> | ||
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{{Reflist|refs= | {{Reflist|refs= | ||
<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Part I, Vol. I. New Delhi: Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare; 1986. p. 14.</ref> | <ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Part I, Vol. I. New Delhi: Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare; 1986. p. 14.</ref> | ||
<ref name="RajaNighantu">Tripathi I, editor. Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, Pippalyadi Varga, verse 136. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy. </ref> | <ref name="RajaNighantu">Tripathi I, editor. Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, Pippalyadi Varga, verse 136. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy. </ref> | ||
<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Bhavamishra. Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, verses 186–187. Chunekar KC, editor. Reprint ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Bharati Academy; 2015.</ref> | <ref name="Bhavaprakash">Bhavamishra. Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, verses 186–187. Chunekar KC, editor. Reprint ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Bharati Academy; 2015.</ref> | ||