Charak Samhita

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Ricinus communis L
{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
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|keywords= Eranda, Ricinus communis L, Castor oil plant, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Eranda (Ricinus communis L.) is traditionally classified as a premier vatahara (pacifying vata) and virechaka (purgative) herb, widely utilized in Ayurveda for managing vataraka (gout), abdominal colic, backache, and inflammatory joint disorders.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
 


{{Infobox
{{Infobox
Line 6: Line 15:
|data1 = Herb database/Eranda
|data1 = Herb database/Eranda
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Ricinus communis L
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricinus_communis Ricinus communis L.]
|label3 = Family
|label3 = Family
|data3 =  
|data3 = Euphorbiaceae
|label4 = Availability
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = --
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication  
|label6 = Year of publication  
|data6 =  2025
|data6 =  2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|label7 = Publisher  
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI  
|label8 = DOI  
|data8  = Awaited
|data8  = Awaited
}}
}}


==English name ==
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricinus_communis Ricinus communis L.]''', popularly known as '''Eranda''' or the '''Castor Oil Plant''', is a large, annual or perennial shrub distributed widely throughout tropical and subtropical regions. In [[Ayurveda]], it is highly revered as the prime drug for managing Vata disorders (''Vatavyadhi''), especially rheumatoid arthritis (''Amavata''), abdominal conditions, and as an ideal agent for therapeutic purgation (''Virechana'') and enema therapies.<ref name="API" />
 
== English Name ==
Castor oil plant
 
== Therapeutic Uses ==
Sotha (swelling), Jwara (fever), Udararoga (disease of abdomen), Amavata (rheumatoid arthritis), Bastisula (pain in urinary bladder)<ref name="API" />


--
== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
* Urubuka
* Vardhamana
* Urubaka
* Panchagula
* Chitra


== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
== Synonyms in Bhavaprakasa Nighantu ==
* Amana &ndash; The flowers when blossomed, plant appears very attractive.
* Chitra
* Gandharvahasta &ndash; Resembling the palm of Gandharva.
* Panchangula &ndash; Leaves of Eranda are palmately lobed.
* Vardhamana
* Dirghadanda &ndash; Leaves of Eranda have a long petiole.
* Vyadambaka &ndash; When wind blows, the inflorescence of Eranda appears like dancing.
* Vatari &ndash; Best drug for Vatavyadhi.
* Taruna
* Rubuka


Urubuka, Vardhaman, Urubaka, Panchagula, Chitra
== Varieties ==
=== Bhavaprakasa Nighantu ===
* Sukla eranda
* Rakta eranda


== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==  
=== Raja Nighantu ===
* Rakta eranda
* Sthula eranda


{| class="wikitable"
== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
|+ Properties  
According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Eranda has the following properties:<ref name="API" />
 
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
| 1 || Taste (''[[Rasa]]'') || Sweet (''Madhura''), Pungent (''Katu''), Astringent (''Kashaya'')
|-
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Sweet (madhura), Pungent (katu), Astringent (kashaya)
| 2 || Potency (''[[Veerya]]'') || Hot (''Ushna'')
|-
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)
| 3 || Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'') || Sweet (''Madhura'')
|-
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura)
| 4 || Qualities (''[[Guna]]'') || Unctuous (''Snigdha''), Sharp (''Tikshna''), Subtleness (''Sukshma'')
|-
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Unctuous (snigdha), Sharp (tikshna), Minute/fineness/subtleness(sukshma)
| 5 || Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'') || Pacifies Kapha and Vata
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[kapha]] and [[vata]]
|}
|}
== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==


{| class="wikitable"
== Reference in Charak Samhita and its Actions ==
|+ Herbs and their activities
Eranda is prominently documented across multiple therapeutic chapters of the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':
 
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
|-
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/12 || Asthapana (Therapeutic Enema)
|-
|-
| 1
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(4) || Bhedaniya mahakashaya (group of herbs breaking mass/solid lesions)
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/12
| Asthapana
|-
|-
| 2
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(22) || Svedopag mahakashaya (helping diaphoresis/sudation)
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(4)  
| Bhedaniyamahakashaya
|-
|-
| 3
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(44) || Angamardaprashamana mahakashaya (relieving body-ache)
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(22)  
| Svedopagmahakashay
|-
|-
| 4
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 13/10 || Sthavara Sneha Yoni (Vegetable origin of lipids)
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(44)  
| Angamardaprashamanamahakashaya
|-
|-
|5
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 14/31 || Dravya for Nadi Sweda (tubular fomentation)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 13/10
|Sthavara  Sneha Yoni (Vegetable origin of lipids)
|-
|-
|6
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 14/42 || Dravya for Prastara Sweda (bed-fomentation)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 14/42
|Dravya for Prastara Sweda
|-
|-
|7
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 13/12 || Ideal for Virechana (purgation)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 13/10
|Sthavara  Sneha Yoni (Vegetable origin of lipids)
|-
|-
|8
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40 || Agrya Sangraha (best food articles, factors, and drugs)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 13/12
|Ideal for  Virechana
|-
|-
|9
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/84 || Viruddha ahara (unwholesome diet)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 14/31
|Dravya for  Nadi Sweda
|-
|-
|10
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/108, 27/109 || Shaka Varga (group of vegetables)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40
|Agrya Sangraha
|-
|-
|11
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/289 || Krutanna Varga (Class on food articles)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/108
|Shaka Varga
|-
|-
|12
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/139 || Madhur skanda (group of sweet drugs)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/109
|Shaka Varga
|-
|-
|13
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/50 || Pathyadi modaka
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/289
|Krutanna Varga
|-
|-
|14
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 11/11 || Saptala Shankhini Yoga
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/84
|Viruddha ahar
|-
|-
|15
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/235 || Used as Ksheerapaka where Jwara is associated with Parikartika (fissure)
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/139
|Madhur skanda
|-
|-
|16
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267 || As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/139
|Madhur skanda
|-
|-
|17
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/108 || Ingredient in Tiktekshvadi Taila for Abhyanga in Vata-Kaphaj Kushtha
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/50
|Pathyadimodak
|-
|-
|18
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/112 || Ingredient in Kanakakshiri Taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 11/11
|SaptalaShankhini  Yoga
|-
|-
|19
| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/65 || In treatment of Vatodara for Anuvasana basti (unctuous enema)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/235
|Used as khseerapaka where jwara is associated with  parikartika.
|-
|-
|20
| 21 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/69 || In treatment of Pittodara for Anuvasana basti
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267
|As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila.
|-
|-
|21
| 22 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/173 || Eranda taila is used in Avarana avastha of Udararoga
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/108
|Ingredient in Tiktekshvadi Taila for Abhyang in Vata-Kaphaj  Kushth
|-
|-
|22
| 23 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/44 || Used in Avasechana in Arsha roga (hemorrhoids)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/112
|Ingredient in Kanakakshiri  Tail
|-
|-
|23
| 24 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/79 || Used for Virechana in treatment of Vataja grahani
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/65
|In treatment of vatodara for anuvasan basti
|-
|-
|24
| 25 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/77, 17/80 || Used for Shodhanottara dhumpana (post-purification smoking)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/69
|In treatment  of pittodara for anuvasan basti
|-
|-
|25
| 26 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/171 || As a yoga dravya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/173
|Eranda taila  is used in avaran avastha of udararoga
|-
|-
|26
| 27 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/48 || Used as medicine with Paya (milk)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/44
|Used in  avasechana in arsha roga
|-
|-
|27
| 28 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/85 || Eranda taila with milk is used in Vata vyadhi with other doshas involved
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] a15/79
|Used for  virechana in treatment of vataja grahani (after niruha  basti)
|-
|-
|28
| 29 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/114 || As an ingredient of Utkarikadi lepa
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/77 & 17/80
|Used for  shodhanottara dhumpana
|-
|-
|29
| 30 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/161 || As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/171
|As a yoga  dravya.
|-
|-
|30
| 31 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/197 || Eranda taila is used in the treatment of Purishavrita vata
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/171
|As a yoga  dravya.
|-
|-
|31
| 32 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/61 || As an ingredient of Jeevaniya Ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/48
|Use as medicine with paya
|-
|-
|32
| 33 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/81 || Used as Ksheerapaka for pain management
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/85
|Eranda taila with milk is used  in vata vyadhi, when other doshas are also  involved.
|-
|-
|33
| 34 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/83 || Eranda taila & ksheera used for Virechana in Bahudosha
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/114
|As an ingredient of Utkarikadi lepa.
|-
|-
|34
| 35 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/103 || As an ingredient of Amrutadhya taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/161
|As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila.
|-
|-
|35
| 36 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/140 || Used in Ksheerapishti form for Shoolanivrutti (pain relief)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/197
|Eranda taila is used in the treatment of  Purishavrita vata.
|-
|-
|36
| 37 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/141 || Used in formulation of Erandamuladi pralepa
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/61
|As an ingredient of Jeevaniya Ghrita.
|-
|-
|37
| 38 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/198 || Used in treatment of Klaibya (impotency) for Asthapana basti
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/81
|}
|Used as Ksheerapaka for Pain.
 
== Dose ==
* '''Decoction (''Kwatha''):''' 20 – 30 ml of the drug.<ref name="API" />
 
== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API" />
* Gandharvahastadi kwatha churna
* Vatari guggulu
* Gandharvahastadi taila
 
== Current Availability ==
Available
* '''In India:''' Widely cultivated and found growing wild throughout tropical and subtropical regions.
 
== Major Phytoconstituents ==
''Ricinus communis'' contains several classes of bioactive constituents.<ref name="Pandey2025" />
* '''Fatty acids (castor oil):''' Ricinoleic acid, a hydroxylated fatty acid that is the principal component of castor oil.
* '''Toxic proteins and alkaloids:''' Ricin (a toxic lectin) and ricinine (an alkaloid); ''Ricinus'' agglutinin is also present.
* '''Phytosterols:''' Sitosterol, fucosterol and stigmasterol.
 
== Therapeutic Efficacy &amp; Modern Scientific Research ==
Modern pharmacological investigations have examined several traditional claims associated with ''Ricinus communis''. Each activity below is supported by one primary study. Most of the evidence is preclinical (animal and ''in vitro'' models).
 
=== 1. Purgative and Gastrointestinal Action (''Virechana'') ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Widely used as an effective purgative and in managing abdominal conditions (''Udararoga'').
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Ricinoleic acid, released from castor oil by intestinal lipases, selectively activates EP3 prostanoid receptors on intestinal smooth muscle; in mice lacking EP3 receptors on smooth-muscle cells, castor oil produced no laxative effect, establishing the mechanism of its purgative action. The same pathway mediates uterine contraction.<ref name="Tunaru2012" />
 
=== 2. Anti-inflammatory and Free-radical Scavenging Activity (''Sotha'' / ''Amavata'') ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' ''Amavata'' (rheumatoid arthritis), ''Sotha'' (swelling) and localized pain; the root is used in ''Vatavyadhi''.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Root extract showed anti-inflammatory activity in rats together with free-radical scavenging activity, supporting the traditional use of the root in inflammatory conditions.<ref name="Ilavarasan2006" />
 
=== 3. Antimicrobial Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Leaves applied as poultice or fomentation on sores, boils and swellings; used for wound and skin infections.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Aqueous, methanol, ethanol, petroleum ether and ethyl acetate extracts of the leaves inhibited ''Escherichia coli'', ''Staphylococcus aureus'', ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'', ''Klebsiella pneumoniae'' and ''Candida albicans'' ''in vitro'' (MIC 3.13–25.0 mg/ml); the methanol extract showed the largest zones of inhibition.<ref name="Suurbaar2017" />
 
=== 4. Anti-diabetic Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Not a classical indication; reported in experimental research.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' A 50% ethanolic extract of the seeds showed favourable effects on fasting blood glucose, lipid profile and liver and kidney function in diabetic rats.<ref name="Shokeen2008" />
 
== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Ricinus communis''
! Indication
! Part / Extract studied
! Primary Pharmacological Action
! Level of evidence
|-
|-
|38
| '''Constipation &amp; Bowel Cleansing (''Virechana'')'''
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/83
| Castor oil (ricinoleic acid)
|Erandataila & ksheera is used for virechana in  bahudosha.
| Laxative via EP3 receptor activation
| Preclinical (mouse)
|-
|-
|39
| '''Rheumatoid Arthritis / Swelling (''Amavata'' / ''Sotha'')'''
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/103
| Root extract
|As an ingredient of Amrutadhya taila.
| Anti-inflammatory, free-radical scavenging
| Preclinical (animal, ''in vitro'')
|-
|-
|40
| '''Wounds &amp; Skin Infections'''
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/140
| Leaf extracts
|Used in Ksheerapishti form for Shoolanivrutti.
| Antibacterial, antifungal
|-
| ''In vitro''
|41
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/141
|Used in formulation of Erandamuladi pralepa.
|-
|42
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/198
|Used in the treatment of Klaibya, for Asthapana  basti.
|-
|-
| '''Diabetes'''
| Seed ethanolic extract
| Anti-hyperglycemic
| Preclinical (animal)
|}
|}


== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Precautions:''' Raw seeds contain the toxic protein ricin and must not be consumed unprocessed; ricin poisoning has no specific antidote, and castor oil itself is not a source of ricin. Standard therapeutic use relies on processed castor oil or purified root decoctions under professional guidance.<ref name="Audi2005" />
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Root Decoction (''Kwatha''):'' 20–30 ml.<ref name="API" />
** ''Castor Oil (''Taila''):'' 5–15 ml as directed for purgation.


 
== References ==
== Current availability==  
{{Reflist|refs=
 
<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1:23</ref>
Available
<ref name="Pandey2025">Pandey SN, Kumar P, Verma H, Durgapal S, Singh B. Phytopharmacological insights into ''Ricinus communis'': a comprehensive overview. Pharmacogn Res. 2025;17(2):348-57. doi:10.5530/pres.20251940.</ref>
<ref name="Tunaru2012">Tunaru S, Althoff TF, Nüsing RM, Diener M, Offermanns S. Castor oil induces laxation and uterus contraction via ricinoleic acid activating prostaglandin EP3 receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109(23):9179-84. doi:10.1073/pnas.1201627109.</ref>
<ref name="Ilavarasan2006">Ilavarasan R, Mallika M, Venkataraman S. Anti-inflammatory and free radical scavenging activity of ''Ricinus communis'' root extract. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006;103(3):478-80.</ref>
<ref name="Suurbaar2017">Suurbaar J, Mosobil R, Donkor AM. Antibacterial and antifungal activities and phytochemical profile of leaf extract from different extractants of ''Ricinus communis'' against selected pathogens. BMC Res Notes. 2017;10:660. doi:10.1186/s13104-017-3001-2.</ref>
<ref name="Shokeen2008">Shokeen P, Anand P, Murali YK, Tandon V. Antidiabetic activity of 50% ethanolic extract of ''Ricinus communis'' and its purified fractions. Food Chem Toxicol. 2008;46(11):3458-66.</ref>
<ref name="Audi2005">Audi J, Belson M, Patel M, Schier J, Osterloh J. Ricin poisoning: a comprehensive review. JAMA. 2005;294(18):2342-51. doi:10.1001/jama.294.18.2342.</ref>
}}


== Current researches ==
[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]


[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
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  This article is under development ..
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