Charak Samhita

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== Phytochemical Composition ==
== Phytochemical Composition ==
The therapeutic efficacy of ''Saxifraga ligulata'' rhizomes and roots is attributed to a diverse profile of bioactive secondary metabolites:
Pashanabheda is currently placed in the genus ''Bergenia'' as ''Bergenia ligulata'' (Wall.) Engl., with ''Saxifraga ligulata'' Wall. as a synonym. Its rhizomes are rich in phenolic compounds.
* '''Bergenin:''' A primary active C-glycoside known for its potent anti-urolithiatic and anti-inflammatory properties.
 
* '''Flavonoids & Tannins:''' Catechin, gallic acid, and various polyphenols that enhance antioxidant defense.
* '''Major phenolics:''' Bergenin (a C-glycoside of 4-O-methylgallic acid), arbutin, catechin, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid and syringic acid have been quantified in ''Bergenia'' rhizomes. Among the species studied, ''B. ligulata'' contained the highest amount of bergenin, the major marker compound.<ref name="Pandey2017">Pandey R, Kumar B, Meena B, Srivastava M, Mishra T, Tiwari V, et al. Major bioactive phenolics in ''Bergenia'' species from the Indian Himalayan region: method development, validation and quantitative estimation using UHPLC-QqQLIT-MS/MS. PLoS One. 2017;12(7):e0180950.</ref>
* '''Mucilage & Minerals:''' Rich in calcium, magnesium, and essential trace elements.
* '''Other isolated compounds:''' 11-O-p-hydroxybenzoylbergenin, 6-O-galloylarbutin and epiafzelechin were isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction of the methanolic extract, in addition to bergenin.<ref name="Rajbhandari2011">Rajbhandari M, Khatri HR, Lalk M, Gewali MB, Lindequist U. Phytochemical investigation and antibacterial activity of ''Bergenia ligulata''. J Nepal Chem Soc. 2011;28:110–114.</ref>


== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
=== Anti-Urolithiatic and Lithotriptic Effects ===
=== Anti-Urolithiatic, Lithotriptic and Diuretic Effects (Asmari) ===
Pashanabheda is renowned for its clinical ability to prevent, dissolve, and expel urinary stones (*ashmari*).
Pashanabheda is traditionally the foremost drug for urinary stones, and experimental work supports this use.
* '''Mechanism:''' Inhibits the nucleation and aggregation of calcium oxalate crystals, while its diuretic action flushes out microscopic gravel before stone formation occurs.
* '''Mechanism:''' A crude aqueous-methanolic extract of the rhizome inhibited calcium oxalate crystal aggregation and crystal formation in metastable solutions, showed antioxidant activity (DPPH radical scavenging and lipid peroxidation), and produced diuresis with a saluretic effect in rats.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Experimental and clinical studies confirm that root extracts significantly reduce urinary stone burden, decrease calcium and oxalate excretion, and restore normal urine output.<ref name="Garabadu2013">{{cite journal |last1=Garabadu |first1=D. |last2=Krishnamurthy |first2=S. |year=2013 |title=Anti-urolithiatic and diuretic activity of Saxifraga ligulata rhizome extract in experimental animals |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=148 |issue=2 |pages=435–442}}</ref>
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In rats given 0.75% ethylene glycol to induce urolithiasis, the extract (5–10 mg/kg) prevented calcium oxalate crystal deposition in the renal tubules. The authors attribute the effect to crystal inhibition, diuretic, hypermagnesuric and antioxidant actions.<ref name="Bashir2009">Bashir S, Gilani AH. Antiurolithic effect of ''Bergenia ligulata'' rhizome: an explanation of the underlying mechanisms. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009;122(1):106–116.</ref>


=== Diuretic and Nephroprotective Actions ===
=== Anti-Inflammatory and Antipyretic Effects (Mutrakriccha) ===
Its classic classification under *Mutravirechaniya* mahakashaya is backed by modern renal evaluations.
A review of the experimental literature reports that an oral 50% ethanolic extract of ''B. ligulata'' at 1 g/kg showed anti-inflammatory activity in Wistar rats, and a 500 mg/kg dose showed antipyretic activity against yeast-induced fever.<ref name="Roychoudhury2022">Roychoudhury S, et al. Clinical potential of Himalayan herb ''Bergenia ligulata'': an evidence-based study. Molecules. 2022;27(20):7039.</ref> This is a secondary source; controlled clinical studies of the effect on painful urination are lacking.
* '''Mechanism:''' Enhances glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and electrolyte excretion without inducing undue systemic toxicity or irritation to renal tubules.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Research demonstrates that active isolates protect renal cells against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis and chemical nephrotoxicity.<ref name="Pandey2007">{{cite journal |last1=Pandey |first1=A. |last2=Gupta |first2=S. |last3=Saxena |first3=R. |year=2007 |title=Nephroprotective and antioxidant potential of Saxifraga ligulata against gentamicin-induced renal damage |journal=Pharmacologyonline |volume=3 |pages=450–458}}</ref>


=== Anti-Inflammatory and Antimicrobial Properties ===
=== Antibacterial Activity ===
Pashanabheda alleviates painful urination (*mutrakriccha*) through its soothing and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.
The methanolic extract of ''Bergenia ligulata'' showed antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria in a screening of plant extracts, and bioassay-guided fractionation yielded bergenin and related phenolics.<ref name="Rajbhandari2011"/>
* '''Mechanism:''' Downregulates inflammatory cytokines and inhibits the growth of common urinary tract pathogens.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In vitro assays confirm significant inhibitory zones against bacterial strains responsible for urinary tract infections (UTIs).<ref name="Khandelwal2010">{{cite journal |last1=Khandelwal |first1=K. R. |last2=Jain |first2=S. |year=2010 |title=Evaluation of antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties of Saxifraga ligulata root extracts |journal=International Journal of Green Pharmacy |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=180–184}}</ref>


== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
== Safety and Dosage ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' Pashanabheda is safe for therapeutic consumption when taken within recommended dosage limits.
* '''Precautions:''' Consult a qualified Ayurvedic practitioner if managing large obstructive renal calculi that require surgical intervention.
* '''Precautions:''' Consult a qualified Ayurvedic practitioner if managing large obstructive renal calculi that require surgical intervention.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''  
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''  
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== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Saxifraga ligulata''
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Saxifraga ligulata'' (''Bergenia ligulata'')
! Indication
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Preparation / Constituents Studied
! Primary Pharmacological Action
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
|-
| '''Renal Calculi / Asmari'''
| '''Renal Calculi / Asmari'''
| Bergenin, Polyphenols
| Aqueous-methanolic rhizome extract
| Anti-urolithiatic, Lithotriptic, Diuretic
| Anti-urolithiatic, Diuretic, Antioxidant
|-
|-
| '''Dysuria / Mutrakriccha'''
| '''Dysuria / Mutrakriccha'''
| Mucilage, Flavonoids
| 50% ethanolic extract
| Demulcent, Anti-inflammatory
| Anti-inflammatory, Antipyretic (animal studies)
|-
|-
| '''Urinary Tract Infections'''
| '''Urinary Tract Infections'''
| Tannins, Glycosides
| Methanolic extract, bergenin and related phenolics
| Antimicrobial, Nephroprotective
| Antibacterial (gram-positive bacteria)
|}
|}


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{{Reflist|refs=
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1: 57.</ref>
<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1: 57.</ref>
<ref name="Garabadu2013">{{cite journal |last1=Garabadu |first1=D. |last2=Krishnamurthy |first2=S. |year=2013 |title=Anti-urolithiatic and diuretic activity of Saxifraga ligulata rhizome extract in experimental animals |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=148 |issue=2 |pages=435–442}}</ref>
<ref name="Pandey2017">Pandey R, Kumar B, Meena B, Srivastava M, Mishra T, Tiwari V, et al. Major bioactive phenolics in ''Bergenia'' species from the Indian Himalayan region: method development, validation and quantitative estimation using UHPLC-QqQLIT-MS/MS. PLoS One. 2017;12(7):e0180950.</ref>
<ref name="Pandey2007">{{cite journal |last1=Pandey |first1=A. |last2=Gupta |first2=S. |last3=Saxena |first3=R. |year=2007 |title=Nephroprotective and antioxidant potential of Saxifraga ligulata against gentamicin-induced renal damage |journal=Pharmacologyonline |volume=3 |pages=450–458}}</ref>
<ref name="Rajbhandari2011">Rajbhandari M, Khatri HR, Lalk M, Gewali MB, Lindequist U. Phytochemical investigation and antibacterial activity of ''Bergenia ligulata''. J Nepal Chem Soc. 2011;28:110–114.</ref>
<ref name="Khandelwal2010">{{cite journal |last1=Khandelwal |first1=K. R. |last2=Jain |first2=S. |year=2010 |title=Evaluation of antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties of Saxifraga ligulata root extracts |journal=International Journal of Green Pharmacy |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=180–184}}</ref>
<ref name="Bashir2009">Bashir S, Gilani AH. Antiurolithic effect of ''Bergenia ligulata'' rhizome: an explanation of the underlying mechanisms. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009;122(1):106–116.</ref>
<ref name="Roychoudhury2022">Roychoudhury S, et al. Clinical potential of Himalayan herb ''Bergenia ligulata'': an evidence-based study. Molecules. 2022;27(20):7039.</ref>
}}
}}


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