Agnivesha at 07:23, 15 July 2026

2026-07-15T07:23:33Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:23, 15 July 2026
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	'''''Cyperus rotundus''''', commonly known as '''musta''' (मुस्ता), '''mustaka''', or '''nut grass''', is a perennial [[sedge]] native to Africa, southern and central Europe, and southern Asia. While widely categorized as an invasive agricultural weed, the ~~[[rhizome]]s~~ and ~~[[tuber]]s~~ of ''C. rotundus'' have been utilized for centuries in traditional medicine systems, including [[Ayurveda]] and [[traditional Chinese medicine]] (TCM).<ref name="Peerzada2015" /><ref name="Xue2023" />		'''''Cyperus rotundus''''', commonly known as '''musta''' (मुस्ता), '''mustaka''', or '''nut grass''', is a perennial sedge native to Africa, southern and central Europe, and southern Asia. While widely categorized as an invasive agricultural weed, the rhizomes and tubers of ''C. rotundus'' have been utilized for centuries in traditional medicine systems, including [[Ayurveda]] and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM).<ref name="Peerzada2015" /><ref name="Xue2023" />

	In traditional medicine, it is primarily indicated for ~~[[gastrointestinal disease\|~~gastrointestinal disorders]], fevers, ~~[[inflammation\|~~inflammatory conditions]], and ~~[[gynecology\|~~gynecological irregularities]].<ref name="Peerzada2015" /> Modern ~~[[pharmacology\|~~pharmacological]] research has investigated these traditional claims, identifying a wide array of bioactive compounds and validating its efficacy in gastrointestinal stability, inflammation management, gastroprotection, and specific ~~[[dermatology\|~~dermatological]] applications.<ref name="Xue2023" /><ref name="Kamala2018" />		In traditional medicine, it is primarily indicated for gastrointestinal disorders, fevers, inflammatory conditions, and gynecological irregularities.<ref name="Peerzada2015" /> Modern pharmacological research has investigated these traditional claims, identifying a wide array of bioactive compounds and validating its efficacy in gastrointestinal stability, inflammation management, gastroprotection, and specific dermatological applications.<ref name="Xue2023" /><ref name="Kamala2018" />

	==Therapeutic uses==		==Therapeutic uses==
			[[File:Musta.jpg\|thumb\|'''Musta (''Cyperus rotundus'')''']]
	Agnimandya,Ajeerna(indigestion), trushna(thirst), [[Jwara]](fever), sangrahani , shwasa(dyspnea), kasa(cough), mutrakruccha(dysuria), stanyavikara(breast milk disease), sutikaroga, atisara(diarrhea), amavata(rhematoid arthitis), krumiroga(worms).<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986;		Agnimandya,Ajeerna(indigestion), trushna(thirst), [[Jwara]](fever), sangrahani , shwasa(dyspnea), kasa(cough), mutrakruccha(dysuria), stanyavikara(breast milk disease), sutikaroga, atisara(diarrhea), amavata(rhematoid arthitis), krumiroga(worms).<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986;
	Volume 5:55</ref>		Volume 5:55</ref>
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	== Phytochemistry ==		== Phytochemistry ==

	Phytochemical evaluations have isolated more than 550 distinct [[secondary ~~metabolite]]s~~ from the rhizomes of ''C. rotundus''.<ref name="Xue2023" /> The primary bioactive fractions driving its therapeutic efficacy include:		Phytochemical evaluations have isolated more than 550 distinct secondary metabolites from the rhizomes of ''C. rotundus''.<ref name="Xue2023" /> The primary bioactive fractions driving its therapeutic efficacy include:
	* '''~~[[Sesquiterpene]]s~~ and [[essential ~~oil]]s~~:''' The characteristic woody aroma and primary anti-inflammatory activities are attributed to volatile compounds, including [[cyperene]], cyperotundone, [[rotundone]], alpha-cyperone, and patchoulenone.<ref name="Peerzada2015" /><ref name="Xue2023" />		* '''Sesquiterpenes and essential oils:''' The characteristic woody aroma and primary anti-inflammatory activities are attributed to volatile compounds, including cyperene, cyperotundone, rotundone, alpha-cyperone, and patchoulenone.<ref name="Peerzada2015" /><ref name="Xue2023" />
	* '''~~[[Phenols\|~~Phenolics]] and ~~[[flavonoid]]s~~:''' The plant contains significant reserves of polyphenols, flavonol glycosides, and specific ~~[[stilbene]]s~~, such as scirpusin A and B, which contribute to its [[antioxidant]] profile.<ref name="Kamala2018" />		* '''Phenolics and flavonoids:''' The plant contains significant reserves of polyphenols, flavonol glycosides, and specific stilbenes, such as scirpusin A and B, which contribute to its antioxidant profile.<ref name="Kamala2018" />
	* '''Other constituents:''' The tubers also yield ~~[[monoterpene\|~~monoterpenoids]], ~~[[alkaloid]]s~~, ~~[[saponin]]s~~, and ~~[[phytosterol]]s~~, such as [[beta-sitosterol]].<ref name="Xue2023" /><ref name="Kamala2018" />		* '''Other constituents:''' The tubers also yield monoterpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, and phytosterols, such as beta-sitosterol.<ref name="Xue2023" /><ref name="Kamala2018" />

	== Medical research and efficacy ==		== Medical research and efficacy ==
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	=== Gastrointestinal effects ===		=== Gastrointestinal effects ===

	In Ayurvedic pharmacology, ''C. rotundus'' is classified as a digestive stimulant (''Deepana'') and [[carminative]] (''Pachana''). Modern ''[[in vitro]]'' and ''[[in vivo]]'' studies indicate that the plant exhibits antidiarrheal and antimicrobial properties through non-bactericidal mechanisms.<ref name="Birdi2011" /> Research demonstrates that a crude decoction of the tubers significantly inhibits the proliferation of the protozoan ''[[Giardia lamblia]]''.<ref name="Birdi2011" /> Furthermore, the extract reduces the adherence and invasive capabilities of pathogenic ''[[Escherichia coli]]'' and ''[[Shigella flexneri]]'' to intestinal epithelial cells, while concurrently neutralizing enterotoxin-induced cytotoxicity.<ref name="Birdi2011" />		In Ayurvedic pharmacology, ''C. rotundus'' is classified as a digestive stimulant (''Deepana'') and carminative (''Pachana''). Modern ''in vitro'' and ''in vivo'' studies indicate that the plant exhibits antidiarrheal and antimicrobial properties through non-bactericidal mechanisms.<ref name="Birdi2011" /> Research demonstrates that a crude decoction of the tubers significantly inhibits the proliferation of the protozoan ''Giardia lamblia''.<ref name="Birdi2011" /> Furthermore, the extract reduces the adherence and invasive capabilities of pathogenic ''Escherichia coli'' and ''Shigella flexneri'' to intestinal epithelial cells, while concurrently neutralizing enterotoxin-induced cytotoxicity.<ref name="Birdi2011" />

	=== Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activity ===		=== Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activity ===

	Preclinical models have validated the traditional use of ''C. rotundus'' in treating painful and febrile inflammatory states. In animal models of [[carrageenan]]-induced paw [[edema]], ethanolic extracts of the rhizomes demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity comparable to ~~[[nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug\|~~non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)]] such as [[indomethacin]].<ref name="Kamala2018" /> Additionally, alcoholic extracts have shown significant antipyretic action in yeast-induced [[pyrexia]] models, achieving body temperature reductions statistically similar to [[aspirin]].<ref name="Kamala2018" /> These effects are primarily mediated by the essential oil and sesquiterpenoid fractions interacting with nociceptive and inflammatory pathways.<ref name="Xue2023" />		Preclinical models have validated the traditional use of ''C. rotundus'' in treating painful and febrile inflammatory states. In animal models of carrageenan-induced paw edema, ethanolic extracts of the rhizomes demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity comparable to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as indomethacin.<ref name="Kamala2018" /> Additionally, alcoholic extracts have shown significant antipyretic action in yeast-induced pyrexia models, achieving body temperature reductions statistically similar to aspirin.<ref name="Kamala2018" /> These effects are primarily mediated by the essential oil and sesquiterpenoid fractions interacting with nociceptive and inflammatory pathways.<ref name="Xue2023" />

	=== Gastroprotective mechanisms ===		=== Gastroprotective mechanisms ===

	Unlike synthetic NSAIDs, which frequently compromise gastric mucosal integrity, ''C. rotundus'' has demonstrated gastroprotective qualities.<ref name="Thomas2015" /> ''In vivo'' evaluations using 70% methanolic extracts showed a dose-dependent prevention of aspirin-induced gastric ulceration.<ref name="Thomas2015" /> The mechanism is associated with a significant upregulation of endogenous antioxidant enzymes—specifically [[superoxide dismutase]] (SOD), [[glutathione]] (GSH), and [[glutathione peroxidase]] (GPx)—alongside a marked reduction in tissue [[lipid peroxidation]].<ref name="Thomas2015" />		Unlike synthetic NSAIDs, which frequently compromise gastric mucosal integrity, ''C. rotundus'' has demonstrated gastroprotective qualities.<ref name="Thomas2015" /> ''In vivo'' evaluations using 70% methanolic extracts showed a dose-dependent prevention of aspirin-induced gastric ulceration.<ref name="Thomas2015" /> The mechanism is associated with a significant upregulation of endogenous antioxidant enzymes—specifically superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)—alongside a marked reduction in tissue lipid peroxidation.<ref name="Thomas2015" />

	=== Dermatological applications ===		=== Dermatological applications ===

	Clinical trials have explored the anti-androgenic potential of ''C. rotundus'' essential oil for topical applications in dermatology.		Clinical trials have explored the anti-androgenic potential of ''C. rotundus'' essential oil for topical applications in dermatology.
	* '''~~[[Hair removal\|~~Hair reduction]]:''' Due to the anti-androgenic activity of its constituent flavonoids, topical application of the essential oil has been investigated as a method for reducing ~~[[hirsutism\|~~unwanted body hair]].<ref name="Mohammed2014" /> In a randomized controlled trial comparing the oil against [[Alexandrite laser]] epilation and placebos, the topical ''C. rotundus'' oil achieved hair reduction results statistically equivalent to laser treatment for dark hair, while significantly outperforming laser therapy on white hair without adverse effects.<ref name="Mohammed2014" />		* '''Hair reduction:''' Due to the anti-androgenic activity of its constituent flavonoids, topical application of the essential oil has been investigated as a method for reducing unwanted body hair.<ref name="Mohammed2014" /> In a randomized controlled trial comparing the oil against Alexandrite laser epilation and placebos, the topical ''C. rotundus'' oil achieved hair reduction results statistically equivalent to laser treatment for dark hair, while significantly outperforming laser therapy on white hair without adverse effects.<ref name="Mohammed2014" />
	* '''Post-laser recovery:''' Additional clinical evidence indicates that the topical application of ''C. rotundus'' essential oil effectively mitigates post-laser skin irritation and [[erythema]] (redness), demonstrating a healing profile comparable to 1% [[hydrocortisone]] cream.<ref name="Mohammed2021" />		* '''Post-laser recovery:''' Additional clinical evidence indicates that the topical application of ''C. rotundus'' essential oil effectively mitigates post-laser skin irritation and erythema (redness), demonstrating a healing profile comparable to 1% hydrocortisone cream.<ref name="Mohammed2021" />

	== Toxicology and safety ==		== Toxicology and safety ==

	Toxicological evaluations indicate that ''C. rotundus'' possesses a favorable safety profile when prepared in standard therapeutic dosages.<ref name="Peerzada2015" /> Acute and chronic [[toxicity]] studies in animal models have shown no evidence of [[genotoxicity]] or significant systemic organ toxicity, corroborating its long history of clinical use in traditional medicine.<ref name="Peerzada2015" /><ref name="Xue2023" />		Toxicological evaluations indicate that ''C. rotundus'' possesses a favorable safety profile when prepared in standard therapeutic dosages.<ref name="Peerzada2015" /> Acute and chronic toxicity studies in animal models have shown no evidence of genotoxicity or significant systemic organ toxicity, corroborating its long history of clinical use in traditional medicine.<ref name="Peerzada2015" /><ref name="Xue2023" />

	== References ==		== References ==
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	https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Cyperus%20rotundus		https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Cyperus%20rotundus

	[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals \| Herbs]]		[[index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals\| Herbs]]

Agnivesha at 07:13, 15 July 2026

2026-07-15T07:13:24Z

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Manishdubey: /* Ayurvedic pharmacological properties */

2023-05-18T13:39:12Z

Ayurvedic pharmacological properties

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:39, 18 May 2023
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	! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties		! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
	\|-		\|-
	\| 1 \|\| Taste ([[rasa]]) \|\|		\| 1 \|\| Taste ([[rasa]]) \|\| Pungent (katu), Bitter (tikta), Astringent (kashaya)
	\|-		\|-
	\| 2 \|\| Potency ([[veerya]]) \|\|		\| 2 \|\| Potency ([[veerya]]) \|\| Cold (sheeta)
	\|-		\|-
	\| 3 \|\| Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) \|\|		\| 3 \|\| Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) \|\| Pungent (katu)
	\|-		\|-
	\| 4 \|\| Qualities ([[guna]])\|\|		\| 4 \|\| Qualities ([[guna]])\|\| Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
	\|-		\|-
	\| 5 \|\| Actions ([[karma]]) \|\|		\| 5 \|\| Actions ([[karma]]) \|\| Pacify Kapha and Pitta
	\|-		\|-
	\|}		\|}

Manishdubey at 12:44, 26 April 2023

2023-04-26T12:44:02Z

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Manishdubey: /* Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions */

2023-04-26T12:22:00Z

Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:22, 26 April 2023
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	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"

Anaghas: Created page with "Cyperus rotundus L {{Infobox |title = Musta |label1 = Section/Chapter |data1 = Herb database/Musta |label2 = Botanical name(s) |data2 = Cyperus rotundus L |label3 = Contribut..."

2021-12-27T16:31:55Z

Created page with "Cyperus rotundus L {{Infobox |title = Musta |label1 = Section/Chapter |data1 = Herb database/Musta |label2 = Botanical name(s) |data2 = Cyperus rotundus L |label3 = Contribut..."

New page

Cyperus rotundus L

{{Infobox
|title = Musta
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Musta
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Cyperus rotundus L
|label3 = Contributors
|data3 = --
|label4 = Year of publication
|data4 = 2021
|label5 = Publisher
|data5 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label6 = DOI
|data6 = Awaited
}}

==English name ==

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==

Musta

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
|1 ||[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/16 || Preparations of Trivrut
|-
|2 ||[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/46 || Vyoshadi Modaka
|-
| 3 ||[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/52 || preparation of Trivrittadi Modak
|-
| 4 || [[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/57 || Sharadkalina Trivrut Yoga
|-
| 5 || [[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/61 || Sarvaritu Trivrut Yoga
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties (Dry) !! Properties (Wet)
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || ||
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || ||
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || ||
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| ||
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || ||
|-
|}

== Current availability==

Available

== Current researches ==

[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
This article is under development ..

Musta - Revision history

Agnivesha at 07:23, 15 July 2026

Agnivesha at 07:13, 15 July 2026

Manishdubey: /* Ayurvedic pharmacological properties */

Manishdubey at 12:44, 26 April 2023

Manishdubey: /* Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions */

Anaghas: Created page with "Cyperus rotundus L {{Infobox |title = Musta |label1 = Section/Chapter |data1 = Herb database/Musta |label2 = Botanical name(s) |data2 = Cyperus rotundus L |label3 = Contribut..."