Charak Samhita

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Vitex negundo L.
{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Nirgundi, Vitex negundo L., Five-leaved chaste, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Nirgundi (Vitex negundo L.) is a prominent medicinal herb in Ayurveda, traditionally indicated for pain, inflammatory conditions (Amavata, Vatavyadhi), respiratory disorders, and skin ailments.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
 
{{Infobox
{{Infobox
|title = Nirgundi
|title = Nirgundi
Line 5: Line 14:
|data1 = Herb database/Nirgundi
|data1 = Herb database/Nirgundi
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Vitex negundo L.
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitex_negundo Vitex negundo L.]
|label3 = Family
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Verbenaceae
|data3 = Verbenaceae
Line 11: Line 20:
|data4 = Available
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = --
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication  
|label6 = Year of publication  
|data6 =  2025
|data6 =  2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|label7 = Publisher  
|data7 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data7 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
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}}
}}


==English name==
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitex_negundo Vitex negundo L.]''', popularly known as '''Nirgundi''' (Five-leaved Chaste Tree), is a large aromatic shrub or small tree belonging to the family Verbenaceae. It is widely recognized in [[Ayurveda]] for its potent anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and muscle-relaxant properties, especially in managing musculoskeletal and neurological disorders (*Vatavyadhi*).
Five-leaved chaste


==Therapeutic uses==
==English name ==
Sula, Sopha, Vatavyadhi, Amavata,Kustha,Kandu, Kasa,Pradara. Adhmana,Pliha roga,Gulma,Aruchi, Krumi, Vrana,Karnasula,Sutika,Jwara.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3:64</ref>
Five-leaved chaste tree
 
==Therapeutic Uses==
Sula (pain), Sopha (edema), Vatavyadhi (diseases of nervous system), Amavata (rheumatoid arthritis), Kustha (skin diseases), Kandu (itching), Kasa (cough), Pradara (excessive vaginal discharge), Adhmana (flatulence), Pliha roga (splenic disorders), Gulma (abdominal lumps), Aruchi (anorexia), Krumi (worms), Vrana (wounds), Karnasula (earache), Sutika (postnatal care), Jwara (fever)<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3: 64.</ref>


==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Samhalu, Shefali, Nilapishpi, Suvaha, Sindhuvarika, Harenu (Nirgundi beeja)
Samhalu, Shefali, Nilapishpi, Suvaha, Sindhuvarika, Harenu (Nirgundi beeja)


==Synonyms in bhavprakasa nighantu==
==Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==
Swetapushpa, sinduka<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Guduchyadi Varga, Verse no. 113, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020;</ref>
Swetapushpa, Sinduka<ref name="ref2">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Guduchyadi Varga, Verse no. 113, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020;</ref>


==Varieties==
==Varieties==
===Bhavprakasa nighantu===
===Bhavaprakasha Nighantu===
Mentioned 2 types<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Guduchyadi Varga, Verse no. 113, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020;</ref>
Mentioned 2 types<ref name="ref2"/>
# Swetapuspapuspa nirgundi
# Swetapushpa nirgundi
# Nilapuspa nirgundi
# Nilapushpa nirgundi


===Raja nighantu===
===Raja Nighantu===
Mentioned 3 types<ref>Dr. Indradev Tripathi , Raja Nighantu of pandit Narhari, ed.2016, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi , shatavhadi varga 152,154,156</ref>
Mentioned 3 types<ref name="ref3">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raja Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, ed. 2016, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, Shatavhadi Varga, verse no. 152, 154, 156.</ref>
# Sinduvara  
# Sinduvara  
# Nila nirgundi  
# Nila nirgundi  
# sephali
# Sephali
 
== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
In traditional Ayurveda, Nirgundi is classified primarily as *Vatashamaka* (pacifying Vata dosha) and *Vedanahara* (analgesic). Its leaves, roots, and seeds are utilized extensively in decoctions, oils, and pastes to treat chronic joint pain, swelling, and inflammatory conditions.
 
== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==


== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Properties'''
|+ Properties  
|'''Sr.no.'''
|'''Pharmacological criteria'''
|'''Properties'''
|-
|-
|1
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|Taste  (rasa)
|Pungent (katu), Bitter (tikta)
|-
|-
|2
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Pungent (katu), Bitter (tikta)
|Potency (veerya)
|Hot (ushna)
|-
|-
|3
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)
|Post  digestion effect (vipaka)
|Pungent (katu)
|-
|-
|4
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
|Qualities (guna)
|-
|Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify Vata and Kapha
|-
|-
|5
|Actions  (karma)
|Pacify Vata and Kapha
|}
|}


==Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==  
 
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Herbs and their activities'''
|+ Herbs and their activities
|'''Sr.no.'''
|'''Reference in Charak Samhita'''
|'''Activity'''
|-
|-
|1
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 3/5
|Siddhatama  churna pradeha(external application)
|-
|-
|2
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 3/5 || Siddhatama churna pradeha (external application)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(15)
|Krimighna mahakashaya (anti-helmintics)
|-
|-
|3
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(15) || Krimighna mahakashaya (anti-helminthics)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/20
|Dhuma varti  dravya
|-
|-
|4
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/20 || Dhuma varti dravya
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/21
|Abhyantar Krimi  Chikitsa
|-
|-
|5
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/21 || Abhyantara krimi chikitsa
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/28
|Shamidhanya  Varga(The class of pulses)
|-
|-
|6
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/28 || Shamidhanya Varga (The class of pulses)
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135
|Vaman dravyani( medicines used in therapeutic emesis)
|-
|-
|7
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135 || Vamana dravyani (medicines used in therapeutic emesis)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/56
|Kshira vishodhan  dravya
|-
|-
|8
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/56 || Kshira vishodhana dravya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/47
|In Yavagu prayoga.(Medicated gruels)
|-
|-
|9
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/47 || In Yavagu prayoga (medicated gruels)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/84
|Ingredient in Lepa
|-
|-
|10
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/84 || Ingredient in Lepa
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/165
|As an  ingredient of Madhavarista
|-
|-
|11
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/165 || As an ingredient of Madhavarishta
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/56
|As an ingredient of Mrita sanjivani agada
|-
|-
|12
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/56 || As an ingredient of Mrita sanjivani agada
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/79
|As an ingredient of Maha – Gandha hasti agada
|-
|-
|13
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/79 || As an ingredient of Maha-Gandha hasti agada
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/195
|Used in the treatment of Darvikara sarpa damsha(snake bite)
|-
|-
|14
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/195 || Used in the treatment of Darvikara sarpa damsha (snake bite)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/200
|Used in the treatment of Luta visha(spider poison)
|-
|-
|15
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/200 || Used in the treatment of Luta visha (spider poison)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/134
|-
|As an ingredient of Nirgundi taila
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/134 || As an ingredient of Nirgundi taila
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/271 || Used in treatment of vaivarnya stanya dosha (vitiated breast milk), as an ingredient of Jivakadya lepa
|-
|-
|16
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/271
|Used in the treatment of Vaivarnya stanya dosha(vitiated breast milk), As  an ingredient of Jivakadya lepa
|}
|}


==Dose==
==Dose==
* 10-20 ml swarasa<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3:64</ref>
* Fresh Juice (Swarasa): 10–20 ml<ref name="ref1"/>
==Useful part==
 
* Leaf<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3:64</ref>
==Useful Part==
==Important formulation==
* Leaf<ref name="ref1"/>
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3:64</ref>
 
==Important Formulations==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="ref1"/>
* Vatagajankusa rasa
* Vatagajankusa rasa
* Mahavata vidhvansana rasa
* Mahavata vidhvansana rasa
Line 159: Line 135:
* Visatinduka taila
* Visatinduka taila


== Current availability==
Available
* '''In India –''' Widely distributed throughout the country, found near water courses, waste lands, and mixed deciduous forests.
== Phytochemical Composition ==
The major classes of bioactive secondary metabolites reported from ''Vitex negundo'' are flavonoids, iridoid glycosides, triterpenoids and volatile oil constituents.
* '''Flavonoids:''' Vitexicarpin (casticin) has been isolated from the leaves; it showed broad cytotoxicity against a panel of human cancer cell lines.<ref name="Diaz2003">Díaz F, Chávez D, Lee D, Mi Q, Chai HB, Tan GT, et al. Cytotoxic flavone analogues of vitexicarpin, a constituent of the leaves of ''Vitex negundo''. J Nat Prod. 2003;66(6):865–867.</ref>
* '''Iridoid glycosides:''' Negundoside (2′-p-hydroxybenzoyl mussaenosidic acid) and agnuside are the characteristic iridoids of the leaves.<ref name="Sehgal1982">Sehgal CK, Taneja SC, Dhar KL, Atal CK. 2′-p-Hydroxybenzoyl mussaenosidic acid, a new iridoid glycoside from ''Vitex negundo''. Phytochemistry. 1982;21(2):363–366.</ref>
* '''Triterpenoids:''' Betulinic acid and ursolic acid have been isolated and characterised from the plant.<ref name="Chandramu2003">Chandramu C, Manohar RD, Krupadanam DG, Dashavantha RV. Isolation, characterization and biological activity of betulinic acid and ursolic acid from ''Vitex negundo'' L. Phytother Res. 2003;17(2):129–134.</ref>
* '''Volatile essential oils:''' The leaf oil contains δ-guaiene and caryophyllene epoxide as main constituents; the flower oil contains α-selinene and germacren-4-ol; the fruit oil contains β-selinene and germacrene D.<ref name="Khokra2008">Khokra SL, Prakash O, Jain S, Aneja KR, Dhingra Y. Essential oil composition and antibacterial studies of ''Vitex negundo'' Linn. extracts. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2008;70(4):522–526.</ref>
== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
=== Anti-Inflammatory Effect (Sopha, Amavata, Vatavyadhi) ===
Nirgundi is traditionally used for painful and swollen joints, and experimental work supports its anti-inflammatory use.
* '''Evidence:''' Oral ethanolic leaf extract (100, 250 and 500 mg/kg) showed dose-dependent activity in carrageenin-induced paw oedema and cotton pellet granuloma models in rats.
* '''Mechanism:''' The activity was attributed to prostaglandin inhibition in acute inflammation and reduction of oxidative stress in sub-acute inflammation.<ref name="Tandon2006">Tandon VR, Gupta RK. Anti-inflammatory activity and mechanism of action of ''Vitex negundo'' Linn. Int J Pharmacol. 2006;2(3):303–308.</ref>
=== Adjuvant to Anti-inflammatory Drugs ===
A sub-effective dose of the ethanolic leaf extract potentiated the anti-inflammatory action of phenylbutazone and ibuprofen in rats, suggesting a possible adjuvant role alongside standard anti-inflammatory therapy.<ref name="TandonGupta2006">Tandon VR, Gupta RK. ''Vitex negundo'' Linn (VN) leaf extract as an adjuvant therapy to standard anti-inflammatory drugs. Indian J Med Res. 2006;124(4):447–450.</ref>
=== Analgesic Effect (Sula) ===
Ethanolic leaf extract (100, 250 and 500 mg/kg, oral) showed antinociceptive activity in the tail-flick test in rats and the acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice, and potentiated the analgesic action of meperidine and aspirin.<ref name="GuptaTandon2005">Gupta RK, Tandon VR. Antinociceptive activity of ''Vitex-negundo'' Linn leaf extract. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2005;49(2):163–170.</ref>


==Current availability ==
=== Antihistaminic and Anti-pruritic Effect (Kandu) ===
Available
An oral aqueous extract of mature fresh leaves showed antihistamine activity in rats, which the authors proposed as a basis for the anti-itching use claimed in Ayurveda.<ref name="Dharmasiri2003">Dharmasiri MG, Jayakody JRAC, Galhena G, Liyanage SSP, Ratnasooriya WD. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of mature fresh leaves of ''Vitex negundo''. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003;87(2–3):199–206.</ref>
==Current researches ==
 
=== Central Nervous System Activity (Vatavyadhi) ===
The methanolic leaf extract potentiated pentobarbitone-, diazepam- and chlorpromazine-induced sleeping time in mice, potentiated morphine and pethidine analgesia, and protected against strychnine- and leptazole-induced convulsions, indicating a dose-dependent CNS depressant action.<ref name="Gupta1999">Gupta M, Mazumder UK, Bhawal SR. CNS activity of ''Vitex negundo'' Linn. in mice. Indian J Exp Biol. 1999;37(2):143–146.</ref>
 
=== Hepatoprotective Effect (Pliha roga) ===
Leaf extract of ''Vitex negundo'' has been shown to protect against liver injury caused by anti-tubercular drugs in an experimental model, which is relevant to the traditional use in hepatic and splenic disorders.<ref name="Tandon2008">Tandon VR, Khajuria V, Kapoor B, Kour D, Gupta S. Hepatoprotective activity of ''Vitex negundo'' leaf extract against anti-tubercular drugs induced hepatotoxicity. Fitoterapia. 2008;79(7–8):533–538.</ref>
 
=== Wound Healing (Vrana) ===
The ethanolic leaf extract and its major iridoid agnuside were studied in incision and excision wound models in Wistar rats. A 25% agnuside-enriched fraction gave rapid wound healing, comparable to the standard drug Soframycin.<ref name="Ibrahim2018">Muhamad Ibrahim A, Nagarajan A, Majeed M. Wound healing activity of the ethanolic extract and agnuside isolated from ''Vitex negundo'' L. leaves. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2018;7(5):1823–1832.</ref>
 
=== Antibacterial Activity ===
Essential oils from leaves, flowers and fruits, and successive leaf extracts, were tested against ''Staphylococcus aureus'', ''Bacillus subtilis'', ''Escherichia coli'' and ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''. The ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts showed prominent activity against all the strains tested.<ref name="Khokra2008"/>
 
=== Antioxidant Activity ===
Polar fractions of the plant trapped free radicals, inhibited lipid peroxidation and chelated iron in vitro, which may contribute to its anti-inflammatory action.<ref name="Tiwari2007">Tiwari OP, Tripathi YB. Antioxidant properties of different fractions of ''Vitex negundo'' Linn. Food Chem. 2007;100(3):1170–1176.</ref>
 
== Safety and Dosage ==
* '''Precautions:''' Use under professional guidance during pregnancy or lactation.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Fresh Leaf Juice (Swarasa):'' 10–20 ml<ref name="ref1"/>.
** ''External Application (Taila/Lepa):'' As directed by an Ayurveda practitioner.
 
== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Vitex negundo''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules / Preparation Studied
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Inflammation, joint pain / Sopha, Amavata'''
| Ethanolic leaf extract
| Anti-inflammatory, adjuvant to NSAIDs
|-
| '''Pain / Sula'''
| Ethanolic leaf extract
| Analgesic
|-
| '''Itching / Kandu'''
| Aqueous extract of fresh leaves
| Antihistaminic
|-
| '''Nervous disorders / Vatavyadhi'''
| Methanolic leaf extract
| CNS depressant, anticonvulsant
|-
| '''Liver and spleen disorders / Pliha roga'''
| Leaf extract
| Hepatoprotective
|-
| '''Wounds / Vrana'''
| Ethanolic extract, agnuside
| Wound healing, antibacterial
|}


https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Vitex%20negundo
== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3: 64.</ref>
<ref name="ref2">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Guduchyadi Varga, Verse no. 113, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020;</ref>
<ref name="ref3">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raja Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, ed. 2016, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, Shatavhadi Varga, verse no. 152, 154, 156.</ref>
<ref name="Diaz2003">Díaz F, Chávez D, Lee D, Mi Q, Chai HB, Tan GT, et al. Cytotoxic flavone analogues of vitexicarpin, a constituent of the leaves of ''Vitex negundo''. J Nat Prod. 2003;66(6):865–867.</ref>
<ref name="Sehgal1982">Sehgal CK, Taneja SC, Dhar KL, Atal CK. 2′-p-Hydroxybenzoyl mussaenosidic acid, a new iridoid glycoside from ''Vitex negundo''. Phytochemistry. 1982;21(2):363–366.</ref>
<ref name="Chandramu2003">Chandramu C, Manohar RD, Krupadanam DG, Dashavantha RV. Isolation, characterization and biological activity of betulinic acid and ursolic acid from ''Vitex negundo'' L. Phytother Res. 2003;17(2):129–134.</ref>
<ref name="Khokra2008">Khokra SL, Prakash O, Jain S, Aneja KR, Dhingra Y. Essential oil composition and antibacterial studies of ''Vitex negundo'' Linn. extracts. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2008;70(4):522–526.</ref>
<ref name="Tandon2006">Tandon VR, Gupta RK. Anti-inflammatory activity and mechanism of action of ''Vitex negundo'' Linn. Int J Pharmacol. 2006;2(3):303–308.</ref>
<ref name="TandonGupta2006">Tandon VR, Gupta RK. ''Vitex negundo'' Linn (VN) leaf extract as an adjuvant therapy to standard anti-inflammatory drugs. Indian J Med Res. 2006;124(4):447–450.</ref>
<ref name="GuptaTandon2005">Gupta RK, Tandon VR. Antinociceptive activity of ''Vitex-negundo'' Linn leaf extract. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2005;49(2):163–170.</ref>
<ref name="Dharmasiri2003">Dharmasiri MG, Jayakody JRAC, Galhena G, Liyanage SSP, Ratnasooriya WD. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of mature fresh leaves of ''Vitex negundo''. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003;87(2–3):199–206.</ref>
<ref name="Gupta1999">Gupta M, Mazumder UK, Bhawal SR. CNS activity of ''Vitex negundo'' Linn. in mice. Indian J Exp Biol. 1999;37(2):143–146.</ref>
<ref name="Tandon2008">Tandon VR, Khajuria V, Kapoor B, Kour D, Gupta S. Hepatoprotective activity of ''Vitex negundo'' leaf extract against anti-tubercular drugs induced hepatotoxicity. Fitoterapia. 2008;79(7–8):533–538.</ref>
<ref name="Ibrahim2018">Muhamad Ibrahim A, Nagarajan A, Majeed M. Wound healing activity of the ethanolic extract and agnuside isolated from ''Vitex negundo'' L. leaves. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2018;7(5):1823–1832.</ref>
<ref name="Tiwari2007">Tiwari OP, Tripathi YB. Antioxidant properties of different fractions of ''Vitex negundo'' Linn. Food Chem. 2007;100(3):1170–1176.</ref>
}}


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