Charak Samhita

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'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemidesmus_indicus Hemidesmus indicus (L.) SCHULT.]''', popularly known as '''Sariva''' (Indian sarsaparilla), is a slender, laticiferous, twining shrub native to the Indian subcontinent. It is widely revered in [[Ayurveda]] as a premier blood purifier (*raktashodhaka*), coolant (*pittahara*), and rejuvenative (*rasayana*) drug of choice for managing chronic skin disorders, burning sensations, fever, and metabolic toxemia.
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemidesmus_indicus Hemidesmus indicus (L.) SCHULT.]''', popularly known as '''Sariva''' (Indian sarsaparilla), is a slender, laticiferous, twining shrub native to the Indian subcontinent. It is widely revered in [[Ayurveda]] as a premier blood purifier (''raktashodhaka''), coolant (''pittahara''), and rejuvenative (''rasayana'') drug of choice for managing chronic skin disorders, burning sensations, fever, and metabolic toxemia.


== English name ==
== English name ==
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== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
In traditional Indian medicine, Sariva is classified as possessing sweet (*madhura*) and bitter (*tikta*) tastes, with a cooling potency (*sheeta veerya*) that pacifies all three doshas (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha), though it is exceptionally renowned for subduing aggravated Pitta and blood impurities.
In traditional Indian medicine, Sariva is classified as possessing sweet (''madhura'') and bitter (''tikta'') tastes, with a cooling potency (''sheeta veerya'') that pacifies all three doshas (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha), though it is exceptionally renowned for subduing aggravated Pitta and blood impurities.


== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
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== Phytochemical Composition ==
== Phytochemical Composition ==
The therapeutic versatility of ''Hemidesmus indicus'' stems from its diverse secondary metabolites present primarily in its roots:
The therapeutic versatility of ''Hemidesmus indicus'' stems from the secondary metabolites present primarily in its roots:
* '''Coumarins and Lignans:''' Hemidesmin-1, hemidesmin-2, and hemidesmin-3.
* '''Volatile constituents:''' 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde is the major constituent of the aromatic root volatiles (more than 90% in the GC-MS analysis), accompanied by minor terpenoid components such as camphor and borneol.<ref name="Nagarajan2001">{{cite journal |last1=Nagarajan |first1=S. |last2=Rao |first2=L. J. M. |last3=Gurudutt |first3=K. N. |year=2001 |title=Chemical composition of the volatiles of Hemidesmus indicus R.Br. |journal=Flavour and Fragrance Journal |volume=16 |pages=212–214}}</ref>
* '''Essential Oils:''' Rich in 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde, which gives the root its characteristic sarsaparilla-like aroma.
* '''Terpenoids and saponins:''' In a comparison of root extracts prepared with solvents of increasing polarity, the methanol extract had the highest phytochemical content, with terpenoids at 59.82 ± 0.97 mg LE/g and saponins at 15.03 ± 0.45 mg DE/g of extract.<ref name="Som2021">{{cite journal |last1=Som |first1=S. |last2=Antony |first2=J. |last3=Dhanabal |first3=P. |last4=Ponnusankar |first4=S. |year=2021 |title=Phytochemical profiling of Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. ex Schult and its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotection linked enzyme inhibitory properties |journal=Pharmacognosy Journal |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=196–205}}</ref>
* '''Triterpenoids and Sterols:''' Alpha-lupeol, beta-sitosterol, and stigmasterol.
* '''Flavonoids and Saponins:''' Hyperoside, rutin, and various glycosides.


== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==


=== Anti-inflammatory and Anti-arthritic Activity ===
=== Anti-inflammatory and Antipyretic Activity (Shotha, Jwara) ===
Sariva is extensively utilized in traditional medicine to mitigate inflammatory conditions and joint disorders.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Methanolic extract of ''Hemidesmus indicus'' root (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg orally) significantly reduced carrageenan-induced paw oedema and brewer's yeast-induced pyrexia in rats compared with control, indicating anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties.<ref name="Lakshman2006">{{cite journal |last1=Lakshman |first1=K. |last2=Shivaprasad |first2=H. N. |last3=Jaiprakash |first3=B. |last4=Mohan |first4=S. |year=2006 |title=Anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of Hemidesmus indicus root extract |journal=African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=90–94}}</ref>
* '''Mechanism:''' Active principles suppress the production of pro-inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) pathways.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Experimental studies demonstrate that root and leaf extracts significantly reduce acute and chronic paw edema in rat models, corroborating its traditional efficacy in inflammatory joint ailments.<ref name="DSouza2022">{{cite journal |last1=D’Souza |first1=Shalet |year=2022 |title=Hemidesmus indicus: Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of leaves |journal=NeuroQuantology |volume=20 |issue=12 |pages=1422–1437 |doi=10.14704/NQ.2022.20.12.NQ77122}}</ref>


=== Immunomodulatory and Hepatoprotective Effects ===
=== Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Activity ===
The plant exhibits strong potential in protecting liver tissues from toxins and boosting immune responses.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In rats given bromobenzene, which causes oxidative damage to liver mitochondria, prior administration of an aqueous extract of ''H. indicus'' (100 mg/kg) stimulated respiration and prevented the rise in lipid peroxides and protein carbonyls, restoring sulphydryl groups to control levels. Vitamin E could not reverse the damage as effectively.<ref name="Gopi2010">{{cite journal |last1=Gopi |first1=S. |last2=Setty |first2=O. H. |year=2010 |title=Beneficial effect of the administration of Hemidesmus indicus against bromobenzene induced oxidative stress in rat liver mitochondria |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=127 |issue=1 |pages=200–203}}</ref>
* '''Mechanism:''' It enhances endogenous antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase, neutralizing free radicals and mitigating lipid peroxidation in hepatic cells.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In vivo evaluations show that administration of ''H. indicus'' extract markedly restores altered serum marker enzymes (AST, ALT, ALP) and total bilirubin toward normal levels during hepatotoxin-induced liver injury.<ref name="Sultana2003">{{cite journal |last1=Sultana |first1=S. |last2=Khan |first2=N. |last3=Sharma |first3=S. |year=2003 |title=Modulatory effect of Hemidesmus indicus on cadmium-induced oxidative stress and hepatic injury in rats |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=85 |issue=2–3 |pages=207–213}}</ref>


=== Antimicrobial and Antifungal Efficacy ===
=== Antidiarrhoeal Activity (Atisara) ===
Sariva roots demonstrate broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties against various pathogenic bacteria and fungi.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In castor oil-induced diarrhoea in albino rats, aqueous and ethanolic root extracts (100 and 200 mg/kg) significantly reduced faecal droppings, intestinal transit and intestinal fluid secretion; the ethanolic extract at 200 mg/kg gave 75.5% protection in faecal score, 51.2% in intestinal dropping and 56.6% for intestinal fluid secretion.<ref name="Suyambu2015">{{cite journal |last1=Suyambu |first1=R. |last2=Shalini |first2=R. |year=2015 |title=Antidiarrhoeal activity of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Hemidesmus indicus root |journal=International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=403–406}}</ref>
* '''Mechanism:''' Essential oil components like 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde disrupt microbial cell membrane permeability, leading to intracellular component leakage and cell death.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In vitro assays indicate substantial inhibitory zones against multidrug-resistant bacterial strains and dermatophytic fungi, supporting its use in skin disorders (*kustha*).<ref name="ShOME2007">{{cite journal |last1=Shome |first1=S. |last2=Talukdar |first2=A. |last3=Choudhury |first3=M. D. |year=2007 |title=Antimicrobial activity of Hemidesmus indicus root extracts |journal=Research Journal of Microbiology |volume=2 |issue=10 |pages=779–783}}</ref>


=== Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Potential ===
=== Antidiabetic Activity ===
Sariva contributes significantly to glycemic control and oxidative stress reduction.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, an aqueous root extract at 500 mg/kg/day decreased blood glucose significantly within 5 h, and over 12 weeks restored serum electrolytes, glycolytic enzymes and hepatic cytochrome P-450 enzyme systems by preventing the formation of liver and kidney lipid peroxides.<ref name="Hypoglycemic">{{cite journal |title=Hypoglycemic activity of Hemidesmus indicus R. Br. on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats |journal=International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries |pmc=2772005}}</ref>
* '''Mechanism:''' It improves peripheral glucose utilization and protects pancreatic beta-cells from oxidative damage through its high phenolic and flavonoid content.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Research on diabetic rat models confirms that oral treatment with root extract leads to significant reduction in blood glucose levels and improvement in lipid profiles.<ref name="Tariq2010">{{cite journal |last1=Tariq |first1=M. |last2=Alam |first2=M. |last3=Jafri |first3=M. A. |year=2010 |title=Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activity of Hemidesmus indicus root extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats |journal=Pharmacognosy Magazine |volume=6 |issue=22 |pages=121–125}}</ref>


== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' ''Hemidesmus indicus'' is generally safe at recommended therapeutic doses. Acute toxicity trials indicate no major adverse effects or mortality at doses up to 2000 mg/kg body weight in animals.
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' The methanolic root extract did not cause any mortality in rats up to 500 mg/kg in the anti-inflammatory study cited above; safety of the root in humans has not been established in the studies cited here.<ref name="Lakshman2006"/>
* '''Precautions:''' Due to its cold (*sheeta*) potency, individuals with chronic respiratory weakness or severe cold hypersensitivity should consume it under professional guidance.
* '''Dose in Ayurveda:''' See the Dose section above (API).
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Root Decoction (Kwatha):'' 20–30 g daily.
** ''Root Powder (Churna):'' 3–6 g daily.


== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
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! Primary Pharmacological Action
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
|-
| '''Inflammatory Disorders & Arthritis'''
| '''Inflammation and Fever (Shotha, Jwara)'''
| Coumarins, Flavonoids
| Methanolic root extract
| COX/LOX inhibition, Anti-inflammatory
| Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic (rat models)
|-
|-
| '''Hepatotoxicity & Oxidative Stress'''
| '''Oxidative Liver Injury'''
| Triterpenoids, Phenolics
| Aqueous root extract
| Antioxidant enzyme enhancement, Hepatoprotection
| Protection of liver mitochondria from oxidative stress (rat model)
|-
|-
| '''Dermatological Infections'''
| '''Diarrhoea (Atisara)'''
| Essential oils (2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde)
| Aqueous and ethanolic root extracts
| Cell membrane disruption, Antimicrobial
| Reduced faecal output, intestinal transit and fluid secretion (rat model)
|-
|-
| '''Hyperglycemia'''
| '''Hyperglycaemia'''
| Polyphenols, Glycosides
| Aqueous root extract
| Pancreatic beta-cell protection, Antidiabetic
| Lowered blood glucose (rat model)
|}
|}


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{{Reflist|refs=
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:68</ref>
<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:68</ref>
<ref name="Bhavamishra2020">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Guduchyadi Varga, Verse no. 237, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020;</ref>
<ref name="Bhavamishra2020">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Guduchyadi Varga, Verse no. 237, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020;</ref>
<ref name="Nagarajan2001">{{cite journal |last1=Nagarajan |first1=S. |last2=Rao |first2=L. J. M. |last3=Gurudutt |first3=K. N. |year=2001 |title=Chemical composition of the volatiles of Hemidesmus indicus R.Br. |journal=Flavour and Fragrance Journal |volume=16 |pages=212–214}}</ref>
<ref name="Som2021">{{cite journal |last1=Som |first1=S. |last2=Antony |first2=J. |last3=Dhanabal |first3=P. |last4=Ponnusankar |first4=S. |year=2021 |title=Phytochemical profiling of Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. ex Schult and its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotection linked enzyme inhibitory properties |journal=Pharmacognosy Journal |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=196–205}}</ref>
<ref name="Lakshman2006">{{cite journal |last1=Lakshman |first1=K. |last2=Shivaprasad |first2=H. N. |last3=Jaiprakash |first3=B. |last4=Mohan |first4=S. |year=2006 |title=Anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of Hemidesmus indicus root extract |journal=African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=90–94}}</ref>
<ref name="Gopi2010">{{cite journal |last1=Gopi |first1=S. |last2=Setty |first2=O. H. |year=2010 |title=Beneficial effect of the administration of Hemidesmus indicus against bromobenzene induced oxidative stress in rat liver mitochondria |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=127 |issue=1 |pages=200–203}}</ref>


<ref name="DSouza2022">{{cite journal |last1=D’Souza |first1=Shalet |year=2022 |title=Hemidesmus indicus: Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of leaves |journal=NeuroQuantology |volume=20 |issue=12 |pages=1422–1437 |doi=10.14704/NQ.2022.20.12.NQ77122}}</ref>
<ref name="Suyambu2015">{{cite journal |last1=Suyambu |first1=R. |last2=Shalini |first2=R. |year=2015 |title=Antidiarrhoeal activity of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Hemidesmus indicus root |journal=International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=403–406}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Sultana2003">{{cite journal |last1=Sultana |first1=S. |last2=Khan |first2=N. |last3=Sharma |first3=S. |year=2003 |title=Modulatory effect of Hemidesmus indicus on cadmium-induced oxidative stress and hepatic injury in rats |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=85 |issue=2–3 |pages=207–213}}</ref>


<ref name="ShOME2007">{{cite journal |last1=Shome |first1=S. |last2=Talukdar |first2=A. |last3=Choudhury |first3=M. D. |year=2007 |title=Antimicrobial activity of Hemidesmus indicus root extracts |journal=Research Journal of Microbiology |volume=2 |issue=10 |pages=779–783}}</ref>
<ref name="Hypoglycemic">{{cite journal |title=Hypoglycemic activity of Hemidesmus indicus R. Br. on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats |journal=International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries |pmc=2772005}}</ref>
<ref name="Tariq2010">{{cite journal |last1=Tariq |first1=M. |last2=Alam |first2=M. |last3=Jafri |first3=M. A. |year=2010 |title=Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activity of Hemidesmus indicus root extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats |journal=Pharmacognosy Magazine |volume=6 |issue=22 |pages=121–125}}</ref>
}}
}}


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