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Gmelina arborea L.
{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Kashmarya, Gmelina arborea L., Candhar tree, comb teak, cashmiri tree* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Kashmarya (Gmelina arborea L.) is a classical Ayurvedic herb (Gambhari) used for swelling, burning sensation, fever, thirst and haemorrhoids; experimental studies report hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, wound-healing, antiulcer and antidiabetic activities.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmelina_arborea Gmelina arborea L.]


{{Infobox
{{Infobox
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|data1 = Herb database/Kashmarya
|data1 = Herb database/Kashmarya
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Gmelina arborea L.
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmelina_arborea Gmelina arborea L.]
|label3 = Family
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Verbenaceae
|data3 = Verbenaceae (now placed in Lamiaceae in current plant classification)
|label4 = Availability
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = --
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication  
|label6 = Year of publication  
|data6 =  2025
|data6 =  2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|label7 = Publisher  
|data7 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data7 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
Line 20: Line 29:
|data8  = Awaited
|data8  = Awaited
}}
}}
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmelina_arborea Gmelina arborea L.]''' (commonly known as Kashmarya, Gambhari, Candhar tree, comb teak, or Kashmiri tree) is a deciduous tree native to South and Southeast Asia. In [[Ayurveda]] it is a member of the ''Brihat Panchamula'' group and is used in swelling, burning sensation, fever, thirst and haemorrhoids.


==English name ==  
==English name ==  
Candhar tree, comb teak, Kashmiri tree


Candhar tree, comb teak, cashmiri tree
==Therapeutic Uses==
Sotha (swelling), daha (burning sensation), jwara (fever), trushna (thirst), arsha (hemorrhoids)<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :24</ref>


==Therapeutic uses==
==Other Varieties / Other Botanical names==
Sotha (swelling), daha(burning), jwara(fever), trushna(thirst), arsha(hemorrhoids)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health nd Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :24</ref>
* Gmelina asiatica L.
* Premna arborea Roxb.


==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Kashmarya, Gambhari, Bhadraparni(leaves of gambhari are beautiful), Shriparni(beautiful leaves), Madhuparnika.
Kashmarya, Gambhari, Bhadraparni (leaves of gambhari are beautiful), Shriparni (beautiful leaves), Madhuparnika.


==Synonyms in bhavprakasa nighantu==
==Synonyms in bhavprakasa nighantu==
Kashmiri, hira, pitarohini(bark is yellow in colour), krushnavrunta(leaf has got blackish petiole)<ref> Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, guduchyadi varga, verse no.-14,15</ref>
Kashmiri, hira, pitarohini (bark is yellow in colour), krushnavrunta (leaf has got blackish petiole)<ref name="Chunekar2020">Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, guduchyadi varga, verse no.-14,15</ref>
   
   
== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==  
== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==  


Line 66: Line 79:
| 2  
| 2  
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(24)
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(24)
| Virechanopagmahakashaya(helping purgation)
| Virechanopagmahakashaya (helping purgation)
|-
|-
| 3  
| 3  
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(38)  
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(38)  
| Shwayathuharamahakashaya(relieving oedema)
| Shwayathuharamahakashaya (relieving oedema)
|-
|-
| 4  
| 4  
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(41)  
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(41)  
| Dahaprashamanamahakashaya(pacifying burning sensation)
| Dahaprashamanamahakashaya (pacifying burning sensation)
|-
|-
|5
| 5
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 21/24
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 21/24
|Management of obesity
| Management of obesity
|-
|-
|6
| 6
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40
|Agrya Sangraha(collections of best food articles, factors and drugs in various conditions)
| Agrya Sangraha (collections of best food articles, factors and drugs in various conditions)
|-
|-
|7
| 7
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/135
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/135
|Phala Varga(class of fruits)
| Phala Varga (class of fruits)
|-
|-
|8
| 8
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/29
| Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/29
|Garbha Vyadhi chikitsa
| Garbha Vyadhi chikitsa
|-
|-
|9
| 9
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/20
| Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/20
|Preparations of Trivritta
| Preparations of Trivritta
|-
|-
|10
| 10
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/30
| Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/30
|Preparations of TrivrittaAwaleha
| Preparations of Trivritta Awaleha
|-
|-
|11
| 11
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/206
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/206
|As an ingredient of Madhookadi kashaya
| As an ingredient of Madhookadi kashaya
|-
|-
|12
| 12
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/253
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/253
|As an ingredient of Chandanadi snehabasti(unctuous enema)
| As an ingredient of Chandanadi snehabasti (unctuous enema)
|-
|-
|13
| 13
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/258
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/258
|As an ingredient of Chandanadi taila
| As an ingredient of Chandanadi taila
|-
|-
|14
| 14
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267
|As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
| As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
|-
|-
|15
| 15
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/39
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/39
|As pathya ahara(wholesome diet)
| As pathya ahara (wholesome diet)
|-
|-
|16
| 16
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/67
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/67
|To increase effect of Trayushanaadi ghrita
| To increase effect of Trayushanaadi ghrita
|-
|-
|17
| 17
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/149
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/149
|Ingredient of Mishrak Sneha
| Ingredient of Mishrak Sneha
|-
|-
|18
| 18
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/52
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/52
|Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrita
| Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrita
|-
|-
|19
| 19
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/18
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/18
|Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrita
| Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrita
|-
|-
|20
| 20
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/29
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/29
|Ingredient in Vata-pittaj Apasmar nashak Ghrita
| Ingredient in Vata-pittaj Apasmar nashak Ghrita
|-
|-
|21
| 21
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/44
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/44
|Ingredient in Shvadamshtradi Ghrita
| Ingredient in Shvadamshtradi Ghrita
|-
|-
|22
| 22
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/32
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/32
|Ingredient in AshtashatorishtA
| Ingredient in Ashtashatorishta
|-
|-
|23
| 23
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/50
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/50
|Ingredient in Kansaharitaki Avaleh
| Ingredient in Kansaharitaki Avaleh
|-
|-
|24
| 24
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/67
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/67
|As a Snan dravya for Bahyaprayogarth(external application)
| As a Snan dravya for Bahyaprayogarth (external application)
|-
|-
|25
| 25
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/65
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/65
|In treatment of vatodara for anuvasan basti
| In treatment of vatodara for anuvasan basti
|-
|-
|26
| 26
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/113
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/113
|As an ingredient of panchkolaghrita
| As an ingredient of panchkolaghrita
|-
|-
|27
| 27
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/117
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/117
|As an ingredient of yavadi ghrita  
| As an ingredient of yavadi ghrita  
|-
|-
|28
| 28
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/109  
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/109  
|In treatment of Udara roga (for parisheka)
| In treatment of Udara roga (for parisheka)
|-
|-
|29
| 29
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/144
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/144
|As an ingredient of dantyarista
| As an ingredient of dantyarista
|-
|-
|30
| 30
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/202
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/202
|Dadhisara yoga is used in raktarsha
| Dadhisara yoga is used in raktarsha
|-
|-
|31
| 31
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/82
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/82
|As an ingredient of dashmuladya ghrita
| As an ingredient of dashmuladya ghrita
|-
|-
|32
| 32
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/88
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/88
|As an ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrita evum churna
| As an ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrita evum churna
|-
|-
|33
| 33
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/156
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/156
|As an ingredient of Mulasava
| As an ingredient of Mulasava
|-
|-
|34
| 34
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/102
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/102
|Used in yavagu preparation for hikka svasa
| Used in yavagu preparation for hikka svasa
|-
|-
|35
| 35
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/105
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/105
|Dasamula kwath is used in condition of trishna in terms of patients of hikka svasa.
| Dasamula kwath is used in condition of trishna in terms of patients of hikka svasa.
|-
|-
|36
| 36
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/140
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/140
|As an ingredient of dashamuladhya ghrita
| As an ingredient of dashamuladhya ghrita
|-
|-
|37
| 37
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/151  
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/151  
|Use as a mrudu sodhana
| Use as a mrudu sodhana
|-
|-
|38
| 38
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/39
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/39
|As a ghrita dravya
| As a ghrita dravya
|-
|-
|39
| 39
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/83  
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/83  
|Use for vaman in treatment of pittaja kasa
| Use for vaman in treatment of pittaja kasa
|-
|-
|40
| 40
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/163
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/163
|As an ingredient of kasmaryadi ghrita
| As an ingredient of kasmaryadi ghrita
|-
|-
|41
| 41
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/197
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/197
|Used in the treatment of Mandali sarpa damsha
| Used in the treatment of Mandali sarpa damsha
|-
|-
|42
| 42
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/129
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/129
|Used as anupana in vataja madatyaya as an ingredient of panchamula
| Used as anupana in vataja madatyaya as an ingredient of panchamula
|-
|-
|43
| 43
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87
|As an ingredient of Trushanadi Ghrita
| As an ingredient of Trushanadi Ghrita
|-
|-
|44
| 44
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/168
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/168
|As an ingredient of Mahamayura Ghrita
| As an ingredient of Mahamayura Ghrita
|-
|-
|45
| 45
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/272
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/272
|As an ingredient of Mahaneela taila
| As an ingredient of Mahaneela taila
|-
|-
|46
| 46
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/96
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/96
|Used in the treatment of Garbhashaya– gata vata
| Used in the treatment of Garbhashaya–gata vata
|-
|-
|47
| 47
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/120
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/120
|As an ingredient of Dashamuladi ghrita
| As an ingredient of Dashamuladi ghrita
|-
|-
|48
| 48
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/59
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/59
|Bhavana dravya of Parushaka Ghrita
| Bhavana dravya of Parushaka Ghrita
|-
|-
|49
| 49
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/64
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/64
|As an ingredient of Jeevaniya Ghrita
| As an ingredient of Jeevaniya Ghrita
|-
|-
|50
| 50
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/76
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/76
|As an ingredient of Sthiradi Ghrita/Taila
| As an ingredient of Sthiradi Ghrita/Taila
|-
|-
|51
| 51
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/85
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/85
|As an ingredient of Kashmaryadi kwath for Virechana karma
| As an ingredient of Kashmaryadi kwath for Virechana karma
|-
|-
|52
| 52
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/97,98
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/97,98
|As an ingredient of Sukumaraka taila
| As an ingredient of Sukumaraka taila
|-
|-
|53
| 53
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/105
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/105
|As an ingredient of Amrutadhya taila
| As an ingredient of Amrutadhya taila
|-
|-
|54
| 54
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/112
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/112
|As an ingredient of Mahapadma taila
| As an ingredient of Mahapadma taila
|-
|-
|55
| 55
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/115
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/115
|As an ingredient of Shatapaka madhuka taila
| As an ingredient of Shatapaka madhuka taila
|-
|-
|56
| 56
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/52
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/52
|As an ingredient of Kashmaryadi ghrita, used in the treatment of Vataja yoni
| As an ingredient of Kashmaryadi ghrita, used in the treatment of Vataja yoni
|-
|-
|57
| 57
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/100
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/100
|Used in the treatment of Raktaja yoni, Arajaska, Putraghni
| Used in the treatment of Raktaja yoni, Arajaska, Putraghni
|}
|}
==Dose==
==Dose==
* 20-30 gm of drug for decoction<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health nd Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :24</ref>
* 20-30 gm of drug for decoction<ref name="API1986"/>


==Important formulation==
==Important formulation==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health nd Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :24</ref>
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API1986"/>
* Dashamularishta
* Dashamularishta
* Dashamulaharitaki
* Dashamulaharitaki
* Dashamula ghrita
* Dashamula ghrita


 
== Current availability==  
== Current availability==  
Available  
Available  
India – hilly regions of south india, himalayan regions
* India – hilly regions of south India, Himalayan regions


== Current researches ==
== Current researches ==
https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Gmelina%20arborea
https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Gmelina%20arborea
== Phytoconstituents ==
Phytochemical studies report several classes of compounds from different parts of ''Gmelina arborea''. Only constituents supported by a checked primary reference are listed below (one reference per class).
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Phytoconstituents of ''Gmelina arborea''
! Class !! Reported constituents !! Plant part !! Reference
|-
| Acylated iridoid glycosides || Gmelinosides A–L || Not confirmed in source checked || <ref name="Hosny1998">Hosny M, Rosazza JP. Gmelinosides A-L, twelve acylated iridoid glycosides from Gmelina arborea. J Nat Prod. 1998;61(6):734–742. doi:10.1021/np970447u</ref>
|-
| Lignans, neolignans and phenolics || Gmelinol, (+)-balanophonin, tyrosol, a phenylethanoid glycoside, 2,6-dimethoxy-p-benzoquinone, 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenol || Bark || <ref name="Falah2008">Falah S, Katayama T, Suzuki T. Chemical constituents from Gmelina arborea bark and their antioxidant activity. J Wood Sci. 2008;54(6):483–489.</ref>
|-
| Coumarin glycoside || Apiose-containing coumarin glycoside || Root || <ref name="Satya1985">Satyanarayana P, Subrahmanyam P, Kasai R, Tanaka O. An apiose-containing coumarin glycoside from Gmelina arborea root. Phytochemistry. 1985;24(8):1862–1863.</ref>
|}
== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
All findings below are from animal or ''in vitro'' experiments; no controlled human clinical trial was identified during reference checking.
=== Hepatoprotective Activity ===
Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the stem bark were tested in rats given paracetamol (hepatic injury) or cisplatin (renal injury). The extracts significantly lowered serum SGOT and SGPT activities and serum creatinine and urea levels, indicating a protective effect on liver and kidney in these models.<ref name="Anthony2012">Anthony OE, Francis MA, Philippe EM. Phytochemical screening, and assessment of ameliorating effect of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Gmelina arborea on drug induced hepatic and renal insufficiency in rats. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2012;25(2):457–461.</ref>
=== Antioxidant Activity ===
Bark and fruit extracts protected liver cells from oxidative stress in an ''in vitro'' liver-slice culture model.<ref name="Sinha2006">Sinha S, Dixit P, Bhargava S, Devasagayam TP, Ghaskadbi S. Bark and fruit extracts of Gmelina arborea protect liver cells from oxidative stress. Pharm Biol. 2006;44(4):237–243.</ref>
=== Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Activity ===
Aqueous and methanol extracts of the stem bark (500 mg/kg) showed maximum inhibition of carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema of 30.15% and 31.21% respectively. In mice, both extracts prolonged hot-plate latency, and the aqueous extract inhibited acetic-acid-induced writhing by 84.3% (methanol extract 77.9%) at 500 mg/kg. The authors suggest inhibition of prostaglandins and other autacoids as a possible mechanism; this was not directly tested.<ref name="Kulkarni2013">Kulkarni YA, Panjabi R, Patel V, Tawade A, Gokhale A. Effect of Gmelina arborea Roxb in experimentally induced inflammation and nociception. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2013;4(3):152–157. doi:10.4103/0975-9476.118697</ref>
=== Wound Healing ===
An alcoholic extract of the dried leaf powder (200 mg/kg) was studied in incision, excision and dead-space wound models in rats. It increased wound contraction rate, skin and granuloma breaking strength, hydroxyproline content and dry granuloma weight, and shortened the epithelization period, consistent with increased collagen deposition.<ref name="Shirwaikar2003">Shirwaikar A, Ghosh S, Padma GM Rao. Effect of Gmelina arborea Roxb. leaves on wound healing in rats. J Nat Remedies. 2003;3(1):45–48. doi:10.18311/jnr/2003/362</ref>
=== Antiulcer Activity ===
Leaves of ''Gmelina arborea'' have been evaluated for anti-ulcer activity in experimentally induced ulcer in Wistar rats.<ref name="Giri2009">Giri M, Divakar K, Goli D, Dighe SB. Anti ulcer activity of leaves of Gmelina arborea plant in experimentally induced ulcer in Wistar rats. Pharmacologyonline. 2009;1:102–110.</ref>
=== Antidiabetic Activity ===
Aqueous bark extract (1.00 g/kg, 30 days) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats lowered fasting blood glucose by 37%, reduced HbA1c and fructosamine, raised serum insulin (57%) and C-peptide (39%), improved serum lipids, and histology and immunohistochemistry showed β-cell regeneration in the pancreas.<ref name="Attanayake2016">Attanayake AP, Jayatilaka KAPW, Pathirana C, Mudduwa LKB. ''Gmelina arborea'' Roxb. (Family: Verbenaceae) extract upregulates the β-cell regeneration in STZ induced diabetic rats. 2016 (published 6 Jan 2016), article 4513871. doi:10.1155/2016/4513871. PMCID: PMC4736759</ref>
== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Acute and repeated-dose toxicity:''' Methanol extract of stem bark given orally to mice (300–5000 mg/kg) caused no mortality or significant clinical signs. In a 28-day study in rats (300, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg/day) there were no significant changes in body and organ weights, haematology, clinical chemistry or histology; the reported NOAEL was 5000 mg/kg.<ref name="Kulkarni2012">Kulkarni YA, Veeranjaneyulu A. Toxicological evaluation of the methanol extract of Gmelina arborea Roxb. bark in mice and rats. Toxicol Int. 2012;19(2):125–131. doi:10.4103/0971-6580.97203</ref>
* '''Precautions:''' Reproductive and human safety data were not found in the sources checked; use under clinical supervision, particularly in pregnancy and lactation.
* '''Classical dose:''' 20–30 g of crude drug for decoction (see Dose above).
== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Experimental evidence for ''Gmelina arborea'' (see sections above for references)
! Indication / Model !! Part and extract !! Principal finding
|-
| '''Paracetamol / cisplatin-induced hepatic and renal injury (rat)''' || Stem bark, aqueous and ethanolic || Lower SGOT, SGPT, creatinine, urea
|-
| '''Oxidative stress in liver cells (''in vitro'')''' || Bark and fruit || Protection of liver cells
|-
| '''Inflammation and pain (Sotha) (rat, mouse)''' || Stem bark, aqueous and methanol || Reduced paw oedema, hot-plate and writhing responses
|-
| '''Wound healing (rat)''' || Leaf, alcoholic || Faster contraction and epithelization, higher breaking strength
|-
| '''Ulcer (rat)''' || Leaf || Anti-ulcer activity reported
|-
| '''Diabetes (STZ rat)''' || Bark, aqueous || Lower glucose, higher insulin, β-cell regeneration
|}
== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :24</ref>
<ref name="Chunekar2020">Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, guduchyadi varga, verse no.-14,15</ref>
}}


[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
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Latest revision as of 06:05, 8 October 2026

Gmelina arborea L.

Kashmarya
Section/Chapter Herb database/Kashmarya
Botanical name(s) Gmelina arborea L.
Family Verbenaceae (now placed in Lamiaceae in current plant classification)
Availability Available
Contributors Team Dravyaguna
Year of publication 2026
Publisher Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre
DOI Awaited

Gmelina arborea L. (commonly known as Kashmarya, Gambhari, Candhar tree, comb teak, or Kashmiri tree) is a deciduous tree native to South and Southeast Asia. In Ayurveda it is a member of the Brihat Panchamula group and is used in swelling, burning sensation, fever, thirst and haemorrhoids.

English name

Candhar tree, comb teak, Kashmiri tree

Therapeutic Uses

Sotha (swelling), daha (burning sensation), jwara (fever), trushna (thirst), arsha (hemorrhoids)[1]

Other Varieties / Other Botanical names

  • Gmelina asiatica L.
  • Premna arborea Roxb.

Synonyms in Charak Samhita

Kashmarya, Gambhari, Bhadraparni (leaves of gambhari are beautiful), Shriparni (beautiful leaves), Madhuparnika.

Synonyms in bhavprakasa nighantu

Kashmiri, hira, pitarohini (bark is yellow in colour), krushnavrunta (leaf has got blackish petiole)[2]

Ayurvedic pharmacological properties

Properties
Sr.no. Pharmacological criteria Properties
1 Taste (rasa) Bitter (tikta), Astringent (kashaya), Sweet (madhura)
2 Potency (veerya) Hot (ushna)
3 Post digestion effect (vipaka) Pungent (katu)
4 Qualities (guna) Heavy (guru)
5 Actions (karma) Pacify vata, pitta and kapha

Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions

Herbs and their activities
Sr.no. Reference in Charak Samhita Activity
1 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 2/11 Asthapana
2 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(24) Virechanopagmahakashaya (helping purgation)
3 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(38) Shwayathuharamahakashaya (relieving oedema)
4 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(41) Dahaprashamanamahakashaya (pacifying burning sensation)
5 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 21/24 Management of obesity
6 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 25/40 Agrya Sangraha (collections of best food articles, factors and drugs in various conditions)
7 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 27/135 Phala Varga (class of fruits)
8 Cha.Sa.Sharira Sthana 8/29 Garbha Vyadhi chikitsa
9 Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 7/20 Preparations of Trivritta
10 Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 7/30 Preparations of Trivritta Awaleha
11 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/206 As an ingredient of Madhookadi kashaya
12 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/253 As an ingredient of Chandanadi snehabasti (unctuous enema)
13 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/258 As an ingredient of Chandanadi taila
14 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/267 As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
15 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 4/39 As pathya ahara (wholesome diet)
16 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/67 To increase effect of Trayushanaadi ghrita
17 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/149 Ingredient of Mishrak Sneha
18 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 9/52 Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrita
19 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 10/18 Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrita
20 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 10/29 Ingredient in Vata-pittaj Apasmar nashak Ghrita
21 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 11/44 Ingredient in Shvadamshtradi Ghrita
22 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/32 Ingredient in Ashtashatorishta
23 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/50 Ingredient in Kansaharitaki Avaleh
24 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/67 As a Snan dravya for Bahyaprayogarth (external application)
25 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/65 In treatment of vatodara for anuvasan basti
26 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/113 As an ingredient of panchkolaghrita
27 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/117 As an ingredient of yavadi ghrita
28 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/109 In treatment of Udara roga (for parisheka)
29 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/144 As an ingredient of dantyarista
30 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/202 Dadhisara yoga is used in raktarsha
31 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/82 As an ingredient of dashmuladya ghrita
32 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/88 As an ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrita evum churna
33 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/156 As an ingredient of Mulasava
34 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 17/102 Used in yavagu preparation for hikka svasa
35 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 17/105 Dasamula kwath is used in condition of trishna in terms of patients of hikka svasa.
36 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 17/140 As an ingredient of dashamuladhya ghrita
37 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/151 Use as a mrudu sodhana
38 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/39 As a ghrita dravya
39 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/83 Use for vaman in treatment of pittaja kasa
40 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/163 As an ingredient of kasmaryadi ghrita
41 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 23/197 Used in the treatment of Mandali sarpa damsha
42 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 24/129 Used as anupana in vataja madatyaya as an ingredient of panchamula
43 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/87 As an ingredient of Trushanadi Ghrita
44 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/168 As an ingredient of Mahamayura Ghrita
45 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/272 As an ingredient of Mahaneela taila
46 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 28/96 Used in the treatment of Garbhashaya–gata vata
47 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 28/120 As an ingredient of Dashamuladi ghrita
48 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/59 Bhavana dravya of Parushaka Ghrita
49 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/64 As an ingredient of Jeevaniya Ghrita
50 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/76 As an ingredient of Sthiradi Ghrita/Taila
51 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/85 As an ingredient of Kashmaryadi kwath for Virechana karma
52 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/97,98 As an ingredient of Sukumaraka taila
53 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/105 As an ingredient of Amrutadhya taila
54 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/112 As an ingredient of Mahapadma taila
55 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/115 As an ingredient of Shatapaka madhuka taila
56 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 30/52 As an ingredient of Kashmaryadi ghrita, used in the treatment of Vataja yoni
57 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 30/100 Used in the treatment of Raktaja yoni, Arajaska, Putraghni

Dose

  • 20-30 gm of drug for decoction[1]

Important formulation

As per A.P.I.[1]

  • Dashamularishta
  • Dashamulaharitaki
  • Dashamula ghrita

Current availability

Available

  • India – hilly regions of south India, Himalayan regions

Current researches

https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Gmelina%20arborea

Phytoconstituents

Phytochemical studies report several classes of compounds from different parts of Gmelina arborea. Only constituents supported by a checked primary reference are listed below (one reference per class).

Phytoconstituents of Gmelina arborea
Class Reported constituents Plant part Reference
Acylated iridoid glycosides Gmelinosides A–L Not confirmed in source checked [3]
Lignans, neolignans and phenolics Gmelinol, (+)-balanophonin, tyrosol, a phenylethanoid glycoside, 2,6-dimethoxy-p-benzoquinone, 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenol Bark [4]
Coumarin glycoside Apiose-containing coumarin glycoside Root [5]

Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy

All findings below are from animal or in vitro experiments; no controlled human clinical trial was identified during reference checking.

Hepatoprotective Activity

Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the stem bark were tested in rats given paracetamol (hepatic injury) or cisplatin (renal injury). The extracts significantly lowered serum SGOT and SGPT activities and serum creatinine and urea levels, indicating a protective effect on liver and kidney in these models.[6]

Antioxidant Activity

Bark and fruit extracts protected liver cells from oxidative stress in an in vitro liver-slice culture model.[7]

Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Activity

Aqueous and methanol extracts of the stem bark (500 mg/kg) showed maximum inhibition of carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema of 30.15% and 31.21% respectively. In mice, both extracts prolonged hot-plate latency, and the aqueous extract inhibited acetic-acid-induced writhing by 84.3% (methanol extract 77.9%) at 500 mg/kg. The authors suggest inhibition of prostaglandins and other autacoids as a possible mechanism; this was not directly tested.[8]

Wound Healing

An alcoholic extract of the dried leaf powder (200 mg/kg) was studied in incision, excision and dead-space wound models in rats. It increased wound contraction rate, skin and granuloma breaking strength, hydroxyproline content and dry granuloma weight, and shortened the epithelization period, consistent with increased collagen deposition.[9]

Antiulcer Activity

Leaves of Gmelina arborea have been evaluated for anti-ulcer activity in experimentally induced ulcer in Wistar rats.[10]

Antidiabetic Activity

Aqueous bark extract (1.00 g/kg, 30 days) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats lowered fasting blood glucose by 37%, reduced HbA1c and fructosamine, raised serum insulin (57%) and C-peptide (39%), improved serum lipids, and histology and immunohistochemistry showed β-cell regeneration in the pancreas.[11]

Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage

  • Acute and repeated-dose toxicity: Methanol extract of stem bark given orally to mice (300–5000 mg/kg) caused no mortality or significant clinical signs. In a 28-day study in rats (300, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg/day) there were no significant changes in body and organ weights, haematology, clinical chemistry or histology; the reported NOAEL was 5000 mg/kg.[12]
  • Precautions: Reproductive and human safety data were not found in the sources checked; use under clinical supervision, particularly in pregnancy and lactation.
  • Classical dose: 20–30 g of crude drug for decoction (see Dose above).

Summary of Therapeutic Profile

Experimental evidence for Gmelina arborea (see sections above for references)
Indication / Model Part and extract Principal finding
Paracetamol / cisplatin-induced hepatic and renal injury (rat) Stem bark, aqueous and ethanolic Lower SGOT, SGPT, creatinine, urea
Oxidative stress in liver cells (in vitro) Bark and fruit Protection of liver cells
Inflammation and pain (Sotha) (rat, mouse) Stem bark, aqueous and methanol Reduced paw oedema, hot-plate and writhing responses
Wound healing (rat) Leaf, alcoholic Faster contraction and epithelization, higher breaking strength
Ulcer (rat) Leaf Anti-ulcer activity reported
Diabetes (STZ rat) Bark, aqueous Lower glucose, higher insulin, β-cell regeneration

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :24
  2. ↑ Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, guduchyadi varga, verse no.-14,15
  3. ↑ Hosny M, Rosazza JP. Gmelinosides A-L, twelve acylated iridoid glycosides from Gmelina arborea. J Nat Prod. 1998;61(6):734–742. doi:10.1021/np970447u
  4. ↑ Falah S, Katayama T, Suzuki T. Chemical constituents from Gmelina arborea bark and their antioxidant activity. J Wood Sci. 2008;54(6):483–489.
  5. ↑ Satyanarayana P, Subrahmanyam P, Kasai R, Tanaka O. An apiose-containing coumarin glycoside from Gmelina arborea root. Phytochemistry. 1985;24(8):1862–1863.
  6. ↑ Anthony OE, Francis MA, Philippe EM. Phytochemical screening, and assessment of ameliorating effect of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Gmelina arborea on drug induced hepatic and renal insufficiency in rats. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2012;25(2):457–461.
  7. ↑ Sinha S, Dixit P, Bhargava S, Devasagayam TP, Ghaskadbi S. Bark and fruit extracts of Gmelina arborea protect liver cells from oxidative stress. Pharm Biol. 2006;44(4):237–243.
  8. ↑ Kulkarni YA, Panjabi R, Patel V, Tawade A, Gokhale A. Effect of Gmelina arborea Roxb in experimentally induced inflammation and nociception. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2013;4(3):152–157. doi:10.4103/0975-9476.118697
  9. ↑ Shirwaikar A, Ghosh S, Padma GM Rao. Effect of Gmelina arborea Roxb. leaves on wound healing in rats. J Nat Remedies. 2003;3(1):45–48. doi:10.18311/jnr/2003/362
  10. ↑ Giri M, Divakar K, Goli D, Dighe SB. Anti ulcer activity of leaves of Gmelina arborea plant in experimentally induced ulcer in Wistar rats. Pharmacologyonline. 2009;1:102–110.
  11. ↑ Attanayake AP, Jayatilaka KAPW, Pathirana C, Mudduwa LKB. Gmelina arborea Roxb. (Family: Verbenaceae) extract upregulates the β-cell regeneration in STZ induced diabetic rats. 2016 (published 6 Jan 2016), article 4513871. doi:10.1155/2016/4513871. PMCID: PMC4736759
  12. ↑ Kulkarni YA, Veeranjaneyulu A. Toxicological evaluation of the methanol extract of Gmelina arborea Roxb. bark in mice and rats. Toxicol Int. 2012;19(2):125–131. doi:10.4103/0971-6580.97203
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