Talk:Bijaka: Difference between revisions

From Charak Samhita
Jump to navigation Jump to search
← Older edit
VisualWikitext
Dridhabala (talk | contribs)
239 edits
No edit summary
Dridhabala (talk | contribs)
239 edits
No edit summary
 
(2 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.
{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= Bijaka, Pterocarpus marsupium, Malabar kino, Indian kino, Vijaysar, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Bijaka (Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.) is traditionally classified as a premier pramehaghna (anti-diabetic) and kusthaghna herb, widely utilized in Ayurveda for managing diabetes mellitus, skin disorders, obesity, and bleeding disorders.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
 
{{Infobox
{{Infobox
|title = Bijaka
|title = Bijaka
Line 5: Line 14:
|data1 = Herb database/Bijaka
|data1 = Herb database/Bijaka
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterocarpus_marsupium Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.]
|label3 = Family  
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Fabaceae
|data3 = Fabaceae
|label4 = Availability
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = --
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication  
|label6 = Year of publication  
|data6 =  2024
|data6 =  2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|label7 = Publisher  
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI  
|label8 = DOI  
|data8  = Awaited
|data8  = Awaited
}}
}}


==English name==
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterocarpus_marsupium Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.]''', popularly known as '''Bijaka''', '''Malabar Kino''', or '''Indian Kino Tree''', is a large, deciduous tree native to India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka. In [[Ayurveda]], it is highly revered for its anti-diabetic (''Prameha''), skin-protective (''Kustha''), and Kapha-Vata pacifying properties.<ref name="API" />


== English Name ==
Malabar kino, Indian kino
Malabar kino, Indian kino


==Therapeutic Use==
== Therapeutic Use ==
 
Worms infestation (Krimiroga), Psoriasis (Kustha), Diabetes mellitus (Prameha), Anaemia (Pandu), Obesity (Medodosa)<ref name="API" />
Worms infestation (Krimiroga), Psoriasis(Kustha), Diabetes mellitus( Prameha ), Anaemia (Pandu), Obesity (Medodosa)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:8</ref>
 
==Other varieties / Other Botanical names==


* Pterocarpus marsupium f. acuminata (Prain)  
== Other Varieties / Other Botanical names ==
* Pterocarpus marsupium f. acuta Prain  
* Pterocarpus marsupium f. acuminata (Prain)
* Pterocarpus marsupium f. biloba (Roxb. ex G. Don)  
* Pterocarpus marsupium f. acuta Prain
* Pterocarpus marsupium f. biloba (Roxb. ex G. Don)


==Identification Characters==
== Identification Characters ==
* '''Pivara''' &ndash; Trunk of Bijaka is very large.
* '''Mahasarja''' &ndash; Bijaka is big tree like that of Sarja (Vateria indica).
* '''Tishya''' &ndash; Bijaka blossoms in Pushya masa (Late winter).
* '''Sugandhi''' &ndash; Flowers are aromatic.
* '''Pitasara''' &ndash; Heart wood of Bijaka is yellow in colour.
* '''Pitashalaka''' &ndash; Heart wood is yellow in colour and resemble heart wood of Sala (Shorea robusta).


* '''Pivara''' – Trunk of Bijaka is very large.
== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
* '''Mahasarja''' – Bijaka is big tree like that of Sarja (Vateria indica)
* Pitasara &ndash; Heart wood of Bijaka is yellow in colour.
* '''Tishya''' – Bijaka blossoms in Pushya masa (Late winter)
* Pitashaalaka &ndash; Heart wood is yellow in colour and resemble heart wood of saala (Shorea robusta).
* '''Sugandhi''' – Flowers are aromatic
* Bandhukpushpa
* '''Pitasara''' – Heart wood of Bijaka is yellow in colour
* Priyaka
* '''Pitashalaka''' – Heart wood is yellow in colour and resemble heart wood of Sala (Shorea robusta)
* Sarjaka
* Asana


==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
== Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu ==
Pitasara(Heart wood of Bijaka is yellow in colour), Pitashaalaka(heart wood is yellow in colour and resemble heart wood of saala(shorea robusta)), Bandhukpushpa, Priyaka, Sarjaka, Asana
* Bijaka
* Pitasara
* Pitashalaka
* Bandhukapushpa
* Priyaka
* Sarjaka
* Asana<ref name="Bhavaprakash" />


==Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==
== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
Bijaka, Pitasara, Pitashalaka, Bandhukapushpa, Priyaka, Sarjaka, Asana<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Vatadi Varga, Verse no. 25 - 26, Edited
According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Bijaka has the following properties:<ref name="API" />
by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha
Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>


== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
{| class="wikitable"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|+'''Properties'''
|'''Sr.no.'''
|'''Pharmacological criteria'''
!'''Properties'''
|-
|-
|1
| 1 || Taste (''[[Rasa]]'') || Astringent (''Kasaya'')
|Taste (rasa)
|Astringent (Kasaya)
|-
|-
|2
| 2 || Potency (''[[Veerya]]'') || Hot (''Ushna'')
|Potency (veerya)
|Dry (Ruksa), laghu (Light)
|-
|-
|3
| 3 || Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'') || Pungent (''Katu'')
|Post digestion effect (vipaka)
|Pungent (Katu)
|-
|-
|4
| 4 || Qualities (''[[Guna]]'') || Dry (''Ruksa''), Light (''Laghu'')
|Qualities (guna)
|Hot (Ushna)
|-
|-
|5
| 5 || Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'') || Pacifies Kapha and Vata dosha
|Actions  (karma)
|Pacifies Kapha and Vata dosa
|}
|}


== Reference in Charak Samhita and its Actions ==
Bijaka is documented across therapeutic chapters of the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':


==Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
{| class="wikitable"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
|+'''Herbs and their activities'''
|'''Sr.no.'''
|'''Reference in Charak Samhita'''
|'''Activity'''
|-
|-
|1
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/106 || As an ingredient of Bijakarishta
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/106
|As an ingredient of Bijakarishta
|-
|-
|2
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/56 || As an ingredient of Shyonakadi Parisheka and Pralepa
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/56  
|As an ingredient  of Shyonakadi Parisheka and Pralepa
|-
|3
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/56
|As an ingredient of Shyonakadi Parisheka and Pralepa
|}
|}


==Dose==
== Dose ==
50 – 100 gm of the drug for the decoction.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:8</ref>
* '''Decoction (''Kwatha''):''' 50 – 100 gm of the drug.<ref name="API" />


==Important Formulations==
== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:8</ref>
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API" />
* Nyagrodhadi Churna
* Nyagrodhadi Churna
* Asanabilvadi Taila
* Asanabilvadi Taila


== Current Availability ==
Available
* '''In India:''' Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha.
* '''Out of India:''' Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, Taiwan.
== Major Phytoconstituents ==
The heartwood and bark of ''Pterocarpus marsupium'' are rich in phenolic constituents.<ref name="Maurya2004" />
* '''Stilbenes and benzofuran derivatives (heartwood):''' Pterostilbene, marsupsin and pterosupin.
* '''Flavan-3-ols (bark):''' (&minus;)-Epicatechin.
* '''C-glycosides:''' Phenolic C-glycosides have also been isolated from the heartwood.
== Therapeutic Efficacy &amp; Modern Scientific Research ==
Modern pharmacological and clinical investigations have examined several traditional claims associated with ''Pterocarpus marsupium''. Each activity below is supported by one primary study. Most of the evidence is preclinical (animal models); human evidence is limited to an open-label trial in diabetes.
=== 1. Anti-diabetic and Hypoglycemic Activity (''Prameha'') ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Highly indicated in ''Prameha'' (diabetes mellitus) and metabolic disorders.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Three phenolic constituents of the heartwood &ndash; marsupsin, pterosupin and pterostilbene &ndash; were tested intraperitoneally in streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemic rats; marsupsin and pterostilbene significantly lowered blood glucose, with an effect comparable to metformin.<ref name="Manickam1997" />
=== 2. Pancreatic Beta-cell Regeneration ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Bark and heartwood preparations used for ''Madhumeha''.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' (&minus;)-Epicatechin (30 mg/kg, i.p., twice daily for 4–5 days) restored normal blood glucose in alloxan-diabetic albino rats; histology showed regeneration of the islet beta-cells destroyed by alloxan, and immunoreactive insulin studies indicated the regenerated cells were functional.<ref name="Chakravarthy1982" />
=== 3. Clinical Evidence in Type 2 Diabetes ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' ''Prameha'' (diabetes mellitus); the heartwood (''Vijaysar'') is the part commonly used.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In a flexible-dose, open-label ICMR trial in 97 newly diagnosed or untreated type 2 diabetes patients, 69% achieved blood glucose control by 12 weeks (mostly with 2 g of the extract); fasting and postprandial glucose fell by 32 and 45 mg/dl, HbA1c fell from 9.8% to 9.4%, lipids did not change significantly, and no side effects were reported.<ref name="ICMR1998" />
=== 4. Antihyperlipidemic Activity (''Medodosa'') ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' ''Medodosa'' (obesity and lipid dysregulation).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Flavonoids isolated from the plant showed an antihyperlipidemic effect in experimental animals.<ref name="Jahromi1993" />


==Current availability ==
=== 5. Cardiotonic Activity ===
Available
* '''Traditional Use:''' Not a classical indication; reported in experimental research only.
* In India – Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Jarkhand, Odissa
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Aqueous extract of the heartwood showed cardiotonic activity in experimental models.<ref name="Mohire2007" />
* Out of India – Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, Taiwan
 
== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Pterocarpus marsupium''
! Indication
! Compound / Extract studied
! Primary Pharmacological Action
! Level of evidence
|-
| '''Diabetes (''Prameha'')'''
| Marsupsin, Pterostilbene
| Hypoglycemic action
| Preclinical (animal)
|-
| '''Diabetes (''Prameha'')'''
| (&minus;)-Epicatechin
| Beta-cell regeneration
| Preclinical (animal)
|-
| '''Newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes'''
| Heartwood extract (Vijayasar)
| Lowering of fasting and postprandial glucose, HbA1c
| Human, open-label trial
|-
| '''Lipid Disorders (''Medodosa'')'''
| Flavonoids
| Antihyperlipidemic
| Preclinical (animal)
|-
| '''Cardiac function'''
| Aqueous heartwood extract
| Cardiotonic
| Preclinical (animal)
|}
 
== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Precautions:''' Use within therapeutic limits; avoid excessive dosages without professional supervision. Patients taking anti-diabetic medicines should be monitored for hypoglycemia.
* '''Clinical tolerability:''' No side effects were reported in the 12-week open-label trial in type 2 diabetes.<ref name="ICMR1998" />
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Decoction (''Kwatha''):'' 50–100 gm.<ref name="API" />


==Current researches ==
== References ==
[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:8</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Vatadi Varga, Verse no. 25 - 26, Edited by Padmashree Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015.</ref>
<ref name="Maurya2004">Maurya R, Singh R, Deepak M, Handa SS, Yadav PP, Mishra PK. Constituents of ''Pterocarpus marsupium'': an ayurvedic crude drug. Phytochemistry. 2004;65(7):915-20.</ref>
<ref name="Manickam1997">Manickam M, Ramanathan M, Jahromi MAF, Chansouria JPN, Ray AB. Antihyperglycemic activity of phenolics from ''Pterocarpus marsupium''. J Nat Prod. 1997;60(6):609-10. doi:10.1021/np9607013.</ref>
<ref name="Chakravarthy1982">Chakravarthy BK, Gupta S, Gode KD. Functional beta cell regeneration in the islets of pancreas in alloxan induced diabetic rats by (-)-epicatechin. Life Sci. 1982;31(24):2693-7.</ref>
<ref name="ICMR1998">Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) Collaborating Centres, New Delhi. Flexible dose open trial of Vijayasar in cases of newly-diagnosed non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Indian J Med Res. 1998;108:24-9.</ref>
<ref name="Jahromi1993">Jahromi MAF, Ray AB, Chansouria JPN. Antihyperlipidemic effect of flavonoids from ''Pterocarpus marsupium''. J Nat Prod. 1993;56(7):989-94.</ref>
<ref name="Mohire2007">Mohire NC, Salunkhe VR, Bhise SB, Yadav AV. Cardiotonic activity of aqueous extract of heartwood of ''Pterocarpus marsupium''. Indian J Exp Biol. 2007;45(6):532-7.</ref>
}}


==References==
[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]


  This article is under development ..
''This article is under development ..''

Latest revision as of 05:32, 8 October 2026


Bijaka
Section/Chapter Herb database/Bijaka
Botanical name(s) Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.
Family Fabaceae
Availability Available
Contributors Team Dravyaguna
Year of publication 2026
Publisher Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre
DOI Awaited

Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb., popularly known as Bijaka, Malabar Kino, or Indian Kino Tree, is a large, deciduous tree native to India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka. In Ayurveda, it is highly revered for its anti-diabetic (Prameha), skin-protective (Kustha), and Kapha-Vata pacifying properties.[1]

English Name

Malabar kino, Indian kino

Therapeutic Use

Worms infestation (Krimiroga), Psoriasis (Kustha), Diabetes mellitus (Prameha), Anaemia (Pandu), Obesity (Medodosa)[1]

Other Varieties / Other Botanical names

  • Pterocarpus marsupium f. acuminata (Prain)
  • Pterocarpus marsupium f. acuta Prain
  • Pterocarpus marsupium f. biloba (Roxb. ex G. Don)

Identification Characters

  • Pivara – Trunk of Bijaka is very large.
  • Mahasarja – Bijaka is big tree like that of Sarja (Vateria indica).
  • Tishya – Bijaka blossoms in Pushya masa (Late winter).
  • Sugandhi – Flowers are aromatic.
  • Pitasara – Heart wood of Bijaka is yellow in colour.
  • Pitashalaka – Heart wood is yellow in colour and resemble heart wood of Sala (Shorea robusta).

Synonyms in Charak Samhita

  • Pitasara – Heart wood of Bijaka is yellow in colour.
  • Pitashaalaka – Heart wood is yellow in colour and resemble heart wood of saala (Shorea robusta).
  • Bandhukpushpa
  • Priyaka
  • Sarjaka
  • Asana

Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu

  • Bijaka
  • Pitasara
  • Pitashalaka
  • Bandhukapushpa
  • Priyaka
  • Sarjaka
  • Asana[2]

Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties

According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (Rasa Panchaka), Bijaka has the following properties:[1]

Sr. No. Pharmacological Criteria Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
1 Taste (Rasa) Astringent (Kasaya)
2 Potency (Veerya) Hot (Ushna)
3 Post-digestion Effect (Vipaka) Pungent (Katu)
4 Qualities (Guna) Dry (Ruksa), Light (Laghu)
5 Dosha Action (Karma) Pacifies Kapha and Vata dosha

Reference in Charak Samhita and its Actions

Bijaka is documented across therapeutic chapters of the Charaka Samhita:

Sr. No. Reference in Charak Samhita Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
1 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 16/106 As an ingredient of Bijakarishta
2 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 27/56 As an ingredient of Shyonakadi Parisheka and Pralepa

Dose

  • Decoction (Kwatha): 50 – 100 gm of the drug.[1]

Important Formulations

As per A.P.I.[1]

  • Nyagrodhadi Churna
  • Asanabilvadi Taila

Current Availability

Available

  • In India: Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha.
  • Out of India: Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, Taiwan.

Major Phytoconstituents

The heartwood and bark of Pterocarpus marsupium are rich in phenolic constituents.[3]

  • Stilbenes and benzofuran derivatives (heartwood): Pterostilbene, marsupsin and pterosupin.
  • Flavan-3-ols (bark): (−)-Epicatechin.
  • C-glycosides: Phenolic C-glycosides have also been isolated from the heartwood.

Therapeutic Efficacy & Modern Scientific Research

Modern pharmacological and clinical investigations have examined several traditional claims associated with Pterocarpus marsupium. Each activity below is supported by one primary study. Most of the evidence is preclinical (animal models); human evidence is limited to an open-label trial in diabetes.

1. Anti-diabetic and Hypoglycemic Activity (Prameha)

  • Traditional Use: Highly indicated in Prameha (diabetes mellitus) and metabolic disorders.
  • Scientific Evidence: Three phenolic constituents of the heartwood – marsupsin, pterosupin and pterostilbene – were tested intraperitoneally in streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemic rats; marsupsin and pterostilbene significantly lowered blood glucose, with an effect comparable to metformin.[4]

2. Pancreatic Beta-cell Regeneration

  • Traditional Use: Bark and heartwood preparations used for Madhumeha.
  • Scientific Evidence: (−)-Epicatechin (30 mg/kg, i.p., twice daily for 4–5 days) restored normal blood glucose in alloxan-diabetic albino rats; histology showed regeneration of the islet beta-cells destroyed by alloxan, and immunoreactive insulin studies indicated the regenerated cells were functional.[5]

3. Clinical Evidence in Type 2 Diabetes

  • Traditional Use: Prameha (diabetes mellitus); the heartwood (Vijaysar) is the part commonly used.
  • Scientific Evidence: In a flexible-dose, open-label ICMR trial in 97 newly diagnosed or untreated type 2 diabetes patients, 69% achieved blood glucose control by 12 weeks (mostly with 2 g of the extract); fasting and postprandial glucose fell by 32 and 45 mg/dl, HbA1c fell from 9.8% to 9.4%, lipids did not change significantly, and no side effects were reported.[6]

4. Antihyperlipidemic Activity (Medodosa)

  • Traditional Use: Medodosa (obesity and lipid dysregulation).
  • Scientific Evidence: Flavonoids isolated from the plant showed an antihyperlipidemic effect in experimental animals.[7]

5. Cardiotonic Activity

  • Traditional Use: Not a classical indication; reported in experimental research only.
  • Scientific Evidence: Aqueous extract of the heartwood showed cardiotonic activity in experimental models.[8]

Summary of Therapeutic Profile

Therapeutic Applications of Pterocarpus marsupium
Indication Compound / Extract studied Primary Pharmacological Action Level of evidence
Diabetes (Prameha) Marsupsin, Pterostilbene Hypoglycemic action Preclinical (animal)
Diabetes (Prameha) (−)-Epicatechin Beta-cell regeneration Preclinical (animal)
Newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes Heartwood extract (Vijayasar) Lowering of fasting and postprandial glucose, HbA1c Human, open-label trial
Lipid Disorders (Medodosa) Flavonoids Antihyperlipidemic Preclinical (animal)
Cardiac function Aqueous heartwood extract Cardiotonic Preclinical (animal)

Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage

  • Precautions: Use within therapeutic limits; avoid excessive dosages without professional supervision. Patients taking anti-diabetic medicines should be monitored for hypoglycemia.
  • Clinical tolerability: No side effects were reported in the 12-week open-label trial in type 2 diabetes.[6]
  • Standard Therapeutic Dosage:
    • Decoction (Kwatha): 50–100 gm.[1]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:8
  2. ↑ Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Vatadi Varga, Verse no. 25 - 26, Edited by Padmashree Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015.
  3. ↑ Maurya R, Singh R, Deepak M, Handa SS, Yadav PP, Mishra PK. Constituents of Pterocarpus marsupium: an ayurvedic crude drug. Phytochemistry. 2004;65(7):915-20.
  4. ↑ Manickam M, Ramanathan M, Jahromi MAF, Chansouria JPN, Ray AB. Antihyperglycemic activity of phenolics from Pterocarpus marsupium. J Nat Prod. 1997;60(6):609-10. doi:10.1021/np9607013.
  5. ↑ Chakravarthy BK, Gupta S, Gode KD. Functional beta cell regeneration in the islets of pancreas in alloxan induced diabetic rats by (-)-epicatechin. Life Sci. 1982;31(24):2693-7.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) Collaborating Centres, New Delhi. Flexible dose open trial of Vijayasar in cases of newly-diagnosed non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Indian J Med Res. 1998;108:24-9.
  7. ↑ Jahromi MAF, Ray AB, Chansouria JPN. Antihyperlipidemic effect of flavonoids from Pterocarpus marsupium. J Nat Prod. 1993;56(7):989-94.
  8. ↑ Mohire NC, Salunkhe VR, Bhise SB, Yadav AV. Cardiotonic activity of aqueous extract of heartwood of Pterocarpus marsupium. Indian J Exp Biol. 2007;45(6):532-7.

Herbs

This article is under development ..

Retrieved from "https://www.charakasamhitauptodate.com/index.php?title=Talk:Bijaka&oldid=45796"