Talk:Jatamansi: Difference between revisions
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'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nardostachys_jatamansi Nardostachys jatamansi Dc.]''', popularly known as '''Jatamansi''' (Spikenard), is an endangered perennial dwarf, spikenard herb belonging to the family Caprifoliaceae (Valerianaceae). It is highly revered in [[Ayurveda]] as a prominent | '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nardostachys_jatamansi Nardostachys jatamansi Dc.]''', popularly known as '''Jatamansi''' (Spikenard), is an endangered perennial dwarf, spikenard herb belonging to the family Caprifoliaceae (Valerianaceae). It is highly revered in [[Ayurveda]] as a prominent ''Medhya'' (intellect-promoting) and nerve-calming herb, traditionally utilized for managing mental disorders, sleep disturbances, skin ailments, and neurological imbalance. | ||
==English name == | ==English name == | ||
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==Therapeutic use== | ==Therapeutic use== | ||
Daha (burning sensation), Kushtha (obstinate skin diseases), Visarpa (acute spreading erysipelas), Manasa roga (mental disorders), Anidra (insomnia)<ref name="ref1" | Daha (burning sensation), Kushtha (obstinate skin diseases), Visarpa (acute spreading erysipelas), Manasa roga (mental disorders), Anidra (insomnia)<ref name="ref1"/> | ||
==Other Varieties / Other Botanical names== | ==Other Varieties / Other Botanical names== | ||
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==Types== | ==Types== | ||
===Raja Nighantu=== | ===Raja Nighantu=== | ||
Mentioned 3 types<ref name="ref2" | Mentioned 3 types<ref name="ref2"/> | ||
# Jatamansi | # Jatamansi | ||
# Gandhamansi | # Gandhamansi | ||
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== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context == | == Botanical Profile & Traditional Context == | ||
In traditional Ayurvedic texts, Jatamansi is classified under | In traditional Ayurvedic texts, Jatamansi is classified under ''Tridoshahara'' (pacifying all three doshas) and acts as a premier brain tonic (''medhya''). Possessing bitter (''tikta''), astringent (''kashaya''), and sweet (''madhura'') tastes, cold potency (''sheeta veerya''), and a pungent post-digestion effect (''katu vipaka''), it is widely prescribed for consciousness promotion (''sandnyasthapana'') and mental tranquility.<ref name="ref3"/> | ||
== Synonyms in Charak Samhita== | == Synonyms in Charak Samhita== | ||
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==Additional Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu== | ==Additional Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu== | ||
Jatamansi<ref name="ref3" | Jatamansi<ref name="ref3"/> | ||
== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties == | == Ayurvedic pharmacological properties == | ||
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* '''Out of India –''' Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Nepal. | * '''Out of India –''' Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Nepal. | ||
== | == Phytoconstituents == | ||
The | The roots of ''Nardostachys jatamansi'' are reported to contain sesquiterpenes (jatamansic acid and jatamansone), lignans and neolignans, and the rhizomes contain the terpenoid ester nardostachysin I. Phytochemical analysis of an aqueous root extract showed sterols, carbohydrates, terpenes, phenols, gums and mucilage, and chromatographic comparison with a jatamansone standard confirmed the presence of terpenoids.<ref name="rasheed2010"/> | ||
== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy == | == Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy == | ||
=== | === Neurochemical Action (''Medhya'') === | ||
Jatamansi is classified in Ayurveda as a ''Medhya'' (brain tonic) drug, and its effect on brain neurochemistry has been studied in rats. | |||
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' An alcoholic root extract given orally raised brain serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and increased GABA and taurine levels in male Wistar rats. After 15 days of treatment the levels of norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and GABA were all increased. The authors concluded that the extract causes an overall increase in central monoamines and inhibitory amino acids.<ref name="prabhu1994"/> | |||
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' | |||
=== | === Antidepressant-like Action === | ||
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' An ethanolic root extract (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg orally for 14 days) produced a significant antidepressant-like effect in mice in the tail suspension and forced swim tests. The effect was comparable to imipramine and sertraline, and the extract did not change locomotor activity.<ref name="dhingra2008"/> | |||
* '''Mechanism:''' | * '''Mechanism:''' The extract decreased whole-brain MAO-A and MAO-B activity, and its effect was reversed by the GABA-B agonist baclofen. The authors suggested that MAO inhibition and interaction with GABA-B receptors are involved.<ref name="dhingra2008"/> | ||
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' | |||
=== Anticonvulsant Action === | |||
Jatamansi is associated in Ayurveda with ''Sandnyasthapana'' (restoration of consciousness) and has been tested in seizure models. | |||
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' An ethanol extract of the roots significantly raised the seizure threshold in the maximal electroshock model in rats, with minimal neurotoxicity at those doses, but it was ineffective against pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures. In combination with phenytoin, 50 mg/kg of the extract raised the protective index of phenytoin from 3.63 to 13.18.<ref name="rao2005"/> | |||
=== Neuroprotective Action === | |||
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Rats pre-treated for three weeks with an ethanolic root extract (200, 400 and 600 mg/kg) before an intrastriatal 6-hydroxydopamine lesion showed a dose-dependent restoration of the increased drug-induced rotations and the locomotor deficits. The authors concluded that Jatamansi may help in attenuating parkinsonism.<ref name="ahmad2006"/> | |||
== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage == | == Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage == | ||
* '''Acute | * '''Acute and repeated-dose toxicity (animal study):''' An aqueous root extract showed an oral LD<sub>50</sub> above 5000 mg/kg in rats. Given at 1000 mg/kg daily for 28 days, it caused no significant change in haematological parameters and no change in the architecture of the liver, kidney or brain.<ref name="rasheed2010"/> | ||
* '''Precautions:''' Use | * '''Precautions:''' Use under the guidance of a qualified Ayurveda physician, particularly during pregnancy and lactation, in chronic conditions, or when taking conventional medicines. | ||
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:''' | * '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:''' | ||
** ''Rhizome | ** ''Rhizome powder (churna):'' 2–3 g<ref name="ref1"/> | ||
** ''Decoction ( | ** ''Decoction (kwatha):'' 5–10 g of drug<ref name="ref1"/> | ||
== Research Gaps == | |||
The pharmacological evidence for Jatamansi summarised above comes from studies in rodents. Clinical efficacy and safety in humans remain to be established through well-designed clinical trials. | |||
== Summary of Therapeutic Profile == | == Summary of Therapeutic Profile == | ||
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;" | {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;" | ||
|+ | |+ Experimental evidence for ''Nardostachys jatamansi'' | ||
! Indication | ! Indication !! Preparation studied !! Model !! Principal finding !! Reference | ||
|- | |||
| '''Brain tonic / Medhya''' || Alcoholic root extract || Wistar rats || Increased brain monoamines and inhibitory amino acids (GABA, taurine) || <ref name="prabhu1994"/> | |||
|- | |- | ||
| ''' | | '''Mental disorders / Manasa roga''' || Ethanolic root extract (100–400 mg/kg) || Mice (tail suspension and forced swim tests) || Antidepressant-like effect; reduced MAO-A and MAO-B activity || <ref name="dhingra2008"/> | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| ''' | | '''Convulsions / Sandnyasthapana''' || Ethanol root extract || Rats (MES and PTZ models) || Raised seizure threshold in MES model; no effect against PTZ || <ref name="rao2005"/> | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| ''' | | '''Neurodegeneration''' || Ethanolic root extract (200–600 mg/kg) || 6-OHDA parkinsonism in rats || Dose-dependent restoration of behavioural deficits || <ref name="ahmad2006"/> | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |} | ||
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<ref name="ref2">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, Chandanadi Varga, Verse no. 95, 97, 99, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi.</ref> | <ref name="ref2">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, Chandanadi Varga, Verse no. 95, 97, 99, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi.</ref> | ||
<ref name="ref3">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Karpuradi Varga, verse no. 75, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015.</ref> | <ref name="ref3">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Karpuradi Varga, verse no. 75, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015.</ref> | ||
<ref name=" | <ref name="rasheed2010">{{cite journal |last1=Rasheed |first1=A. S. |last2=Venkataraman |first2=S. |last3=Jayaveera |first3=K. N. |last4=Mohammed Fazil |first4=A. |last5=Yasodha |first5=K. J. |last6=Aleem |first6=M. A. |last7=Mohammed |first7=M. |last8=Khaja |first8=Z. |last9=Ushasri |first9=B. |last10=Pradeep |first10=H. A. |last11=Ibrahim |first11=M. |year=2010 |title=Evaluation of toxicological and antioxidant potential of ''Nardostachys jatamansi'' in reversing haloperidol-induced catalepsy in rats |journal=International Journal of General Medicine |volume=3 |pages=127–136 |doi=10.2147/ijgm.s9156}}</ref> | ||
<ref name=" | <ref name="prabhu1994">{{cite journal |last1=Prabhu |first1=V. |last2=Karanth |first2=K. S. |last3=Rao |first3=A. |year=1994 |title=Effects of ''Nardostachys jatamansi'' on biogenic amines and inhibitory amino acids in the rat brain |journal=Planta Medica |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=114–117 |doi=10.1055/s-2006-959429}}</ref> | ||
<ref name=" | <ref name="dhingra2008">{{cite journal |last1=Dhingra |first1=D. |last2=Goyal |first2=P. K. |year=2008 |title=Inhibition of MAO and GABA: probable mechanisms for antidepressant-like activity of ''Nardostachys jatamansi'' DC. in mice |journal=Indian Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=212–218 |pmid=18512329}}</ref> | ||
<ref name="rao2005">{{cite journal |last1=Rao |first1=V. S. |last2=Rao |first2=A. |last3=Karanth |first3=K. S. |year=2005 |title=Anticonvulsant and neurotoxicity profile of ''Nardostachys jatamansi'' in rats |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=102 |issue=3 |pages=351–356}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="ahmad2006">{{cite journal |last1=Ahmad |first1=M. |last2=Yousuf |first2=S. |last3=Khan |first3=M. B. |last4=Hoda |first4=M. N. |last5=Ahmad |first5=A. S. |last6=Ansari |first6=M. A. |last7=Ishrat |first7=T. |last8=Agrawal |first8=A. K. |last9=Islam |first9=F. |year=2006 |title=Attenuation by ''Nardostachys jatamansi'' of 6-hydroxydopamine-induced parkinsonism in rats: behavioral, neurochemical, and immunohistochemical studies |journal=Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior |volume=83 |issue=1 |pages=150–160 |doi=10.1016/j.pbb.2006.01.005}}</ref> | |||
}} | }} | ||
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