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Aconitum heterophyllum WALL.  
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{{Infobox
{{Infobox
Line 6: Line 15:
|data1 = Herb database/Ativisha
|data1 = Herb database/Ativisha
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Aconitum heterophyllum WALL.  
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aconitum_heterophyllum Aconitum heterophyllum WALL.]
|label3 = Contributors
|label3 = Family
|data3 = --
|data3 = Ranunculaceae
|label4 = Year of publication  
|label4 = Availability
|data4 =  2021
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Publisher  
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = DOI  
|label6 = Year of publication  
|data6 = Awaited
|data6 =  2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI  
|data8 = Awaited
}}
}}


==English name ==
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aconitum_heterophyllum Aconitum heterophyllum WALL.]''', popularly known as '''Ativisha''' or '''Indian Atees''', is a perennial herb native to the alpine and sub-alpine regions of the Himalayas.<ref name="Wani2022" /> In [[Ayurveda]], it is highly valued as a prominent drug for managing fevers (''Jvara''), digestive ailments, and pediatric disorders, acting as an ''Ama''-pachana and Kapha-Pitta pacifying medicine.<ref name="API" /><ref name="Mathew2023" />


== English Name ==
Indian Atees
Indian Atees


==Therapeutic Use==
== Therapeutic Use ==
 
Worms (Krimiroga), Fever (Jvara), Cough (Kasa), Vomiting (Chhardi), Amatisara<ref name="API" />
Worms (Krimiroga), Fever (Jvara), Cough (Kasa), Vomitting (Chhardi), Amatisara
 
==Other varieties / Other botanical names==


== Other Varieties / Other Botanical names ==
* Aconitum heterophyllum Wallich
* Aconitum heterophyllum Wallich
* Aconitum palmatum
* Aconitum palmatum
* Aconitum kashmiricum
* Aconitum kashmiricum


==Identification Characters==
'''Shuklakanda''' – Root tubers are white in colour.
'''Shrungi''' – Root tubers are horn shaped.
==Types==
Based on colours of root tubers: '''Raja Nighantu'''
* Rakta – Red tubers
* Sweta – White tubers
* Krisna – Black tubers


== Identification Characters ==
* '''Shuklakanda''' &ndash; Root tubers are white in colour.
* '''Shrungi''' &ndash; Root tubers are horn shaped.<ref name="Bhavaprakash" />


== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
== Types ==
Based on colours of root tubers as per '''Raja Nighantu''':<ref name="RajaNighantu" />
* Rakta &ndash; Red tubers
* Sweta &ndash; White tubers
* Krisna &ndash; Black tubers


Ativisha, Shrungi(Root tubers are horn shape), Virupa, Pittadivallabha(Ativisha is efficacious in pittaja roga), Shwetvaca, Visha, Maadri(Plant grows in maadra desh)
== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==


==Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==
* Ativisha
* Shrungi &ndash; Root tubers are horn-shaped.
* Virupa
* Pittadivallabha &ndash; Efficacious in Pittaja roga.
* Shwetvaca
* Visha
* Maadri &ndash; Plant grows in Maadra desh.


Visha(it assimilated quickly), Ativisha, Vishva, Shrungi(Root tubers are horn shape), Prativisha, Aruna, Shuklakanda(Root tubers are white in colour.), Upavisha, Bhangura, Dhunavallabha(Root tubers are quickly infested.)
== Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu ==
<ref name="Bhavaprakash" />
* Visha &ndash; It assimilates quickly.
* Ativisha
* Vishva
* Shrungi &ndash; Root tubers are horn-shaped.
* Prativisha
* Aruna
* Shuklakanda &ndash; Root tubers are white in colour.
* Upavisha
* Bhangura
* Dhunavallabha &ndash; Root tubers are quickly infested.


== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Ativisha has the following properties:<ref name="API" />


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
|+ Properties
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Bitter (tikta), Pungent (katu)
| 1 || Taste (''[[Rasa]]'') || Bitter (''Tikta''), Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)
| 2 || Potency (''[[Veerya]]'') || Hot (''Ushna'')
|-
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
| 3 || Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'') || Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
| 4 || Qualities (''[[Guna]]'') || Light (''Laghu''), Rough (''Ruksha'')
|-
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Reduces [[vata]], [[pitta]] and [[kapha]]
| 5 || Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'') || Reduces Vata, Pitta, and Kapha
|}
|}


== Reference in Charak Samhita and its Actions ==
Ativisha is prominently documented across multiple therapeutic chapters of the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':


== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
 
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(3) || Lekhaniya mahakashaya (ingredient of group of herbs for treatment of emaciation)
|-
|-
|1
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(12) || Arshoghna mahakashay (ingredient of group of herbs for treatment of piles)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]].  4/9(3)
|Lekhaniya  mahakashaya
|-
|-
|2
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/19 || Santarpanajanya vikar chikitsa (management of over-nutrition disease)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]].  4/9(12)
|Arshoghna  mahakashay
|-
|-
|3
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40 || Agrya Sangraha
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]]. 23/19
|Santarpanajanya  vikar chikitsa
|-
|-
|4
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/139 || Madhur skanda (group of sweet drugs)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]]. 25/40
|Agrya Sangraha
|-
|-
|5
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/143 || Tiktaskandha (group of bitter drugs)
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]]. 8/139
|Madhur skanda
|-
|-
|6
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/204 || As an ingredient of Vatsakadi kashaya
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]].  8/143
|Tiktaskandha
|-
|-
|7
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/219 || As an ingredient of Pippalyadi Ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].3/204
|As an ingredient of Vatsakadi kashaya.
|-
|-
|8
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/38 || Trikantakadhya Tail/Ghrit in Vata-kaphaj prameha
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].3/219
|As an ingredient of Pippalyadi Ghrita.
|-
|-
|9
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/42 || Ingredient in Madhvasava
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/38
|Trikantakadhya Tail/Ghrit in Vata-kaphaj prameh
|-
|-
|10
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/16 || As a diet and drinks in treatment of Kshatakshina
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/42
|Ingredient  in Madhvasav
|-
|-
|11
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/44 || Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/16
|As a diet  and drinks in treatment of  Kshatakshina
|-
|-
|12
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/159 || In formulation of Pippalyadi lavana
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]. 12/44
|Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
|-
|-
|13
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/187 || Used for raktastambhana
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]. 13/159
|In  formulation of pipplyadi lavana
|-
|-
|14
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/230 || As an ingredient of Hriberadi ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]. 14/187
|Used for  raktastambhana
|-
|-
|15
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/236 || As an ingredient of Sunishanak changeri ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]. 14/230
|As an ingredient of hriberadi ghrit
|-
|-
|16
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/98 || Kalka of this drug is used for Aampachan (with usnodaka)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]. 14/236
|As an  ingredient of sunishanak changeri ghrit
|-
|-
|17
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/99 || Churna of this drug with combination of vaca, musta, etc. is given in aam and shoola yukta mala
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].
 
15/98
|Kalka of this drug is used for aampachan
 
(With  usnodaka)
|-
|-
|18
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/101 || Churna with hingu, abhaya, vaca etc. used in Sama and Vatakapha adhika grahani with kostha shola
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]. 15/99
|Churna of  this drug with combination of vaca,musta, etc. is given in aam and shoola  yukta mala
|-
|-
|19
| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/105 || Used in Kaphapittaja grahani
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]. 15/101
|Churna of  this drug with combination of hingu,abhaya, vaca etc is used in Sama and  Vatakapha adhika grahani with kostha shola
|-
|-
|20
| 21 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/129 || As an ingredient of Nagaradhya churna
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]. 15/105
|Used in  kaphapittaja grahani
|-
|-
|21
| 22 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/134, 15/138 || As an ingredient of Kiratadhya churna (Pittaja Grahani chikitsa)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]. 15/129
|As an ingredient of Nagaradhya churna
|-
|-
|22
| 23 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/165 || As an ingredient of Madhvarista
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].
 
15/134, 15/138
|As an ingredient of Kiratadhya churna (Pittaja Grahani chiktsa)
|-
|-
|23
| 24 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/173 || As an ingredient of Pipallimuladhya Kshara
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]. 15/165
|As an ingredient of Madhvarista
|-
|-
|24
| 25 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/186 || Used in preparation of Chaturtha Kshara
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]. 15/173
|As an  ingredient of Pipallimuladhya Kshara
|-
|-
|25
| 26 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/61 || As an ingredient of Vishaladi Phanta
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].15/186
|Used in  preparation of Chaturtha Kshara
|-
|-
|26
| 27 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/115 || As an ingredient of Nagaradi yoga
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]. 16/61
|As an ingredient of Vishaladi Phanta
|-
|-
|27
| 28 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/22 || As an ama pachak dravya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].18/115
|As an ingredient  of nagaradi yoga.
|-
|-
|28
| 29 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/51 || As an ingredient of Ativishadi yoga
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]. 19/22
|As a ama pachak dravya
|-
|-
|29
| 30 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/105 || As a kwatha dravya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].19/51
|As an ingredient of ativishadi yoga.
|-
|-
|30
| 31 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/108 || As an ingredient of Rasanjanadi yoga
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].19/105,
|As a kwatha dravya
|-
|-
|31
| 32 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/21 || As an ingredient of Vachadi churna
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].19/108
|As an ingredient of rasanjanadi yoga.
|-
|-
|32
| 33 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/97 || As an ingredient of Katphaladi kashaya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].26/21
|As an ingredient of Vachadi churna.
|-
|-
|33
| 34 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/101 || Used in Hrudshoola
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].26/97
|As an ingredient of Katphaladi kashaya.
|-
|-
|34
| 35 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/201 || As an ingredient of Katukadi kashaya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].26/101
|Used in hrudshoola.
|-
|-
|35
| 36 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/35 || As an ingredient of Murvadi Choorna
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].26/201
|As an ingredient ofKatukadi kashaya.
|-
|-
|36
| 37 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/36 || As an ingredient of Swarnakshiradi Choorna
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].27/35
|As an ingredient  of Murvadi Choorna
|-
|-
|37
| 38 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/151 || As an ingredient of Bala taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].27/36
|As an ingredient of Swarnakshiradi Choorna
|-
|-
|38
| 39 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/168 || As an ingredient of Mulakadhya taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].28/151
|As an ingredient of Bala taila.
|-
|39
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].28/168
|As an ingredient of Mulakadhya taila.
|}
|}


==Purification==
== Purification (Shodhana) ==
 
Ativisha tuberous roots are cut into pieces and kept in Gomutra kvatha for 3 hours and then dried in sunlight.<ref name="Shodhana" />
Ativisha tuberous roots to be cut into pieces and kept in Gomutra kvatha for 3 hours and then dried in Sunlight.
 
==Dose==
 
0.6 – 2 gm of the drug in the powder form.


==Important Formulations==
== Dose ==
* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 0.6 &ndash; 2 g daily.<ref name="API" />


== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API" />
* Mahavisagarbha Taila
* Mahavisagarbha Taila
* Rodhrasava
* Rodhrasava
Line 260: Line 196:
* Bala Chaturbhadra Churna
* Bala Chaturbhadra Churna


 
== Current Availability ==
== Current availability==  
Available
* '''In India:''' Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand
* '''Out of India:''' Northern Pakistan, Nepal
 
Conservation status: the species is reported as critically endangered because of over-harvesting.<ref name="Wani2022" />
 
== Major Phytoconstituents ==
The pharmacological properties of ''Aconitum heterophyllum'' are primarily attributed to its diterpenoid alkaloids, which are concentrated in the root tubers:<ref name="Mathew2023" />
* '''Diterpenoid Alkaloids:''' Atisine,<ref name="Malhotra2014" /><ref name="Jowett1896" /> atidine,<ref name="Jowett1896" /> heteratisine and benzoylheteratisine, and aconitine (used as the HPLC marker compound for standardisation).<ref name="Prasad2014" /> Heterophylline, heterophylloidine, fischimine and aconine derivatives <sup>[citation needed]</sup>
* '''Lactones & Flavonoids:''' Bitter principles and phenolic compounds contributing to digestive and anti-inflammatory actions
 
== Therapeutic Efficacy & Modern Scientific Research ==
Modern pharmacological evaluations and experimental research support some of the traditional therapeutic indications of ''Aconitum heterophyllum'':
 
=== 1. Anti-diarrheal Action (''Atisara'') ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Widely used for ''Amatisara'' (diarrhea associated with toxic metabolic wastes) and pediatric gastrointestinal disturbances.<ref name="API" /><ref name="Mathew2023" />
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' In rat models, an ethanol extract of the roots showed anti-diarrheal activity in castor oil-induced diarrhea and fecal excretion tests. Further tests showed reduced small intestinal transit, reduced intestinal fluid accumulation and inhibition of PGE2-induced enteropooling, indicating antisecretory and antimotility effects that appear to be mediated through the nitric oxide pathway.<ref name="Prasad2014" />
 
=== 2. Antipyretic and Anti-inflammatory Properties (''Jvara'') ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Root tubers are commonly used in pediatric medicine for fever management and have been used as an antipyretic and anti-inflammatory agent.<ref name="Mathew2023" />
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' A network pharmacology and docking study, validated in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages, found that a root extract reduced nitric oxide release and iNOS expression, and suppressed EGFR/AKT1 and EGFR/JAK2/STAT3 signalling.<ref name="Meng2025" /> These findings are preclinical (in silico and in vitro); direct experimental evidence for the antipyretic effect was not identified in the sources reviewed.


Available
=== 3. Antimicrobial Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Used to combat infections and normalize bodily humors.<ref name="Mathew2023" />
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' An aconitine-standardised root extract (0.0833% w/w aconitine) showed antibacterial activity against microbes implicated in diarrhea.<ref name="Prasad2014" />


In India – Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand
== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
Out of India – Northern Pakistan, Nepal
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Aconitum heterophyllum''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Diarrhea & Dysentery (''Atisara'')'''
| Diterpenoid alkaloids (aconitine used as marker)
| Anti-motility, anti-secretory, antibacterial<ref name="Prasad2014" />
|-
| '''Fever & Inflammation (''Jvara'')'''
| Diterpenoid alkaloids
| Traditional antipyretic use;<ref name="Mathew2023" /> inhibition of NO release and EGFR/JAK2/STAT3 signalling in vitro<ref name="Meng2025" />
|-
| '''Microbial Infections'''
| Aconitine-standardised extract
| Antibacterial activity in vitro<ref name="Prasad2014" />
|}


== Current researches ==
== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Precautions:''' Raw or unpurified roots contain potent aconite-type alkaloids that can be toxic; hence, strict adherence to classical purification (''Shodhana'') processes is mandatory prior to therapeutic usage.<ref name="Shodhana" />
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Root Powder (Churna):'' 0.6&ndash;2 g daily.<ref name="API" />
 
== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Part I, Vol. I. New Delhi: Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare; 1986. p. 14.</ref>
 
<ref name="RajaNighantu">Tripathi I, editor. Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, Pippalyadi Varga, verse 136. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy. </ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Bhavamishra. Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, verses 186&ndash;187. Chunekar KC, editor. Reprint ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Bharati Academy; 2015.</ref>
<ref name="Shodhana">Tripathi I, editor. Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, Pippalyadi Varga, verse 137. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy.</ref>
<ref name="Prasad2014">Prasad SK, Jain D, Patel DK, Sahu AN, Hemalatha S. Antisecretory and antimotility activity of ''Aconitum heterophyllum'' and its significance in treatment of diarrhea. ''Indian J Pharmacol''. 2014;46(1):82&ndash;87. [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3912813/ PMC3912813]</ref>
<ref name="Mathew2023">Mathew A, Chandrashekar KS, Kishore A, Pai V, Aswatha Ram HN, Pemmereddy R. Therapeutic potential of ''Aconitum heterophyllum'': a review on phyto-pharmacological properties. ''Res J Pharm Technol''. 2023;16(1):470&ndash;476.</ref>
<ref name="Meng2025">Meng X, Xu X, Shi L, Liu Y, Deng J, Huang X. Network pharmacology combining molecular docking to unveil the anti-inflammatory mechanism of ''Aconitum heterophyllum''. ''Food Nutr Health''. 2025;2:7. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s44403-025-00016-1 doi:10.1007/s44403-025-00016-1]</ref>
<ref name="Wani2022">Wani TA, Kaloo ZA, Dangroo NA. ''Aconitum heterophyllum'' Wall. ex Royle: a critically endangered medicinal herb with rich potential for use in medicine. ''J Integr Med''. 2022;20(2):104&ndash;113. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joim.2021.12.004 doi:10.1016/j.joim.2021.12.004]</ref>
<ref name="Malhotra2014">Malhotra N, Kumar V, Sood H, Singh TR, Chauhan RS. Multiple genes of mevalonate and non-mevalonate pathways contribute to high aconites content in an endangered medicinal herb, ''Aconitum heterophyllum'' Wall. ''Phytochemistry''. 2014;108:26&ndash;34. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.08.025 doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.08.025]</ref>
<ref name="Jowett1896">Jowett HAD. Contributions to our knowledge of the aconite alkaloids. Part XIII. On atisine, the alkaloid of ''Aconitum heterophyllum''. ''J Chem Soc Trans''. 1896;69:1518&ndash;1526. [https://doi.org/10.1039/CT8966901518 doi:10.1039/CT8966901518]</ref>
}}


[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]
  This article is under development ..


==References==
''This article is under development ..''
1. Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, Pippalyadi Varga, Verse no. 136, Chaukhambha Krishnadas academy, Varanasi;
2. Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 186 - 187, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;
3. Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:14
4. Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, Pippalyadi Varga, Verse no. 137, Chaukhambha Krishnadas academy, Varanasi;
5. Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:14
6. Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:14
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