Charak Samhita - Recent changes [en]

Talk:Lavanga

Dridhabala — Wed, 26 Aug 2026 17:03:54 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:03, 26 August 2026
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	! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charaka Samhita !! Activity / Indication		! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charaka Samhita !! Activity / Indication
	\|-		\|-
	\| 1 \|\| ~~Charaka Samhita~~ [[Sutra Sthana]] 5/77 \|\| Used as mouth fresheners (''Mukhadurgandhanashaka'')		\| 1 \|\| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/77 \|\| Used as mouth fresheners (''Mukhadurgandhanashaka'')
	\|-		\|-
	\| 2 \|\| ~~Charaka Samhita~~ [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/210 \|\| As an active ingredient of ''Khadiradi Gutika''		\| 2 \|\| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/210 \|\| As an active ingredient of ''Khadiradi Gutika''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 3 \|\| ~~Charaka Samhita~~ [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/153 \|\| As an active ingredient of ''Bala Taila''		\| 3 \|\| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/153 \|\| As an active ingredient of ''Bala Taila''
	\|}		\|}

Talk:Karanja

Dridhabala — Wed, 26 Aug 2026 17:01:23 GMT

Talk:Karanja

Dridhabala — Wed, 26 Aug 2026 16:42:13 GMT

Created page with "{{Infobox plant | name = Karanja | image = Pongamia_pinnata.jpg | image_caption = Foliage and flowers of ''Pongamia pinnata'' (Indian beech) | binomial_name = ''Pongamia pinnata'' (L.) Pierre | family = Fabaceae (Papilionaceae) | common_names = Indian beech, Pongam oil tree | synonyms = ''Naktamala'', ''Chirabilvaka'' }} '''Karanja''' (Latin: ''Pongamia pinnata'' Pierre, English: '''Indian beech''') is a m..."

New page

{{Infobox plant
| name = Karanja
| image = Pongamia_pinnata.jpg
| image_caption = Foliage and flowers of ''Pongamia pinnata'' (Indian beech)
| binomial_name = ''Pongamia pinnata'' (L.) Pierre
| family = Fabaceae (Papilionaceae)
| common_names = Indian beech, Pongam oil tree
| synonyms = ''Naktamala'', ''Chirabilvaka''
}}

'''Karanja''' (Latin: ''Pongamia pinnata'' Pierre, English: '''Indian beech''') is a medium-sized deciduous or evergreen tree belonging to the family Fabaceae (traditionally Papilionaceae). In Ayurveda, it is celebrated for its potent anthelmintic (''Krumighna''), wound-cleansing and healing (''Vrana Shodhana''), and dermatological (''Kushthaghna'') properties.<ref name="API">Anonymous. ''The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India''. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1: 40.</ref>

== Botanical & Vernacular Names ==
* '''Botanical Name:''' ''Pongamia pinnata'' (L.) Pierre
* '''Family:''' Papilionaceae (Fabaceae)
* '''English Name:''' Indian beech
* '''Sanskrit / Classical Name:''' Karanja

== Synonyms in Classical Texts ==
* '''Synonyms in Bhavaprakash Nighantu:'''<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, ''Bhavaprakash Nighantu''. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Guduchyadi varga, verse no. 119–120.</ref>
** ''Karanja'' – The flowers of Karanja are curved/shaped like nails.
** ''Naktamala'' – The flowers bloom/blossom during the night.
** ''Chirabilvaka''

== Varieties ==
Classical texts recognize several varieties of Karanja:

=== According to Bhavaprakash Nighantu ===
# '''Ghrita Karanja'''
# '''Kantakari Karanja'''
# '''Karanji'''

=== According to Raja Nighantu ===<ref name="RajaNighantu">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, ''Raja Nighantu of Pandit Narhari''. Edition 2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, Prabhadradi varga, verse no. 62, 64, 67, 68, 70, 72.</ref>
# '''Karanja'''
# '''Ghrita Karanja'''
# '''Mahakaranja'''
# '''Putikaranja'''
# '''Guccha Karanja'''
# '''Ritha Karanja'''

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics, the properties (''Rasa Panchaka'') of Karanja are summarized below:<ref name="API" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
| 1 || '''Taste (''[[Rasa]]'')''' || Pungent (''Katu''), Bitter (''Tikta'')
|-
| 2 || '''Potency (''[[Veerya]]'')''' || Hot (''Ushna'')
|-
| 3 || '''Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'')''' || Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 4 || '''Qualities (''[[Guna]]'')''' || Sharp (''Tikshna'')
|-
| 5 || '''Actions (''[[Karma]]'')''' || ''Krumijit'' (anthelmintic / antiparasitic), ''Kushthaghna'' (cures skin diseases), ''Kaphavatahara'' (pacifies Kapha and Vata doshas), ''Vrana Shodhana'' (cleanses and purifies wounds/ulcers)
|}

== References in Charaka Samhita ==
Karanja is extensively mentioned in the ''Charaka Samhita'' across various clinical contexts and formulations:

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charaka Samhita !! Activity / Formulation / Indication
|-
| 1 || [[Charaka Samhita]] [[Sutra Sthana]] 3/3 || Formulations used for local external application
|-
| 2 || [[Charaka Samhita]] [[Sutra Sthana]] 3/13 || Rasanjanadi formulation
|-
| 3 || [[Charaka Samhita]] [[Sutra Sthana]] 3/14 || Haridradi formulation
|-
| 4 || [[Charaka Samhita]] [[Sutra Sthana]] 3/15 || Manahshiladi formulation
|-
| 5 || [[Charaka Samhita]] [[Sutra Sthana]] 5/73 || Used as a tooth-cleaning twig (toothbrush / ''Dantadhavana'')
|-
| 6 || [[Charaka Samhita]] [[Sutra Sthana]] 13/10 || Classification as vegetable/plant sources of lipids (''Sneha Dravya'')
|-
| 7 || [[Charaka Samhita]] [[Sutra Sthana]] 14/31 || Ingredient of decoction used for steam fomentation (''Nadi Sweda'')
|-
| 8 || [[Charaka Samhita]] [[Sutra Sthana]] 14/43 || Ingredient of decoction used for steam fomentation (''Nadi Sweda'')
|-
| 9 || [[Charaka Samhita]] [[Nidana Sthana]] 2/4 || Mentioned in context as an etiological factor in bleeding disorders (''Raktapitta'')
|-
| 10 || [[Charaka Samhita]] [[Vimana Sthana]] 7/17 || Used in the management and treatment of parasitic infestations (''Krumi Roga'')
|-
| 11 || [[Charaka Samhita]] [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/48 || Ingredient of therapeutic formulations used in skin diseases (''Kushtha'')
|-
| 12 || [[Charaka Samhita]] [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/56 || Ingredient of formulations used in the treatment of skin diseases (''Kushtha'')
|-
| 13 || [[Charaka Samhita]] [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/91 || Ingredient of ''Siddharthaka Snana'' (medicated bath) for dermatoses
|-
| 14 || [[Charaka Samhita]] [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/93 || Used as an external application (''Lepa'')
|-
| 15 || [[Charaka Samhita]] [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/94 || Used as an external application (''Lepa'')
|-
| 16 || [[Charaka Samhita]] [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/111 || Ingredient of ''Kanakaksheeri Tailam''
|-
| 17 || [[Charaka Samhita]] [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/119 || Formulation drug (''Yoga Dravya'') used in skin diseases (''Kushtha'')
|-
| 18 || [[Charaka Samhita]] [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/152 || Ingredient of ''Maha Khadira Ghrita''
|-
| 19 || [[Charaka Samhita]] [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/158 || Formulation drug used in parasitic / infective dermatoses (''Krumi Kushtha'')
|-
| 20 || [[Charaka Samhita]] [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/44 || Used in nasal errhines / errhine therapy (''Nasya'')
|-
| 21 || [[Charaka Samhita]] [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/67 || Ingredient of medicated water used for therapeutic baths
|-
| 22 || [[Charaka Samhita]] [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/57 || Formulation drug used for external therapeutic application
|-
| 23 || [[Charaka Samhita]] [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/101 || Formulation drug in the treatment of hemorrhoids associated with constipation
|-
| 24 || [[Charaka Samhita]] [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/179 || Ingredient in alkaline preparations (''Kshara Kalpana'')
|-
| 25 || [[Charaka Samhita]] [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/137 || Formulation drug used in the treatment of cystic erysipelas (''Granthi Visarpa'')
|-
| 26 || [[Charaka Samhita]] [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/69 || Formulation drug utilized for nasal administration (''Nasya'')
|-
| 27 || [[Charaka Samhita]] [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/70 || Ingredient of ''Gandhahasti Agada''
|-
| 28 || [[Charaka Samhita]] [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/79 || Ingredient of ''Mahagandhahastinama Agada''
|-
| 29 || [[Charaka Samhita]] [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/209 || Formulation drug used in scorpion bite poisoning
|-
| 30 || [[Charaka Samhita]] [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/216 || Formulation drug used in the treatment of house lizard venom poisoning
|-
| 31 || [[Charaka Samhita]] [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/246 || Ingredient of ''Amrita Ghrita''
|-
| 32 || [[Charaka Samhita]] [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/57 || Formulation drug used in the treatment of Kaphaja dysuria (''Kaphaja Mutrakruccha'')
|-
| 33 || [[Charaka Samhita]] [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/154 || Formulation drug used in Kaphaja coryza and chronic rhinitis (''Dushta Pratishyaya'')
|-
| 34 || [[Charaka Samhita]] [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/186 || Formulation drug in Kaphaja, Sannipatika, and parasite-induced head disorders (''Shiroroga'')
|-
| 35 || [[Charaka Samhita]] [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/34 || Used as a formulation drug (''Yoga Dravya'')
|-
| 36 || [[Charaka Samhita]] [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/49 || Used as an external application (''Lepa'')
|-
| 37 || [[Charaka Samhita]] [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/57 || Used as an external application (''Lepa'')
|-
| 38 || [[Charaka Samhita]] [[Kalpa Sthana]] 11/11 || Classified as a purgative / therapeutic evacuation drug (''Virechana Dravya'')
|-
| 39 || [[Charaka Samhita]] [[Kalpa Sthana]] 11/14 || Ingredient of medicated ghee (''Ghrita'') preparation
|}

== Therapeutic Uses ==
Karanja is clinically indicated for:<ref name="API" />
* ''Vrana'' (Wounds, ulcers, and non-healing lesions)
* ''Krumi'' (Helminthiasis, worm infestations, and microbes)
* ''Kustha'' (Dermatological conditions, leprosy, and stubborn skin diseases)

== Dosage & Administration ==
* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 0.25 g of the drug powder.<ref name="API" />
* '''Decoction (''Kwatha''):''' 5 – 10 g of the crude drug for preparing decoctions.<ref name="API" />

== Important Formulations ==
* ''Aragvadhadi Kwatha Churna''
* ''Pathyadi Lepa''

== Habitat & Availability ==
* '''Status:''' Available
* '''Geographical Distribution:''' Distributed throughout India, frequently growing along riverbanks, lakes, streams, and tidal forests.

== Current Research ==
* Phytochemical profile & research database: [https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Pongamia%20pinnata IMPPAT Phytochemical Profile: Pongamia pinnata]

== References ==
<references />

Herbs details

Agnivesha — Wed, 26 Aug 2026 07:35:07 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:35, 26 August 2026
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	# [[Gokshura]]		# [[Gokshura]]
	# [[Surasa\|Tulasi]] ([[Surasa]])		# [[Surasa\|Tulasi]] ([[Surasa]])
			# [[Lavanga]]

Lavanga

Agnivesha — Wed, 26 Aug 2026 07:34:11 GMT

File:Lavanga.jpg

Agnivesha — Wed, 26 Aug 2026 07:31:43 GMT

Agnivesha uploaded File:Lavanga.jpg

New page

Lavanga

Agnivesha — Wed, 26 Aug 2026 07:26:16 GMT

Show changes

Talk:Lavanga

Agnivesha — Wed, 26 Aug 2026 07:25:50 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:25, 26 August 2026
Line 10:		Line 10:

	[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clove Lavanga] (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry), widely recognized in [[Ayurveda]] jurisprudence as '''Lavanga''' and commercially known as '''Clove''', is an evergreen tree belonging to the family Myrtaceae. Botanically, the drug comprises the dried, unopened flower buds of the plant. It is a well-known aromatic flower bud belonging to the family Myrtaceae. In Ayurveda, it is widely used as a therapeutic drug, digestive stimulant, and flavoring agent.<ref name="API">Anonymous. ''The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India''. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1: 52.</ref>		[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clove Lavanga] (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry), widely recognized in [[Ayurveda]] jurisprudence as '''Lavanga''' and commercially known as '''Clove''', is an evergreen tree belonging to the family Myrtaceae. Botanically, the drug comprises the dried, unopened flower buds of the plant. It is a well-known aromatic flower bud belonging to the family Myrtaceae. In Ayurveda, it is widely used as a therapeutic drug, digestive stimulant, and flavoring agent.<ref name="API">Anonymous. ''The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India''. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1: 52.</ref>

			{{Infobox
			\|title = Lavanga
			\|label1 = Section/Chapter
			\|data1 = Herb database/Amalaki
			\|label2 = Botanical name(s)
			\|data2 = Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry
			\|label3 = Family
			\|data3 = Myrtaceae
			\|label4 = Availability
			\|data4 = Available
			\|label5 = Contributors
			\|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
			\|label6 = Year of publication
			\|data6 = 2026
			\|label7 = Publisher
			\|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
			\|label8 = DOI
			\|data8 = Awaited
			}}

	== Botanical & Vernacular Names ==		== Botanical & Vernacular Names ==
Line 28:		Line 48:
	** ''Lavanga''		** ''Lavanga''
	* '''Synonyms in Bhavaprakash Nighantu:'''<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, ''Bhavaprakash Nighantu''. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Karpuradi varga, verse no. 58.</ref>		* '''Synonyms in Bhavaprakash Nighantu:'''<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, ''Bhavaprakash Nighantu''. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Karpuradi varga, verse no. 58.</ref>
	** ''Devakusuma'' ~~&ndash~~; The flowers are used to worship gods and considered the best among flowers.		** ''Devakusuma''; The flowers are used to worship gods and considered the best among flowers.
	** ''Shreesangna'' ~~&ndash~~; Auspicious in nature.		** ''Shreesangna''; Auspicious in nature.
	** ''Shree Prasunaka'' ~~&ndash~~; Possessing beautiful flowers.		** ''Shree Prasunaka''; Possessing beautiful flowers.

	== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==		== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
Line 40:		Line 60:
	\| 1 \|\| '''Taste (''[[Rasa]]'')''' \|\| Pungent (''Katu''), Bitter (''Tikta'')		\| 1 \|\| '''Taste (''[[Rasa]]'')''' \|\| Pungent (''Katu''), Bitter (''Tikta'')
	\|-		\|-
	\| 2 \|\| '''Potency (''[[Veerya]]'')''' \|\| Cold (''~~Sita~~'')		\| 2 \|\| '''Potency (''[[Veerya]]'')''' \|\| Cold (''Sheeta'')
	\|-		\|-
	\| 3 \|\| '''Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'')''' \|\| Pungent (''Katu'')		\| 3 \|\| '''Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'')''' \|\| Pungent (''Katu'')

Amalaki

Agnivesha — Wed, 26 Aug 2026 07:17:05 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:17, 26 August 2026
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	\|title=Charak Samhita		\|title=Charak Samhita
	\|titlemode=append		\|titlemode=append
	\|keywords=Amalaki, Amalaki, Emblica officinalis Gaertn, Phyllanthus emblica L., Charak Samhita, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,		\|keywords=Amalaki, Amalaki, Emblica officinalis Gaertn, Phyllanthus emblica L., therapeutic use, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
	\|description='Emblica officinalis Gaertn or Phyllanthus emblica L. is an extensively used herb in [[Ayurveda]] for dietary and therapeutic purpose as well.		\|description='Emblica officinalis Gaertn or Phyllanthus emblica L. is an extensively used herb in [[Ayurveda]] for dietary and therapeutic purpose as well.
	\|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg		\|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
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	\|data4 = Available		\|data4 = Available
	\|label5 = Contributors		\|label5 = Contributors
	\|data5 = Dravyaguna ~~Team~~		\|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
	\|label6 = Year of publication		\|label6 = Year of publication
	\|data6 = ~~2025~~		\|data6 = 2026
	\|label7 = Publisher		\|label7 = Publisher
	\|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]		\|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]

Talk:Lavanga

Agnivesha — Wed, 26 Aug 2026 07:14:11 GMT

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Infobox plant
+{{#seo:
-| name               = Lavanga
+|title=Charak Samhita
-| image              = Clove_Syzygium_aromaticum.jpg
+|titlemode=append
-| image_caption      = Fresh flower buds of ''Syzygium aromaticum'' (Clove)
+|keywords= Syzygium aromaticum, Lavanga, clove, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
-| binomial_name      = ''Syzygium aromaticum''
+|description='''''Syzygium aromaticum''''' (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry, widely recognized in [[Ayurveda]] jurisprudence as '''Lavanga''' and commercially known as '''Clove''', is an evergreen tree belonging to the family [[Myrtaceae]].
-| family             = Myrtaceae
+|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
-| common_names       = Clove
+|image_alt=charak samhita
-| synonyms           =
+|type=article
 }}
-'''Lavanga''' (Latin: ''Syzygium aromaticum'', English: '''Clove''') is a well-known aromatic flower bud belonging to the family Myrtaceae. In Ayurveda, it is widely used as a therapeutic drug, digestive stimulant, and flavoring agent.<ref name="API">Anonymous. ''The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India''. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1: 52.</ref>
+[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clove Lavanga] (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry), widely recognized in [[Ayurveda]] jurisprudence as '''Lavanga''' and commercially known as '''Clove''', is an evergreen tree belonging to the family Myrtaceae. Botanically, the drug comprises the dried, unopened flower buds of the plant. It is a well-known aromatic flower bud belonging to the family Myrtaceae. In Ayurveda, it is widely used as a therapeutic drug, digestive stimulant, and flavoring agent.<ref name="API">Anonymous. ''The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India''. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1: 52.</ref>
 == Botanical & Vernacular Names ==
@@ Line 88: / Line 83: @@
 == Current Research ==
-* Phytochemical profile & research database: [https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Syzygium%20aromaticum IMPPAT Phytochemical Profile: Syzygium aromaticum]
 == References ==
-<references />
+{{reflist}}

Talk:Lavanga

Dridhabala — Tue, 25 Aug 2026 16:37:30 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:37, 25 August 2026
(2 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 18:		Line 18:
	== Botanical & Vernacular Names ==		== Botanical & Vernacular Names ==
	* '''Latin Name:''' ''Syzygium aromaticum''		* '''Latin Name:''' ''Syzygium aromaticum''
	* '''Family:''' [[Myrtaceae]]		* '''Family:''' Myrtaceae
	* '''English Name:''' Clove		* '''English Name:''' Clove
	* '''Sanskrit / Classical Name:''' Lavanga		* '''Sanskrit / Classical Name:''' Lavanga
Line 30:		Line 30:

	== Synonyms in Classical Texts ==		== Synonyms in Classical Texts ==
	* '''Synonyms in [[Charaka Samhita]]:'''		* '''Synonyms in Charaka Samhita:'''
	** ''Lavanga''		** ''Lavanga''
	* '''Synonyms in Bhavaprakash Nighantu:'''<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, ''Bhavaprakash Nighantu''. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Karpuradi varga, verse no. 58.</ref>		* '''Synonyms in Bhavaprakash Nighantu:'''<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, ''Bhavaprakash Nighantu''. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Karpuradi varga, verse no. 58.</ref>
Line 43:		Line 43:
	! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)		! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
	\|-		\|-
	\| 1 \|\| '''Taste (''Rasa'')''' \|\| Pungent (''Katu''), Bitter (''Tikta'')		\| 1 \|\| '''Taste (''[[Rasa]]'')''' \|\| Pungent (''Katu''), Bitter (''Tikta'')
	\|-		\|-
	\| 2 \|\| '''Potency (''Veerya'')''' \|\| Cold (''Sita'')		\| 2 \|\| '''Potency (''[[Veerya]]'')''' \|\| Cold (''Sita'')
	\|-		\|-
	\| 3 \|\| '''Post-digestion Effect (''Vipaka'')''' \|\| Pungent (''Katu'')		\| 3 \|\| '''Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'')''' \|\| Pungent (''Katu'')
	\|-		\|-
	\| 4 \|\| '''Qualities (''Guna'')''' \|\| Light (''Laghu''), Sharp (''Tikshna'')		\| 4 \|\| '''Qualities (''[[Guna]]'')''' \|\| Light (''Laghu''), Sharp (''Tikshna'')
	\|-		\|-
	\| 5 \|\| '''Actions (''Karma'')''' \|\| ''Sulahara'' (pain-relieving), ''Dipana'' (digestive stimulant), ''Kasahara'' (alleviates cough), ''Kaphapitta Shamaka'' (pacifies Kapha and Pitta), ''Pachana'' (digestive), ''Ruchya'' (taste enhancer)		\| 5 \|\| '''Actions (''[[Karma]]'')''' \|\| ''Sulahara'' (pain-relieving), ''Dipana'' (digestive stimulant), ''Kasahara'' (alleviates cough), ''Kaphapitta Shamaka'' (pacifies Kapha and Pitta), ''Pachana'' (digestive), ''Ruchya'' (taste enhancer)
	\|}		\|}

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	! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charaka Samhita !! Activity / Indication		! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charaka Samhita !! Activity / Indication
	\|-		\|-
	\| 1 \|\| [[Charaka Samhita]] [[Sutra Sthana]] 5/77 \|\| Used as mouth fresheners (''Mukhadurgandhanashaka'')		\| 1 \|\| Charaka Samhita [[Sutra Sthana]] 5/77 \|\| Used as mouth fresheners (''Mukhadurgandhanashaka'')
	\|-		\|-
	\| 2 \|\| [[Charaka Samhita]] [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/210 \|\| As an active ingredient of ''Khadiradi Gutika''		\| 2 \|\| Charaka Samhita [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/210 \|\| As an active ingredient of ''Khadiradi Gutika''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 3 \|\| [[Charaka Samhita]] [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/153 \|\| As an active ingredient of ''Bala Taila''		\| 3 \|\| Charaka Samhita [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/153 \|\| As an active ingredient of ''Bala Taila''
	\|}		\|}

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	== References ==		== References ==
	<references />		<references />

	~~[[Category:Medicinal plants]]~~
	~~[[Category:Spices]]~~
	~~[[Category:Ayurvedic herbs]]~~
	~~[[Category:Myrtaceae]]~~

Talk:Lavanga

Dridhabala — Tue, 25 Aug 2026 16:24:05 GMT

Created page with "{{Infobox plant | name = Lavanga | image = Clove_Syzygium_aromaticum.jpg | image_caption = Fresh flower buds of ''Syzygium aromaticum'' (Clove) | binomial_name = ''Syzygium aromaticum'' | family = Myrtaceae | common_names = Clove | synonyms = * ''Caryophyllus aromaticus'' L. * ''Eugenia aromatica'' (L.) Baill. * ''Eugenia caryophyllata'' Thunb. * ''Eugenia caryophyllus'' (Spreng.) Bullock & S.G.Harrison *..."

New page

{{Infobox plant
| name = Lavanga
| image = Clove_Syzygium_aromaticum.jpg
| image_caption = Fresh flower buds of ''Syzygium aromaticum'' (Clove)
| binomial_name = ''Syzygium aromaticum''
| family = Myrtaceae
| common_names = Clove
| synonyms =
* ''Caryophyllus aromaticus'' L.
* ''Eugenia aromatica'' (L.) Baill.
* ''Eugenia caryophyllata'' Thunb.
* ''Eugenia caryophyllus'' (Spreng.) Bullock & S.G.Harrison
* ''Jambosa caryophyllus'' (Thunb.) Nied.
}}

'''Lavanga''' (Latin: ''Syzygium aromaticum'', English: '''Clove''') is a well-known aromatic flower bud belonging to the family Myrtaceae. In Ayurveda, it is widely used as a therapeutic drug, digestive stimulant, and flavoring agent.<ref name="API">Anonymous. ''The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India''. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1: 52.</ref>

== Botanical & Vernacular Names ==
* '''Latin Name:''' ''Syzygium aromaticum''
* '''Family:''' [[Myrtaceae]]
* '''English Name:''' Clove
* '''Sanskrit / Classical Name:''' Lavanga

=== Botanical Synonyms ===
* ''Caryophyllus aromaticus'' L.
* ''Eugenia aromatica'' (L.) Baill.
* ''Eugenia caryophyllata'' Thunb.
* ''Eugenia caryophyllus'' (Spreng.) Bullock & S.G.Harrison
* ''Jambosa caryophyllus'' (Thunb.) Nied.

== Synonyms in Classical Texts ==
* '''Synonyms in [[Charaka Samhita]]:'''
** ''Lavanga''
* '''Synonyms in Bhavaprakash Nighantu:'''<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, ''Bhavaprakash Nighantu''. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Karpuradi varga, verse no. 58.</ref>
** ''Devakusuma'' – The flowers are used to worship gods and considered the best among flowers.
** ''Shreesangna'' – Auspicious in nature.
** ''Shree Prasunaka'' – Possessing beautiful flowers.

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics, the properties (''Rasa Panchaka'') of Lavanga are summarized below:<ref name="API" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
| 1 || '''Taste (''Rasa'')''' || Pungent (''Katu''), Bitter (''Tikta'')
|-
| 2 || '''Potency (''Veerya'')''' || Cold (''Sita'')
|-
| 3 || '''Post-digestion Effect (''Vipaka'')''' || Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 4 || '''Qualities (''Guna'')''' || Light (''Laghu''), Sharp (''Tikshna'')
|-
| 5 || '''Actions (''Karma'')''' || ''Sulahara'' (pain-relieving), ''Dipana'' (digestive stimulant), ''Kasahara'' (alleviates cough), ''Kaphapitta Shamaka'' (pacifies Kapha and Pitta), ''Pachana'' (digestive), ''Ruchya'' (taste enhancer)
|}

== References in Charaka Samhita ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charaka Samhita !! Activity / Indication
|-
| 1 || [[Charaka Samhita]] [[Sutra Sthana]] 5/77 || Used as mouth fresheners (''Mukhadurgandhanashaka'')
|-
| 2 || [[Charaka Samhita]] [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/210 || As an active ingredient of ''Khadiradi Gutika''
|-
| 3 || [[Charaka Samhita]] [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/153 || As an active ingredient of ''Bala Taila''
|}

== Therapeutic Uses ==
Lavanga is therapeutically indicated in the management of:<ref name="API" />
* ''Amlapitta'' (Hyperacidity / Acidity)
* ''Swasa'' (Breathlessness / Dyspnea)
* ''Chardi'' (Vomiting)
* ''Adhmana'' (Abdominal distension / Flatulence)
* ''Hikka'' (Hiccups)
* ''Kasa'' (Cough)
* ''Kshaya'' (Wasting / Phthisis)
* ''Trushna'' (Excessive thirst)

== Dosage & Administration ==
* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 0.5 – 2.0 g of the drug in powder form.<ref name="API" />

== Important Formulations ==
* ''Lavangadi Vati''
* ''Lavangadi Churna''

== Habitat & Availability ==
* '''Status:''' Available
* '''Geographical Distribution:''' Cultivated in India primarily across the southern states of '''Kerala''' and '''Karnataka'''.

== Current Research ==
* Phytochemical profile & research database: [https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Syzygium%20aromaticum IMPPAT Phytochemical Profile: Syzygium aromaticum]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
[[Category:Spices]]
[[Category:Ayurvedic herbs]]
[[Category:Myrtaceae]]

Lavanga

Agnivesha — Tue, 25 Aug 2026 06:13:01 GMT

Created page with "Lavanga is a traditional herb."

New page

Lavanga is a traditional herb.

Team Dravyaguna

Agnivesha — Mon, 24 Aug 2026 10:54:59 GMT

Created page with "Many research scholars have contributed in development of database on herbs in Charak Samhita. Content on each herbs is developed to signify its importance in clinical management. The methods includes following: # A list of herbs in Charak Samhita is prepared. # A template to develop comprehensive content was designed. # All references of herb with its synonyms and therapeutic activities, cotemporary researches were collected. # The information was organized and pre..."

New page

Many research scholars have contributed in development of database on herbs in Charak Samhita. Content on each herbs is developed to signify its importance in clinical management. The methods includes following:

# A list of herbs in Charak Samhita is prepared.
# A template to develop comprehensive content was designed.
# All references of herb with its synonyms and therapeutic activities, cotemporary researches were collected.
# The information was organized and presented on the respective pages.

== Team ==
'''Chief Editor'''

[[Gopal Basisht|Dr. Gopal Basisht]]

'''Executive Editor'''

[[Yogesh Deole|Dr. Yogesh Shamrao Deole]] (Content Development)

'''Team Members'''

* Dr.Bhargav Bhide (Co-ordinator & Reviewer)
* Dr. Jigar Tanna (Reference Collection, Organization and Presentation)
* Dr. Riddhi Thakkar (Reference Collection and Organization)
* Dr.Shreya Marsonia (Reference Collection and Organization)
* Dr.Jyoti Khokhani (Reference Collection and Organization)
* Dr.Minaxi Zala (Reference Collection and Organization)
* Dr. Sumedh Joshi (Reference Collection and Organization)
* Dr. Vaibhav Kakde (Reference Collection and Organization)
* Dr. Supriya Deole (Co-ordinator)

== Links ==
[[Herbs details]]

Herbs details

Agnivesha — Mon, 24 Aug 2026 06:12:42 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:12, 24 August 2026
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	Herbs details:		Herbs details:
			Herbs in [[Charak Samhita]]

	# [[Amalaki]]		# [[Amalaki]]
	# [[Bibhitaki]]		# [[Bibhitaki]]
	# [[Haritaki]]		# [[Haritaki]]
	~~# [[Guduchi]]~~
	~~# [[Ashwagandha]]~~
	# [[Shunthi]]		# [[Shunthi]]
	# [[Maricha]]		# [[Maricha]]
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	# [[Vidanga]]		# [[Vidanga]]
	# [[Musta]]		# [[Musta]]
			# [[Guduchi]]
	# [[Brahmi]]		# [[Brahmi]]
	# [[Shankhapushpi]]		# [[Shankhapushpi]]
			# [[Ashwagandha]]
	# [[Shatavari]]		# [[Shatavari]]
	# [[Haridra]]		# [[Haridra]]
	# [[Arjuna]]		# [[Arjuna]]
	# [[Guggulu]]		# [[Guggulu]]
	# [[~~Yasthimadhu\|~~Yashtimadhu]]		# [[Yashtimadhu]]
	# [[Lodhra]]		# [[Lodhra]]
	# [[Agnimantha]]		# [[Agnimantha]]
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	# [[Punarnava]]		# [[Punarnava]]
	# [[Gokshura]]		# [[Gokshura]]
			# [[Surasa\|Tulasi]] ([[Surasa]])


	{\| class="wikitable sortable"		{\| class="wikitable sortable"
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	\| 14 \|\| Arka \|\| Ravi, Bhanu, Tapana,Tulaphala, vikirana,ksheeraparna \|\| '''Calotropis gigantea'''		\| 14 \|\| Arka \|\| Ravi, Bhanu, Tapana,Tulaphala, vikirana,ksheeraparna \|\| '''Calotropis gigantea'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 15 \|\| Arjaka \|\| Barbari,~~Sheta~~ tulasi \|\| '''Ocimum gratissimum L.'''		\| 15 \|\| [[Surasa\|Surasa, Tulasi, Arjaka]]\|\| Kutherak, Phaninjhak, Arjaka(Tulsi bheda), Barbari,Shweta tulasi \|\| '''[[Surasa\|Ocimum sanctum L., (syn. Ocimum tenuiflorum L., Ocimum gratissimum L.)]]'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 16 \|\| [[Arjuna]]\|\| Indradru, Nadisarja, Dhavala, Kakubha, Partha, Shweta vaha, \|\| '''[[Arjuna\|Terminalia Arjuna]]'''		\| 16 \|\| [[Arjuna]]\|\| Indradru, Nadisarja, Dhavala, Kakubha, Partha, Shweta vaha, \|\| '''[[Arjuna\|Terminalia Arjuna]]'''

Surasa

Agnivesha — Mon, 24 Aug 2026 05:31:27 GMT

External links

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:31, 24 August 2026
(One intermediate revision by the same user not shown)
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	* '''Family:''' Lamiaceae		* '''Family:''' Lamiaceae
	* '''Species:''' ''Ocimum sanctum'' L.(syn. ''Ocimum tenuiflorum'' L.)		* '''Species:''' ''Ocimum sanctum'' L.(syn. ''Ocimum tenuiflorum'' L.)
	* '''Common Names:''' Tulsi, Holy Basil, Surasa		* [[File:Tulasi.jpg\|thumb\|'''Tulasi (Ocimum sanctum)''']]'''Common Names:''' Tulsi, Holy Basil, Surasa

	==Therapeutic uses==		==Therapeutic uses==
	Aruchi,~~Swasa~~(dyspnea), kasa(cough), krumiroga(worm), ~~kustha~~(skin disease), pratishyaya(rhinitis), parshwashoola(flank pain)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2 :73</ref>		Aruchi, Shwasa(dyspnea), kasa (cough), krumiroga (worm), kushtha(skin disease), pratishyaya(rhinitis), parshwashoola (flank pain)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2 :73</ref>

	==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==		==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
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	===Bhavaprakasa nighantu===		===Bhavaprakasa nighantu===
	Mentioned 2 types<ref>Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, pushpa varga, verse no.-63</ref>		Mentioned 2 types<ref>Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, pushpa varga, verse no.-63</ref>
	# ~~Sweta~~ tulasi		# Shweta tulasi
	# Krishna tulasi		# Krishna tulasi

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	As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2 :73</ref>		As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2 :73</ref>
	* Manasamitra vataka		* Manasamitra vataka
	* Tribhuvana kirti		* Tribhuvana kirti rasa
	* Mukta Panchamruta rasa		* Mukta Panchamruta rasa
	* Mahajwarankusa rasa		* Mahajwarankusa rasa
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	[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/basicsearch/phytochemical IMPPAT database]		[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/basicsearch/phytochemical IMPPAT database]
	[[~~Category: Database of herbs and minerals \|~~ Herbs]]
			[[Herbs details]]

File:Tulasi.jpg

Agnivesha — Mon, 24 Aug 2026 05:28:05 GMT

Agnivesha uploaded File:Tulasi.jpg

New page

Tulasi

Surasa

Agnivesha — Mon, 24 Aug 2026 05:25:52 GMT

Show changes

Herbs details

Agnivesha — Wed, 19 Aug 2026 07:12:38 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:12, 19 August 2026
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	# [[Lashuna]]		# [[Lashuna]]
	# [[Punarnava]]		# [[Punarnava]]
			# [[Gokshura]]

	{\| class="wikitable sortable"		{\| class="wikitable sortable"
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	\| 73 \|\| [[Guduchi]]\|\| \|\| '''[[Guduchi\|Tinospora cordifolia Miers.]]'''		\| 73 \|\| [[Guduchi]]\|\| \|\| '''[[Guduchi\|Tinospora cordifolia Miers.]]'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 74 \|\| ~~Gokshuraka~~ \|\| \|\| '''Tribulus terrestris L.'''		\| 74 \|\| [[Gokshura]]\|\| \|\| '''[[Gokshura\|Tribulus terrestris L.]]'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 75 \|\| Gojihwa \|\| \|\| '''Elephantopus scaber L.'''		\| 75 \|\| Gojihwa \|\| \|\| '''Elephantopus scaber L.'''

Category:Herbs

Agnivesha — Wed, 19 Aug 2026 07:11:18 GMT

Redirected page to Herbs details

New page

#REDIRECT [[Herbs details]]

Bilva

Agnivesha — Wed, 19 Aug 2026 07:10:07 GMT

External links

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:10, 19 August 2026
(One intermediate revision by the same user not shown)
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	}}		}}

	'''''Aegle marmelos''''' (commonly known as '''bael''', '''bilva''', or '''stone apple''') is a plant species in the family Rutaceae. ''Aegle marmelos'' is a medium-sized, slow-growing, deciduous spiny tree native to dry tropical and subtropical forests of the Indian subcontinent, Myanmar, and Thailand.<ref name="Sharma2011" /> It reaches heights of 8–15 meters and exhibits trifoliate, alternate leaves traditionally associated with religious symbolism in South Asia. The fruit is a globose or pyriform berry with a hard, woody outer shell (5–15 cm diameter) containing aromatic, mucilaginous orange pulp embedded with numerous woolly seeds. All morphological parts—including the unripe fruit, ripe fruit, root bark, leaves, and stem—possess distinct therapeutic profiles in classical Indian medicine.[[File:Bilva.jpg\|thumb\|Bilva ''(Aegle marmelos)'']]		'''''Aegle marmelos''''' (commonly known as '''bael''', '''bilva''', or '''stone apple''') is a plant species in the family Rutaceae. ''Aegle marmelos'' is a medium-sized, slow-growing, deciduous spiny tree native to dry tropical and subtropical forests of the Indian subcontinent, Myanmar, and Thailand.<ref name="Sharma2011" /> It reaches heights of 8–15 meters and exhibits trifoliate, alternate leaves traditionally associated with religious symbolism in South Asia. The fruit is a globose or pyriform berry with a hard, woody outer shell (5–15 cm diameter) containing aromatic, mucilaginous orange pulp embedded with numerous woolly seeds. All morphological parts—including the unripe fruit, ripe fruit, root bark, leaves, and stem—possess distinct therapeutic profiles in classical Indian medicine.[[File:Bilva.jpg\|thumb\|'''Bilva ''(Aegle marmelos)''''']]
	== Botanical profile and nomenclature ==		== Botanical profile and nomenclature ==
	* '''Taxonomic name:''' ''Aegle marmelos'' (L.) Corrêa		* '''Taxonomic name:''' ''Aegle marmelos'' (L.) Corrêa
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	* [https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Aegle%20marmelos IMPPAT database]		* [https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Aegle%20marmelos IMPPAT database]
	*		*
	[[~~index.php?title=~~Category:Herbs]]		[[Category:Herbs]]

Gokshura

Agnivesha — Wed, 19 Aug 2026 06:57:01 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:57, 19 August 2026
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	\|data8 = Awaited		\|data8 = Awaited
	}}		}}
			[[File:Gokshura.jpg\|thumb\|'''Gokshura''']]
	'''''Tribulus terrestris''''' L. (family Zygophyllaceae), commonly known as '''Gokshura''', is an annual Mediterranean-climate herb widely utilized in traditional Ayurvedic and Asian medicine systems. The therapeutic profile of Gokshura is driven by its bioactive constituents, predominantly steroidal saponins (furostanol and spirostanol glycosides), flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin derivatives), and trace alkaloids. Protodioscin, a primary furostanol saponin, serves as the principal biomarker for standardizing pharmaceutical extracts.		'''''Tribulus terrestris''''' L. (family Zygophyllaceae), commonly known as '''Gokshura''', is an annual Mediterranean-climate herb widely utilized in traditional Ayurvedic and Asian medicine systems. The therapeutic profile of Gokshura is driven by its bioactive constituents, predominantly steroidal saponins (furostanol and spirostanol glycosides), flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin derivatives), and trace alkaloids. Protodioscin, a primary furostanol saponin, serves as the principal biomarker for standardizing pharmaceutical extracts.

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	==Therapeutic use==		==Therapeutic use==

	* '''Gokshura (root)'''-		* '''Gokshura (root)'''-Mainly used in Urinary disorders, dysuria (mutrakrichhra), premature ejaculation, dyspnoea with bronchial asthma (shwasa), heart diseases(hridroga), cough (kasa), diseases due to vata dosha, abdominal colic (shularoga), renal calculi (ashmari)
	Mainly used in Urinary disorders, dysuria (mutrakrichhra), premature ejaculation, dyspnoea with bronchial asthma (shwasa), heart diseases(hridroga), cough (kasa), diseases due to vata dosha, abdominal colic (shularoga), renal calculi (ashmari)
	* '''Gokshura (Fruit)'''-		* '''Gokshura (Fruit)'''-Abdominal colic (shula roga), dyspnoea(shwasa), hemorrhoids (arsha), generalized weakness(daurbalya), heart diseases (hridroga), cough(kasa), difficulty in micturition (mutrakrichhra), renal calculi (ashmari), obstinate Urinary disorders including diabetes mellitus (prameha)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of
	Abdominal colic (shula roga), dyspnoea(shwasa), hemorrhoids (arsha), generalized weakness(daurbalya), heart diseases (hridroga), cough(kasa), difficulty in micturition (mutrakrichhra), renal calculi (ashmari), obstinate Urinary disorders including diabetes mellitus (prameha)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of
	Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:25,26</ref>		Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:25,26</ref>

	== Other varieties/ Other botanical names ==		== Other varieties/ Other botanical names ==

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	\|32		\|32
	\|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/52		\|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/52
	\|Ingredient in Apara ~~Lasunadya~~ Ghrita		\|Ingredient in Apara Lashunadya Ghrita
	\|-		\|-
	\|33		\|33
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	==Dose==		==Dose==
	* '''Gokshura (root)'''		* '''Gokshura (root):''' 20 – 30 gm of the drug for decoction.
	20 – 30 gm of the drug for decoction.
	* '''Gokshura (fruit)'''		* '''Gokshura (fruit)'''
	* 3 – 6 gm of the drug in powder form.		* 3 – 6 gm of the drug in powder form.
	20 – 30 gm of the drug for decoction.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of		* 20 – 30 gm of the drug for decoction.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of
	Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:25,26</ref>		Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:25,26</ref>

	==Important formulations==		==Important formulations==
	As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of		As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of
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	*Dashamula kwatha churna		*Dashamula kwatha churna
	*Dashamulakatutraya kwatha churna		*Dashamulakatutraya kwatha churna
	*Dasamulapanchakoladi ~~kwtha~~ churna		*Dasamulapanchakoladi kwatha churna
	'''Gokshura (fruit)'''		'''Gokshura (fruit)'''
	* Gokshuradi guggulu		* Gokshuradi guggulu
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	==External links==		==External links==
	[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Tribulus%20terrestris IMPPAT database]		[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Tribulus%20terrestris IMPPAT database]
	[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals \| Herbs]]		[[index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals\| Herbs]]

File:Gokshura.jpg

Agnivesha — Wed, 19 Aug 2026 06:53:33 GMT

Agnivesha uploaded File:Gokshura.jpg

New page

Gokshura

Agnivesha — Wed, 19 Aug 2026 06:44:01 GMT

Show changes

Punarnava

Agnivesha — Tue, 18 Aug 2026 15:39:00 GMT

Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:39, 18 August 2026
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	\|-		\|-
	\|9		\|9
	\|Cha.Sa.[[~~Vimana~~ Sthana]] 8/~~135~~		\|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/103
	\|~~Vamana dravyani (List~~ of ~~medicines used in therapeutic emesis)~~		\|As an ingredient of Amrutadya taila
	\|-		\|-
	\|10		\|10
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	\|-		\|-
	\|17		\|17
	\|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/~~267~~		\|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/73
	\|As an ingredient of ~~Agurvadi taila~~		\|As an ingredient of Jeevakadi mahasneha
	\|-		\|-
	\|18		\|18
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	\|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/61, 64		\|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/61, 64
	\|As an ingredient of Jeevaniya Ghrita		\|As an ingredient of Jeevaniya Ghrita
	\|-
	~~\|39~~
	~~\|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/73~~
	~~\|As an ingredient of Jeevakadi mahasneha~~
	\|-
	~~\|40~~
	~~\|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/103~~
	~~\|As an ingredient of Amrutadya taila~~
	\|}		\|}

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	==External links==		==External links==
	[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Boerhavia%20diffusa IMPPAT database]		[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Boerhavia%20diffusa IMPPAT database]
	[[~~index~~.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals\|Herbs]]		[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals\|Herbs]]

Herbs details

Agnivesha — Tue, 18 Aug 2026 15:23:36 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:23, 18 August 2026
(One intermediate revision by the same user not shown)
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	# [[Bilva]]		# [[Bilva]]
	# [[Nimba]]		# [[Nimba]]
	# [[Lashuna]]		# [[Lashuna]]
			# [[Punarnava]]

	{\| class="wikitable sortable"		{\| class="wikitable sortable"
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	\| 128 \|\| Pilu \|\| \|\| '''Salvadora persica L.'''		\| 128 \|\| Pilu \|\| \|\| '''Salvadora persica L.'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 129 \|\| Punarnava \|\| \|\| '''~~Berhavia repens~~ L.'''		\| 129 \|\| [[Punarnava]]\|\| \|\| '''[[Punarnava\|Boerhavia diffusa L.]]'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 130 \|\| Prasarani \|\| \|\| '''Pederia fetida L.'''		\| 130 \|\| Prasarani \|\| \|\| '''Pederia fetida L.'''

Punarnava

Agnivesha — Tue, 18 Aug 2026 15:20:05 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:20, 18 August 2026
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	\|data8 = Awaited		\|data8 = Awaited
	}}		}}
			[[File:Punarnava.jpg\|thumb\|'''Punarnava (''Boerhavia diffusa'')''']]
	'''Punarnava''' (''Boerhavia diffusa'' L., family Nyctaginaceae) is a rejuvenative (''Rasayana'') medicinal plant widely studied for its nephroprotective, hepatoprotective, and immunomodulatory properties.		'''Punarnava''' (''Boerhavia diffusa'' L., family Nyctaginaceae) is a rejuvenative (''Rasayana'') medicinal plant widely studied for its nephroprotective, hepatoprotective, and immunomodulatory properties.

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	Punarnava, Shothaghni(reduse oedema), Varshabhu(it is perennial plant gets regenerated during rainy season ), Kshudravarshabhu, Katthillak, Varshaketu(regenerates in varsha rutu), Vrushchira, Kathillaka		Punarnava, Shothaghni(reduse oedema), Varshabhu(it is perennial plant gets regenerated during rainy season ), Kshudravarshabhu, Katthillak, Varshaketu(regenerates in varsha rutu), Vrushchira, Kathillaka

	==Synonyms in ~~bhavprakash nighantu~~==		==Synonyms in Bhavprakash Nighantu==
	Shwetamula(root is white in colour), Dirghapatrika<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, guduchyadi Varga, Verse no. 231, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020;</ref>		Shwetamula(root is white in colour), Dirghapatrika<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, guduchyadi Varga, Verse no. 231, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020;</ref>

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	==External links==		==External links==
	[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Boerhavia%20diffusa IMPPAT database]		[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Boerhavia%20diffusa IMPPAT database]
	[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals\|Herbs]]		[[index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals\|Herbs]]

File:Punarnava.jpg

Agnivesha — Tue, 18 Aug 2026 15:18:34 GMT

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Punarnava

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Herbs details

Agnivesha — Mon, 17 Aug 2026 07:12:12 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:12, 17 August 2026
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	# [[Bilva]]		# [[Bilva]]
	# [[Nimba]]		# [[Nimba]]
			# [[Lashuna]]

	{\| class="wikitable sortable"		{\| class="wikitable sortable"
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	\| 115 \|\| Nadi \|\| \|\| '''Ipomea aquatica Forsk.'''		\| 115 \|\| Nadi \|\| \|\| '''Ipomea aquatica Forsk.'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 116 \|\| [[Nimba]] \|\| \|\| '''[[Nimba\|Azadirachta indica]] '''		\| 116 \|\| [[Nimba]]\|\| \|\| '''[[Nimba\|Azadirachta indica]] '''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 117 \|\| Nirgundi \|\| \|\| '''Vitex negundo L.'''		\| 117 \|\| Nirgundi \|\| \|\| '''Vitex negundo L.'''
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	\| 161 \|\| Rohini \|\| \|\| '''Soymida febrifuge Juss.'''		\| 161 \|\| Rohini \|\| \|\| '''Soymida febrifuge Juss.'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 162 \|\| Lashuna \|\| \|\| '''Allium sativum L.'''		\| 162 \|\| [[Lashuna]]\|\| \|\| '''[[Lashuna\|Allium sativum L.]]'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 163 \|\| Likucha \|\| \|\| '''Artocarpus lokoocha Roxb.'''		\| 163 \|\| Likucha \|\| \|\| '''Artocarpus lokoocha Roxb.'''

Lashuna

Agnivesha — Mon, 17 Aug 2026 07:08:48 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:08, 17 August 2026
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	* '''Taxonomic Name:''' ''Allium sativum'' L.		* '''Taxonomic Name:''' ''Allium sativum'' L.
	* '''Ayurvedic Designation:''' ''Lashuna'' / ''Rasona'' ("Lacking One Taste")		* '''Ayurvedic Designation:''' ''Lashuna'' / ''Rasona'' ("Lacking One Taste")
	* '''Primary Phytochemicals:''' [[Alliin]], [[Allicin]], [[Diallyl disulfide]] (DADS), [[Diallyl trisulfide]] (DATS), [[Ajoene]], S-allyl-L-cysteine (SAC)		* [[File:Lashuna.jpg\|thumb\|'''Lashuna (Allium sativum)''']]'''Primary Phytochemicals:''' Alliin, Allicin, Diallyl disulfide (DADS), Diallyl trisulfide (DATS), Ajoene, S-allyl-L-cysteine (SAC)

	==Therapeutic uses==		==Therapeutic uses==
	Jirna jwara(chronic fever), Krumiroga(worms), ~~gulma~~(abdominal lumps), ~~kushtha~~(skin disease),Arsha(haemorrhoids),Kasa(cough),~~Swasa~~(breathlessness), ~~pinasa~~(running nose), ~~sula~~(pain), ~~karnasoola~~(earache), ~~vatavyadhi~~, ~~hikka~~,~~medoroga~~, ~~yoni~~ vyapada(diseases of vagina),visuchika,~~plihavruddhi~~(spleenomegaly),~~kshaya~~, ~~vishamajwara~~,~~unmada~~,~~apasmara~~, ~~sopha~~(swelling),~~hrudaroga~~(heart disease), ~~vrana~~(wound)~~trikashool~~<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3 :50</ref>		Jirna jwara(chronic fever), Krumiroga(worms), Gulma(abdominal lumps), Kushtha(skin disease),Arsha (haemorrhoids),Kasa(cough), Shwasa(breathlessness), Pinasa(running nose), Shula(pain), Karnashoola (earache), Vata vyadhi, Hikka, Medoroga, Yoni vyapada (diseases of vagina),visuchika, Plihavruddhi (spleenomegaly), Kshaya, Vishamajwara, Unmada, Apasmara, Shopha(swelling), Hridroga (heart disease), Vrana(wound), Trikashool<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3 :50</ref>

	==Other varieties==		==Other varieties==
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	\|14		\|14
	\|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/52		\|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/52
	\|Ingredient in Apara ~~lashunadya~~ Ghrita		\|Ingredient in Apara Lashunadya Ghrita
	\|-		\|-
	\|15		\|15
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	\|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/177		\|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/177
	\|As an ingredient of Mulaka taila		\|As an ingredient of Mulaka taila
	\|-
	\|}		\|}

	==Dose==		==Dose==
	* ~~3gm~~ of the drug<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3 :50</ref>		* 3 gm of the drug <ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3 :50</ref>

	==Important formulatios==		==Important formulatios==
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	=== Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Activity ===		=== Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Activity ===
	Allicin readily crosses microbial cell membranes and reacts rapidly with thiol-containing enzymes (such as alcohol dehydrogenase and RNA polymerase), demonstrating potent bactericidal, antifungal, and antiviral activity against pathogens including ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'' and ''[[Candida albicans]]''.<ref name="Harris2001" />		Allicin readily crosses microbial cell membranes and reacts rapidly with thiol-containing enzymes (such as alcohol dehydrogenase and RNA polymerase), demonstrating potent bactericidal, antifungal, and antiviral activity against pathogens including ''Staphylococcus aureus'' and ''Candida albicans''.<ref name="Harris2001" />

	=== Oncological & Apoptotic Modulation ===		=== Oncological & Apoptotic Modulation ===
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	[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Allium%20sativum IMPPAT database]		[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Allium%20sativum IMPPAT database]
	[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals\|Herbs]]		[[index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals\|Herbs]]

File:Lashuna.jpg

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Lashuna

Agnivesha — Mon, 17 Aug 2026 07:02:59 GMT

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Herbs details

Agnivesha — Mon, 17 Aug 2026 06:48:36 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:48, 17 August 2026
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	# [[Agnimantha]]		# [[Agnimantha]]
	# [[Bilva]]		# [[Bilva]]
			# [[Nimba]]

	{\| class="wikitable sortable"		{\| class="wikitable sortable"
	\|+ List of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants and Botanical Names in Charak Samhita		\|+ List of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants and Botanical Names in Charak Samhita
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	\| 115 \|\| Nadi \|\| \|\| '''Ipomea aquatica Forsk.'''		\| 115 \|\| Nadi \|\| \|\| '''Ipomea aquatica Forsk.'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 116 \|\| Nimba \|\| \|\| '''~~Melia azadirachta L.~~'''		\| 116 \|\| [[Nimba]] \|\| \|\| '''[[Nimba\|Azadirachta indica]] '''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 117 \|\| Nirgundi \|\| \|\| '''Vitex negundo L.'''		\| 117 \|\| Nirgundi \|\| \|\| '''Vitex negundo L.'''

Nimba

Agnivesha — Mon, 17 Aug 2026 06:42:28 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:42, 17 August 2026
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	\|type=article		\|type=article
	}}		}}
	Azadirachta indica A. Juss		[[wikipedia:Azadirachta_indica\|Azadirachta indica A. Juss]]

	{{Infobox		{{Infobox
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	\|data8 = Awaited		\|data8 = Awaited
	}}		}}
	'''Nimba''' (''Azadirachta indica'') is a plant species widely recognized in [[Ayurveda]] and modern pharmacology for its broad spectrum of therapeutic applications.		'''Nimba''' (''Azadirachta indica'') or Margosa tree is a plant species widely recognized in [[Ayurveda]] and modern pharmacology for its broad spectrum of therapeutic applications.

	== General Overview ==		== General Overview ==
	* '''Taxonomic Name:''' ''Azadirachta indica'' A. Juss.		* '''Taxonomic Name:''' ''Azadirachta indica'' A. Juss.
	* '''Ayurvedic Designation:''' ''Nimba'' / ''Arishtha'' ("Reliever of Sickness")		* '''Ayurvedic Designation:''' ''Nimba'' / ''Arishtha'' ("Reliever of Sickness")
	* '''Primary Phytochemicals:''' [[Azadirachtin]], [[Nimbolide]], [[Nimbidin]], [[Gedunin]], [[Quercetin]], [[Salannin]]		* [[File:Nimba.jpg\|thumb\|'''Nimba (''Azadirachta indica'')''']]'''Primary Phytochemicals:''' Azadirachtin, Nimbolide, Nimbidin, Gedunin, Quercetin, Salannin

	~~==English name ==~~

	~~Margosa tree~~

	==Therapeutic uses==		==Therapeutic uses==
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	==Synonyms in Bhavprakasa Nighantu==		==Synonyms in Bhavprakasa Nighantu==
	~~Pichumanda~~<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 53, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020;</ref>		Pichumarda<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 53, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020;</ref>

	==Varieties==		==Varieties==
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	\| 4 \|\|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(48) \|\| Sandnyasthapana mahakashaya(restoring consciousness)		\| 4 \|\|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(48) \|\| Sandnyasthapana mahakashaya(restoring consciousness)
	\|-		\|-
	\| 5 \|\|Cha.Sa.[[~~Sutra~~ Sthana]] 4/~~9(48)~~ \|\| ~~Sandnyasthapana mahakashaya~~(~~restoring consciousness~~)		\| 5 \|\|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/279 \|\| Used in the treatment of Gaurava stanya dosha( vitiated breast milk)
	\|-		\|-
	\| 6 \|\|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/10		\| 6 \|\|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/10
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	\|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135		\|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135
	\|Vaman dravyani List of medicines used in therapeutic emesis		\|Vaman dravyani List of medicines used in therapeutic emesis
	)
	\|-		\|-
	\|11		\|11
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	\|41		\|41
	\|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/136		\|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/136
	\|Ingredient in Vata-Pitta ~~nashak~~ Ghrita		\|Ingredient in Vata-Pitta Nashak Ghrita
	\|-		\|-
	\|42		\|42
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	\|45		\|45
	\|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/157		\|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/157
	\|Snana, Pana and Pradeh in Galit-~~Kushth~~		\|Snana, Pana and Pradeh in Galit-Kushtha
	\|-		\|-
	\|46		\|46
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	\|50		\|50
	\|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/186		\|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/186
	\|Used for rakta stambhana		\|Used for rakta stambhana
	\|-		\|-
	\|51		\|51
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	\|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/253		\|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/253
	\|Used in the treatment of Stanya dosha( vitiated breast milk), for vamana		\|Used in the treatment of Stanya dosha( vitiated breast milk), for vamana
	\|-
	~~\|87~~
	~~\|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/279~~
	~~\|Used in the treatment of Gaurava stanya dosha( vitiated breast milk)~~
	\|-
	\|}		\|}

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	== Current researches ==		== Current researches ==
	== Pharmacological Profile & Mechanisms ==		== Pharmacological Profile & Mechanisms ==
	''Azadirachta indica'' exerts multi-targeted therapeutic action through phytocompounds that modulate cellular signaling pathways including [[p53]], [[NF-κB]], [[PI3K/Akt]], and [[Nrf2]].<ref name="Alzohairy2016" />		''Azadirachta indica'' exerts multi-targeted therapeutic action through phytocompounds that modulate cellular signaling pathways including p53, NF-κB, PI3K/Akt, and Nrf2.<ref name="Alzohairy2016" />

	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
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	! Therapeutic Category !! Primary Active Compounds !! Key Molecular Targets & Bioactivities		! Therapeutic Category !! Primary Active Compounds !! Key Molecular Targets & Bioactivities
	\|-		\|-
	\| '''Antimicrobial & Dental''' \|\| Azadirachtin, Mahmoodin \|\| Biofilm disruption; growth inhibition of ''~~[[Streptococcus mutans\|~~S. mutans]]'', ''~~[[Enterococcus faecalis\|~~E. faecalis]]'', and ''~~[[Candida albicans\|~~C. albicans]]''		\| '''Antimicrobial & Dental''' \|\| Azadirachtin, Mahmoodin \|\| Biofilm disruption; growth inhibition of ''S. mutans'', ''E. faecalis'', and ''C. albicans''
	\|-		\|-
	\| '''Anticancer & Antiproliferative''' \|\| Nimbolide, Azadiradione \|\| Apoptosis induction via p53/pTEN upregulation and downregulation of Bcl-2 and PI3K/Akt		\| '''Anticancer & Antiproliferative''' \|\| Nimbolide, Azadiradione \|\| Apoptosis induction via p53/pTEN upregulation and downregulation of Bcl-2 and PI3K/Akt
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	[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Azadirachta%20indica IMPPAT database]		[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Azadirachta%20indica IMPPAT database]

	[[Category:Database of herbs and minerals\|Herbs]]		[[index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals\|Herbs]]

File:Nimba.jpg

Agnivesha — Mon, 17 Aug 2026 06:41:00 GMT

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Nimba

Agnivesha — Mon, 17 Aug 2026 06:31:55 GMT

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Bilwa

Agnivesha — Wed, 05 Aug 2026 09:29:59 GMT

Redirected page to Bilva

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#REDIRECT [[Bilva]]

Herbs details

Agnivesha — Wed, 05 Aug 2026 09:27:50 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:27, 5 August 2026
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	# [[Lodhra]]		# [[Lodhra]]
	# [[Agnimantha]]		# [[Agnimantha]]
			# [[Bilva]]
	{\| class="wikitable sortable"		{\| class="wikitable sortable"
	\|+ List of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants and Botanical Names in Charak Samhita		\|+ List of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants and Botanical Names in Charak Samhita
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	\| 136 \|\| Badara \|\| \|\| '''Zizyphus jujube Lamk.'''		\| 136 \|\| Badara \|\| \|\| '''Zizyphus jujube Lamk.'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 137 \|\| ~~Bilwa~~ \|\| \|\| '''Aegle marmelos Corr.'''		\| 137 \|\| [[Bilva]]\|\| \|\| '''[[Bilva\|Aegle marmelos Corr.]]'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 138 \|\| Bijaka \|\| \|\| '''Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.'''		\| 138 \|\| Bijaka \|\| \|\| '''Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.'''

Bilva

Agnivesha — Wed, 05 Aug 2026 09:21:58 GMT

Botanical profile and nomenclature

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:21, 5 August 2026
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	}}		}}

	Aegle marmelos (L.) ~~CORREA EX. SCHULTZ~~		[[wikipedia:Aegle_marmelos\|Aegle marmelos (L.)]] Correa

	{{Infobox		{{Infobox
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	\|data1 = Herb database/Bilva		\|data1 = Herb database/Bilva
	\|label2 = Botanical name(s)		\|label2 = Botanical name(s)
	\|data2 = Aegle marmelos (L.) ~~CORREA EX. SCHULTZ~~		\|data2 = Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa
	\|label3 = Family		\|label3 = Family
	\|data3 = Rutaceae		\|data3 = Rutaceae
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	}}		}}

	'''''Aegle marmelos''''' (commonly known as '''bael''', '''bilva''', or '''stone apple''') is a plant species in the family [[~~Rutaceae~~]].		'''''Aegle marmelos''''' (commonly known as '''bael''', '''bilva''', or '''stone apple''') is a plant species in the family Rutaceae. ''Aegle marmelos'' is a medium-sized, slow-growing, deciduous spiny tree native to dry tropical and subtropical forests of the Indian subcontinent, Myanmar, and Thailand.<ref name="Sharma2011" /> It reaches heights of 8–15 meters and exhibits trifoliate, alternate leaves traditionally associated with religious symbolism in South Asia. The fruit is a globose or pyriform berry with a hard, woody outer shell (5–15 cm diameter) containing aromatic, mucilaginous orange pulp embedded with numerous woolly seeds. All morphological parts—including the unripe fruit, ripe fruit, root bark, leaves, and stem—possess distinct therapeutic profiles in classical Indian medicine.[[File:Bilva.jpg\|thumb\|Bilva ''(Aegle marmelos)'']]

	== Botanical profile and nomenclature ==		== Botanical profile and nomenclature ==
	* '''Taxonomic name:''' ''Aegle marmelos'' (L.) Corrêa		* '''Taxonomic name:''' ''Aegle marmelos'' (L.) Corrêa
	* '''Botanical synonyms:''' ''Crateva marmelos'' L., ''Feronia pellucida'' Roth, ''Belou marmelos'' (L.) W.Wight		* '''Botanical synonyms:''' ''Crateva marmelos'' L., ''Feronia pellucida'' Roth, ''Belou marmelos'' (L.) W.Wight
	* '''Family:''' [[Rutaceae]] (Citrus family)		* '''Family:''' Rutaceae (Citrus family)
	* '''Sanskrit names:''' ''Bilva'', ''Sriphala'', ''Shandilya'', ''Shailusha'', ''Malura'', ''Pootivata''		* '''Sanskrit names:''' ''Bilva'', ''Sriphala'', ''Shandilya'', ''Shailusha'', ''Malura'', ''Pootivata''
	* '''Vernacular names:''' Bael, Stone Apple, Golden Apple (English); Bel, Bael (Hindi/Bengali); Maredu (Telugu); Vilvam (Tamil); Baelu (Kannada); Koovalam (Malayalam); ~~Kavit~~ (Marathi).		* '''Vernacular names:''' Bael, Stone Apple, Golden Apple (English); Bel, Bael (Hindi/Bengali); Maredu (Telugu); Vilvam (Tamil); Baelu (Kannada); Koovalam (Malayalam); Bel (Marathi).

	''Aegle marmelos'' is a medium-sized, slow-growing, deciduous spiny tree native to dry tropical and subtropical forests of the Indian subcontinent, Myanmar, and Thailand.<ref name="Sharma2011" /> It reaches heights of 8–15 meters and exhibits trifoliate, alternate leaves traditionally associated with religious symbolism in South Asia. The fruit is a globose or pyriform berry with a hard, woody outer shell (5–15 cm diameter) containing aromatic, mucilaginous orange pulp embedded with numerous woolly seeds. All morphological parts—including the unripe fruit, ripe fruit, root bark, leaves, and stem—possess distinct therapeutic profiles in classical Indian medicine.

	== Ayurvedic energetics and pharmacodynamics ==		== Ayurvedic energetics and pharmacodynamics ==

	In classical Ayurvedic pharmacology (''Dravyaguna''), ''Bilva'' presents a distinct dual-action profile depending on fruit maturity. Unripe fruit (''Ama Bilva'') is primary for intestinal and digestive pathology, whereas ripe fruit (''Pakva Bilva'') acts as a laxative but is heavier to digest. Leaves (''Bilva Patra'') and roots (''Bilva Mula'', a constituent of ''[[Dashamula]]'') possess potent ''Vata-Kapha'' pacifying properties.		In classical Ayurvedic pharmacology (''Dravyaguna''), ''Bilva'' presents a distinct dual-action profile depending on fruit maturity. Unripe fruit (''Ama Bilva'') is primary for intestinal and digestive pathology, whereas ripe fruit (''Pakva Bilva'') acts as a laxative but is heavier to digest. Leaves (''Bilva Patra'') and roots (''Bilva Mula'', a constituent of [[Dashamula]]) possess potent ''Vata-Kapha'' pacifying properties.

	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
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	== External links==		== External links==
	* [https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Aegle%20marmelos IMPPAT database]		* [https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Aegle%20marmelos IMPPAT database]
	* [[Category: ~~Database of herbs and minerals \|~~ Herbs]]		*
			[[index.php?title=Category:Herbs]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:01, 26 August 2026
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	# '''Karanji'''		# '''Karanji'''

	=== According to Raja Nighantu ===~~<ref name="RajaNighantu">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, ''Raja Nighantu of Pandit Narhari''. Edition 2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, Prabhadradi varga, verse no. 62, 64, 67, 68, 70, 72.</ref>~~		=== According to Raja Nighantu ===
	# '''Karanja'''		# '''Karanja'''
	# '''Ghrita Karanja'''		# '''Ghrita Karanja'''
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	# '''Putikaranja'''		# '''Putikaranja'''
	# '''Guccha Karanja'''		# '''Guccha Karanja'''
	# '''Ritha Karanja'''		# '''Ritha Karanja'''<ref name="RajaNighantu">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, ''Raja Nighantu of Pandit Narhari''. Edition 2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, Prabhadradi varga, verse no. 62, 64, 67, 68, 70, 72.</ref>

	== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==		== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
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	! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charaka Samhita !! Activity / Formulation / Indication		! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charaka Samhita !! Activity / Formulation / Indication
	\|-		\|-
	\| 1 \|\| ~~[[Charaka Samhita]]~~ [[Sutra Sthana]] 3/3 \|\| Formulations used for local external application		\| 1 \|\| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 3/3 \|\| Formulations used for local external application
	\|-		\|-
	\| 2 \|\| ~~[[Charaka Samhita]]~~ [[Sutra Sthana]] 3/13 \|\| Rasanjanadi formulation		\| 2 \|\| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 3/13 \|\| Rasanjanadi formulation
	\|-		\|-
	\| 3 \|\| ~~[[Charaka Samhita]]~~ [[Sutra Sthana]] 3/14 \|\| Haridradi formulation		\| 3 \|\| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 3/14 \|\| Haridradi formulation
	\|-		\|-
	\| 4 \|\| ~~[[Charaka Samhita]]~~ [[Sutra Sthana]] 3/15 \|\| Manahshiladi formulation		\| 4 \|\| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 3/15 \|\| Manahshiladi formulation
	\|-		\|-
	\| 5 \|\| ~~[[Charaka Samhita]]~~ [[Sutra Sthana]] 5/73 \|\| Used as a tooth-cleaning twig (toothbrush / ''Dantadhavana'')		\| 5 \|\| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/73 \|\| Used as a tooth-cleaning twig (toothbrush / ''Dantadhavana'')
	\|-		\|-
	\| 6 \|\| ~~[[Charaka Samhita]]~~ [[Sutra Sthana]] 13/10 \|\| Classification as vegetable/plant sources of lipids (''Sneha Dravya'')		\| 6 \|\| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 13/10 \|\| Classification as vegetable/plant sources of lipids (''Sneha Dravya'')
	\|-		\|-
	\| 7 \|\| ~~[[Charaka Samhita]]~~ [[Sutra Sthana]] 14/31 \|\| Ingredient of decoction used for steam fomentation (''Nadi Sweda'')		\| 7 \|\| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 14/31 \|\| Ingredient of decoction used for steam fomentation (''Nadi Sweda'')
	\|-		\|-
	\| 8 \|\| ~~[[Charaka Samhita]]~~ [[Sutra Sthana]] 14/43 \|\| Ingredient of decoction used for steam fomentation (''Nadi Sweda'')		\| 8 \|\| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 14/43 \|\| Ingredient of decoction used for steam fomentation (''Nadi Sweda'')
	\|-		\|-
	\| 9 \|\| ~~[[Charaka Samhita]]~~ [[Nidana Sthana]] 2/4 \|\| Mentioned in context as an etiological factor in bleeding disorders (''Raktapitta'')		\| 9 \|\| Cha.Sa.[[Nidana Sthana]] 2/4 \|\| Mentioned in context as an etiological factor in bleeding disorders (''Raktapitta'')
	\|-		\|-
	\| 10 \|\| ~~[[Charaka Samhita]]~~ [[Vimana Sthana]] 7/17 \|\| Used in the management and treatment of parasitic infestations (''Krumi Roga'')		\| 10 \|\| Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 7/17 \|\| Used in the management and treatment of parasitic infestations (''Krumi Roga'')
	\|-		\|-
	\| 11 \|\| ~~[[Charaka Samhita]]~~ [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/48 \|\| Ingredient of therapeutic formulations used in skin diseases (''Kushtha'')		\| 11 \|\| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/48 \|\| Ingredient of therapeutic formulations used in skin diseases (''Kushtha'')
	\|-		\|-
	\| 12 \|\| ~~[[Charaka Samhita]]~~ [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/56 \|\| Ingredient of formulations used in the treatment of skin diseases (''Kushtha'')		\| 12 \|\| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/56 \|\| Ingredient of formulations used in the treatment of skin diseases (''Kushtha'')
	\|-		\|-
	\| 13 \|\| ~~[[Charaka Samhita]]~~ [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/91 \|\| Ingredient of ''Siddharthaka Snana'' (medicated bath) for dermatoses		\| 13 \|\| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/91 \|\| Ingredient of ''Siddharthaka Snana'' (medicated bath) for dermatoses
	\|-		\|-
	\| 14 \|\| ~~[[Charaka Samhita]]~~ [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/93 \|\| Used as an external application (''Lepa'')		\| 14 \|\| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/93 \|\| Used as an external application (''Lepa'')
	\|-		\|-
	\| 15 \|\| ~~[[Charaka Samhita]]~~ [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/94 \|\| Used as an external application (''Lepa'')		\| 15 \|\| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/94 \|\| Used as an external application (''Lepa'')
	\|-		\|-
	\| 16 \|\| ~~[[Charaka Samhita]]~~ [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/111 \|\| Ingredient of ''Kanakaksheeri Tailam''		\| 16 \|\| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/111 \|\| Ingredient of ''Kanakaksheeri Tailam''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 17 \|\| ~~[[Charaka Samhita]]~~ [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/119 \|\| Formulation drug (''Yoga Dravya'') used in skin diseases (''Kushtha'')		\| 17 \|\| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/119 \|\| Formulation drug (''Yoga Dravya'') used in skin diseases (''Kushtha'')
	\|-		\|-
	\| 18 \|\| ~~[[Charaka Samhita]]~~ [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/152 \|\| Ingredient of ''Maha Khadira Ghrita''		\| 18 \|\| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/152 \|\| Ingredient of ''Maha Khadira Ghrita''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 19 \|\| ~~[[Charaka Samhita]]~~ [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/158 \|\| Formulation drug used in parasitic / infective dermatoses (''Krumi Kushtha'')		\| 19 \|\| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/158 \|\| Formulation drug used in parasitic / infective dermatoses (''Krumi Kushtha'')
	\|-		\|-
	\| 20 \|\| ~~[[Charaka Samhita]]~~ [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/44 \|\| Used in nasal errhines / errhine therapy (''Nasya'')		\| 20 \|\| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/44 \|\| Used in nasal errhines / errhine therapy (''Nasya'')
	\|-		\|-
	\| 21 \|\| ~~[[Charaka Samhita]]~~ [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/67 \|\| Ingredient of medicated water used for therapeutic baths		\| 21 \|\| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/67 \|\| Ingredient of medicated water used for therapeutic baths
	\|-		\|-
	\| 22 \|\| ~~[[Charaka Samhita]]~~ [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/57 \|\| Formulation drug used for external therapeutic application		\| 22 \|\| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/57 \|\| Formulation drug used for external therapeutic application
	\|-		\|-
	\| 23 \|\| ~~[[Charaka Samhita]]~~ [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/101 \|\| Formulation drug in the treatment of hemorrhoids associated with constipation		\| 23 \|\| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/101 \|\| Formulation drug in the treatment of hemorrhoids associated with constipation
	\|-		\|-
	\| 24 \|\| ~~[[Charaka Samhita]]~~ [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/179 \|\| Ingredient in alkaline preparations (''Kshara Kalpana'')		\| 24 \|\| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/179 \|\| Ingredient in alkaline preparations (''Kshara Kalpana'')
	\|-		\|-
	\| 25 \|\| ~~[[Charaka Samhita]]~~ [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/137 \|\| Formulation drug used in the treatment of cystic erysipelas (''Granthi Visarpa'')		\| 25 \|\| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/137 \|\| Formulation drug used in the treatment of cystic erysipelas (''Granthi Visarpa'')
	\|-		\|-
	\| 26 \|\| ~~[[Charaka Samhita]]~~ [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/69 \|\| Formulation drug utilized for nasal administration (''Nasya'')		\| 26 \|\| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/69 \|\| Formulation drug utilized for nasal administration (''Nasya'')
	\|-		\|-
	\| 27 \|\| ~~[[Charaka Samhita]]~~ [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/70 \|\| Ingredient of ''Gandhahasti Agada''		\| 27 \|\| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/70 \|\| Ingredient of ''Gandhahasti Agada''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 28 \|\| ~~[[Charaka Samhita]]~~ [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/79 \|\| Ingredient of ''Mahagandhahastinama Agada''		\| 28 \|\| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/79 \|\| Ingredient of ''Mahagandhahastinama Agada''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 29 \|\| ~~[[Charaka Samhita]]~~ [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/209 \|\| Formulation drug used in scorpion bite poisoning		\| 29 \|\| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/209 \|\| Formulation drug used in scorpion bite poisoning
	\|-		\|-
	\| 30 \|\| ~~[[Charaka Samhita]]~~ [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/216 \|\| Formulation drug used in the treatment of house lizard venom poisoning		\| 30 \|\| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/216 \|\| Formulation drug used in the treatment of house lizard venom poisoning
	\|-		\|-
	\| 31 \|\| ~~[[Charaka Samhita]]~~ [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/246 \|\| Ingredient of ''Amrita Ghrita''		\| 31 \|\| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/246 \|\| Ingredient of ''Amrita Ghrita''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 32 \|\| ~~[[Charaka Samhita]]~~ [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/57 \|\| Formulation drug used in the treatment of Kaphaja dysuria (''Kaphaja Mutrakruccha'')		\| 32 \|\| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/57 \|\| Formulation drug used in the treatment of Kaphaja dysuria (''Kaphaja Mutrakruccha'')
	\|-		\|-
	\| 33 \|\| ~~[[Charaka Samhita]]~~ [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/154 \|\| Formulation drug used in Kaphaja coryza and chronic rhinitis (''Dushta Pratishyaya'')		\| 33 \|\| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/154 \|\| Formulation drug used in Kaphaja coryza and chronic rhinitis (''Dushta Pratishyaya'')
	\|-		\|-
	\| 34 \|\| ~~[[Charaka Samhita]]~~ [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/186 \|\| Formulation drug in Kaphaja, Sannipatika, and parasite-induced head disorders (''Shiroroga'')		\| 34 \|\| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/186 \|\| Formulation drug in Kaphaja, Sannipatika, and parasite-induced head disorders (''Shiroroga'')
	\|-		\|-
	\| 35 \|\| ~~[[Charaka Samhita]]~~ [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/34 \|\| Used as a formulation drug (''Yoga Dravya'')		\| 35 \|\| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/34 \|\| Used as a formulation drug (''Yoga Dravya'')
	\|-		\|-
	\| 36 \|\| ~~[[Charaka Samhita]]~~ [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/49 \|\| Used as an external application (''Lepa'')		\| 36 \|\| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/49 \|\| Used as an external application (''Lepa'')
	\|-		\|-
	\| 37 \|\| ~~[[Charaka Samhita]]~~ [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/57 \|\| Used as an external application (''Lepa'')		\| 37 \|\| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/57 \|\| Used as an external application (''Lepa'')
	\|-		\|-
	\| 38 \|\| ~~[[Charaka Samhita]]~~ [[Kalpa Sthana]] 11/11 \|\| Classified as a purgative / therapeutic evacuation drug (''Virechana Dravya'')		\| 38 \|\| Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 11/11 \|\| Classified as a purgative / therapeutic evacuation drug (''Virechana Dravya'')
	\|-		\|-
	\| 39 \|\| [[Charaka Samhita]] [[Kalpa Sthana]] 11/14 \|\| Ingredient of medicated ghee (''Ghrita'') preparation		\| 39 \|\| [[Charaka Samhita]] [[Kalpa Sthana]] 11/14 \|\| Ingredient of medicated ghee (''Ghrita'') preparation

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:34, 26 August 2026
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	* ''Eugenia caryophyllata'' Thunb.		* ''Eugenia caryophyllata'' Thunb.
	* ''Eugenia caryophyllus'' (Spreng.) Bullock & S.G.Harrison		* ''Eugenia caryophyllus'' (Spreng.) Bullock & S.G.Harrison
	* ''Jambosa caryophyllus'' (Thunb.) Nied.		* ''Jambosa caryophyllus'' (Thunb.) Nied.[[File:Lavanga.jpg\|thumb\|'''Lavanga (''Syzygium aromaticum'')''']]

	== Synonyms in Classical Texts ==		== Synonyms in Classical Texts ==
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	The primary therapeutic potential of Lavanga resides in its volatile essential oil ('''Clove Oil'''), which yields 15% to 20% of the dried flower bud weight. The volatile profile is dominated by phenylpropanoids and sesquiterpenes:<ref name="AbdulAziz2023">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Abdul Aziz AH, Rizkiyah DN, Qomariyah L, Irianto I, Che Yunus MA, Putra NR \|title=Unlocking the Full Potential of Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) Spice: An Overview of Extraction Techniques, Bioactivity, and Future Opportunities in the Food and Beverage Industry \|journal=Processes \|volume=11 \|issue=8 \|pages=2453 \|year=2023 \|doi=10.3390/pr11082453}}</ref>		The primary therapeutic potential of Lavanga resides in its volatile essential oil ('''Clove Oil'''), which yields 15% to 20% of the dried flower bud weight. The volatile profile is dominated by phenylpropanoids and sesquiterpenes:<ref name="AbdulAziz2023">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Abdul Aziz AH, Rizkiyah DN, Qomariyah L, Irianto I, Che Yunus MA, Putra NR \|title=Unlocking the Full Potential of Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) Spice: An Overview of Extraction Techniques, Bioactivity, and Future Opportunities in the Food and Beverage Industry \|journal=Processes \|volume=11 \|issue=8 \|pages=2453 \|year=2023 \|doi=10.3390/pr11082453}}</ref>

	* '''[[Eugenol]] (4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol):''' Accounts for 70–90% of the total essential oil content. It functions as the primary bioactive constituent responsible for analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial actions.		* '''Eugenol (4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol):''' Accounts for 70–90% of the total essential oil content. It functions as the primary bioactive constituent responsible for analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial actions.
	* '''Eugenyl Acetate:''' Comprises 2–15% of the oil, contributing to the sedative, anti-inflammatory, and antispasmodic profile.		* '''Eugenyl Acetate:''' Comprises 2–15% of the oil, contributing to the sedative, anti-inflammatory, and antispasmodic profile.
	* '''~~[[Beta-Caryophyllene\|~~β-Caryophyllene]]:''' Represents 5–12% of the oil, acting as a selective ~~[[Cannabinoid receptor type 2\|~~cannabinoid receptor type-2]] (CB<sub>2</sub>) agonist with anti-inflammatory properties.		* '''β-Caryophyllene:''' Represents 5–12% of the oil, acting as a selective cannabinoid receptor type-2 (CB<sub>2</sub>) agonist with anti-inflammatory properties.
	* '''Polyphenols & Tannins:''' Contains gallic acid, ellagic acid, and flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol) providing antioxidant protection.		* '''Polyphenols & Tannins:''' Contains gallic acid, ellagic acid, and flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol) providing antioxidant protection.

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	== Safety Profile, Toxicology, & Contraindications ==		== Safety Profile, Toxicology, & Contraindications ==
	* '''Toxicity:''' ~~[[Generally recognized as safe\|~~Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS)]] by the FDA as a food additive. However, concentrated clove oil applied undiluted can cause mucosal irritation, tissue necrosis, or contact dermatitis.		* '''Toxicity:''' Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) by the FDA as a food additive. However, concentrated clove oil applied undiluted can cause mucosal irritation, tissue necrosis, or contact dermatitis.
	* '''Overdose Risk:''' Oral ingestion of concentrated eugenol in high doses (>10–12 mL) can induce systemic toxicity characterized by acute liver injury, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), metabolic acidosis, and central nervous system depression.		* '''Overdose Risk:''' Oral ingestion of concentrated eugenol in high doses (>10–12 mL) can induce systemic toxicity characterized by acute liver injury, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), metabolic acidosis, and central nervous system depression.
	* '''Drug Interactions:''' Due to antiplatelet effects mediated through thromboxane A<sub>2</sub> inhibition, caution is warranted when co-administered with oral anticoagulants (e.g., [[Warfarin]]) or antiplatelet agents (e.g., [[Aspirin]], [[Clopidogrel]]).		* '''Drug Interactions:''' Due to antiplatelet effects mediated through thromboxane A<sub>2</sub> inhibition, caution is warranted when co-administered with oral anticoagulants (e.g., [[Warfarin]]) or antiplatelet agents (e.g., Aspirin, Clopidogrel).

	== References ==		== References ==