Charak Samhita

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Saxifraga ligulata Wall.
{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Pashanabheda, Saxifraga ligulata Wall., Stone breaker, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Pashanabheda (Saxifraga ligulata Wall.) is widely used in Ayurveda for managing renal calculi (Ashmari), dysuria (Mutrakriccha), and urinary disorders. It acts as a potent diuretic and lithotriptic agent.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
 
{{Infobox
{{Infobox
|title = Pashanabheda
|title = Pashanabheda
Line 5: Line 14:
|data1 = Herb database/Pashanabheda
|data1 = Herb database/Pashanabheda
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = .Saxifraga ligulata Wall.
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxifraga_ligulata Saxifraga ligulata Wall.]
|label3 = Contributors
|label3 = Family
|data3 = --
|data3 = Saxifragaceae
|label4 = Year of publication  
|label4 = Availability
|data4 =  2023
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Publisher  
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = DOI  
|label6 = Year of publication  
|data6 = Awaited
|data6 =  2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|data7 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI  
|data8 = Awaited
}}
}}


==English name==
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxifraga_ligulata Saxifraga ligulata Wall.]''', popularly known as '''Pashanabheda''' (Stone Breaker), is a perennial herb native to the temperate Himalayan region. It is highly esteemed in [[Ayurveda]] for its remarkable lithotriptic (*ashmarighna*) and diuretic (*mutravirechaniya*) properties, traditionally used to dissolve and expel urinary stones and treat various urinary complications (*Mutrakriccha*).
--
 
==English name ==
Stone breaker
 
==Therapeutic uses==
Asmari (renal calculi), Meha (urinary disorders), Mutrakriccha (dysuria)<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1: 57.</ref>


==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Line 23: Line 41:




== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
In traditional Ayurvedic therapeutics, Pashanabheda is classified under *Mutravirechaniya* (diuretic) groups. It possesses a bitter and astringent taste, cold potency, and a unique extra-ordinary effect (*prabhava*) that specifically targets and breaks down renal calculi. It helps balance all three doshas (*tridoshahara*).
 
== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==  
 
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Properties'''
|+ Properties  
|'''Sr.no.'''
|'''Pharmacological criteria'''
|'''Properties'''
|-
|-
|1
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|Taste  (rasa)
|Astringent (kashaya), Bitter (tikta)
|-
|-
|2
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Astringent (kashaya), Bitter (tikta)
|Potency (veerya)
|Cold (sheeta)
|-
|-
|3
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Cold (sheeta)
|Post  digestion effect (vipaka)
|Pungent (katu)
|-
|-
|4
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
|Qualities  (guna)
|Light (laghu), Unctuous (snigdha), Sharp (tikshna)
|-
|-
|5
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Unctuous (snigdha), Sharp (tikshna)
|Actions (karma)
|-
|Pacify all three dosha (tridoshahara)
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify all three doshas (tridoshahara)
|-
| 6 || Extra ordinary effect ([[prabhava]]) || Helps in curing renal calculi (ashmarighna)
|-
|-
|6
|Extra ordinary effect (prabhava)
|Helps in curing renal calculi (ashmarighna)
|}
|}


==Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==  
 
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Herbs and their activities'''
|+ Herbs and their activities
|'''Sr.no.'''
|-
|'''Reference in Charak Samhita'''
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|'''Activity'''
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(35) || Mutravirechaniya mahakashaya (diuretics)
|-
|-
|1
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/15 || Santarpanajanya vikara chikitsa (treatment of over-nutrition and under-nutrition disorders)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(35)
|Mootravirechaniya mahakashaya
|-
|-
|2
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/113 || Used as an ingredient of yavagu
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/15
|Santarpanajanya  vikar chikitsa
|-
|-
|3
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/46 || Used for Vataja mutrakriccha (dysuria)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/113
|Used as  ingredient of yavagu
|-
|-
|4
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/60 || As an ingredient of Pashanbhedadi churna
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/46
|Used for Vataja  Mutrakruchhra.
|-
|-
|5
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/64 || As an ingredient of Trutyadi yoga
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/60
|As an ingredient of Pashanbhedadi churna.
|-
|-
|6
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/69 || As an ingredient of Karpasmooladi yoga
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/64
|As an ingredient of Trutyadi yoga.
|-
|-
|7
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/90 || As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/69
|As an ingredient of Karpasmooladi yoga.
|-
|-
|8
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/90
|As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna.
|}
|}


==Dose==
* Powder form: 3–6 g<ref name="ref1"/>
* Decoction form: 20–30 g<ref name="ref1"/>
==Important formulation==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="ref1"/>
* Asmarihara kashaya churna
* Mutravirechaniya kashaya churna


==Current availability ==
==Current availability ==
Available
Available
==Current researches ==
* '''India –''' Found growing wild in the temperate Himalayan region.
[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
 
  This article is under development ..
== Phytochemical Composition ==
Pashanabheda is currently placed in the genus ''Bergenia'' as ''Bergenia ligulata'' (Wall.) Engl., with ''Saxifraga ligulata'' Wall. as a synonym. Its rhizomes are rich in phenolic compounds.
 
* '''Major phenolics:''' Bergenin (a C-glycoside of 4-O-methylgallic acid), arbutin, catechin, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid and syringic acid have been quantified in ''Bergenia'' rhizomes. Among the species studied, ''B. ligulata'' contained the highest amount of bergenin, the major marker compound.<ref name="Pandey2017">Pandey R, Kumar B, Meena B, Srivastava M, Mishra T, Tiwari V, et al. Major bioactive phenolics in ''Bergenia'' species from the Indian Himalayan region: method development, validation and quantitative estimation using UHPLC-QqQLIT-MS/MS. PLoS One. 2017;12(7):e0180950.</ref>
* '''Other isolated compounds:''' 11-O-p-hydroxybenzoylbergenin, 6-O-galloylarbutin and epiafzelechin were isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction of the methanolic extract, in addition to bergenin.<ref name="Rajbhandari2011">Rajbhandari M, Khatri HR, Lalk M, Gewali MB, Lindequist U. Phytochemical investigation and antibacterial activity of ''Bergenia ligulata''. J Nepal Chem Soc. 2011;28:110–114.</ref>
 
== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
=== Anti-Urolithiatic, Lithotriptic and Diuretic Effects (Asmari) ===
Pashanabheda is traditionally the foremost drug for urinary stones, and experimental work supports this use.
* '''Mechanism:''' A crude aqueous-methanolic extract of the rhizome inhibited calcium oxalate crystal aggregation and crystal formation in metastable solutions, showed antioxidant activity (DPPH radical scavenging and lipid peroxidation), and produced diuresis with a saluretic effect in rats.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In rats given 0.75% ethylene glycol to induce urolithiasis, the extract (5–10 mg/kg) prevented calcium oxalate crystal deposition in the renal tubules. The authors attribute the effect to crystal inhibition, diuretic, hypermagnesuric and antioxidant actions.<ref name="Bashir2009">Bashir S, Gilani AH. Antiurolithic effect of ''Bergenia ligulata'' rhizome: an explanation of the underlying mechanisms. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009;122(1):106–116.</ref>
 
=== Anti-Inflammatory and Antipyretic Effects (Mutrakriccha) ===
A review of the experimental literature reports that an oral 50% ethanolic extract of ''B. ligulata'' at 1 g/kg showed anti-inflammatory activity in Wistar rats, and a 500 mg/kg dose showed antipyretic activity against yeast-induced fever.<ref name="Roychoudhury2022">Roychoudhury S, et al. Clinical potential of Himalayan herb ''Bergenia ligulata'': an evidence-based study. Molecules. 2022;27(20):7039.</ref> This is a secondary source; controlled clinical studies of the effect on painful urination are lacking.
 
=== Antibacterial Activity ===
The methanolic extract of ''Bergenia ligulata'' showed antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria in a screening of plant extracts, and bioassay-guided fractionation yielded bergenin and related phenolics.<ref name="Rajbhandari2011"/>
 
== Safety and Dosage ==
* '''Precautions:''' Consult a qualified Ayurvedic practitioner if managing large obstructive renal calculi that require surgical intervention.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Root Powder (Churna):'' 3–6 g daily<ref name="ref1"/>.
** ''Decoction (Kwatha):'' 20–30 g of drug for preparation<ref name="ref1"/>.
 
== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Saxifraga ligulata'' (''Bergenia ligulata'')
! Indication
! Preparation / Constituents Studied
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Renal Calculi / Asmari'''
| Aqueous-methanolic rhizome extract
| Anti-urolithiatic, Diuretic, Antioxidant
|-
| '''Dysuria / Mutrakriccha'''
| 50% ethanolic extract
| Anti-inflammatory, Antipyretic (animal studies)
|-
| '''Urinary Tract Infections'''
| Methanolic extract, bergenin and related phenolics
| Antibacterial (gram-positive bacteria)
|}
 
== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1: 57.</ref>
<ref name="Pandey2017">Pandey R, Kumar B, Meena B, Srivastava M, Mishra T, Tiwari V, et al. Major bioactive phenolics in ''Bergenia'' species from the Indian Himalayan region: method development, validation and quantitative estimation using UHPLC-QqQLIT-MS/MS. PLoS One. 2017;12(7):e0180950.</ref>
<ref name="Rajbhandari2011">Rajbhandari M, Khatri HR, Lalk M, Gewali MB, Lindequist U. Phytochemical investigation and antibacterial activity of ''Bergenia ligulata''. J Nepal Chem Soc. 2011;28:110–114.</ref>
<ref name="Bashir2009">Bashir S, Gilani AH. Antiurolithic effect of ''Bergenia ligulata'' rhizome: an explanation of the underlying mechanisms. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009;122(1):106–116.</ref>
<ref name="Roychoudhury2022">Roychoudhury S, et al. Clinical potential of Himalayan herb ''Bergenia ligulata'': an evidence-based study. Molecules. 2022;27(20):7039.</ref>
}}
 
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