Talk:Pashanabheda - Revision history

Dridhabala at 09:09, 11 October 2026

2026-10-11T09:09:32Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:09, 11 October 2026
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	== Phytochemical Composition ==		== Phytochemical Composition ==
	~~The therapeutic efficacy of~~ ''Saxifraga ligulata'' rhizomes ~~and roots is attributed to a diverse profile of bioactive secondary metabolites:~~		Pashanabheda is currently placed in the genus ''Bergenia'' as ''Bergenia ligulata'' (Wall.) Engl., with ''Saxifraga ligulata'' Wall. as a synonym. Its rhizomes are rich in phenolic compounds.
	* '''~~Bergenin~~:''' ~~A primary active~~ C-glycoside ~~known for its potent anti~~-~~urolithiatic~~ and ~~anti-inflammatory properties~~.
	* '''~~Flavonoids & Tannins:~~''' ~~Catechin, gallic acid~~, and ~~various polyphenols that enhance antioxidant defense~~.		* '''Major phenolics:''' Bergenin (a C-glycoside of 4-O-methylgallic acid), arbutin, catechin, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid and syringic acid have been quantified in ''Bergenia'' rhizomes. Among the species studied, ''B. ligulata'' contained the highest amount of bergenin, the major marker compound.<ref name="Pandey2017">Pandey R, Kumar B, Meena B, Srivastava M, Mishra T, Tiwari V, et al. Major bioactive phenolics in ''Bergenia'' species from the Indian Himalayan region: method development, validation and quantitative estimation using UHPLC-QqQLIT-MS/MS. PLoS One. 2017;12(7):e0180950.</ref>
	* '''~~Mucilage & Minerals~~:''' ~~Rich~~ in ~~calcium~~, ~~magnesium~~, and ~~essential trace elements~~.		* '''Other isolated compounds:''' 11-O-p-hydroxybenzoylbergenin, 6-O-galloylarbutin and epiafzelechin were isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction of the methanolic extract, in addition to bergenin.<ref name="Rajbhandari2011">Rajbhandari M, Khatri HR, Lalk M, Gewali MB, Lindequist U. Phytochemical investigation and antibacterial activity of ''Bergenia ligulata''. J Nepal Chem Soc. 2011;28:110–114.</ref>

	== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==		== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
	=== Anti-Urolithiatic and ~~Lithotriptic~~ Effects ===		=== Anti-Urolithiatic, Lithotriptic and Diuretic Effects (Asmari) ===
	Pashanabheda is ~~renowned~~ for ~~its clinical ability to prevent, dissolve~~, and ~~expel urinary stones (ashmari)~~.		Pashanabheda is traditionally the foremost drug for urinary stones, and experimental work supports this use.
	* '''Mechanism:''' ~~Inhibits~~ the ~~nucleation and aggregation of~~ calcium oxalate ~~crystals~~, ~~while its diuretic action flushes out microscopic gravel before stone formation occurs~~.		* '''Mechanism:''' A crude aqueous-methanolic extract of the rhizome inhibited calcium oxalate crystal aggregation and crystal formation in metastable solutions, showed antioxidant activity (DPPH radical scavenging and lipid peroxidation), and produced diuresis with a saluretic effect in rats.
	* '''Scientific Evidence:''' ~~Experimental and clinical studies confirm that root extracts significantly reduce urinary stone burden~~, ~~decrease~~ calcium ~~and~~ oxalate ~~excretion~~, and ~~restore normal urine output~~.<ref name="~~Garabadu2013~~">~~{{cite journal \|last1=Garabadu \|first1=D. \|last2=Krishnamurthy \|first2=~~S. ~~\|year=2013 \|title=Anti-urolithiatic and diuretic activity~~ of ~~Saxifraga~~ ligulata rhizome ~~extract in experimental animals \|journal=Journal~~ of ~~Ethnopharmacology \|volume=148 \|issue=2 \|pages=435–442}}~~</ref>		* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In rats given 0.75% ethylene glycol to induce urolithiasis, the extract (5–10 mg/kg) prevented calcium oxalate crystal deposition in the renal tubules. The authors attribute the effect to crystal inhibition, diuretic, hypermagnesuric and antioxidant actions.<ref name="Bashir2009">Bashir S, Gilani AH. Antiurolithic effect of ''Bergenia ligulata'' rhizome: an explanation of the underlying mechanisms. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009;122(1):106–116.</ref>

	=== ~~Diuretic~~ and ~~Nephroprotective Actions~~ ===		=== Anti-Inflammatory and Antipyretic Effects (Mutrakriccha) ===
	~~Its classic classification under Mutravirechaniya mahakashaya is backed by modern renal evaluations.~~		A review of the experimental literature reports that an oral 50% ethanolic extract of ''B. ligulata'' at 1 g/kg showed anti-inflammatory activity in Wistar rats, and a 500 mg/kg dose showed antipyretic activity against yeast-induced fever.<ref name="Roychoudhury2022">Roychoudhury S, et al. Clinical potential of Himalayan herb ''Bergenia ligulata'': an evidence-based study. Molecules. 2022;27(20):7039.</ref> This is a secondary source; controlled clinical studies of the effect on painful urination are lacking.
	* '''~~Mechanism:~~'~~'' Enhances glomerular filtration rate (GFR)~~ and ~~electrolyte excretion without inducing undue systemic toxicity or irritation to renal tubules.~~
	* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Research demonstrates that active isolates protect renal cells against ~~oxidative stress~~-induced ~~apoptosis and chemical nephrotoxicity~~.<ref name="~~Pandey2007~~">~~{{cite journal \|last1=Pandey \|first1=A. \|last2=Gupta \|first2=~~S. ~~\|last3=Saxena \|first3=R. \|year=2007 \|title=Nephroprotective and antioxidant~~ potential of ~~Saxifraga~~ ligulata ~~against gentamicin~~-~~induced renal damage \|journal=Pharmacologyonline \|volume=3 \|pages=450–458}}~~</ref>

	=== ~~Anti-Inflammatory and Antimicrobial Properties~~ ===		=== Antibacterial Activity ===
	~~Pashanabheda alleviates painful urination (mutrakriccha) through its soothing and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.~~		The methanolic extract of ''Bergenia ligulata'' showed antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria in a screening of plant extracts, and bioassay-guided fractionation yielded bergenin and related phenolics.<ref name="Rajbhandari2011"/>
	* '''Mechanism:''' Downregulates inflammatory cytokines and inhibits the growth of ~~common urinary tract pathogens.~~
	* '''~~Scientific Evidence:~~'~~'' In vitro assays confirm significant inhibitory zones~~ against ~~bacterial strains responsible for urinary tract infections (UTIs)~~.<ref name="~~Khandelwal2010~~">{{cite journal \|last1=Khandelwal \|first1=K. R. \|last2=Jain \|first2=S. \|year=2010 \|title=Evaluation of antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties of Saxifraga ligulata root extracts \|journal=International Journal of Green Pharmacy \|volume=4 \|issue=3 \|pages=180–184}}</~~ref~~>

	== Safety~~, Toxicity,~~ and Dosage ==		== Safety and Dosage ==
	* '''Acute Toxicity:''' Pashanabheda is safe for therapeutic consumption when taken within recommended dosage limits.
	* '''Precautions:''' Consult a qualified Ayurvedic practitioner if managing large obstructive renal calculi that require surgical intervention.		* '''Precautions:''' Consult a qualified Ayurvedic practitioner if managing large obstructive renal calculi that require surgical intervention.
	* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''		* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
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	== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==		== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
	{\| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"		{\| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
	\|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Saxifraga ligulata''		\|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Saxifraga ligulata'' (''Bergenia ligulata'')
	! Indication		! Indication
	! ~~Active Biomolecules~~		! Preparation / Constituents Studied
	! Primary Pharmacological Action		! Primary Pharmacological Action
	\|-		\|-
	\| '''Renal Calculi / Asmari'''		\| '''Renal Calculi / Asmari'''
	\| ~~Bergenin, Polyphenols~~		\| Aqueous-methanolic rhizome extract
	\| Anti-urolithiatic, ~~Lithotriptic~~, ~~Diuretic~~		\| Anti-urolithiatic, Diuretic, Antioxidant
	\|-		\|-
	\| '''Dysuria / Mutrakriccha'''		\| '''Dysuria / Mutrakriccha'''
	\| ~~Mucilage, Flavonoids~~		\| 50% ethanolic extract
	\| ~~Demulcent,~~ Anti-inflammatory		\| Anti-inflammatory, Antipyretic (animal studies)
	\|-		\|-
	\| '''Urinary Tract Infections'''		\| '''Urinary Tract Infections'''
	\| ~~Tannins~~, ~~Glycosides~~		\| Methanolic extract, bergenin and related phenolics
	\| ~~Antimicrobial, Nephroprotective~~		\| Antibacterial (gram-positive bacteria)
	\|}		\|}

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	{{Reflist\|refs=		{{Reflist\|refs=
	<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1: 57.</ref>		<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1: 57.</ref>
	<ref name="~~Garabadu2013~~">~~{{cite journal \|last1=Garabadu \|first1=D~~. ~~\|last2~~=~~Krishnamurthy \|first2=S~~. ~~\|year=2013 \|title=Anti-urolithiatic~~ and ~~diuretic~~ activity of ~~Saxifraga~~ ligulata ~~rhizome extract in experimental animals \|journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology \|volume=148 \|issue=2 \|pages=435–442}}~~</ref>		<ref name="Pandey2017">Pandey R, Kumar B, Meena B, Srivastava M, Mishra T, Tiwari V, et al. Major bioactive phenolics in ''Bergenia'' species from the Indian Himalayan region: method development, validation and quantitative estimation using UHPLC-QqQLIT-MS/MS. PLoS One. 2017;12(7):e0180950.</ref>
	<ref name="~~Pandey2007~~">~~{{cite journal \|last1=Pandey \|first1=A. \|last2=Gupta \|first2=~~S. ~~\|last3=Saxena \|first3=R. \|year=2007 \|title=Nephroprotective and antioxidant potential~~ of ~~Saxifraga~~ ligulata ~~against gentamicin-induced renal damage \|journal=Pharmacologyonline \|volume=3 \|pages=450–458}}~~</ref>		<ref name="Rajbhandari2011">Rajbhandari M, Khatri HR, Lalk M, Gewali MB, Lindequist U. Phytochemical investigation and antibacterial activity of ''Bergenia ligulata''. J Nepal Chem Soc. 2011;28:110–114.</ref>
	<ref name="~~Khandelwal2010~~">~~{{cite journal \|last1=Khandelwal \|first1=K. R. \|last2=Jain \|first2=~~S. ~~\|year=2010 \|title=Evaluation~~ of ~~antimicrobial and anti~~-~~inflammatory properties of Saxifraga ligulata root extracts \|journal=International Journal of Green Pharmacy \|volume=4 \|issue=3 \|pages=180–184}}~~</ref>		<ref name="Bashir2009">Bashir S, Gilani AH. Antiurolithic effect of ''Bergenia ligulata'' rhizome: an explanation of the underlying mechanisms. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009;122(1):106–116.</ref>
			<ref name="Roychoudhury2022">Roychoudhury S, et al. Clinical potential of Himalayan herb ''Bergenia ligulata'': an evidence-based study. Molecules. 2022;27(20):7039.</ref>
	}}		}}

	[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals\| Herbs]]		[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals\| Herbs]]

Dridhabala at 16:43, 30 September 2026

2026-09-30T16:43:49Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:43, 30 September 2026
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	Ashmaghna, Ashmabhedaka, Shilodbheda, Giribhid, Bhinnayojini		Ashmaghna, Ashmabhedaka, Shilodbheda, Giribhid, Bhinnayojini

	~~[[File:Saxifraga_ligulata.jpg\|thumb\|Pashanabheda (Saxifraga ligulata)]]~~

	== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==		== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==

Dridhabala at 04:25, 17 September 2026

2026-09-17T04:25:42Z

Show changes

Dridhabala at 15:12, 17 August 2025

2025-08-17T15:12:50Z

Maitreya at 17:43, 6 March 2025

2025-03-06T17:43:59Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:43, 6 March 2025
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	\|label2 = Botanical name(s)		\|label2 = Botanical name(s)
	\|data2 = .Saxifraga ligulata Wall.		\|data2 = .Saxifraga ligulata Wall.
	\|label3 =		\|label3 = Family
	\|data3 =		\|data3 = Saxifragaceae
	\|label4 =		\|label4 = Availability
	\|data4 =		\|data4 = Available
	\|label5 = Contributors		\|label5 = Contributors
	\|data5 = --		\|data5 = --
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	==English name==		==English name==
	--		--

			==Therapeutic uses<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1:57</ref>==
			Asmari(Stone), Meha,Mutrakriccha(dysuria)

	==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==		==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
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	\|1		\|1
	\|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(35)		\|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(35)
	\|Mootravirechaniya mahakashaya		\|Mootravirechaniya(diuretics) mahakashaya
	\|-		\|-
	\|2		\|2
	\|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/15		\|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/15
	\|Santarpanajanya vikar chikitsa		\|Santarpanajanya vikar chikitsa(Treatment of Over-nutrition, under-nutrition disorder)
	\|-		\|-
	\|3		\|3
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	\|4		\|4
	\|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/46		\|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/46
	\|Used for Vataja Mutrakruchhra.		\|Used for Vataja Mutrakruchhra.(dysuria)
	\|-		\|-
	\|5		\|5
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	\|}		\|}

			==Dose<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1:57</ref>==
			* 3-6 g of the drug in powder form.
			* 20-30 g of the drug for decoction.

			==Important formulation<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1:57</ref>==
			* Asmarihara kashaya churna
			* Mutravirechaniya kashaya churna

	==Current availability ==		==Current availability ==
	Available		Available
			India- Himalaya
	==Current researches ==		==Current researches ==
	[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals \| Herbs]]		[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals \| Herbs]]
	This article is under development ..		This article is under development ..

Maitreya at 17:24, 6 March 2025

2025-03-06T17:24:00Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:24, 6 March 2025
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	\|label2 = Botanical name(s)		\|label2 = Botanical name(s)
	\|data2 = .Saxifraga ligulata Wall.		\|data2 = .Saxifraga ligulata Wall.
	\|label3 = Contributors		\|label3 =
	\|~~data3~~ = --		\|data3 =
	\|~~label4~~ = Year of publication		\|label4 =
	\|~~data4~~ = ~~2023~~		\|data4 =
	\|~~label5~~ = Publisher		\|label5 = Contributors
	\|~~data5~~ = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]		\|data5 = --
	\|~~label6~~ = DOI		\|label6 = Year of publication
	\|~~data6~~ = Awaited		\|data6 = 2025
			\|label7 = Publisher
			\|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
			\|label8 = DOI
			\|data8 = Awaited
	}}		}}

Maitreya: Created page with "Saxifraga ligulata Wall. {{Infobox |title = Pashanabheda |label1 = Section/Chapter |data1 = Herb database/Pashanabheda |label2 = Botanical name(s) |data2 = .Saxifraga ligulata..."

2025-03-06T17:22:12Z

Created page with "Saxifraga ligulata Wall. {{Infobox |title = Pashanabheda |label1 = Section/Chapter |data1 = Herb database/Pashanabheda |label2 = Botanical name(s) |data2 = .Saxifraga ligulata..."

New page

Saxifraga ligulata Wall.
{{Infobox
|title = Pashanabheda
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Pashanabheda
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = .Saxifraga ligulata Wall.
|label3 = Contributors
|data3 = --
|label4 = Year of publication
|data4 = 2023
|label5 = Publisher
|data5 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label6 = DOI
|data6 = Awaited
}}

==English name==
--

==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Ashmaghna, Ashmabhedaka, Shilodbheda, Giribhid, Bhinnayojini

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Properties'''
|'''Sr.no.'''
|'''Pharmacological criteria'''
|'''Properties'''
|-
|1
|Taste (rasa)
|Astringent (kashaya), Bitter (tikta)
|-
|2
|Potency (veerya)
|Cold (sheeta)
|-
|3
|Post digestion effect (vipaka)
|Pungent (katu)
|-
|4
|Qualities (guna)
|Light (laghu), Unctuous (snigdha), Sharp (tikshna)
|-
|5
|Actions (karma)
|Pacify all three dosha (tridoshahara)
|-
|6
|Extra ordinary effect (prabhava)
|Helps in curing renal calculi (ashmarighna)
|}

==Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Herbs and their activities'''
|'''Sr.no.'''
|'''Reference in Charak Samhita'''
|'''Activity'''
|-
|1
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(35)
|Mootravirechaniya mahakashaya
|-
|2
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/15
|Santarpanajanya vikar chikitsa
|-
|3
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/113
|Used as ingredient of yavagu
|-
|4
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/46
|Used for Vataja Mutrakruchhra.
|-
|5
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/60
|As an ingredient of Pashanbhedadi churna.
|-
|6
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/64
|As an ingredient of Trutyadi yoga.
|-
|7
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/69
|As an ingredient of Karpasmooladi yoga.
|-
|8
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/90
|As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna.
|}

==Current availability ==
Available
==Current researches ==
[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
This article is under development ..

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:12, 17 August 2025
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	--		--

	==Therapeutic uses<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1:57</ref>==		==Therapeutic uses==
	~~Asmari(Stone), Meha,Mutrakriccha(dysuria)~~		Asmari(Stone), Meha,Mutrakriccha(dysuria)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1:57</ref>

	==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==		==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
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	\|4		\|4
	\|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/46		\|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/46
	\|Used for Vataja Mutrakruchhra.(dysuria)		\|Used for Vataja Mutrakruchhra(dysuria)
	\|-		\|-
	\|5		\|5
	\|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/60		\|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/60
	\|As an ingredient of Pashanbhedadi churna.		\|As an ingredient of Pashanbhedadi churna
	\|-		\|-
	\|6		\|6
	\|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/64		\|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/64
	\|As an ingredient of Trutyadi yoga.		\|As an ingredient of Trutyadi yoga
	\|-		\|-
	\|7		\|7
	\|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/69		\|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/69
	\|As an ingredient of Karpasmooladi yoga.		\|As an ingredient of Karpasmooladi yoga
	\|-		\|-
	\|8		\|8
	\|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/90		\|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/90
	\|As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna.		\|As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna
	\|}		\|}

	==Dose<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1:57</ref>==		==Dose==
	* 3-6 g of the drug in powder form.		* 3-6 g of the drug in powder form
	* 20-30 g of the drug for decoction.		* 20-30 g of the drug for decoction<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1:57</ref>

	==Important formulation<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1:57</ref>==		==Important formulation==
			As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1:57</ref>
	* Asmarihara kashaya churna		* Asmarihara kashaya churna
	* Mutravirechaniya kashaya churna		* Mutravirechaniya kashaya churna