Charak Samhita

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Moringa oleifera LAM.
{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
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|keywords= *Shigru, Moringa oleifera LAM., Horse radish tree* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
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|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
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{{Infobox
{{Infobox
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|data4 = Available
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = --
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication  
|label6 = Year of publication  
|data6 = 2024
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|label7 = Publisher  
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI  
|label8 = DOI  
|data8 = Awaited
|data8 = Awaited
}}
}}


==English name ==
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moringa_oleifera Moringa oleifera LAM.]''', popularly known as '''Shigru''' (Drumstick plant), is a fast-growing, deciduous tree native to the Indian subcontinent and cultivated across tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. It is widely revered in [[Ayurveda]] as a powerful anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and scraping (*lekhan*) drug of choice for managing painful edematous swellings, metabolic disorders, and microbial infections.


== English name ==
Horse radish tree, Drumstick plant
Horse radish tree, Drumstick plant


==Therapeutic Uses1<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume II:69.</ref>==
== Therapeutic Uses ==
Swelling (sopha), Gulma, Worms (krimiroga), Medoroga, Diseases of spleen (pliharoga), Abscess (vidradhi), Goitre (galaganda).
Swelling (sopha), Gulma, Worms (krimiroga), Medoroga, Diseases of spleen (pliharoga), Abscess (vidradhi), Goitre (galaganda).<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume II:69.</ref>


==Other Varieties/ Other botanical names==
== Other Varieties / Other Botanical names ==
* Guilandina moringa L.
* Guilandina moringa L.
* Hyperanthera moringa (L.) Vahl
* Hyperanthera moringa (L.) Vahl
* Moringa pterygosperma Gaertn. nom. illeg.
* Moringa pterygosperma Gaertn. nom. illeg.


==Bhavaprakasha Nighantu2<ref>Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint.2015, Chaukhambha vishvabharti, Guduchyadi Varga, p.324.</ref>==
== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
In traditional medicine, Shigru is classified as a potent Vata and Kapha pacifying agent with sharp (*tikshna*) and hot (*ushna*) properties. It is exceptionally valued for clearing deep-seated tissue toxins, reducing chronic inflammation, and rectifying lipid metabolism (*medoroga*).
 
== Bhavaprakasha Nighantu ==
Mentioned 3 types<ref name="Chunekar2015">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Guduchyadi Varga, p. 324.</ref>
# Shweta Shigru
# Shweta Shigru
# Shyama Shigru
# Shyama Shigru
# Rakta Shigru
# Rakta Shigru


==Raja Nighantu3<ref>Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, ed.2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas academy, Varanasi; Mulakadi Varga, Verse no. 26-33, p.193-194.</ref>==
== Raja Nighantu ==
# Shigru
Mentioned 4 types<ref name="Tripathi2006">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, ed. 2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi; Mulakadi Varga, Verse no. 26-33, p. 193-194.</ref>
# Nila Shigru
# Shigru
# Shweta Shigru
# Nila Shigru
# Rakta Shigru
# Shweta Shigru
   
# Rakta Shigru
 
== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
 
Shigru, Shobhanjana, Krishnagandha, Mochaka, Tikshnagandha, Madhushigru,


==Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu<ref></ref>==
== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
Shobhanjana, Shigru, Tikshnagandhaka, Akshiva, Maricha
Shigru, Shobhanjana, Krishnagandha, Mochaka, Tikshnagandha, Madhushigru.


== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==  
== Additional Synonyms in Bhavprakasha Nighantu ==
Shobhanjana, Tikshnagandhaka, Akshiva, Maricha.<ref name="ChunekarNighantu">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Guduchyadi Varga, p. 324.</ref>


== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties  
|+ Properties
|-
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Pungent (katu), Bitter (tikta)
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Pungent (katu), Bitter (tikta)
|-
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)
Line 65: Line 76:
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
|-
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha), Sharp (tikshna)  
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]]) || Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha), Sharp (tikshna)
|-
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[kapha]] and [[vata]]
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[kapha]] and [[vata]]
|-
|}
|}


== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==  
== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
 
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity  
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/116 || Shodhana (Twak) vriksha (Parisarpa, Sotha, Arsha, Dadru, Vidradhi, Galaganda, Kustha, Alaji)
|-
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/3 || Shirovirechana (Errhine therapy)
|-
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/23 || Krimighniyavagu
| 1 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 1/116 || Shodhana (Twak) vriksha (Parisarpa, Sotha, Arsha, Dadru, Vidradhi, Galaganda, Kustha, Alaji)
|-
|-
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 3/4 || Churnapradeha
| 2 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 2/3 || Shirovirechana (Errhine therapy)
|-
|-
| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(22) || Svedopagmahakashay
| 3 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 2/23 || Krimighniyavagu (gruel for worm infestation)
|-
|-
| 6 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(27) || Shirovirechanopagmahakashay
| 4 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 3/4 || Churnapradeha (external application)
|-
|-
|7
| 5 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(22) || Svedopagmahakashaya (helping diaphoresis/sudation)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 13/10
|Sthavara  Sneha Yoni (Vegetable origin of lipids)
|-
|-
|8
| 6 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(27) || Shirovirechanopagmahakashaya (helping nasal errhine therapy)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 14/31
|Dravya for  Nadi Sweda
|-
|-
|9
| 7 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 13/10 || Sthavara Sneha Yoni (Vegetable origin of lipids)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 14/32
|Dravya for  Nadi Sweda
|-
|-
|10
| 8 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 14/31 || Dravya for Nadi Sweda (fomentation)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/19
|Santarpanajanya  vikar chikitsa
|-
|-
|11
| 9 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 14/32 || Dravya for Nadi Sweda (fomentation)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/170
|Harita Varga
|-
|-
|12
| 10 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 23/19 || Santarpanajanya vikar chikitsa (management of disease due to over nutrition)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/84
|Viruddha ahar
|-
|-
|13
| 11 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 27/170 || Harita Varga
|Cha.Sa.[[Nidana Sthana]] 2/4
|Nidana
|-
|-
|14
| 12 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 26/84 || Viruddha ahara (unwholesome diet)
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/17
|Abhyantar Krimi  Chikitsa
|-
|-
|15
| 13 || Cha.Sa. [[Nidana Sthana]] 2/4 || Nidana of raktapitta (cause for bleeding disorder)
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/17
|Abhyantar Krimi  Chikitsa
|-
|-
|16
| 14 || Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 6/17 || Abhyantar Krimi Chikitsa (treatment of worms)
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135
|Vaman dravyani
|-
|-
|17
| 15 || Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135 || Vamana dravyani
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/142
|Katuskandha
|-
|-
|18
| 16 || Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/142 || Katuskandha (group of pungent drugs)
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/142
|Katuskandha
|-
|-
|19
| 17 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/106 || Ingredient in Sweta-karavirapallavadhya Taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/106
|Ingredient in Sweta-karavirapallavadhya Tail
|-
|-
|20
| 18 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/109 || Ingredient in Tiktekshvadi Taila for Abhyanga in Vata-Kaphaj Kushtha
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/109
|Ingredient in Tiktekshvadi Taila for Abhyang in Vata-Kaphaj Kushth
|-
|-
|21
| 19 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/113 || Ingredient in Kanakakshiri Taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/113
|Ingredient in Kanakakshiri Tail
|-
|-
|22
| 20 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/124 || Bahyaprayogarth Lepa in Vata-Kaphaj Kushtha
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/124
|Bahyaprayogarth Lepa in Vata-Kaphaj Kushth
|-
|-
|23
| 21 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/79 || Ingredient in Shira-Pashva-Ansha Shula nashak lepa
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/79
|Ingredient in Shira-Pashva –Ansha Shula nashak lepa
|-
|-
|24
| 22 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/129 || Ingredient in Atisara nashak Khad-yush
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/129
|Ingredient in Atisar nashak Khad-yush
|-
|-
|25
| 23 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/33 || Ingredient in oil preparation Bahyaprayogartha
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/33
|Ingredient in oil preparation Bahyaprayogartha
|-
|-
|26
| 24 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/67 || As a Snana dravya for Bahyaprayogartha
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/67
|As a Snan dravya for Bahyaprayogarth
|-
|-
|27
| 25 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/70 || Bahyaprayogarth Lepa in Kaphaja Shvayathu
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/70
|Bahyaprayogarth Lepa in Kaphaja Shvayathu
|-
|-
|28
| 26 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/72 || As an Unmardan dravya in Kaphaj Shvayathu
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/72
|As an Unmardan dravya in Kaphaj Shvayathu
|-
|-
|29
| 27 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/45 || Used in swedana kriya (fomentation)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/45
|Used in swedana kriya
|-
|-
|30
| 28 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/98 || Used in yusha preparation for hikka svasa
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/98
|Used in yusha preparation for hikka svasa
|-
|-
|31
| 29 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/183 || Used in netragata visha, as an anjana prayoga
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/183
|Used in netragata visha, as a anjana prayoga.
|-
|-
|32
| 30 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/66 || Used in Ashmari
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/66
|Used in Ashmari.
|-
|-
|33
| 31 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/67 || Used in Ashmari
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/67
|Used in Ashmari.
|-
|-
|34
| 32 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/186 || Used in Kaphaja Siroroga for Avapeeda nasya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/186
|Used in Kaphaja Siroroga for Avapeeda nasya.
|-
|-
|35
| 33 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/226 || As an ingredient of Kshara taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/226
|As an ingredient of Kshara taila.
|-
|-
|36
| 34 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/237 || Used for aaschotana in Vataja netraroga
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/237
|Used for aaschotana in Vataja netraroga.
|-
|-
|37
| 35 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/240 || As an ingredient of Bruhatyadi varti
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/240
|As an ingredient of Bruhatyadi varti.
|-
|-
|38
| 36 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/245 || As an ingredient of Amrutadi varti
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/245
|As an ingredient of Amrutadi varti.
|-
|-
|39
| 37 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/52 || As an ingredient of Tarkaryadi Parisechana
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/52
|As an ingredient of  Tarkaryadi Parisechana
|-
|-
|40
| 38 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/54 || As an ingredient of Vatsakadi Pralepa
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/54
|As an ingredient of Vatsakadi Pralepa
|-
|-
|41
| 39 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/56 || As an ingredient of Shyonakdi Parisheka and Pralepa
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/56  
|As an ingredient of Shyonakdi Parisheka and Pralepa
|-
|-
|42
| 40 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/130 || As an ingredient of Triphaladi maha sneha
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/130
|As an ingredient of Triphaladi maha sneha.
|-
|-
|43
| 41 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/168 || As an ingredient of Mulakadhya taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/168  
|As an ingredient of Mulakadhya taila.
|-
|-
|44
| 42 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/176 || As an ingredient of Mulaka taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/176
|As an ingredient of Mulaka taila.
|}
|}


==Dose<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume II:69.</ref>==
== Dose ==
* Swarasa – 10 – 20 ml
* Swarasa (Juice): 10–20 ml.<ref name="API1986"/>


==Important formulations<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume II:69.</ref>==
== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API1986"/>
* Ratnagiri Rasa
* Ratnagiri Rasa
* Vishatinduka Taila
* Vishatinduka Taila
* Ekangavira Rasa
* Ekangavira Rasa


 
== Current Availability ==
== Current availability==  
Available
* In India: Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab, Odisha, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh.
* Out of India: Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, Africa (Kenya, Nigeria, Ethiopia), South America (Brazil, Peru, Venezuela), Southern parts of United States, Saudi Arabia.
 
== Phytochemical Composition ==
The therapeutic value of *Moringa oleifera* is attributed to its rich array of bioactive secondary metabolites distributed across leaves, seeds, and bark:
* '''Glucosinolates and Isothiocyanates:''' High concentrations of mairongin and pterYGOSPERMIN derivatives providing strong antimicrobial action.
* '''Flavonoids and Phenolic Acids:''' Quercetin, kaempferol, and chlorogenic acid offering potent antioxidant properties.
* '''Essential Amino Acids and Vitamins:''' Abundant proteins, carotenoids, and ascorbic acid.
 
== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
=== Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Edematous Actions ===
* '''Mechanism:''' Isothiocyanates and flavonoids suppress pro-inflammatory cytokines and inhibit inflammatory pathways, effectively reducing swelling (*sopha*) and deep-seated tissue inflammation.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Pre-clinical studies validate that bark and leaf extracts successfully curb acute and chronic edema models.<ref name="Murugan2011">{{cite journal |last1=Murugan |first1=K. |last2=Pari |first2=L. |year=2011 |title=Antihyperglycemic and antioxidant effect of Moringa oleifera leaves on inflammatory parameters |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=135 |issue=2 |pages=310–315}}</ref>
 
=== Antimicrobial and Anthelmintic Efficacy ===
* '''Mechanism:''' Pterygospermin and related active principles disrupt microbial cell membranes and metabolic functions, combating bacterial strains and internal parasites (*krimiroga*).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Laboratory evaluations demonstrate powerful inhibitory effects against multi-drug resistant pathogens and common dermatophytes.<ref name="Eilert1981">{{cite journal |last1=Eilert |first1=U. |last2=Wolters |first2=B. |last3=Nahrstedt |first3=A. |year=1981 |title=The antibiotic principle of seeds of Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala |journal=Planta Medica |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=55–61}}</ref>
 
== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Precautions:''' Due to its hot potency and uterine stimulant effects associated with root extracts, internal use during pregnancy should be avoided unless strictly monitored by a professional.
 


Available
== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
* In India –
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
Tamil nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab, Odisha, West bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh
|+ Therapeutic Applications of *Moringa oleifera*
* Out of India –
! Indication
Sri lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesia, Phillipines, Africa (Kenya, Nigeria, Ethiopia), South america (Brazil, Peru, Venezuela), Southern parts of united states, Saudi arabia
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Inflammatory Swelling (Sopha)'''
| Isothiocyanates, Quercetin
| Anti-inflammatory, Anti-edematous
|-
| '''Worm Infestation (Krimiroga)'''
| Pterygospermin, Glucosinolates
| Anthelmintic, Antimicrobial
|-
| '''Metabolic Disorders (Medoroga)'''
| Phenolic acids, Flavonoids
| Lipid-lowering, Antioxidant
|}


== Current researches ==
== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume II:69.</ref>
<ref name="Chunekar2015">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Guduchyadi Varga, p. 324.</ref>
<ref name="Tripathi2006">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, ed. 2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi; Mulakadi Varga, Verse no. 26-33, p. 193-194.</ref>
<ref name="ChunekarNighantu">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Guduchyadi Varga, p. 324.</ref>
<ref name="Murugan2011">{{cite journal |last1=Murugan |first1=K. |last2=Pari |first2=L. |year=2011 |title=Antihyperglycemic and antioxidant effect of Moringa oleifera leaves on inflammatory parameters |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=135 |issue=2 |pages=310–315}}</ref>
<ref name="Eilert1981">{{cite journal |last1=Eilert |first1=U. |last2=Wolters |first2=B. |last3=Nahrstedt |first3=A. |year=1981 |title=The antibiotic principle of seeds of Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala |journal=Planta Medica |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=55–61}}</ref>
}}


[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
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