Charak Samhita

Talk:Bruhati: Difference between revisions

← Older edit
VisualWikitext
Dridhabala (talk | contribs)
239 edits
No edit summary
Dridhabala (talk | contribs)
239 edits
No edit summary
 
Line 57: Line 57:
# Swetabruhati
# Swetabruhati


[[File:Solanum_anguivi.jpg|thumb|Bruhati (Solanum anguivi)]]


== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
Line 245: Line 244:


== Phytochemical Composition ==
== Phytochemical Composition ==
The therapeutic efficacy of ''Solanum anguivi'' roots, fruits, and aerial parts is attributed to a rich array of secondary metabolites:
The fruits of ''Solanum anguivi'' (African eggplant) are the best-studied part of the plant. Fourteen fruit accessions were analysed for their bioactive compounds, and all were rich in the following classes:<ref name="Nakitto2021">Nakitto AMS, Byaruhanga YB, Wagner AE, Muyonga JH. Morphological characteristics, bioactive compounds content, and antioxidant activity of different accessions of African eggplant (''Solanum anguivi'' Lam.). J Appl Bot Food Qual. 2021;94:220–228.</ref>
* '''Steroidal Alkaloids & Glycoalkaloids:''' Solasodine, solanine, and related glycoalkaloid fractions.
* '''Phenolic compounds:''' Total phenolics 8.0–12.4 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry weight; chlorogenic acid was the most abundant phenolic compound quantified by HPLC.
* '''Phenolic Compounds & Flavonoids:''' Quercetin, caffeic acid, and chlorogenic acid with strong antioxidant capacities.
* '''Flavonoids:''' 0.9–2.1 mg quercetin equivalent/g dry weight.
* '''Saponins & Phytosterols:''' Beta-sitosterol and various active steroidal saponins.
* '''Saponins:''' 51.1–124.8 mg diosgenin equivalent/g dry weight.
* '''Alkaloids:''' 81.4–127.7 mg/g dry weight.
* '''Vitamin C:''' 3.6–6.4 mg ascorbic acid equivalent/g dry weight.


== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
=== Respiratory and Anti-Asthmatic Actions ===
Most experimental work on ''S. anguivi'' has been done on the fruit. Studies specific to the traditional indications of Bruhati (respiratory disorders, pain and fever) are limited, and the activities below should be read as supportive evidence rather than direct validation of these uses.
Bruhati's classification under *Kanthya* and *Shwayathuhara* mahakashayas is well-supported by modern pharmacological evaluations targeting airway constriction.
* '''Mechanism:''' Glycoalkaloids and active extracts act as bronchodilators, relaxing tracheal smooth muscles and reducing inflammatory mucus secretion in bronchial passageways.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Preclinical studies demonstrate that root and whole plant extracts significantly inhibit histamine-induced bronchospasm and reduce airway inflammation in experimental models.<ref name="Patel2010">{{cite journal |last1=Patel |first1=S. S. |last2=Shah |first2=R. S. |year=2010 |title=Evaluation of anti-asthmatic activity of Solanum anguivi root extracts in experimental animals |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=128 |issue=2 |pages=462–466}}</ref>


=== Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Properties ===
=== Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity ===
Modern research validates its traditional usage in painful inflammatory states (*sula* and *angamarda*).
* '''Antioxidant:''' All fruit extracts showed free radical scavenging (DPPH) and ferric reducing (FRAP) activity.
* '''Mechanism:''' Bioactive steroidal fractions inhibit inflammatory mediators, prostaglandins, and suppress neutrophil migration into inflamed tissues.
* '''Antibacterial:''' All fruit extracts were active against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria (zones of inhibition 12.5–16.75 mm), with a stronger effect on gram-positive bacteria.<ref name="Tegegne2021">Tegegne M, Abiyu E, Libesu S, Bedemo B, Lewoyehu M. Phytochemical investigation, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the fruit extracts of ''Solanum anguivi''. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. 2021;35(1):1480–1491.</ref>
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Animal model evaluations show marked reductions in carrageenan-induced paw edema and significant analgesic responses in chemical-induced pain assays.<ref name="Kiran2012">{{cite journal |last1=Kiran |first1=G. |last2=Reddy |first2=K. |last3=Rao |first3=B. |year=2012 |title=Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Solanum anguivi root extract |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=580–584}}</ref>


=== Antimicrobial and Hepatoprotective Actions ===
=== Anti-Inflammatory and Antidiabetic Activity ===
Bruhati exhibits broad-spectrum protective effects against microbial pathogens and chemical toxins.
Fruit extracts were studied for inhibition of the inflammatory enzymes cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 and 5-lipoxygenase, and of the carbohydrate-digesting enzymes α-amylase and α-glucosidase. In diabetic-like fruit flies, a diet containing the extract increased antioxidant enzyme activity (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione transferase) and lowered blood glucose, reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde. Ripe and unripe fruit extracts did not differ significantly in their anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic enzyme activities.<ref name="Nwanna2024">Nwanna E, Ojo R, Shafiq N, Ali A, Okello E, Oboh G. An in silico, in vitro and in vivo study on the influence of an eggplant fruit (''Solanum anguivi'' Lam) diet on metabolic dysfunction in the sucrose-induced diabetic-like fruit fly (''Drosophila melanogaster''). Foods. 2024;13(4):559.</ref>
* '''Mechanism:''' Alkaloids and polyphenols disrupt microbial cell integrity and enhance endogenous hepatic antioxidant enzymes (SOD, catalase, glutathione).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In vitro evaluations confirm strong antibacterial and antifungal activities, alongside marked restoration of liver marker enzymes in hepatotoxicity models.<ref name="Archana2011">{{cite journal |last1=Archana |first1=R. |last2=Taranath |first2=T. C. |year=2011 |title=Evaluation of antimicrobial and hepatoprotective potential of Solanum anguivi Lam. fruit extracts |journal=Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=210–214}}</ref>


== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
== Safety and Dosage ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' Bruhati is generally safe when consumed within standard Ayurvedic therapeutic ranges.
* '''Precautions:''' Due to its hot potency (*ushna veerya*) and sharp qualities, individuals with high Pitta constitutions or severe gastric ulceration should use it under clinical supervision.
* '''Precautions:''' Due to its hot potency (*ushna veerya*) and sharp qualities, individuals with high Pitta constitutions or severe gastric ulceration should use it under clinical supervision.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''  
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''  
Line 275: Line 269:
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Solanum anguivi''
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Solanum anguivi''
! Indication
! Area
! Active Biomolecules
! Preparation Studied
! Primary Pharmacological Action
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
|-
| '''Asthma & Dyspnea / Swasa'''
| '''Infection / Krimi, Vrana'''
| Solasodine, Glycoalkaloids
| Fruit extracts
| Bronchodilator, Anti-inflammatory
| Antibacterial
|-
|-
| '''Inflammation & Pain / Sula'''
| '''Oxidative stress'''
| Steroidal fractions, Flavonoids
| Fruit extracts
| Analgesic, Anti-oedematogenic
| Antioxidant
|-
|-
| '''Fever / Jwara'''
| '''Inflammation / Sopha'''
| Polyphenols, Glycosides
| Fruit extracts
| Antipyretic, Antioxidant
| Anti-inflammatory (enzyme inhibition, in vitro)
|-
| '''Metabolic disorders'''
| Fruit extracts
| Antidiabetic (enzyme inhibition, fruit-fly model)
|}
|}


Line 297: Line 295:
<ref name="ref2">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Guduchyadi Varga, Verse no. 36, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020;</ref>
<ref name="ref2">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Guduchyadi Varga, Verse no. 36, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020;</ref>
<ref name="ref3">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raja Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, ed. 2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, Shatavhadi Varga, verse no. 25, 27, 29.</ref>
<ref name="ref3">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raja Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, ed. 2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, Shatavhadi Varga, verse no. 25, 27, 29.</ref>
<ref name="Patel2010">{{cite journal |last1=Patel |first1=S. S. |last2=Shah |first2=R. S. |year=2010 |title=Evaluation of anti-asthmatic activity of Solanum anguivi root extracts in experimental animals |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=128 |issue=2 |pages=462–466}}</ref>
<ref name="Nakitto2021">Nakitto AMS, Byaruhanga YB, Wagner AE, Muyonga JH. Morphological characteristics, bioactive compounds content, and antioxidant activity of different accessions of African eggplant (''Solanum anguivi'' Lam.). J Appl Bot Food Qual. 2021;94:220–228.</ref>
<ref name="Kiran2012">{{cite journal |last1=Kiran |first1=G. |last2=Reddy |first2=K. |last3=Rao |first3=B. |year=2012 |title=Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Solanum anguivi root extract |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=580–584}}</ref>
<ref name="Tegegne2021">Tegegne M, Abiyu E, Libesu S, Bedemo B, Lewoyehu M. Phytochemical investigation, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the fruit extracts of ''Solanum anguivi''. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. 2021;35(1):1480–1491.</ref>
<ref name="Archana2011">{{cite journal |last1=Archana |first1=R. |last2=Taranath |first2=T. C. |year=2011 |title=Evaluation of antimicrobial and hepatoprotective potential of Solanum anguivi Lam. fruit extracts |journal=Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=210–214}}</ref>
<ref name="Nwanna2024">Nwanna E, Ojo R, Shafiq N, Ali A, Okello E, Oboh G. An in silico, in vitro and in vivo study on the influence of an eggplant fruit (''Solanum anguivi'' Lam) diet on metabolic dysfunction in the sucrose-induced diabetic-like fruit fly (''Drosophila melanogaster''). Foods. 2024;13(4):559.</ref>
}}
}}


[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]
[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]
Retrieved from "https://www.charakasamhitauptodate.com/index.php?title=Talk:Bruhati"
Return to "Bruhati" page.