Charak Samhita - User contributions [en]

Talk:Sariva

2026-10-18T12:28:55Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Sariva, Hemidesmus indicus (L.) Schult., Indian sarsaparilla* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Sariva is classified as a blood purifier and rasayana. It is traditionally indicated for skin disorders, burning sensations, fever, and metabolic toxemia.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemidesmus_indicus Hemidesmus indicus (L.) SCHULT.]

{{Infobox
|title = Sariva
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Sariva
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemidesmus_indicus Hemidesmus indicus (L.) SCHULT.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Apocynaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|label8 = DOI
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemidesmus_indicus Hemidesmus indicus (L.) SCHULT.]''', popularly known as '''Sariva''' (Indian sarsaparilla), is a slender, laticiferous, twining shrub native to the Indian subcontinent. It is widely revered in [[Ayurveda]] as a premier blood purifier (''raktashodhaka''), coolant (''pittahara''), and rejuvenative (''rasayana'') drug of choice for managing chronic skin disorders, burning sensations, fever, and metabolic toxemia.

== English name ==
Indian sarsaparilla

== Therapeutic Uses ==
Agnimandhya (digestive impairment), Aruchi (anorexia), Swasa (dyspnea), Kasa (cough), Jwara (fever), Atisara (diarrhea), Kandu (itching), Kustha (skin diseases), Raktavikara (blood disorders).<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:68</ref>

== Other Varieties ==
* Periploca indica

== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
In traditional Indian medicine, Sariva is classified as possessing sweet (''madhura'') and bitter (''tikta'') tastes, with a cooling potency (''sheeta veerya'') that pacifies all three doshas (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha), though it is exceptionally renowned for subduing aggravated Pitta and blood impurities.

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
Sariva, Ananta, Gopakanya, Sphota, Shyama, Krushodari, Asphota, Phanijihvaka, Anantamoola, Gopavalli.

== Additional Synonyms in Bhavprakasha Nighantu ==
Gopi, Gopavadhu, Lata.<ref name="Bhavamishra2020">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Guduchyadi Varga, Verse no. 237, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020;</ref>

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Sweet (madhura), Bitter (tikta)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Cold (sheeta)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]]) || Heavy (guru), Unctuous (snigdha)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[vata]], [[pitta]] and [[kapha]]
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 2/24 || Pipasaghniyavagu (gruels for excess thirst and toxicity)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(9) || Kanthya mahakashaya (beneficial for throat & voice)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(18) || Stanyashodhana mahakashaya (galacto-purifiers)
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(31) || Purishsangrahaniya mahakashaya (faecal astringents)
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(39) || Jwarahara mahakashaya (relieving fever)
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(41) || Dahaprashamana mahakashaya (pacifying burning sensation)
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 5/64 || Anutailadravya
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40 || Agrya Sangraha
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/139 || Madhurskandha (group of sweet drugs)
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 8/29 || Garbha Vyadhi chikitsa (treatment of constipation during third trimester)
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 8/56 || Kshira vishodhana dravya
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/201 || Used as kwatha in Satat jwara
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/219 || As an ingredient of Pippalyadi Ghrita
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/258 || As an ingredient of Chandanadhya taila
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/76 || As an ingredient of kiratatiktadi churna
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/81 || As an ingredient of Priyangvadi peya
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/128 || Abhyantara and Bahyaprayogartha (Pana, Snana, Lepa)
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/145 || Ingredient in Mahatikta Ghrita
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/109 || Ingredient in Duralabhadi Ghrita
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/35 || Ingredient in Kalyanak Ghrita
|-
| 21 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/42 || Ingredient in Mahakalyanak Ghrita
|-
| 22 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/160 || As an ingredient of kanakasava
|-
| 23 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/106 || Agnivruddhiartha and alleviating kosthagata kapha in grahaniroga
|-
| 24 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/125 || As an ingredient of candanadhya ghrita
|-
| 25 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/110 || Used in treatment of hikka swasha (mentioned as Asphota)
|-
| 26 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/177 || As an ingredient of jivantyadi leha
|-
| 27 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/50 || As a pana dravya
|-
| 28 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/54 || For kashaya pana (decoction)
|-
| 29 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/76 || As an ingredient of Sarivadi pralepa
|-
| 30 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/88 || For pradeha prayoga in kaphaja visarpa
|-
| 31 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/102 || As an ingredient of ksharagada
|-
| 32 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/201 || Used in the treatment of Luta visha (spider poison)
|-
| 33 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/202 || As an ingredient of Madhukadi yoga
|-
| 34 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/243 || As an ingredient of Amruta ghrita
|-
| 35 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/153 || As an ingredient of Bhargyadi taila
|-
| 36 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/185 || Used in Kaphaja Siroroga for Pradhamana nasya
|-
| 37 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/264 || As an ingredient of Sahacharadi taila
|-
| 38 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/269 || As an ingredient of Mahaneela taila
|-
| 39 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/168 || As an ingredient of Mahamayura Ghrita
|-
| 40 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/179 || As an ingredient of Yashtyadi Ghrita
|-
| 41 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/234 || Used in Pittaja netraroga (eye disease)
|-
| 42 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/243 || As an ingredient of Amrutadi varti
|-
| 43 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/125 || As an ingredient of Dashamuladi majja sneha
|-
| 44 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/158 || As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila
|-
| 45 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/76 || As an ingredient of Sthiradi Ghrita/Taila
|-
| 46 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/94 || As an ingredient of Madhuparnyadi taila
|-
| 47 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/123 || As an ingredient of Pinda taila
|-
| 48 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/146 || Used in Kaphaja Vatarakta
|-
| 49 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/92 || As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna
|-
| 50 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/263 || Used in the treatment of Stanya Vairasya
|-
| 51 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/275 || Used in treatment of Dorgandhya Stanya dosha, as an ingredient of Sarivadi lepa
|}

== Dose ==
* Kwatha (Decoction): 20–30 g of the drug.<ref name="API1986"/>

== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API1986"/>
* Sarivadhyasava

== Current Availability ==
Available
* In India: Karnataka, Kerala, Bihar, West Bengal, Maharashtra.

== Current Researches ==

== Phytochemical Composition ==
The therapeutic versatility of ''Hemidesmus indicus'' stems from the secondary metabolites present primarily in its roots:
* '''Volatile constituents:''' 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde is the major constituent of the aromatic root volatiles (more than 90% in the GC-MS analysis), accompanied by minor terpenoid components such as camphor and borneol.<ref name="Nagarajan2001">{{cite journal |last1=Nagarajan |first1=S. |last2=Rao |first2=L. J. M. |last3=Gurudutt |first3=K. N. |year=2001 |title=Chemical composition of the volatiles of Hemidesmus indicus R.Br. |journal=Flavour and Fragrance Journal |volume=16 |pages=212–214}}</ref>
* '''Terpenoids and saponins:''' In a comparison of root extracts prepared with solvents of increasing polarity, the methanol extract had the highest phytochemical content, with terpenoids at 59.82 ± 0.97 mg LE/g and saponins at 15.03 ± 0.45 mg DE/g of extract.<ref name="Som2021">{{cite journal |last1=Som |first1=S. |last2=Antony |first2=J. |last3=Dhanabal |first3=P. |last4=Ponnusankar |first4=S. |year=2021 |title=Phytochemical profiling of Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. ex Schult and its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotection linked enzyme inhibitory properties |journal=Pharmacognosy Journal |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=196–205}}</ref>

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==

=== Anti-inflammatory and Antipyretic Activity (Shotha, Jwara) ===
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Methanolic extract of ''Hemidesmus indicus'' root (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg orally) significantly reduced carrageenan-induced paw oedema and brewer's yeast-induced pyrexia in rats compared with control, indicating anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties.<ref name="Lakshman2006">{{cite journal |last1=Lakshman |first1=K. |last2=Shivaprasad |first2=H. N. |last3=Jaiprakash |first3=B. |last4=Mohan |first4=S. |year=2006 |title=Anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of Hemidesmus indicus root extract |journal=African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=90–94}}</ref>

=== Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Activity ===
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In rats given bromobenzene, which causes oxidative damage to liver mitochondria, prior administration of an aqueous extract of ''H. indicus'' (100 mg/kg) stimulated respiration and prevented the rise in lipid peroxides and protein carbonyls, restoring sulphydryl groups to control levels. Vitamin E could not reverse the damage as effectively.<ref name="Gopi2010">{{cite journal |last1=Gopi |first1=S. |last2=Setty |first2=O. H. |year=2010 |title=Beneficial effect of the administration of Hemidesmus indicus against bromobenzene induced oxidative stress in rat liver mitochondria |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=127 |issue=1 |pages=200–203}}</ref>

=== Antidiarrhoeal Activity (Atisara) ===
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In castor oil-induced diarrhoea in albino rats, aqueous and ethanolic root extracts (100 and 200 mg/kg) significantly reduced faecal droppings, intestinal transit and intestinal fluid secretion; the ethanolic extract at 200 mg/kg gave 75.5% protection in faecal score, 51.2% in intestinal dropping and 56.6% for intestinal fluid secretion.<ref name="Suyambu2015">{{cite journal |last1=Suyambu |first1=R. |last2=Shalini |first2=R. |year=2015 |title=Antidiarrhoeal activity of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Hemidesmus indicus root |journal=International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=403–406}}</ref>

=== Antidiabetic Activity ===
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, an aqueous root extract at 500 mg/kg/day decreased blood glucose significantly within 5 h, and over 12 weeks restored serum electrolytes, glycolytic enzymes and hepatic cytochrome P-450 enzyme systems by preventing the formation of liver and kidney lipid peroxides.<ref name="Hypoglycemic">{{cite journal |title=Hypoglycemic activity of Hemidesmus indicus R. Br. on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats |journal=International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries |pmc=2772005}}</ref>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' The methanolic root extract did not cause any mortality in rats up to 500 mg/kg in the anti-inflammatory study cited above; safety of the root in humans has not been established in the studies cited here.<ref name="Lakshman2006"/>
* '''Dose in Ayurveda:''' See the Dose section above (API).

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Hemidesmus indicus''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Inflammation and Fever (Shotha, Jwara)'''
| Methanolic root extract
| Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic (rat models)
|-
| '''Oxidative Liver Injury'''
| Aqueous root extract
| Protection of liver mitochondria from oxidative stress (rat model)
|-
| '''Diarrhoea (Atisara)'''
| Aqueous and ethanolic root extracts
| Reduced faecal output, intestinal transit and fluid secretion (rat model)
|-
| '''Hyperglycaemia'''
| Aqueous root extract
| Lowered blood glucose (rat model)
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:68</ref>
<ref name="Bhavamishra2020">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Guduchyadi Varga, Verse no. 237, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020;</ref>
<ref name="Nagarajan2001">{{cite journal |last1=Nagarajan |first1=S. |last2=Rao |first2=L. J. M. |last3=Gurudutt |first3=K. N. |year=2001 |title=Chemical composition of the volatiles of Hemidesmus indicus R.Br. |journal=Flavour and Fragrance Journal |volume=16 |pages=212–214}}</ref>
<ref name="Som2021">{{cite journal |last1=Som |first1=S. |last2=Antony |first2=J. |last3=Dhanabal |first3=P. |last4=Ponnusankar |first4=S. |year=2021 |title=Phytochemical profiling of Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. ex Schult and its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotection linked enzyme inhibitory properties |journal=Pharmacognosy Journal |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=196–205}}</ref>
<ref name="Lakshman2006">{{cite journal |last1=Lakshman |first1=K. |last2=Shivaprasad |first2=H. N. |last3=Jaiprakash |first3=B. |last4=Mohan |first4=S. |year=2006 |title=Anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of Hemidesmus indicus root extract |journal=African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=90–94}}</ref>
<ref name="Gopi2010">{{cite journal |last1=Gopi |first1=S. |last2=Setty |first2=O. H. |year=2010 |title=Beneficial effect of the administration of Hemidesmus indicus against bromobenzene induced oxidative stress in rat liver mitochondria |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=127 |issue=1 |pages=200–203}}</ref>
<ref name="Suyambu2015">{{cite journal |last1=Suyambu |first1=R. |last2=Shalini |first2=R. |year=2015 |title=Antidiarrhoeal activity of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Hemidesmus indicus root |journal=International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=403–406}}</ref>
<ref name="Hypoglycemic">{{cite journal |title=Hypoglycemic activity of Hemidesmus indicus R. Br. on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats |journal=International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries |pmc=2772005}}</ref>
}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Talk:Sariva

2026-10-18T12:21:21Z

Dridhabala: /* References */

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Sariva, Hemidesmus indicus (L.) Schult., Indian sarsaparilla* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Sariva is classified as a blood purifier and rasayana. It is traditionally indicated for skin disorders, burning sensations, fever, and metabolic toxemia.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemidesmus_indicus Hemidesmus indicus (L.) SCHULT.]

{{Infobox
|title = Sariva
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Sariva
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemidesmus_indicus Hemidesmus indicus (L.) SCHULT.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Apocynaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|label8 = DOI
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemidesmus_indicus Hemidesmus indicus (L.) SCHULT.]''', popularly known as '''Sariva''' (Indian sarsaparilla), is a slender, laticiferous, twining shrub native to the Indian subcontinent. It is widely revered in [[Ayurveda]] as a premier blood purifier (''raktashodhaka''), coolant (''pittahara''), and rejuvenative (''rasayana'') drug of choice for managing chronic skin disorders, burning sensations, fever, and metabolic toxemia.

== English name ==
Indian sarsaparilla

== Therapeutic Uses ==
Agnimandhya (digestive impairment), Aruchi (anorexia), Swasa (dyspnea), Kasa (cough), Jwara (fever), Atisara (diarrhea), Kandu (itching), Kustha (skin diseases), Raktavikara (blood disorders).<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:68</ref>

== Other Varieties ==
* Periploca indica

== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
In traditional Indian medicine, Sariva is classified as possessing sweet (''madhura'') and bitter (''tikta'') tastes, with a cooling potency (''sheeta veerya'') that pacifies all three doshas (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha), though it is exceptionally renowned for subduing aggravated Pitta and blood impurities.

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
Sariva, Ananta, Gopakanya, Sphota, Shyama, Krushodari, Asphota, Phanijihvaka, Anantamoola, Gopavalli.

== Additional Synonyms in Bhavprakasha Nighantu ==
Gopi, Gopavadhu, Lata.<ref name="Bhavamishra2020">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Guduchyadi Varga, Verse no. 237, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020;</ref>

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Sweet (madhura), Bitter (tikta)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Cold (sheeta)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]]) || Heavy (guru), Unctuous (snigdha)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[vata]], [[pitta]] and [[kapha]]
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 2/24 || Pipasaghniyavagu (gruels for excess thirst and toxicity)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(9) || Kanthya mahakashaya (beneficial for throat & voice)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(18) || Stanyashodhana mahakashaya (galacto-purifiers)
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(31) || Purishsangrahaniya mahakashaya (faecal astringents)
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(39) || Jwarahara mahakashaya (relieving fever)
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(41) || Dahaprashamana mahakashaya (pacifying burning sensation)
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 5/64 || Anutailadravya
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40 || Agrya Sangraha
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/139 || Madhurskandha (group of sweet drugs)
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 8/29 || Garbha Vyadhi chikitsa (treatment of constipation during third trimester)
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 8/56 || Kshira vishodhana dravya
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/201 || Used as kwatha in Satat jwara
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/219 || As an ingredient of Pippalyadi Ghrita
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/258 || As an ingredient of Chandanadhya taila
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/76 || As an ingredient of kiratatiktadi churna
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/81 || As an ingredient of Priyangvadi peya
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/128 || Abhyantara and Bahyaprayogartha (Pana, Snana, Lepa)
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/145 || Ingredient in Mahatikta Ghrita
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/109 || Ingredient in Duralabhadi Ghrita
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/35 || Ingredient in Kalyanak Ghrita
|-
| 21 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/42 || Ingredient in Mahakalyanak Ghrita
|-
| 22 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/160 || As an ingredient of kanakasava
|-
| 23 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/106 || Agnivruddhiartha and alleviating kosthagata kapha in grahaniroga
|-
| 24 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/125 || As an ingredient of candanadhya ghrita
|-
| 25 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/110 || Used in treatment of hikka swasha (mentioned as Asphota)
|-
| 26 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/177 || As an ingredient of jivantyadi leha
|-
| 27 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/50 || As a pana dravya
|-
| 28 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/54 || For kashaya pana (decoction)
|-
| 29 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/76 || As an ingredient of Sarivadi pralepa
|-
| 30 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/88 || For pradeha prayoga in kaphaja visarpa
|-
| 31 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/102 || As an ingredient of ksharagada
|-
| 32 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/201 || Used in the treatment of Luta visha (spider poison)
|-
| 33 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/202 || As an ingredient of Madhukadi yoga
|-
| 34 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/243 || As an ingredient of Amruta ghrita
|-
| 35 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/153 || As an ingredient of Bhargyadi taila
|-
| 36 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/185 || Used in Kaphaja Siroroga for Pradhamana nasya
|-
| 37 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/264 || As an ingredient of Sahacharadi taila
|-
| 38 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/269 || As an ingredient of Mahaneela taila
|-
| 39 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/168 || As an ingredient of Mahamayura Ghrita
|-
| 40 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/179 || As an ingredient of Yashtyadi Ghrita
|-
| 41 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/234 || Used in Pittaja netraroga (eye disease)
|-
| 42 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/243 || As an ingredient of Amrutadi varti
|-
| 43 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/125 || As an ingredient of Dashamuladi majja sneha
|-
| 44 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/158 || As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila
|-
| 45 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/76 || As an ingredient of Sthiradi Ghrita/Taila
|-
| 46 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/94 || As an ingredient of Madhuparnyadi taila
|-
| 47 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/123 || As an ingredient of Pinda taila
|-
| 48 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/146 || Used in Kaphaja Vatarakta
|-
| 49 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/92 || As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna
|-
| 50 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/263 || Used in the treatment of Stanya Vairasya
|-
| 51 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/275 || Used in treatment of Dorgandhya Stanya dosha, as an ingredient of Sarivadi lepa
|}

== Dose ==
* Kwatha (Decoction): 20–30 g of the drug.<ref name="API1986"/>

== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API1986"/>
* Sarivadhyasava

== Current Availability ==
Available
* In India: Karnataka, Kerala, Bihar, West Bengal, Maharashtra.

== Current Researches ==

== Phytochemical Composition ==
The therapeutic versatility of ''Hemidesmus indicus'' stems from the secondary metabolites present primarily in its roots:
* '''Volatile constituents:''' 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde is the major constituent of the aromatic root volatiles (more than 90% in the GC-MS analysis), accompanied by minor terpenoid components such as camphor and borneol.<ref name="Nagarajan2001">{{cite journal |last1=Nagarajan |first1=S. |last2=Rao |first2=L. J. M. |last3=Gurudutt |first3=K. N. |year=2001 |title=Chemical composition of the volatiles of Hemidesmus indicus R.Br. |journal=Flavour and Fragrance Journal |volume=16 |pages=212–214}}</ref>
* '''Terpenoids and saponins:''' In a comparison of root extracts prepared with solvents of increasing polarity, the methanol extract had the highest phytochemical content, with terpenoids at 59.82 ± 0.97 mg LE/g and saponins at 15.03 ± 0.45 mg DE/g of extract.<ref name="Som2021">{{cite journal |last1=Som |first1=S. |last2=Antony |first2=J. |last3=Dhanabal |first3=P. |last4=Ponnusankar |first4=S. |year=2021 |title=Phytochemical profiling of Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. ex Schult and its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotection linked enzyme inhibitory properties |journal=Pharmacognosy Journal |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=196–205}}</ref>

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==

=== Anti-inflammatory and Antipyretic Activity (Shotha, Jwara) ===
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Methanolic extract of ''Hemidesmus indicus'' root (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg orally) significantly reduced carrageenan-induced paw oedema and brewer's yeast-induced pyrexia in rats compared with control, indicating anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties.<ref name="Lakshman2006">{{cite journal |last1=Lakshman |first1=K. |last2=Shivaprasad |first2=H. N. |last3=Jaiprakash |first3=B. |last4=Mohan |first4=S. |year=2006 |title=Anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of Hemidesmus indicus root extract |journal=African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=90–94}}</ref>

=== Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Activity ===
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In rats given bromobenzene, which causes oxidative damage to liver mitochondria, prior administration of an aqueous extract of ''H. indicus'' (100 mg/kg) stimulated respiration and prevented the rise in lipid peroxides and protein carbonyls, restoring sulphydryl groups to control levels. Vitamin E could not reverse the damage as effectively.<ref name="Gopi2010">{{cite journal |last1=Gopi |first1=S. |last2=Setty |first2=O. H. |year=2010 |title=Beneficial effect of the administration of Hemidesmus indicus against bromobenzene induced oxidative stress in rat liver mitochondria |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=127 |issue=1 |pages=200–203}}</ref>

=== Antidiarrhoeal Activity (Atisara) ===
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In castor oil-induced diarrhoea in albino rats, aqueous and ethanolic root extracts (100 and 200 mg/kg) significantly reduced faecal droppings, intestinal transit and intestinal fluid secretion; the ethanolic extract at 200 mg/kg gave 75.5% protection in faecal score, 51.2% in intestinal dropping and 56.6% for intestinal fluid secretion.<ref name="Suyambu2015">{{cite journal |last1=Suyambu |first1=R. |last2=Shalini |first2=R. |year=2015 |title=Antidiarrhoeal activity of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Hemidesmus indicus root |journal=International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=403–406}}</ref>

=== Antidiabetic Activity ===
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, an aqueous root extract at 500 mg/kg/day decreased blood glucose significantly within 5 h, and over 12 weeks restored serum electrolytes, glycolytic enzymes and hepatic cytochrome P-450 enzyme systems by preventing the formation of liver and kidney lipid peroxides.<ref name="Hypoglycemic">{{cite journal |title=Hypoglycemic activity of Hemidesmus indicus R. Br. on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats |journal=International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries |pmc=2772005}}</ref>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' The methanolic root extract did not cause any mortality in rats up to 500 mg/kg in the anti-inflammatory study cited above; safety of the root in humans has not been established in the studies cited here.<ref name="Lakshman2006"/>
* '''Dose in Ayurveda:''' See the Dose section above (API).

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Hemidesmus indicus''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Inflammation and Fever (Shotha, Jwara)'''
| Methanolic root extract
| Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic (rat models)
|-
| '''Oxidative Liver Injury'''
| Aqueous root extract
| Protection of liver mitochondria from oxidative stress (rat model)
|-
| '''Diarrhoea (Atisara)'''
| Aqueous and ethanolic root extracts
| Reduced faecal output, intestinal transit and fluid secretion (rat model)
|-
| '''Hyperglycaemia'''
| Aqueous root extract
| Lowered blood glucose (rat model)
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:68</ref>
<ref name="Bhavamishra2020">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Guduchyadi Varga, Verse no. 237, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020;</ref>
<ref name="Nagarajan2001">{{cite journal |last1=Nagarajan |first1=S. |last2=Rao |first2=L. J. M. |last3=Gurudutt |first3=K. N. |year=2001 |title=Chemical composition of the volatiles of Hemidesmus indicus R.Br. |journal=Flavour and Fragrance Journal |volume=16 |pages=212–214}}</ref>
<ref name="Som2021">{{cite journal |last1=Som |first1=S. |last2=Antony |first2=J. |last3=Dhanabal |first3=P. |last4=Ponnusankar |first4=S. |year=2021 |title=Phytochemical profiling of Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. ex Schult and its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotection linked enzyme inhibitory properties |journal=Pharmacognosy Journal |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=196–205}}</ref>
<ref name="Lakshman2006">{{cite journal |last1=Lakshman |first1=K. |last2=Shivaprasad |first2=H. N. |last3=Jaiprakash |first3=B. |last4=Mohan |first4=S. |year=2006 |title=Anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of Hemidesmus indicus root extract |journal=African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=90–94}}</ref>
<ref name="Gopi2010">{{cite journal |last1=Gopi |first1=S. |last2=Setty |first2=O. H. |year=2010 |title=Beneficial effect of the administration of Hemidesmus indicus against bromobenzene induced oxidative stress in rat liver mitochondria |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=127 |issue=1 |pages=200–203}}</ref>

<ref name="Suyambu2015">{{cite journal |last1=Suyambu |first1=R. |last2=Shalini |first2=R. |year=2015 |title=Antidiarrhoeal activity of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Hemidesmus indicus root |journal=International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=403–406}}</ref>

{{cite journal |last1=Gayathri |first1=M. |last2=Kannabiran |first2=K. |year=2008 |title=Hypoglycemic activity of Hemidesmus indicus R. Br. on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats |journal=International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=6–10 |doi=10.4103/0973-3930.41979 |pmid=19902032 |pmcid=PMC2772005}}
}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Talk:Sariva

2026-10-18T12:13:50Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Sariva, Hemidesmus indicus (L.) Schult., Indian sarsaparilla* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Sariva is classified as a blood purifier and rasayana. It is traditionally indicated for skin disorders, burning sensations, fever, and metabolic toxemia.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemidesmus_indicus Hemidesmus indicus (L.) SCHULT.]

{{Infobox
|title = Sariva
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Sariva
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemidesmus_indicus Hemidesmus indicus (L.) SCHULT.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Apocynaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|label8 = DOI
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemidesmus_indicus Hemidesmus indicus (L.) SCHULT.]''', popularly known as '''Sariva''' (Indian sarsaparilla), is a slender, laticiferous, twining shrub native to the Indian subcontinent. It is widely revered in [[Ayurveda]] as a premier blood purifier (''raktashodhaka''), coolant (''pittahara''), and rejuvenative (''rasayana'') drug of choice for managing chronic skin disorders, burning sensations, fever, and metabolic toxemia.

== English name ==
Indian sarsaparilla

== Therapeutic Uses ==
Agnimandhya (digestive impairment), Aruchi (anorexia), Swasa (dyspnea), Kasa (cough), Jwara (fever), Atisara (diarrhea), Kandu (itching), Kustha (skin diseases), Raktavikara (blood disorders).<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:68</ref>

== Other Varieties ==
* Periploca indica

== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
In traditional Indian medicine, Sariva is classified as possessing sweet (''madhura'') and bitter (''tikta'') tastes, with a cooling potency (''sheeta veerya'') that pacifies all three doshas (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha), though it is exceptionally renowned for subduing aggravated Pitta and blood impurities.

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
Sariva, Ananta, Gopakanya, Sphota, Shyama, Krushodari, Asphota, Phanijihvaka, Anantamoola, Gopavalli.

== Additional Synonyms in Bhavprakasha Nighantu ==
Gopi, Gopavadhu, Lata.<ref name="Bhavamishra2020">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Guduchyadi Varga, Verse no. 237, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020;</ref>

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Sweet (madhura), Bitter (tikta)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Cold (sheeta)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]]) || Heavy (guru), Unctuous (snigdha)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[vata]], [[pitta]] and [[kapha]]
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 2/24 || Pipasaghniyavagu (gruels for excess thirst and toxicity)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(9) || Kanthya mahakashaya (beneficial for throat & voice)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(18) || Stanyashodhana mahakashaya (galacto-purifiers)
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(31) || Purishsangrahaniya mahakashaya (faecal astringents)
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(39) || Jwarahara mahakashaya (relieving fever)
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(41) || Dahaprashamana mahakashaya (pacifying burning sensation)
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 5/64 || Anutailadravya
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40 || Agrya Sangraha
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/139 || Madhurskandha (group of sweet drugs)
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 8/29 || Garbha Vyadhi chikitsa (treatment of constipation during third trimester)
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 8/56 || Kshira vishodhana dravya
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/201 || Used as kwatha in Satat jwara
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/219 || As an ingredient of Pippalyadi Ghrita
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/258 || As an ingredient of Chandanadhya taila
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/76 || As an ingredient of kiratatiktadi churna
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/81 || As an ingredient of Priyangvadi peya
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/128 || Abhyantara and Bahyaprayogartha (Pana, Snana, Lepa)
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/145 || Ingredient in Mahatikta Ghrita
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/109 || Ingredient in Duralabhadi Ghrita
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/35 || Ingredient in Kalyanak Ghrita
|-
| 21 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/42 || Ingredient in Mahakalyanak Ghrita
|-
| 22 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/160 || As an ingredient of kanakasava
|-
| 23 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/106 || Agnivruddhiartha and alleviating kosthagata kapha in grahaniroga
|-
| 24 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/125 || As an ingredient of candanadhya ghrita
|-
| 25 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/110 || Used in treatment of hikka swasha (mentioned as Asphota)
|-
| 26 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/177 || As an ingredient of jivantyadi leha
|-
| 27 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/50 || As a pana dravya
|-
| 28 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/54 || For kashaya pana (decoction)
|-
| 29 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/76 || As an ingredient of Sarivadi pralepa
|-
| 30 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/88 || For pradeha prayoga in kaphaja visarpa
|-
| 31 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/102 || As an ingredient of ksharagada
|-
| 32 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/201 || Used in the treatment of Luta visha (spider poison)
|-
| 33 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/202 || As an ingredient of Madhukadi yoga
|-
| 34 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/243 || As an ingredient of Amruta ghrita
|-
| 35 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/153 || As an ingredient of Bhargyadi taila
|-
| 36 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/185 || Used in Kaphaja Siroroga for Pradhamana nasya
|-
| 37 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/264 || As an ingredient of Sahacharadi taila
|-
| 38 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/269 || As an ingredient of Mahaneela taila
|-
| 39 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/168 || As an ingredient of Mahamayura Ghrita
|-
| 40 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/179 || As an ingredient of Yashtyadi Ghrita
|-
| 41 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/234 || Used in Pittaja netraroga (eye disease)
|-
| 42 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/243 || As an ingredient of Amrutadi varti
|-
| 43 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/125 || As an ingredient of Dashamuladi majja sneha
|-
| 44 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/158 || As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila
|-
| 45 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/76 || As an ingredient of Sthiradi Ghrita/Taila
|-
| 46 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/94 || As an ingredient of Madhuparnyadi taila
|-
| 47 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/123 || As an ingredient of Pinda taila
|-
| 48 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/146 || Used in Kaphaja Vatarakta
|-
| 49 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/92 || As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna
|-
| 50 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/263 || Used in the treatment of Stanya Vairasya
|-
| 51 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/275 || Used in treatment of Dorgandhya Stanya dosha, as an ingredient of Sarivadi lepa
|}

== Dose ==
* Kwatha (Decoction): 20–30 g of the drug.<ref name="API1986"/>

== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API1986"/>
* Sarivadhyasava

== Current Availability ==
Available
* In India: Karnataka, Kerala, Bihar, West Bengal, Maharashtra.

== Current Researches ==

== Phytochemical Composition ==
The therapeutic versatility of ''Hemidesmus indicus'' stems from the secondary metabolites present primarily in its roots:
* '''Volatile constituents:''' 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde is the major constituent of the aromatic root volatiles (more than 90% in the GC-MS analysis), accompanied by minor terpenoid components such as camphor and borneol.<ref name="Nagarajan2001">{{cite journal |last1=Nagarajan |first1=S. |last2=Rao |first2=L. J. M. |last3=Gurudutt |first3=K. N. |year=2001 |title=Chemical composition of the volatiles of Hemidesmus indicus R.Br. |journal=Flavour and Fragrance Journal |volume=16 |pages=212–214}}</ref>
* '''Terpenoids and saponins:''' In a comparison of root extracts prepared with solvents of increasing polarity, the methanol extract had the highest phytochemical content, with terpenoids at 59.82 ± 0.97 mg LE/g and saponins at 15.03 ± 0.45 mg DE/g of extract.<ref name="Som2021">{{cite journal |last1=Som |first1=S. |last2=Antony |first2=J. |last3=Dhanabal |first3=P. |last4=Ponnusankar |first4=S. |year=2021 |title=Phytochemical profiling of Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. ex Schult and its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotection linked enzyme inhibitory properties |journal=Pharmacognosy Journal |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=196–205}}</ref>

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==

=== Anti-inflammatory and Antipyretic Activity (Shotha, Jwara) ===
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Methanolic extract of ''Hemidesmus indicus'' root (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg orally) significantly reduced carrageenan-induced paw oedema and brewer's yeast-induced pyrexia in rats compared with control, indicating anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties.<ref name="Lakshman2006">{{cite journal |last1=Lakshman |first1=K. |last2=Shivaprasad |first2=H. N. |last3=Jaiprakash |first3=B. |last4=Mohan |first4=S. |year=2006 |title=Anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of Hemidesmus indicus root extract |journal=African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=90–94}}</ref>

=== Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Activity ===
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In rats given bromobenzene, which causes oxidative damage to liver mitochondria, prior administration of an aqueous extract of ''H. indicus'' (100 mg/kg) stimulated respiration and prevented the rise in lipid peroxides and protein carbonyls, restoring sulphydryl groups to control levels. Vitamin E could not reverse the damage as effectively.<ref name="Gopi2010">{{cite journal |last1=Gopi |first1=S. |last2=Setty |first2=O. H. |year=2010 |title=Beneficial effect of the administration of Hemidesmus indicus against bromobenzene induced oxidative stress in rat liver mitochondria |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=127 |issue=1 |pages=200–203}}</ref>

=== Antidiarrhoeal Activity (Atisara) ===
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In castor oil-induced diarrhoea in albino rats, aqueous and ethanolic root extracts (100 and 200 mg/kg) significantly reduced faecal droppings, intestinal transit and intestinal fluid secretion; the ethanolic extract at 200 mg/kg gave 75.5% protection in faecal score, 51.2% in intestinal dropping and 56.6% for intestinal fluid secretion.<ref name="Suyambu2015">{{cite journal |last1=Suyambu |first1=R. |last2=Shalini |first2=R. |year=2015 |title=Antidiarrhoeal activity of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Hemidesmus indicus root |journal=International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=403–406}}</ref>

=== Antidiabetic Activity ===
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, an aqueous root extract at 500 mg/kg/day decreased blood glucose significantly within 5 h, and over 12 weeks restored serum electrolytes, glycolytic enzymes and hepatic cytochrome P-450 enzyme systems by preventing the formation of liver and kidney lipid peroxides.<ref name="Hypoglycemic">{{cite journal |title=Hypoglycemic activity of Hemidesmus indicus R. Br. on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats |journal=International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries |pmc=2772005}}</ref>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' The methanolic root extract did not cause any mortality in rats up to 500 mg/kg in the anti-inflammatory study cited above; safety of the root in humans has not been established in the studies cited here.<ref name="Lakshman2006"/>
* '''Dose in Ayurveda:''' See the Dose section above (API).

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Hemidesmus indicus''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Inflammation and Fever (Shotha, Jwara)'''
| Methanolic root extract
| Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic (rat models)
|-
| '''Oxidative Liver Injury'''
| Aqueous root extract
| Protection of liver mitochondria from oxidative stress (rat model)
|-
| '''Diarrhoea (Atisara)'''
| Aqueous and ethanolic root extracts
| Reduced faecal output, intestinal transit and fluid secretion (rat model)
|-
| '''Hyperglycaemia'''
| Aqueous root extract
| Lowered blood glucose (rat model)
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:68</ref>
<ref name="Bhavamishra2020">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Guduchyadi Varga, Verse no. 237, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020;</ref>
<ref name="Nagarajan2001">{{cite journal |last1=Nagarajan |first1=S. |last2=Rao |first2=L. J. M. |last3=Gurudutt |first3=K. N. |year=2001 |title=Chemical composition of the volatiles of Hemidesmus indicus R.Br. |journal=Flavour and Fragrance Journal |volume=16 |pages=212–214}}</ref>
<ref name="Som2021">{{cite journal |last1=Som |first1=S. |last2=Antony |first2=J. |last3=Dhanabal |first3=P. |last4=Ponnusankar |first4=S. |year=2021 |title=Phytochemical profiling of Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. ex Schult and its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotection linked enzyme inhibitory properties |journal=Pharmacognosy Journal |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=196–205}}</ref>
<ref name="Lakshman2006">{{cite journal |last1=Lakshman |first1=K. |last2=Shivaprasad |first2=H. N. |last3=Jaiprakash |first3=B. |last4=Mohan |first4=S. |year=2006 |title=Anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of Hemidesmus indicus root extract |journal=African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=90–94}}</ref>
<ref name="Gopi2010">{{cite journal |last1=Gopi |first1=S. |last2=Setty |first2=O. H. |year=2010 |title=Beneficial effect of the administration of Hemidesmus indicus against bromobenzene induced oxidative stress in rat liver mitochondria |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=127 |issue=1 |pages=200–203}}</ref>

<ref name="Suyambu2015">{{cite journal |last1=Suyambu |first1=R. |last2=Shalini |first2=R. |year=2015 |title=Antidiarrhoeal activity of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Hemidesmus indicus root |journal=International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=403–406}}</ref>

<ref name="Hypoglycemic">{{cite journal |title=Hypoglycemic activity of Hemidesmus indicus R. Br. on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats |journal=International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries |pmc=2772005}}</ref>
}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Talk:Shigru

2026-10-18T12:09:19Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Shigru, Moringa oleifera LAM., Horse radish tree* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

{{Infobox
|title = Shigru
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Shigru
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Moringa oleifera LAM.
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Moringaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moringa_oleifera Moringa oleifera LAM.]''', popularly known as '''Shigru''' (Drumstick plant), is a fast-growing, deciduous tree native to the Indian subcontinent and cultivated across tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. It is widely revered in [[Ayurveda]] as a powerful anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and scraping (''lekhan'') drug of choice for managing painful edematous swellings, metabolic disorders, and microbial infections.

== English name ==
Horse radish tree, Drumstick plant

== Therapeutic Uses ==
Swelling (sopha), Gulma, Worms (krimiroga), Medoroga, Diseases of spleen (pliharoga), Abscess (vidradhi), Goitre (galaganda).<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume II:69.</ref>

== Other Varieties / Other Botanical names ==
* Guilandina moringa L.
* Hyperanthera moringa (L.) Vahl
* Moringa pterygosperma Gaertn. nom. illeg.

== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
In traditional medicine, Shigru is classified as a potent Vata and Kapha pacifying agent with sharp (''tikshna'') and hot (''ushna'') properties. It is exceptionally valued for clearing deep-seated tissue toxins, reducing chronic inflammation, and rectifying lipid metabolism (''medoroga'').

== Bhavaprakasha Nighantu ==
Mentioned 3 types<ref name="Chunekar2015">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Guduchyadi Varga, p. 324.</ref>
# Shweta Shigru
# Shyama Shigru
# Rakta Shigru

== Raja Nighantu ==
Mentioned 4 types<ref name="Tripathi2006">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, ed. 2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi; Mulakadi Varga, Verse no. 26-33, p. 193-194.</ref>
# Shigru
# Nila Shigru
# Shweta Shigru
# Rakta Shigru

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
Shigru, Shobhanjana, Krishnagandha, Mochaka, Tikshnagandha, Madhushigru.

== Additional Synonyms in Bhavprakasha Nighantu ==
Shobhanjana, Tikshnagandhaka, Akshiva, Maricha.<ref name="ChunekarNighantu">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Guduchyadi Varga, p. 324.</ref>

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Pungent (katu), Bitter (tikta)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]]) || Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha), Sharp (tikshna)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[kapha]] and [[vata]]
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 1/116 || Shodhana (Twak) vriksha (Parisarpa, Sotha, Arsha, Dadru, Vidradhi, Galaganda, Kustha, Alaji)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 2/3 || Shirovirechana (Errhine therapy)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 2/23 || Krimighniyavagu (gruel for worm infestation)
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 3/4 || Churnapradeha (external application)
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(22) || Svedopagmahakashaya (helping diaphoresis/sudation)
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(27) || Shirovirechanopagmahakashaya (helping nasal errhine therapy)
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 13/10 || Sthavara Sneha Yoni (Vegetable origin of lipids)
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 14/31 || Dravya for Nadi Sweda (fomentation)
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 14/32 || Dravya for Nadi Sweda (fomentation)
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 23/19 || Santarpanajanya vikar chikitsa (management of disease due to over nutrition)
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 27/170 || Harita Varga
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 26/84 || Viruddha ahara (unwholesome diet)
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa. [[Nidana Sthana]] 2/4 || Nidana of raktapitta (cause for bleeding disorder)
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 6/17 || Abhyantar Krimi Chikitsa (treatment of worms)
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135 || Vamana dravyani
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/142 || Katuskandha (group of pungent drugs)
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/106 || Ingredient in Sweta-karavirapallavadhya Taila
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/109 || Ingredient in Tiktekshvadi Taila for Abhyanga in Vata-Kaphaj Kushtha
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/113 || Ingredient in Kanakakshiri Taila
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/124 || Bahyaprayogarth Lepa in Vata-Kaphaj Kushtha
|-
| 21 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/79 || Ingredient in Shira-Pashva-Ansha Shula nashak lepa
|-
| 22 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/129 || Ingredient in Atisara nashak Khad-yush
|-
| 23 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/33 || Ingredient in oil preparation Bahyaprayogartha
|-
| 24 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/67 || As a Snana dravya for Bahyaprayogartha
|-
| 25 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/70 || Bahyaprayogarth Lepa in Kaphaja Shvayathu
|-
| 26 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/72 || As an Unmardan dravya in Kaphaj Shvayathu
|-
| 27 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/45 || Used in swedana kriya (fomentation)
|-
| 28 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/98 || Used in yusha preparation for hikka svasa
|-
| 29 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/183 || Used in netragata visha, as an anjana prayoga
|-
| 30 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/66 || Used in Ashmari
|-
| 31 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/67 || Used in Ashmari
|-
| 32 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/186 || Used in Kaphaja Siroroga for Avapeeda nasya
|-
| 33 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/226 || As an ingredient of Kshara taila
|-
| 34 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/237 || Used for aaschotana in Vataja netraroga
|-
| 35 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/240 || As an ingredient of Bruhatyadi varti
|-
| 36 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/245 || As an ingredient of Amrutadi varti
|-
| 37 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/52 || As an ingredient of Tarkaryadi Parisechana
|-
| 38 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/54 || As an ingredient of Vatsakadi Pralepa
|-
| 39 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/56 || As an ingredient of Shyonakdi Parisheka and Pralepa
|-
| 40 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/130 || As an ingredient of Triphaladi maha sneha
|-
| 41 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/168 || As an ingredient of Mulakadhya taila
|-
| 42 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/176 || As an ingredient of Mulaka taila
|}

== Dose ==
* Swarasa (Juice): 10–20 ml.<ref name="API1986"/>

== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API1986"/>
* Ratnagiri Rasa
* Vishatinduka Taila
* Ekangavira Rasa

== Current Availability ==
Available
* In India: Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab, Odisha, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh.
* Out of India: Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, Africa (Kenya, Nigeria, Ethiopia), South America (Brazil, Peru, Venezuela), Southern parts of United States, Saudi Arabia.

== Phytochemical Composition ==
The leaves of ''Moringa oleifera'' are rich in proteins, minerals, vitamins (particularly C and E) and β-carotene, and in bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, glucosinolates and isothiocyanates, tannins and saponins.<ref name="Leone2015b">{{cite journal |last1=Leone |first1=A. |display-authors=etal |year=2015 |title=Nutritional characterization and phenolic profiling of Moringa oleifera leaves grown in Chad, Sahrawi refugee camps, and Haiti |journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences |volume=16 |issue=8 |pages=18923–18937}}</ref>
* '''Flavonoids:''' Quercetin and kaempferol glycosides were the main phenolic compounds identified in methanolic leaf extracts.
* '''Phenolic acids:''' Salicylic acid (0.14–0.33 mg/100 g) and ferulic acid (6.61–9.69 mg/100 g) were found in leaves grown in Chad, the Sahrawi refugee camps and Haiti.
* '''Isothiocyanates (seeds):''' 4(α-L-rhamnosyloxy)benzyl isothiocyanate, an antimicrobial principle, makes up about 8–10% of defatted, shell-free seeds (see Antimicrobial Activity below).

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
=== Anti-inflammatory and Anti-arthritic Activity (Sopha) ===
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In rats with complete Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis, an ethanol extract of ''Moringa oleifera'' leaves (250 and 500 mg/kg) was reported to prevent the development of arthritis or ameliorate its severity, and also showed dose-dependent anti-nociceptive activity in normal and arthritic rats.<ref name="Mahdi2018">{{cite journal |last1=Mahdi |first1=H. J. |display-authors=etal |year=2018 |title=In vivo anti-arthritic and anti-nociceptive effects of ethanol extract of Moringa oleifera leaves on complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis in rats |journal=Integrative Medicine Research |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=85–94 |doi=10.1016/j.imr.2017.11.002}}</ref>

=== Antimicrobial Activity ===
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' 4(α-L-rhamnosyloxy)benzyl isothiocyanate was identified as an active antimicrobial agent from the seeds of ''Moringa oleifera'' and ''M. stenopetala''. It acts on several bacteria and fungi; the minimal bactericidal concentration in vitro was 40 µmol/l for ''Mycobacterium phlei'' and 56 µmol/l for ''Bacillus subtilis''. Roots of ''M. oleifera'' contain this compound and benzyl isothiocyanate but not pterygospermin, as had previously been suggested.<ref name="Eilert1981">{{cite journal |last1=Eilert |first1=U. |last2=Wolters |first2=B. |last3=Nahrstedt |first3=A. |year=1981 |title=The antibiotic principle of seeds of Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala |journal=Planta Medica |volume=42 |issue=5 |pages=55–61 |doi=10.1055/s-2007-971546}}</ref>

=== Metabolic Disorders (Medoroga) ===
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' A review of studies on moringa leaf preparations given orally in chronic hyperglycaemia and dyslipidaemia reported beneficial changes in specific biochemical parameters of these conditions.<ref name="Mbikay2012">{{cite journal |last1=Mbikay |first1=M. |year=2012 |title=Therapeutic potential of Moringa oleifera leaves in chronic hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia: a review |journal=Frontiers in Pharmacology |volume=3 |pages=24 |doi=10.3389/fphar.2012.00024}}</ref>

== Safety and Limitations of Evidence ==
* '''Clinical evidence:''' A review of the pharmacology of moringa leaves concluded that there are still too few studies in humans to recommend the leaves as medication for the prevention or treatment of diseases; the pharmacological findings cited above come from animal and in vitro studies.<ref name="Leone2015a">{{cite journal |last1=Leone |first1=A. |last2=Spada |first2=A. |last3=Battezzati |first3=A. |last4=Schiraldi |first4=A. |last5=Aristil |first5=J. |last6=Bertoli |first6=S. |year=2015 |title=Cultivation, genetic, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Moringa oleifera leaves: an overview |journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=12791–12835 |doi=10.3390/ijms160612791}}</ref>

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Moringa oleifera''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Inflammatory Swelling / Arthritis (Sopha)'''
| Leaf ethanol extract (phenolics, flavonoids)
| Anti-arthritic, anti-nociceptive (rat model)
|-
| '''Microbial Infections'''
| 4(α-L-rhamnosyloxy)benzyl isothiocyanate (seeds)
| Antibacterial, antifungal (in vitro)
|-
| '''Metabolic Disorders (Medoroga)'''
| Leaf preparations
| Beneficial changes in glycaemic and lipid parameters (reviewed studies)
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume II:69.</ref>
<ref name="Chunekar2015">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Guduchyadi Varga, p. 324.</ref>
<ref name="Tripathi2006">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, ed. 2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi; Mulakadi Varga, Verse no. 26-33, p. 193-194.</ref>
<ref name="ChunekarNighantu">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Guduchyadi Varga, p. 324.</ref>
<ref name="Leone2015b">{{cite journal |last1=Leone |first1=A. |display-authors=etal |year=2015 |title=Nutritional characterization and phenolic profiling of Moringa oleifera leaves grown in Chad, Sahrawi refugee camps, and Haiti |journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences |volume=16 |issue=8 |pages=18923–18937}}</ref>
<ref name="Mahdi2018">{{cite journal |last1=Mahdi |first1=H. J. |display-authors=etal |year=2018 |title=In vivo anti-arthritic and anti-nociceptive effects of ethanol extract of Moringa oleifera leaves on complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis in rats |journal=Integrative Medicine Research |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=85–94 |doi=10.1016/j.imr.2017.11.002}}</ref>
<ref name="Eilert1981">{{cite journal |last1=Eilert |first1=U. |last2=Wolters |first2=B. |last3=Nahrstedt |first3=A. |year=1981 |title=The antibiotic principle of seeds of Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala |journal=Planta Medica |volume=42 |issue=5 |pages=55–61 |doi=10.1055/s-2007-971546}}</ref>
<ref name="Mbikay2012">{{cite journal |last1=Mbikay |first1=M. |year=2012 |title=Therapeutic potential of Moringa oleifera leaves in chronic hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia: a review |journal=Frontiers in Pharmacology |volume=3 |pages=24 |doi=10.3389/fphar.2012.00024}}</ref>
<ref name="Leone2015a">{{cite journal |last1=Leone |first1=A. |last2=Spada |first2=A. |last3=Battezzati |first3=A. |last4=Schiraldi |first4=A. |last5=Aristil |first5=J. |last6=Bertoli |first6=S. |year=2015 |title=Cultivation, genetic, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Moringa oleifera leaves: an overview |journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=12791–12835 |doi=10.3390/ijms160612791}}</ref>
}}

[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]

Talk:Shalmali

2026-10-18T12:06:07Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Shalmali, Bombax ceiba L., Silk cotton tree* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

{{Infobox
|title = Shalmali
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Shalmali
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Bombax ceiba L.
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Bombacaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombax_ceiba Bombax ceiba L.]''' (syn. ''Bombax malabarica'' D.C.), popularly known as '''Shalmali''' (Silk cotton tree), is a large, deciduous tree native to tropical regions of Asia, Australia, and Africa. It is widely revered in [[Ayurveda]] as a prominent cooling, astringent, and healing agent, traditionally utilized for managing internal hemorrhages, inflammatory skin conditions, burning sensations, and wound healing.

== English name ==
Silk cotton tree

== Therapeutic Uses ==
Intrinsic haemorrhage (Raktapitta), Wound (Vrana), Burning sensation (Daha), Acne & Pimples (Youvanapidaka).<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume III:81.</ref>

== Other Varieties / Other Botanical names ==
* Bombax aculeatum L.
* Bombax ceiba Burm.f.
* Bombax heptaphyllum Cav.
* Bombax thorelii Gagnep.
* Bombax tussacii Urb.
* Gossampinus malabarica Merr.
* Gossampinus rubra Buch.-Ham.
* Gossampinus thorelii Bakh.
* Melaleuca grandiflora Blanco
* Salmalia malabarica (DC.) Schott & Endl.

== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
In traditional Indian medicine, Shalmali is classified under categories that support tissue regeneration, blood purification, and the pacification of Vata and Pitta doshas. Its gum exudate (Mocha rasa) and bark possess significant demulcent and astringent properties.

== Bhavaprakasha Nighantu ==
Mentioned 2 types<ref name="Chunekar2015">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Vatadi Varga, ch. 29, 30, p. 525, 527.</ref>
# Shalmali – Bombax ceiba L.
# Kuta Shalmali – Ceiba pentandra Gaertn.

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
Shalmali, Mocha, Pichhila, Sthirayu, Shalmaliniryasa (Mocha rasa), Shalmaliveshtaka, Pichha, Kantakadhya.

== Additional Synonyms in Bhavprakasha Nighantu ==
Purani, Raktapushpa, Tulini.<ref name="ChunekarNighantu">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Vatadi Varga, verse no. 54-55, p. 525.</ref>

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste (rasa) || Astringent (kashaya)
|-
| 2 || Potency (veerya) || Cold (sheeta)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect (vipaka) || Sweet (madhura)
|-
| 4 || Qualities (guna) || Light (laghu), Unctuous (snigdha)
|-
| 5 || Actions (karma) || Pacify Vata and Pitta
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(32) || Purishvirajaniya mahakashaya
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(46) || Shonitasthapana mahakashaya
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(47) || Vedanasthapana mahakashaya
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 27/99 || Shaka Varga
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 27/104 || Shaka Varga
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135 || Vamana dravyani
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/144 || Kashaya-skandha
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/258 || As an ingredient of Chandanadi taila
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/39 || As pathya ahara
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/76 || As an ingredient of kiratatiktadi churna
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/86 || Used in gudagata raktapitta
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/99 || Used in Nasagata raktapitta for Avapida nasya
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/189 || Used in kutajadi rasakriya
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/193 || Used in raktarsha
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/202 || Dadhisara yoga is used in rakta arsha
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/225 || As an ingredient of pichcha basti
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/236 || As an ingredient of sunishannaka changeri ghrita
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/113 || Used as ingredient of yavagu
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/53 || As a yoga dravya in treatment of pittaj atisara
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/75 || As an ingredient in nilotpaladi yoga
|-
| 21 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/110 || As a yoga dravya
|-
| 22 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/63 || Used for avpeedana
|-
| 23 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/29 || As an ingredient of Urustambha nashak Yoga
|-
| 24 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/75 || As an ingredient of Udumbaradi taila
|-
| 25 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/91 || As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna
|-
| 26 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/122 || Used in the treatment of Pichhila yoni
|}

== Dose ==
* Churna (Powder): 5–10 g.<ref name="API1986"/>

== Important Formulations ==
* Ayaskriti<ref name="AshtangaHridaya">Dr. Brahmanand Tripathi, Ashtanga Hridayam, Chikitsa Sthana, Reprint 2014, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Pratishthana, chapter no. 12, verse no. 18-30, p. 718.</ref>
* Pushyanuga Churna<ref name="BhaishajyaRatnavali">Kaviraj Ambikadatta Shastri, Bhaishajya Ratnavali, ed. 2022, Chaukhambha Prakashan, Pradara Roga Chikitsa Prakaranam, verse no. 25-31, p. 1032.</ref>
* Shalmali Ghrita<ref name="ShalmaliGhrita">Kaviraj Ambikadatta Shastri, Bhaishajya Ratnavali, ed. 2022, Chaukhambha Prakashan, Prameha Chikitsa Prakaranam, verse no. 192-194, p. 737.</ref>
* Kumbhikadi Taila<ref name="SushrutaSamhita">Kaviraj Ambikadatta Shastri, Sushruta Samhita, Chikitsa Sthana, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, chapter no. 17, verse no. 27-28, p. 101.</ref>
* Kutajadi Rasakriya<ref name="CharakSamhitaVol2">Acharya Vidyadhar Shukla, Prof. Ravidatta Tripathi, Charaka Samhita Vol. 2, Reprint 2006, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Pratishthan, Chikitsa Sthana, chapter no. 14, verse no. 188-192, p. 343.</ref>
* Sunishannaka Changeri Ghrita<ref name="Sunishannaka">Acharya Vidyadhar Shukla, Prof. Ravidatta Tripathi, Charaka Samhita Vol. 2, Reprint 2006, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Pratishthan, Chikitsa Sthana, chapter no. 14, verse no. 235-242, p. 349.</ref>

== Current Availability ==
Available
* In India: Jammu & Kashmir, Arunachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, West Bengal, Odisha, Assam.
* Out of India: Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Indonesia, China, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Australia, Africa.

== Phytochemical Composition ==
The best-characterised constituent of ''Bombax ceiba'' (syn. ''Bombax malabaricum'') leaves is '''mangiferin''', a xanthone C-glucoside. Mangiferin was isolated from the leaves by repeated column chromatography of the n-butanol fraction of the 70% ethanol extract and identified by UV, NMR and mass spectrometry. It proved identical to the compound earlier reported as the flavonol C-glycoside "shamimin", whose structure was therefore revised.<ref name="Shahat2003">{{cite journal |last1=Shahat |first1=A. A. |last2=Hassan |first2=R. A. |last3=Nazif |first3=N. M. |last4=Van Miert |first4=S. |last5=Pieters |first5=L. |last6=Hammuda |first6=F. M. |last7=Vlietinck |first7=A. J. |year=2003 |title=Isolation of mangiferin from Bombax malabaricum and structure revision of shamimin |journal=Planta Medica |volume=69 |issue=11 |pages=1068–1070 |doi=10.1055/s-2003-45161}}</ref>

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
=== Anti-diabetic and Hypolipidaemic Activity (Prameha) ===
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' A bark extract of ''Bombax ceiba'' was given orally to normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats at 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg/day for 21 days. The 600 mg/kg dose produced the most significant (p<0.001) hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic effects, including lower total cholesterol and triglycerides in severely diabetic rats. GC-MS studies confirmed triterpenoid compounds in the extract, which the authors suggest may account for the activity.<ref name="Bhavsar2013">{{cite journal |last1=Bhavsar |first1=C. J. |last2=Talele |first2=G. S. |year=2013 |title=Potential anti-diabetic activity of Bombax ceiba |journal=Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=102–106 |doi=10.3329/bjp.v8i2.13701}}</ref>

=== Anti-arthritic and Anti-inflammatory Activity ===
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In Wistar rats with Freund's complete adjuvant-induced arthritis, a 70% ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of ''Bombax ceiba'' (200 and 400 mg/kg) significantly inhibited paw oedema, reduced the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6, and reduced histopathological changes in the joint over 28 days. The authors concluded that the findings support the traditional use of the plant in arthritis.<ref name="Posinasetty2023">{{cite journal |last1=Posinasetty |first1=B. |last2=Chikatipalli |first2=R. |last3=Chenchula |first3=S. |last4=Kuttiappan |first4=A. |last5=Swapna |first5=G. |last6=Lakshmi |first6=G. N. A. |last7=Audinarayana |first7=N. |year=2023 |title=Anti-arthritic efficacy of Bombax ceiba ethanolic extract in a murine model for rheumatoid arthritis using in vivo, in vitro and radiological analysis |journal=Bioinformation |volume=19 |issue=8 |pages=833–839 |doi=10.6026/97320630019833 |pmid=37908617}}</ref>

=== Antioxidant, Hepatoprotective and Analgesic Activity ===
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Mangiferin obtained from methanolic extracts of ''Bombax ceiba'' leaves showed strong antioxidant activity in the DPPH assay (EC50 5.8 ± 0.96 µg/mL), comparable to rutin, and protected against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in vivo. It also produced a significant analgesic effect in acetic acid-induced writhing and hot-plate tests in mice. The plant extracts and mangiferin did not show acute anti-inflammatory activity in that study.<ref name="Dar2005">{{cite journal |last1=Dar |first1=A. |last2=Faizi |first2=S. |last3=Naqvi |first3=S. |last4=Roome |first4=T. |last5=Zikr-ur-Rehman |first5=S. |last6=Ali |first6=M. |last7=Firdous |first7=S. |last8=Moin |first8=S. T. |year=2005 |title=Analgesic and antioxidant activity of mangiferin and its derivatives: the structure activity relationship |journal=Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=596–600 |doi=10.1248/bpb.28.596}}</ref>

=== Hypotensive Activity ===
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' The C-flavonol glucoside shamimin (later shown to be mangiferin) from ''Bombax ceiba'' leaves was a significant hypotensive agent in Sprague-Dawley rats at 15, 3 and 1 mg/kg, and showed significant hypoglycaemic activity at 500 mg/kg.<ref name="Saleem1999">{{cite journal |last1=Saleem |first1=R. |last2=Ahmad |first2=M. |last3=Hussain |first3=S. A. |last4=Qazi |first4=A. M. |last5=Ahmad |first5=S. I. |last6=Qazi |first6=M. H. |last7=Ali |first7=M. |last8=Faizi |first8=S. |last9=Akhtar |first9=S. |last10=Husnain |first10=S. N. |year=1999 |title=Hypotensive, hypoglycaemic and toxicological studies on the flavonol C-glycoside shamimin from Bombax ceiba |journal=Planta Medica |volume=65 |issue=4 |pages=331–334 |doi=10.1055/s-1999-14060 |pmid=10364838}}</ref>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' In the study of shamimin, no mortality occurred in mice at 1 g/kg, whereas 500 mg/kg was a lethal dose in rats; the safety of crude extracts in humans has not been established in the studies cited here.<ref name="Saleem1999"/>

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Bombax ceiba''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Diabetes (Prameha)'''
| Triterpenoids (bark extract)
| Hypoglycaemic, hypolipidaemic (rat model)
|-
| '''Arthritis'''
| Ethanolic extract of aerial parts
| Reduced paw oedema, TNF-α and IL-6 (rat model)
|-
| '''Oxidative stress, liver injury, pain'''
| Mangiferin
| Antioxidant, hepatoprotective, analgesic (animal models)
|-
| '''Hypertension'''
| Shamimin (mangiferin)
| Hypotensive (rat model)
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume III:81.</ref>
<ref name="Chunekar2015">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Vatadi Varga, ch. 29, 30, p. 525, 527.</ref>
<ref name="ChunekarNighantu">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Vatadi Varga, verse no. 54-55, p. 525.</ref>
<ref name="AshtangaHridaya">Dr. Brahmanand Tripathi, Ashtanga Hridayam, Chikitsa Sthana, Reprint 2014, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Pratishthana, chapter no. 12, verse no. 18-30, p. 718.</ref>
<ref name="BhaishajyaRatnavali">Kaviraj Ambikadatta Shastri, Bhaishajya Ratnavali, ed. 2022, Chaukhambha Prakashan, Pradara Roga Chikitsa Prakaranam, verse no. 25-31, p. 1032.</ref>
<ref name="ShalmaliGhrita">Kaviraj Ambikadatta Shastri, Bhaishajya Ratnavali, ed. 2022, Chaukhambha Prakashan, Prameha Chikitsa Prakaranam, verse no. 192-194, p. 737.</ref>
<ref name="SushrutaSamhita">Kaviraj Ambikadatta Shastri, Sushruta Samhita, Chikitsa Sthana, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, chapter no. 17, verse no. 27-28, p. 101.</ref>
<ref name="CharakSamhitaVol2">Acharya Vidyadhar Shukla, Prof. Ravidatta Tripathi, Charaka Samhita Vol. 2, Reprint 2006, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Pratishthan, Chikitsa Sthana, chapter no. 14, verse no. 188-192, p. 343.</ref>
<ref name="Sunishannaka">Acharya Vidyadhar Shukla, Prof. Ravidatta Tripathi, Charaka Samhita Vol. 2, Reprint 2006, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Pratishthan, Chikitsa Sthana, chapter no. 14, verse no. 235-242, p. 349.</ref>
<ref name="Shahat2003">{{cite journal |last1=Shahat |first1=A. A. |last2=Hassan |first2=R. A. |last3=Nazif |first3=N. M. |last4=Van Miert |first4=S. |last5=Pieters |first5=L. |last6=Hammuda |first6=F. M. |last7=Vlietinck |first7=A. J. |year=2003 |title=Isolation of mangiferin from Bombax malabaricum and structure revision of shamimin |journal=Planta Medica |volume=69 |issue=11 |pages=1068–1070 |doi=10.1055/s-2003-45161}}</ref>
<ref name="Bhavsar2013">{{cite journal |last1=Bhavsar |first1=C. J. |last2=Talele |first2=G. S. |year=2013 |title=Potential anti-diabetic activity of Bombax ceiba |journal=Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=102–106 |doi=10.3329/bjp.v8i2.13701}}</ref>
<ref name="Posinasetty2023">{{cite journal |last1=Posinasetty |first1=B. |last2=Chikatipalli |first2=R. |last3=Chenchula |first3=S. |last4=Kuttiappan |first4=A. |last5=Swapna |first5=G. |last6=Lakshmi |first6=G. N. A. |last7=Audinarayana |first7=N. |year=2023 |title=Anti-arthritic efficacy of Bombax ceiba ethanolic extract in a murine model for rheumatoid arthritis using in vivo, in vitro and radiological analysis |journal=Bioinformation |volume=19 |issue=8 |pages=833–839 |doi=10.6026/97320630019833 |pmid=37908617}}</ref>
<ref name="Dar2005">{{cite journal |last1=Dar |first1=A. |last2=Faizi |first2=S. |last3=Naqvi |first3=S. |last4=Roome |first4=T. |last5=Zikr-ur-Rehman |first5=S. |last6=Ali |first6=M. |last7=Firdous |first7=S. |last8=Moin |first8=S. T. |year=2005 |title=Analgesic and antioxidant activity of mangiferin and its derivatives: the structure activity relationship |journal=Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=596–600 |doi=10.1248/bpb.28.596}}</ref>
<ref name="Saleem1999">{{cite journal |last1=Saleem |first1=R. |last2=Ahmad |first2=M. |last3=Hussain |first3=S. A. |last4=Qazi |first4=A. M. |last5=Ahmad |first5=S. I. |last6=Qazi |first6=M. H. |last7=Ali |first7=M. |last8=Faizi |first8=S. |last9=Akhtar |first9=S. |last10=Husnain |first10=S. N. |year=1999 |title=Hypotensive, hypoglycaemic and toxicological studies on the flavonol C-glycoside shamimin from Bombax ceiba |journal=Planta Medica |volume=65 |issue=4 |pages=331–334 |doi=10.1055/s-1999-14060 |pmid=10364838}}</ref>
}}

[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]

Talk:Shallaki

2026-10-18T12:00:58Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Shallaki, Boswellia serrata Roxb, Indian olibanum* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
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{{Infobox
|title = Shallaki
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Shallaki
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Boswellia serrata Roxb.
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Burseraceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boswellia_serrata Boswellia serrata Roxb.]''', popularly known as '''Shallaki''', is a moderate-to-large branching tree of the family Burseraceae, found in the dry mountainous regions of India, Northern Africa and the Middle East. It is regarded as one of the ancient and most valued herbs of [[Ayurveda]], and its oleo-gum resin is used as an anti-inflammatory and joint-supportive therapeutic agent.<ref name="Siddiqui2011">{{cite journal |last1=Siddiqui |first1=M. Z. |year=2011 |title=Boswellia serrata, a potential antiinflammatory agent: an overview |journal=Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume=73 |issue=3 |pages=255–261 |doi=10.4103/0250-474X.93507}}</ref>

== English name ==
Indian olibanum

== Therapeutic Uses ==
Jwara (fever), Pradara (discharge), Swasa (dyspnea), Pittabhishyanda, Sarkarameha, Vrushna shoola (pain in scrotum).<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 4:24</ref>

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
Shallaki, Gajabhakshya, Suvaha, Surabhi, Rasa, Maheruna, Kunduru.

== Additional Synonyms in Bhavprakasha Nighantu ==
Vallaki, Bahushrava (releases profuse quantity of exudates).<ref name="Chunekar2020">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Vatadi Varga, Verse no. 22, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020</ref>

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste (rasa) || Astringent (kashaya), Bitter (tikta), Sweet (madhura)
|-
| 2 || Potency (veerya) || Cold (sheeta)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect (vipaka) || Pungent (katu)
|-
| 4 || Qualities (guna) || Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
|-
| 5 || Actions (karma) || Pacify Kapha and Pitta
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(32) || Purishvirajaniya mahakashaya (faecal depigmentors)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 5/23 || Dhuma varti dravya (therapeutic inhalation for prevention of disease)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/144 || Kashaya-skandha (group of astringent drugs)
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa. [[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/8 || Deshavichara
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267 || As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/153 || As an ingredient of Bala taila
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/161 || As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/108 || Used in the treatment of Vipluta
|}

== Dose ==
* 1–3 g (Gum resin powder)<ref name="API1986"/>

== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API1986"/>
* Karpuradyarka
* Jirakadi modaka
* Bala taila
* Bala guduchyadi taila

== Current Availability ==
Available
* In India: Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, South India.

== Phytochemical Composition ==
The therapeutic potential of ''Boswellia serrata'' is concentrated in its oleo-gum resin. The resin contains monoterpenes, diterpenes, triterpenes, tetracyclic triterpenic acids and four major pentacyclic triterpenic acids.<ref name="Siddiqui2011"/>
* '''Boswellic acids (pentacyclic triterpenic acids):''' β-boswellic acid, acetyl-β-boswellic acid, 11-keto-β-boswellic acid (KBA) and acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid (AKBA).
* '''Terpenes:''' Monoterpenes and diterpenes.
* '''Tetracyclic triterpenic acids.'''

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
=== Anti-inflammatory Mechanism ===
* '''Mechanism:''' Boswellic acids, isolated from the gum resin, decrease the formation of leukotriene B4 by inhibiting 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO). In vitro, acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid (AKBA) was the most potent (IC50 1.5 µM); boswellic acids did not impair cyclooxygenase or 12-lipoxygenase, indicating a specific, non-redox type of 5-LO inhibition.<ref name="Safayhi1992">{{cite journal |last1=Safayhi |first1=H. |last2=Mack |first2=T. |last3=Sabieraj |first3=J. |last4=Anazodo |first4=M. I. |last5=Subramanian |first5=L. R. |last6=Ammon |first6=H. P. |year=1992 |title=Boswellic acids: novel, specific, nonredox inhibitors of 5-lipoxygenase |journal=Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics |volume=261 |issue=3 |pages=1143–1146 |pmid=1602379}}</ref>

=== Osteoarthritis of the Knee ===
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial, 30 patients with knee osteoarthritis (15 per group) received ''Boswellia serrata'' extract or placebo for eight weeks each, with a washout period before crossover. Drug treatment was associated with decreased knee pain, increased knee flexion, increased walking distance and reduced frequency of knee swelling; there was no radiological change.<ref name="Kimmatkar2003">{{cite journal |last1=Kimmatkar |first1=N. |last2=Thawani |first2=V. |last3=Hingorani |first3=L. |last4=Khiyani |first4=R. |year=2003 |title=Efficacy and tolerability of Boswellia serrata extract in treatment of osteoarthritis of knee – a randomized double blind placebo controlled trial |journal=Phytomedicine |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=3–7}}</ref>

=== Ulcerative Colitis ===
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In a controlled clinical trial in patients with ulcerative colitis (grade II and III), ''Boswellia serrata'' gum resin (350 mg thrice daily for 6 weeks) was compared with sulfasalazine (1 g thrice daily). Stool properties, rectal histopathology and blood parameters improved; 82% of the treated patients went into remission against 75% with sulfasalazine.<ref name="Gupta1997">{{cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=I. |last2=Parihar |first2=A. |last3=Malhotra |first3=P. |last4=Singh |first4=G. B. |last5=Lüdtke |first5=R. |last6=Safayhi |first6=H. |last7=Ammon |first7=H. P. |year=1997 |title=Effects of Boswellia serrata gum resin in patients with ulcerative colitis |journal=European Journal of Medical Research |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=37–43 |pmid=9049593}}</ref>

=== Bronchial Asthma (Swasa) ===
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, six-week clinical study of 80 adults with bronchial asthma (40 per group; 300 mg ''Boswellia serrata'' gum resin thrice daily), improvement was greater in the ''Boswellia'' group than in the placebo group.<ref name="Gupta1998">{{cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=I. |last2=Gupta |first2=V. |last3=Parihar |first3=A. |last4=Gupta |first4=S. |last5=Lüdtke |first5=R. |last6=Safayhi |first6=H. |last7=Ammon |first7=H. P. |year=1998 |title=Effects of Boswellia serrata gum resin in patients with bronchial asthma: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, 6-week clinical study |journal=European Journal of Medical Research |volume=3 |issue=11 |pages=511–514}}</ref>

== Safety and Tolerability ==
* '''Tolerability:''' In the knee osteoarthritis trial, the extract was well tolerated apart from minor gastrointestinal adverse drug reactions.<ref name="Kimmatkar2003"/>

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Boswellia serrata''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Osteoarthritis of the knee'''
| Boswellic acids (AKBA, KBA)
| 5-Lipoxygenase inhibition; reduced pain and swelling, improved flexion
|-
| '''Ulcerative colitis'''
| Boswellic acids
| Clinical and histological improvement; remission comparable to sulfasalazine
|-
| '''Bronchial asthma (Swasa)'''
| Boswellic acids
| Greater clinical improvement than placebo
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Siddiqui2011">{{cite journal |last1=Siddiqui |first1=M. Z. |year=2011 |title=Boswellia serrata, a potential antiinflammatory agent: an overview |journal=Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume=73 |issue=3 |pages=255–261 |doi=10.4103/0250-474X.93507}}</ref>
<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 4:24</ref>
<ref name="Chunekar2020">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Vatadi Varga, Verse no. 22, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020</ref>
<ref name="Safayhi1992">{{cite journal |last1=Safayhi |first1=H. |last2=Mack |first2=T. |last3=Sabieraj |first3=J. |last4=Anazodo |first4=M. I. |last5=Subramanian |first5=L. R. |last6=Ammon |first6=H. P. |year=1992 |title=Boswellic acids: novel, specific, nonredox inhibitors of 5-lipoxygenase |journal=Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics |volume=261 |issue=3 |pages=1143–1146 |pmid=1602379}}</ref>
<ref name="Kimmatkar2003">{{cite journal |last1=Kimmatkar |first1=N. |last2=Thawani |first2=V. |last3=Hingorani |first3=L. |last4=Khiyani |first4=R. |year=2003 |title=Efficacy and tolerability of Boswellia serrata extract in treatment of osteoarthritis of knee – a randomized double blind placebo controlled trial |journal=Phytomedicine |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=3–7}}</ref>
<ref name="Gupta1997">{{cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=I. |last2=Parihar |first2=A. |last3=Malhotra |first3=P. |last4=Singh |first4=G. B. |last5=Lüdtke |first5=R. |last6=Safayhi |first6=H. |last7=Ammon |first7=H. P. |year=1997 |title=Effects of Boswellia serrata gum resin in patients with ulcerative colitis |journal=European Journal of Medical Research |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=37–43 |pmid=9049593}}</ref>
<ref name="Gupta1998">{{cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=I. |last2=Gupta |first2=V. |last3=Parihar |first3=A. |last4=Gupta |first4=S. |last5=Lüdtke |first5=R. |last6=Safayhi |first6=H. |last7=Ammon |first7=H. P. |year=1998 |title=Effects of Boswellia serrata gum resin in patients with bronchial asthma: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, 6-week clinical study |journal=European Journal of Medical Research |volume=3 |issue=11 |pages=511–514}}</ref>
}}

[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]

Talk:Vasa

2026-10-18T09:31:47Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *vasa, Adhatoda vasica Nees., Malabar nut* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

{{Infobox
|title = Vasa
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Vasa
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Adhatoda vasica Nees.
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Acanthaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhatoda_vasica Adhatoda vasica Nees. ]''', popularly known as '''Vasa''', is a well-known evergreen, sub-herbaceous bush native to India and Southeast Asia. It is widely revered in [[Ayurveda]] as the foremost expectorant and bronchodilatory drug of choice for managing respiratory ailments, cough, asthma, and bleeding disorders. Modern studies have focused mainly on its quinazoline alkaloids and on its antitussive, anti-asthmatic, anti-inflammatory and antitubercular effects, which are summarised below.

== English name ==
Malabar nut<ref name="API1986">The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:76.</ref>

== Therapeutic Uses ==
Bronchial asthma (svasa), Jaundice (kamala), Cough (kasa), Tuberculosis (kshaya), Skin diseases (kustha), Diabetes mellitus (prameha), Intrinsic haemorrhage (raktapitta).<ref name="API1986"/>

== Other Varieties / Other Botanical names ==
* Adeloda serrata Raf.
* Adhatoda pubescens Moench
* Adhatoda vasica Nees
* Adhatoda zeylanica Medik.
* Dianthera latifolia Salisb.
* Ecbolium adhatoda (L.) Kuntze
* Gendarussa adhadota (L.) Steud.

== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
In traditional medicine, Vasa is classified as a vital drug for pacifying Pitta and Kapha doshas. Its bitter taste and cold potency make it exceptional for clearing respiratory obstructions, stopping internal bleeding, and alleviating inflammatory swellings.

== Bhavaprakasha Nighantu ==
Mentioned 2 types<ref name="Chunekar2015">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Guduchyadi Varga, verse no. 88-89, p. 306.</ref>
# Raktapushpa – Graptophyllum pictum Griff.
# Krushna – Justicia gendarussa Burm. f.

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
Vrushaka, Vrushamula, Simhika, Atarushaka, Tamra, Aturasa, Simhasya (flowers resemble the mouth of a lion), Bhishakmata, Vrusha.

== Additional Synonyms in Bhavprakasha Nighantu ==
Vaasaka, Vaasika, Vajidanta (flowers of vasa are white as teeth of a horse), Simhaparna.<ref name="ChunekarNighantu">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Guduchyadi Varga, verse no. 88-89, p. 308-309.</ref>

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste (rasa) || Bitter (tikta), Astringent (kashaya)
|-
| 2 || Potency (veerya) || Cold (sheeta)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect (vipaka) || Pungent (katu)
|-
| 4 || Qualities (guna) || Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
|-
| 5 || Actions (karma) || Pacify Kapha and Pitta
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 3/3 || Siddhatama churna pradeha (external application)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 14/31 || Dravya for Nadi Sweda (fomentation)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 27/96 || Shaka Varga (group of vegetables)
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/143 || Tiktaskandha (group of bitter drugs)
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/64 || In formulation of Chyavanaprasha
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/222 || As an ingredient of Vasadi Ghrita
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/247 || Used in niruha basti (enema)
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/258 || As an ingredient of Chandanadhya taila
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/65 || As an ingredient of Atarushakadi kwatha
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/88 || As an ingredient of Vasaghrita
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/126 || Ingredient in Vasa Ghrita for Pittaj Gulma
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/105 || Ghrita preparation in treatment of Daha (burning sensation)
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/67 || As a Snana dravya for bahyaprayogartha
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/72 || As an Unmardan dravya in Kaphaj Shvayathu
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/44 || Used in avasechana in arsha roga (hemorrhoids)
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/153 || As an ingredient of dvitiya phalarista
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/214 || Used for parisechana in rakta arsha
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/125 || As an ingredient of candanadhya ghrita
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/243 || As an ingredient of Amruta ghrita
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/52 || Used in Sarva mutrakruchhra
|-
| 21 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/60 || As an ingredient of Pashanbhedadi churna
|-
| 22 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/69 || As an ingredient of Karpasmooladi yoga
|-
| 23 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/239 || Used in Kaphaja netra roga for Aaschotana karma
|-
| 24 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/170 || As an ingredient of Vrushamuladi taila
|-
| 25 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/152 || As an ingredient of Triphaladi kalka in tridoshaja shola
|}

== Dose ==
* Swarasa (Juice): 10–20 ml
* Kwatha (Decoction): 10–20 ml<ref name="API1986"/>

== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API1986"/>
* Vasakavaleha

== Current Availability ==
Available
* In India: Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, West Bengal, Assam.
* Out of India: Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, China, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania.

== Phytoconstituents ==
=== Quinazoline alkaloids ===
Vasicine is the main alkaloid of the plant. A second alkaloid, vasicinone (C11H10N2O2), was isolated in crystalline form from the leaves and found to be a much weaker base than vasicine. It is identical to the quinazolone obtained by oxidising vasicine with hydrogen peroxide, and it was reported as a bronchodilator alkaloid.<ref name="Amin1959">Amin AH, Mehta DR. A bronchodilator alkaloid (vasicinone) from Adhatoda vasica Nees. Nature. 1959;184(Suppl 17):1317. doi:10.1038/1841317a0</ref>

=== Volatile oil (leaves) ===
Hydrodistillation of the leaves gave 0.096% (v/w) essential oil. GC-MS identified eleven compounds, of which borneol (58.60%) was the most abundant.<ref name="Sarker2011">Sarker AK, Chowdhury JU, Bhuiyan HR. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil collected from Adhatoda vasica leaves. Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research. 2011;46(2):191–194. doi:10.3329/bjsir.v46i2.8185</ref>

== Therapeutic Efficacy: Pharmacological Evidence ==
The evidence summarised below is from animal and in vitro studies. No controlled human clinical trial of Vasa alone was verified during the preparation of this monograph.

=== Bronchodilatory and anti-asthmatic activity (Svasa) ===
In a screening of traditional antiasthmatic plants, alkaloids from ''Adhatoda vasica'' that had not been described before gave pronounced protection against allergen-induced bronchial obstruction in guinea pigs (10 mg/ml, by aerosol).<ref name="Dorsch1991">Dorsch W, Wagner H. New antiasthmatic drugs from traditional medicine? International Archives of Allergy and Applied Immunology. 1991;94(1–4):262–265. doi:10.1159/000235378. PMID: 1937886</ref>

=== Antitussive activity (Kasa) ===
The antitussive effect of an ''Adhatoda vasica'' extract was studied against coughing induced by mechanical or chemical stimulation in animals, which supports the traditional use of Vasa in cough.<ref name="Dhuley1999">Dhuley JN. Antitussive effect of Adhatoda vasica extract on mechanical or chemical stimulation-induced coughing in animals. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1999;67(3):361–365. doi:10.1016/S0378-8741(99)00074-4. PMID: 10617073</ref>

=== Anti-inflammatory activity ===
Five alkaloids from the chloroform fraction (vasicine, vasicinone, vasicine acetate, 2-acetyl benzylamine and vasicinolone) showed anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity. Vasicine inhibited carrageenan-induced paw oedema by 59.51% at 20 mg/kg, and vasicinone inhibited CFA-induced paw oedema by 63.94% at 10 mg/kg.<ref name="Singh2013">Singh B, Sharma RA. Anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties of pyrroloquinazoline alkaloids from Adhatoda vasica Nees. Phytomedicine. 2013;20(5):441–445.</ref>

=== Antitubercular activity (Kshaya) ===
Vasicine acetate and 2-acetyl benzylamine, isolated from the hexane extract of the leaves, significantly inhibited ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis'', including a multi-drug-resistant strain, in vitro. The authors suggested they could be evaluated further as antitubercular drug leads.<ref name="Ignacimuthu2010">Ignacimuthu S, Shanmugam N. Antimycobacterial activity of two natural alkaloids, vasicine acetate and 2-acetyl benzylamine, isolated from Indian shrub Adhatoda vasica Ness. leaves. Journal of Biosciences. 2010;35(4):565–570. doi:10.1007/s12038-010-0065-8</ref>

=== Other traditional uses ===
Experimental evidence for the traditional uses in internal bleeding (raktapitta), jaundice (kamala) and diabetes (prameha) was not verified during the preparation of this monograph, so no efficacy claim is made for them.

== Safety, Toxicity, and Precautions ==
* '''Uterine effects:''' Several scientific reports in the last decades have described oxytocic (uterine-stimulating) and abortifacient effects of vasicine and of alkaloids derived from the plant. A critical review concluded that these reports raise questions about the safety of ''Adhatoda vasica'' as a herbal medicine, so it should be avoided in pregnancy and used only under qualified supervision.<ref name="Claeson2000">Claeson UP, Malmfors T, Wikman G, Bruhn JG. Adhatoda vasica: a critical review of ethnopharmacological and toxicological data. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2000;72(1–2):1–20. doi:10.1016/S0378-8741(00)00225-7. PMID: 10967448</ref>

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Adhatoda vasica'' (preclinical evidence)
! Indication !! Experimental finding !! Type of evidence
|-
| '''Bronchial asthma (Svasa)''' || Protection against allergen-induced bronchial obstruction by alkaloids; vasicinone reported as bronchodilator || Guinea pig model
|-
| '''Cough (Kasa)''' || Antitussive effect against mechanically and chemically induced cough || Animal models
|-
| '''Inflammatory swelling''' || Vasicine and vasicinone reduced paw oedema || Rat models
|-
| '''Tuberculosis (Kshaya)''' || Vasicine acetate and 2-acetyl benzylamine inhibited ''M. tuberculosis'' || In vitro
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API1986">The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:76.</ref>
<ref name="Chunekar2015">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Guduchyadi Varga, verse no. 88-89, p. 306.</ref>
<ref name="ChunekarNighantu">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Guduchyadi Varga, verse no. 88-89, p. 308-309.</ref>
<ref name="Amin1959">Amin AH, Mehta DR. A bronchodilator alkaloid (vasicinone) from Adhatoda vasica Nees. Nature. 1959;184(Suppl 17):1317. doi:10.1038/1841317a0</ref>
<ref name="Sarker2011">Sarker AK, Chowdhury JU, Bhuiyan HR. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil collected from Adhatoda vasica leaves. Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research. 2011;46(2):191–194. doi:10.3329/bjsir.v46i2.8185</ref>
<ref name="Dorsch1991">Dorsch W, Wagner H. New antiasthmatic drugs from traditional medicine? International Archives of Allergy and Applied Immunology. 1991;94(1–4):262–265. doi:10.1159/000235378. PMID: 1937886</ref>
<ref name="Dhuley1999">Dhuley JN. Antitussive effect of Adhatoda vasica extract on mechanical or chemical stimulation-induced coughing in animals. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1999;67(3):361–365. doi:10.1016/S0378-8741(99)00074-4. PMID: 10617073</ref>
<ref name="Singh2013">Singh B, Sharma RA. Anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties of pyrroloquinazoline alkaloids from Adhatoda vasica Nees. Phytomedicine. 2013;20(5):441–445.</ref>
<ref name="Ignacimuthu2010">Ignacimuthu S, Shanmugam N. Antimycobacterial activity of two natural alkaloids, vasicine acetate and 2-acetyl benzylamine, isolated from Indian shrub Adhatoda vasica Ness. leaves. Journal of Biosciences. 2010;35(4):565–570. doi:10.1007/s12038-010-0065-8</ref>
<ref name="Claeson2000">Claeson UP, Malmfors T, Wikman G, Bruhn JG. Adhatoda vasica: a critical review of ethnopharmacological and toxicological data. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2000;72(1–2):1–20. doi:10.1016/S0378-8741(00)00225-7. PMID: 10967448</ref>
}}

[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]

Talk:Varuna

2026-10-18T08:54:45Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Varuna, Crataeva religiosa Forst. f., Three leaved caper* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

{{Infobox
|title = Varuna
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Varuna
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Crataeva religiosa Forst. f.
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Capparidaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crataeva_religiosa Crataeva religiosa Forst. f.]''', popularly known as '''Varuna''', is a moderate-sized deciduous tree native to India, Sri Lanka, and Southeast Asia. It is widely revered in [[Ayurveda]] as the premier lithotriptic and diuretic drug of choice for managing urinary calculi (renal stones), dysuria, and inflammatory conditions. It has long been described as the Ayurvedic drug of choice in urinary disorders.<ref name="Deshpande1982">Deshpande PJ, Sahu M, Kumar P. Crataeva nurvala Hook and Forst (Varuna) the Ayurvedic drug of choice in urinary disorders. Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1982;76(Suppl):46–53.</ref>

'''Note on nomenclature:''' most of the experimental studies cited below were carried out on ''Crataeva nurvala'' Buch.-Ham., which is treated in the literature as ''Crateva magna'' (Lour.) DC., one of the names listed under "Other botanical names". The Varuna of the classical texts is traditionally taken to be the same drug, but readers should note that the research species name differs from the name used in this page's title.

== English name ==
Three leaved caper

== Therapeutic Uses ==
Renal stone (ashmari), Dysuria (mutrakrichhra), Abdominal lump (gulma), Abscess (vidradhi).<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:75.</ref>

== Other Varieties / Other Botanical names ==
* Crateva magna (Lour.) DC
* Capparis magna Lour.
* Crateva lophosperma Kurz
* Triclanthera corymbosa Raf.

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
Varuna, Tikta saka (leaves of varuna are bitter in taste).

== Additional Synonyms in Bhavprakasha Nighantu ==
Varana, Kumaraka (leaves of varuna remain tender for many days).<ref name="Chunekar2015">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Vatadi Varga, verse no. 65, p. 530.</ref>

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste (rasa) || Bitter (tikta), Astringent (kashaya)
|-
| 2 || Potency (veerya) || Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect (vipaka) || Pungent (katu)
|-
| 4 || Qualities (guna) || Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
|-
| 5 || Actions (karma) || Pacify Kapha and Vata
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 14/31 || Dravya for Nadi Sweda (fomentation)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 8/33 || Prajata stree paricharya
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267 || As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/165 || Pathya Diet in Gulma (abdominal lump)
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/45 || Used in swedana kriya (fomentation therapy)
|}

== Dose ==
* Kwatha (Decoction): 20–30 g.<ref name="API1986"/>

== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API1986"/>
* Varunadi kwatha churna

== Current Availability ==
Available
* In India: Commonly grows along riverbanks, marshy lands, and waterlogged areas. States include Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan (moist regions), Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Odisha, West Bengal, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir.
* Out of India: Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, China, Bangladesh, Nepal, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Oceania.

== Phytoconstituents ==
=== Triterpenoids and sterols ===
The chloroform fraction of a crude rectified-spirit extract of the stem bark yielded four compounds: the triterpenoids betulinic acid and lupeol, and the sterols β-sitosterol and stigmasterol. Their structures were established by 1H NMR spectroscopy and comparison with authentic specimens.<ref name="Parvin2011">Parvin S, et al. Triterpenoids and phytosteroids from stem bark of Crataeva nurvala Buch. Ham. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science. 2011;1(9):47–50.</ref>

=== Lupeol: the principal bioactive triterpene ===
Fractionation of the antiurolithiatic crude extract led to the isolation of lupeol (lup-20(29)-en-3β-ol) as the active constituent. In rats, lupeol not only prevented the formation of bladder stones but also reduced the size of stones that had already formed.<ref name="Anand1994">Anand R, Patnaik GK, Kulshreshtha DK, Dhawan BN. Antiurolithiatic activity of lupeol, the active constituent isolated from Crataeva nurvala. Phytotherapy Research. 1994;8(7):417–421. doi:10.1002/ptr.2650080708</ref>

== Therapeutic Efficacy: Pharmacological Evidence ==
The evidence summarised below is from animal and in vitro studies. No controlled human clinical trial of Varuna alone was verified during the preparation of this monograph.

=== Lithotriptic and anti-urolithiatic activity (Ashmari) ===
The effect of oral administration of ''Crataeva nurvala'' bark decoction on calcium oxalate lithiasis was studied in rats. This is the experimental basis usually cited for the classical use of Varuna in urinary stones.<ref name="Varalakshmi1990">Varalakshmi P, Shamila Y, Latha E. Effect of Crataeva nurvala in experimental urolithiasis. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1990;28(3):313–321. doi:10.1016/0378-8741(90)90082-5</ref>

=== Diuretic activity (Mutrakrichhra) ===
Antiurolithiatic and diuretic activity were reported for lupeol, the constituent isolated from the plant. This is consistent with the traditional use of Varuna in dysuria.<ref name="Anand1992">Anand R, Patnaik GK, Kulshreshtha DK, Dhawan BN. Antiurolithiatic and diuretic activity of lupeol, the active constituent isolated from Crateva nurvala (Buch. Ham). Indian Journal of Pharmacology. 1992;24:48–49.</ref>

=== Anti-inflammatory activity (Vidradhi, Shotha) ===
In rats with adjuvant arthritis, lupeol and lupeol linoleate reduced paw swelling by 39% and 58% respectively, compared with 35% for indomethacin. Unlike indomethacin, the two triterpenes showed no antinociceptive, antipyretic or ulcerogenic action, which suggests a different mechanism of action.<ref name="Geetha2001">Geetha T, Varalakshmi P. Anti-inflammatory activity of lupeol and lupeol linoleate in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2001;76(1):77–80. doi:10.1016/S0378-8741(01)00175-1. PMID: 11378285</ref>

=== Immunomodulatory activity ===
In Balb/c mice, oral lupeol isolated from ''Crataeva religiosa'' (12.5–200 mg/kg) reduced CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell counts and the cytokines IL-2 and IFN-γ (Th1) and IL-4 (Th2). The authors linked this immune suppression to possible anti-arthritic activity.<ref name="Bani2006">Bani S, Kaul A, Khan B, Ahmad SF, Suri KA, Gupta BD, Satti NK, Qazi GN. Suppression of T lymphocyte activity by lupeol isolated from Crataeva religiosa. Phytotherapy Research. 2006;20(4):279–287. doi:10.1002/ptr.1852. PMID: 16557610</ref>

=== Antioxidant and nephroprotective activity ===
In two-kidney, one-clip (2K1C) rats, an ethanol extract of the bark (100 mg/kg, orally, for four weeks) prevented kidney dysfunction. It normalised raised uric acid and creatinine, reduced oxidative stress markers, increased antioxidant gene expression in the kidney and suppressed several anti-inflammatory genes.<ref name="Jahan2023">Jahan I, Saha P, Eysha Chisty TT, Mitu KF, Chowdhury FI, Ahmed KS, Hossain H, Khan F, Subhan N, Alam MA. Crataeva nurvala bark (Capparidaceae) extract modulates oxidative stress-related gene expression, restores antioxidant enzymes, and prevents oxidative stress in the kidney and heart of 2K1C rats. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2023;2023:4720727. doi:10.1155/2023/4720727. PMID: 37593003</ref>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Precautions ==
* '''Toxicity:''' No formal toxicity or human safety data for Varuna bark itself were verified during the preparation of this monograph. For lupeol, its isolated constituent, the oral LD0 in mice was reported as more than 2 g/kg body weight.<ref name="Bani2006"/>
* '''Precautions (inference, not from a cited study):''' Because Varuna is a diuretic drug, caution is reasonable in severe dehydration or acute renal failure. Because lupeol suppressed T-cell activity in mice, caution is also reasonable in patients taking immunosuppressant drugs. Use under professional guidance is advisable.

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Crataeva'' species (preclinical evidence)
! Indication !! Experimental finding !! Type of evidence
|-
| '''Renal stones (Ashmari)''' || Bark decoction studied in calcium oxalate lithiasis; lupeol prevented bladder stones and reduced preformed stones || Rat models
|-
| '''Dysuria (Mutrakrichhra)''' || Diuretic activity of lupeol || Rat model
|-
| '''Inflammation, abscess (Vidradhi)''' || Reduced paw swelling in adjuvant arthritis (lupeol, lupeol linoleate); suppression of T-cell counts and Th1/Th2 cytokines by lupeol || Rat and mouse models
|-
| '''Kidney injury''' || Prevention of kidney dysfunction and oxidative stress by bark extract || Rat model (2K1C)
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:75.</ref>
<ref name="Chunekar2015">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Vatadi Varga, verse no. 65, p. 530.</ref>
<ref name="Deshpande1982">Deshpande PJ, Sahu M, Kumar P. Crataeva nurvala Hook and Forst (Varuna) the Ayurvedic drug of choice in urinary disorders. Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1982;76(Suppl):46–53.</ref>
<ref name="Parvin2011">Parvin S, et al. Triterpenoids and phytosteroids from stem bark of Crataeva nurvala Buch. Ham. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science. 2011;1(9):47–50.</ref>
<ref name="Anand1994">Anand R, Patnaik GK, Kulshreshtha DK, Dhawan BN. Antiurolithiatic activity of lupeol, the active constituent isolated from Crataeva nurvala. Phytotherapy Research. 1994;8(7):417–421. doi:10.1002/ptr.2650080708</ref>
<ref name="Varalakshmi1990">Varalakshmi P, Shamila Y, Latha E. Effect of Crataeva nurvala in experimental urolithiasis. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1990;28(3):313–321. doi:10.1016/0378-8741(90)90082-5</ref>
<ref name="Anand1992">Anand R, Patnaik GK, Kulshreshtha DK, Dhawan BN. Antiurolithiatic and diuretic activity of lupeol, the active constituent isolated from Crateva nurvala (Buch. Ham). Indian Journal of Pharmacology. 1992;24:48–49.</ref>
<ref name="Geetha2001">Geetha T, Varalakshmi P. Anti-inflammatory activity of lupeol and lupeol linoleate in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2001;76(1):77–80. doi:10.1016/S0378-8741(01)00175-1. PMID: 11378285</ref>
<ref name="Bani2006">Bani S, Kaul A, Khan B, Ahmad SF, Suri KA, Gupta BD, Satti NK, Qazi GN. Suppression of T lymphocyte activity by lupeol isolated from Crataeva religiosa. Phytotherapy Research. 2006;20(4):279–287. doi:10.1002/ptr.1852. PMID: 16557610</ref>
<ref name="Jahan2023">Jahan I, Saha P, Eysha Chisty TT, Mitu KF, Chowdhury FI, Ahmed KS, Hossain H, Khan F, Subhan N, Alam MA. Crataeva nurvala bark (Capparidaceae) extract modulates oxidative stress-related gene expression, restores antioxidant enzymes, and prevents oxidative stress in the kidney and heart of 2K1C rats. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2023;2023:4720727. doi:10.1155/2023/4720727. PMID: 37593003</ref>
}}

[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]

Talk:Dadima

2026-10-17T05:59:38Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Dadima, Punica granatum L., Pomegranate, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Dadima (Punica granatum L.) is widely used in Ayurveda for digestive, cardiovascular, and metabolic health. It acts as a carminative, heart-healthy tonic, and balances tridoshas depending on its variety.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

{{Infobox
|title = Dadima
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Dadima
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomegranate Punica granatum L.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Lythraceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomegranate Punica granatum L.]''', popularly known as '''Dadima''' (Pomegranate), is a large deciduous shrub or small tree belonging to the family Lythraceae. It is highly revered in [[Ayurveda]] for its culinary and therapeutic uses, as a heart-healthy tonic (''hridya'') and digestive aid.

==English name==
Pomegranate

==Therapeutic uses==
* '''Sweet fruit (swadu):''' Beneficial in burning sensations (''daha''), excessive thirst (''trishna''), fever (''jwara''), enhancing reproductive constituents (''shukrala''), light to digest (''laghu''), and reduces bad mouth odour (''mukhagandhaghna'').
* '''Sweet and sour fruit (swaduamla):''' Beneficial for stimulating digestion (''dipana''), improving taste (''ruchya''), and slightly elevates pitta dosha.
* '''Sour fruit (amla):''' Aggravates pitta dosha and alleviates vata and kapha dosha.

==Identification characters==
It is a large deciduous shrub or small tree with shining, oblanceolate glabrous leaves, red-colored flowers with 5–7 petals, and a globose fruit.<ref name="ref1" />

==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Dadima, Karaka, Dantabija, Lohitapushpaka

==Additional Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==
* '''Dadima:''' Useful in many conditions.<ref name="ref2" />
* '''Dantabija:''' Seeds resemble teeth.<ref name="ref2" />
* '''Lohitapushpaka:''' Flowers are red in color.<ref name="ref2" />

==Types (Bheda)==
# Swadu (Sweet)<ref name="ref2" />
# Swaduamla (Sweet and sour)<ref name="ref2" />
# Amla (Sour)<ref name="ref2" />

==Ayurvedic pharmacological properties==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Sweet (madhura), Astringent (kashaya), Sour (amla)<ref name="ref2" />
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Not too hot (anushna)<ref name="ref2" />
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura)<ref name="ref2" />
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]]) || Light (laghu), Unctuous (snigdha)<ref name="ref2" />
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Reduces [[vata]], [[pitta]] and [[kapha]]<ref name="ref2" />
|-
|}

==Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/19 || Pachani-Grahi yavagu
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(10) || Hridya mahakashaya (group of heart-healthy herbs)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(28) || Chhardinigrahana mahakashaya (group of herbs for anti-emetic therapy)
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(40) || Shramahara mahakashaya (group of herbs for fatigue)
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 13/84 || Alternative recipes for persons averse to lipids
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/38 || Madyavikatnut Mantha
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/4 || Natural qualities
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/150 || Phala Varga (group of all fruits)
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/256 || Krutanna Varga (group of edibles)
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/84 || Viruddha ahara (incompatible food articles)
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/136 || Virechana dravyani (group of laxatives)
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/140 || Amla Skandha (group of sour substances)
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/30 || Preparations of Trivrut Avaleha
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/54 || Trivrritadi Modaka
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/75 || Virechana Prayoga (used for therapeutic purgation)
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 11/07 || Saptala Shankhini Yoga
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/12 || Ingredient in Vrushya mamsa gutika
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/15 || Ingredient in Vrushya mahish rasa
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/36 || As pathya ahara (group of wholesome food articles)
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/180 || Given as peya for those desiring sour items
|-
| 21 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/35 || For Tarpana (instant nourishment)
|-
| 22 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/95 || As an ingredient of Satavaryadi ghrita
|-
| 23 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/100 || Used in Nasagata raktapitta
|-
| 24 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/68 || To increase effect of Trayushanaadi ghrita
|-
| 25 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/69 || Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya ghrita
|-
| 26 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/72 || Ingredient of Hapushadya ghrita
|-
| 27 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/74 || Ingredient of Pippalyadya ghrita
|-
| 28 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/77 || As an anupana in Gulma (abdominal lump)
|-
| 29 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/80 || Ingredient of Hingvadi churna
|-
| 30 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/85 || Used to reduce pain in Vataja gulma
|-
| 31 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/87 || Ingredient of Shatyadi churna
|-
| 32 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/133 || As a diet in Pittaja gulma
|-
| 33 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/142 || Ingredient of Dashamuli ghrita
|-
| 34 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/166 || Pathya diet in gulma
|-
| 35 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/36 || Ingredient in Kalyanak ghrita
|-
| 36 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/42 || Ingredient in Mahakalyanak ghrita
|-
| 37 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/54 || Ingredient in Apara lasunadya ghrita
|-
| 38 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/85 || Ingredient in Saindhavadi churna
|-
| 39 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/88 || Ingredient in Shadav (preparations made of sweet, sour, and salty substances)
|-
| 40 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/55 || Ingredient in Chitrakadi ghrita
|-
| 41 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/130 || Used as anupana in arsha roga with narayan churna
|-
| 42 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/135 || As an anupana of hapushadya churna
|-
| 43 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/99 || Used for Anulomana (proper elimination of flatus and feces)
|-
| 44 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/106 || Removes vata and vibandha (constipation)
|-
| 45 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/125 || Dadima swarasa is mixed with shaka
|-
| 46 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/186 || Kwath is used for raktastambhana (cessation of bleeding)
|-
| 47 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/197 || Used in rakta arsha (bleeding piles)
|-
| 48 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/200 || Sadhita laajapeya used in rakta arsha
|-
| 49 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/89 || As an ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrit evum churna
|-
| 50 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/97 || Bhavana dravya of citrakadhya gutika
|-
| 51 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/44 || As an ingredient of Dadimadi ghrita
|-
| 52 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/90 || As an anupana of Shilajatu vataka
|-
| 53 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/63 || As an ingredient of saindhavadi yoga
|-
| 54 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/126 || As an ingredient of kantakari ghrita
|-
| 55 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/28 || As an ingredient of dipaniya and sangrahi gana
|-
| 56 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/33 || Used as a siddhi dravya
|-
| 57 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/40 || As a yoga dravya in treatment of purishakshaya
|-
| 58 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/44 || As an ingredient of chavyadi ghrita
|-
| 59 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/54 || As a yoga dravya in treatment of pittaja atisara
|-
| 60 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/74 || As a prakshepa dravya
|-
| 61 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/24 || Ghritapana in Vataja chhardi
|-
| 62 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/35 || As a pathya ahara in kaphaja chhardi
|-
| 63 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/109 || As a pathya ahara
|-
| 64 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/111 || As a pathya ahara
|-
| 65 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/112 || Dadima rasa siddha mamsarasa is used
|-
| 66 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/126 || As an ingredient of mulakadi lepa
|-
| 67 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 22/36 || For lepa prayoga (local application)
|-
| 68 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 22/49 || Used in treatment of kaphanubandha trushna (thirst)
|-
| 69 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/226 || As a pathya ahara (palatable food)
|-
| 70 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/121 || Used as swarasa mixed with lavana and sneha in Vataja madatyaya
|-
| 71 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/127 || Used as swarasa in Vataja madatyaya (alcohol intoxication)
|-
| 72 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/128 || Used as anupana in Vataja madatyaya
|-
| 73 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/136 || Used as swarasa in pittaja madatyaya
|-
| 74 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/139 || Used as yoosha in pittaja madatyaya
|-
| 75 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/151 || Used in mukha-lepa in pittaja madatyaya
|-
| 76 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/180 || Used as raga in kaphaja madatyaya
|-
| 77 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/217 || Used in Kavala in arochaka (tastelessness)
|-
| 78 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/219 || As an ingredient of Arochakanashaka vati
|-
| 79 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/132 || As an ingredient of Triphaladi maha sneha
|-
| 80 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/79 || As an ingredient of Dhatakyadi taila
|-
|}

==Dose==
* 5 to 10 g of the drug in powder form or fresh juice as required.<ref name="ref1" />

==Important Formulations==
* Dadimastaka Churna
* Dadima Ghrita
* Dadhika Ghrita
* Bhaskara Lavana
* Shukramatruka Vati

==Current availability==
Available
* '''In India –''' Found growing wild in the valley and outer hills of the Himalayas between 900–1800 m, and cultivated widely across many parts of the country.<ref name="ref1" />
* '''Out of India –''' Central Asia, the Himalayas, the Mediterranean, the Middle East, California, Arizona, and South Asia.<ref name="ref1" />

==Phytoconstituents==
Different parts of ''Punica granatum'' (fruit peel, aril and juice, seed, flower, leaf, bark and heartwood) contain the following major classes of phytochemicals:<ref name="Wu2017" />
* '''Hydrolyzable tannins:''' ellagitannins (e.g. punicalagin, punicalin) and gallotannins, abundant in the fruit peel.
* '''Ellagic acid:''' free ellagic acid, its methylated forms and glycosidic derivatives.
* '''Flavonoids:''' chalcones, flavanones, flavones, flavonols, anthocyanins (responsible for the red colour), flavan-3-ols and procyanidins.
* '''Alkaloids:''' present in the bark.
* '''Steroids and lipids:''' steroid hormones and seed-oil lipids such as monoacylglycerols and triglycerides.

==Pharmacological Activities and Therapeutic Efficacy==
All studies below are preclinical or small human studies on pomegranate preparations. Results with juice or peel extract should not be taken as proof of the effect of the Ayurvedic dosage forms.

===Cardiovascular protection (Hridya)===
In healthy male volunteers and in atherosclerotic apolipoprotein E-deficient mice, pomegranate juice consumption had potent antioxidant effects against lipid peroxidation in plasma and lipoproteins. In humans it decreased LDL susceptibility to aggregation and retention and raised the activity of serum paraoxonase by about 20%.<ref name="Aviram2000" />

===Antidiarrhoeal activity (Atisara)===
The aqueous extract of the peel (100–400 mg/kg) reduced castor-oil-induced diarrhoea, enteropooling and gastrointestinal transit in rats in a dose-dependent manner, and inhibited the spontaneous movement of the isolated rat ileum. The extract contained tannins, flavonoids and alkaloids.<ref name="Qnais2007" />

===Anti-inflammatory and anticancer potential===
Juice and peel possess potent antioxidant properties, and the phytochemistry and pharmacological actions of the different parts of the plant suggest a wide range of applications in preventing and treating cancer and other diseases in which chronic inflammation plays a role.<ref name="Lansky2007" />

==Safety, Toxicity and Dosage==
* '''Toxicity:''' The aqueous peel extract had an intraperitoneal LD50 of 1321 ± 15 mg/kg in mice.<ref name="Qnais2007" /> No other safety data are cited here; oral safety of the traditional dosage forms has not been verified for this monograph.
* '''Precautions (classical, no experimental reference cited):''' The only classical contraindication noted in Ayurvedic literature is its avoidance during specific treatments like Khandakadya Lauha administration in ''raktapitta'' conditions.
* '''Standard therapeutic dose:''' Fruit juice or fresh arils as desired or 30–50 ml; powder (churna) 5–10 g daily (see Dose above).<ref name="ref1" />

==Summary of Therapeutic Profile==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic applications of ''Punica granatum'' (preclinical and small human studies)
! Indication
! Part / preparation studied
! Principal finding
|-
| '''Cardiovascular health / Hridroga'''
| Juice
| Antioxidant effects; reduced LDL aggregation and retention, raised paraoxonase activity
|-
| '''Diarrhoea / Atisara'''
| Aqueous peel extract
| Reduced castor-oil diarrhoea, enteropooling and intestinal transit in rats
|-
| '''Inflammation and cancer'''
| Juice, peel and other parts
| Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential (review evidence)
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 2001; Volume III: 45-46.</ref>

<ref name="ref2">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 35-38, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015.</ref>

<ref name="Wu2017">{{cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=S. |last2=Tian |first2=L. |year=2017 |title=Diverse phytochemicals and bioactivities in the ancient fruit and modern functional food pomegranate (Punica granatum) |journal=Molecules |volume=22 |issue=10 |pages=1606 |doi=10.3390/molecules22101606}}</ref>

<ref name="Aviram2000">{{cite journal |last1=Aviram |first1=M. |last2=Dornfeld |first2=L. |last3=Rosenblat |first3=M. |last4=Volkova |first4=N. |last5=Kaplan |first5=M. |last6=Coleman |first6=R. |last7=Hayek |first7=T. |last8=Presser |first8=D. |last9=Fuhrman |first9=B. |year=2000 |title=Pomegranate juice consumption reduces oxidative stress, atherogenic modifications to LDL, and platelet aggregation: studies in humans and in atherosclerotic apolipoprotein E-deficient mice |journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=71 |issue=5 |pages=1062–1076 |doi=10.1093/ajcn/71.5.1062}}</ref>
<ref name="Qnais2007">{{cite journal |last1=Qnais |first1=E. Y. |last2=Elokda |first2=A. S. |last3=Abu Ghalyun |first3=Y. Y. |last4=Abdulla |first4=F. A. |year=2007 |title=Antidiarrheal activity of the aqueous extract of Punica granatum (pomegranate) peels |journal=Pharmaceutical Biology |volume=45 |issue=9 |pages=715–720 |doi=10.1080/13880200701575304}}</ref>
<ref name="Lansky2007">{{cite journal |last1=Lansky |first1=E. P. |last2=Newman |first2=R. A. |year=2007 |title=Punica granatum (pomegranate) and its potential for prevention and treatment of inflammation and cancer |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=109 |issue=2 |pages=177–206 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2006.09.006}}</ref>
}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Talk:Vacha

2026-10-17T05:26:25Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *vacha, Acorus calamus L., Sweet flag* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

{{Infobox
|title = Vacha
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Vacha
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Acorus calamus L.
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Araceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acorus_calamus Acorus calamus L.]''', popularly known as '''Vacha''', is a semi-aquatic perennial herbaceous plant native to temperate and subtropical regions of Asia, Europe, and North America. It is widely revered in [[Ayurveda]] as a powerful medhya (nootropic) and nervine tonic, highly valued for improving intellect, memory, speech, and managing cognitive or neurological disorders. Its rhizome has been used in Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha and Chinese medicine for nervous disorders, colic, cough, fever, inflammation and digestive complaints, and modern studies have examined several of these uses.<ref name="Rajput2014">Rajput SB, Tonge MB, Karuppayil SM. An overview on traditional uses and pharmacological profile of Acorus calamus Linn. (Sweet flag) and other Acorus species. Phytomedicine. 2014;21(3):268–276. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2013.09.020. PMID: 24200497</ref>

== English name ==
Sweet flag

== Therapeutic Uses ==
Colic pain (sula), Epilepsy (apasmara), Bronchial asthma (svasa), Cough (kasa), Constipation (vibandha), Insanity (unmada), Abdominal distension (adhmana), Ear discharge (karna srava), Smrti daurbalya.<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume II:74.</ref>

== Other Varieties / Other Botanical names ==
* Calamus aromaticus Garsault

== Raja Nighantu ==
Mentioned 2 types<ref name="Tripathi2006">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, ed.2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi; Pippalyadi Varga – 52.</ref>
# Vacha – Acorus calamus
# Sweta vacha – Iris germanica

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
Vacha, Haimavati, Shadgrantha (rhizome of vacha has more than six nodes on it), Ugragandha (very strong odour), Golomi (rhizome of vacha has hairs over it resembling the hair of cow), Lomasa (rhizome is hairy).

== Additional Synonyms in Bhavprakasha Nighantu ==
Shataparvika, Kshudra patri, Mangalya (auspicious drug), Jatilogra<ref name="Chunekar2015">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no. 102, p. 42.</ref>

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Pungent (katu), Bitter (tikta)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]]) || Light (laghu), Sharp (tikshna)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify Kapha and Vata
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 2/9 || Virechana (Therapeutic purgation)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 3/5 || Churna pradeha (external application)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(3) || Lekhaniya (emaciating) mahakashaya
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(11) || Truptighna (anti-satiety) mahakashaya
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(12) || Arshoghna (anti-hemorrhoids) mahakashaya
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(25) || Asthapanopag (helping corrective enema) mahakashaya
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(42) || Sheetaprashamana (pacifying cold) mahakashaya
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(48) || Sandnyasthapana (restoring consciousness) mahakashaya
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 23/15 || Santarpanajanya vikar chikitsa (treatment of disease of over-nutrition)
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/143 || Tiktaskandha (group of bitter drugs)
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 8/34 || Garbhasya pratimasik karma
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 8/38 || Sukha prasavartha
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 8/47 || Jatamatra balak paricharya
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 8/61 || Kshirajanan karma
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa. [[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/14 || Vamanartha (for emesis)
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa. [[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/16 || Preparations of Trivrut
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa. [[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/54 || Trivrutadi Modaka
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa. [[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/58 || Hemantkalina Trivrut Yoga
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/25 || Body purification before rasayana treatment
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/204 || As an ingredient of Vatsakadi kashaya
|-
| 21 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/250 || As an ingredient of Jeevantyadi anuvasana basti
|-
| 22 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267 || In formulation of Agurvadi taila
|-
| 23 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/307 || In Vishamajwara for Dhoopana
|-
| 24 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/70 || Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya ghrita
|-
| 25 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/80 || Ingredient of Hingvadi churna
|-
| 26 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/86 || Ingredient of Shatyadi Churna
|-
| 27 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/44 || Ingredient in Bhallatakadya Ghrita for Kaphaj Gulma
|-
| 28 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/38 || Trikantakadhya Tail/Ghrit in Vata-kaphaj prameha
|-
| 29 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/68 || Ingredient in Triphaladi Churna
|-
| 30 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/100 || Kwath prayog in Kapha-Pittaj Kushtha
|-
| 31 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/103 || Bahyaprayogarth tail in Kushtha
|-
| 32 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/113 || Ingredient in Kanakakshiri Taila
|-
| 33 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/75 || As a Swedana (fomentation) dravya
|-
| 34 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/45 || Ingredient in Mahapaishachik Ghrita
|-
| 35 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/64 || Used as Nasya and Anjana prayogartha
|-
| 36 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/69 || Ingredient in Siddharthakadi Agada
|-
| 37 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/25 || Ingredient in Brahmi Ghrita
|-
| 38 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/27 || Ingredient in Vachadi Ghrita
|-
| 39 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/34 || Ingredient in Palankashadi taila
|-
| 40 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/42 || As a Nasya dravya
|-
| 41 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/64 || Ingredient in Atattvabhinivesh nashak yoga
|-
| 42 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/109 || In treatment of Udara roga (for parisheka)
|-
| 43 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/104 || In treatment of pleehodara (takraprayoga)
|-
| 44 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/124 || As an ingredient of gavakshyadi churna
|-
| 45 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/126 || As an ingredient of narayan churna
|-
| 46 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/134 || As an ingredient of hapushadya churna
|-
| 47 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/158 || In formulation of pippalyadi lavana
|-
| 48 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/163 || In formulation of Ksharvatika
|-
| 49 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/41 || Used in swedana kriya (fomentation therapy)
|-
| 50 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/53 || As an ingredient of traushnadi churna
|-
| 51 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/131 || Used in anuvasan basti
|-
| 52 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/99 || Churna of this drug with combination of ativisa, musta, devdaru etc. given in ama and shoola yukta mala
|-
| 53 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/101 || Churna with hingu, ativisa, abhaya used in Sama and Vatakapha adhika grahani with kostha shoola
|-
| 54 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/103 || Used in condition of shoola in kaphapittaja grahani
|-
| 55 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/125 || As an ingredient of candanadhya ghrita
|-
| 56 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/134, 15/137 || As an ingredient of Kiratadhya churna
|-
| 57 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/182 || As an ingredient of Bhunimbadhya Kshara
|-
| 58 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/189 || Used in preparation of Pancham Kshara
|-
| 59 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/143 || As an ingredient of Tejovatyadi ghrita
|-
| 60 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/36 || As a ghrita dravya
|-
| 61 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/53 || As an ingredient of chitrakadi leha
|-
| 62 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/112 || As an ingredient of kataphaladi kwath
|-
| 63 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/161 || As an ingredient of guduchyadi ghrita
|-
| 64 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/20 || As a pramathya dravya
|-
| 65 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/22 || As an ama pachak dravya
|-
| 66 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/27 || As an ingredient of dipaniya and sangrahi gana
|-
| 67 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/45 || As an anuvasana dravya
|-
| 68 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/105 || As a kwath dravya
|-
| 69 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/118 || As piccha basti dravya
|-
| 70 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/70 || As an ingredient of Gandha hasti agada
|-
| 71 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/80 || As an ingredient of Maha-Gandha hasti agada
|-
| 72 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/212 || Used in treatment of Vishvambhara etc. kita poison
|-
| 73 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/20 || As an ingredient of Dviruttarahingvadi churna
|-
| 74 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/21 || As an ingredient of Vachadi churna
|-
| 75 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/22 || As an ingredient of 2nd Dviruttarahingvadi churna
|-
| 76 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/61 || As an ingredient of Pashanbhedadi churna
|-
| 77 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/85 || As an ingredient of Pushkarmuladi yoga
|-
| 78 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/97 || Used in kaphaja hrudroga (heart disease)
|-
| 79 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/138 || Used in Vataja Pratishyaya (rhinitis) for Nasya karma
|-
| 80 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/152 || Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya (rhinitis) for Pradhamana nasya
|-
| 81 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/153 || As an ingredient of Bhargyadi taila
|-
| 82 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/209 || As an ingredient of Khadiradi gutika
|-
| 83 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/223 || As an ingredient of Devadarvyadi taila for Karnashoola
|-
| 84 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/226 || As an ingredient of Kshara taila
|-
| 85 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/31 || As an ingredient of Urustambha nashak Yoga
|-
| 86 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/36 || As an ingredient of Swarnakshiradi yoga
|-
| 87 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/41 || As an ingredient of Piluparnyadi Yoga
|-
| 88 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/154 || As an ingredient of Bala taila
|-
| 89 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/161 || As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila
|-
| 90 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/168 || As an ingredient of Mulakadhya taila
|-
| 91 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/149 || Apply lepa for Vatakaphaja Vatarakta
|-
| 92 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/152 || As an ingredient of Triphaladi kalka in tridoshaja shola
|-
| 93 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/54 || As an ingredient of Pippalyadi yoga
|-
| 94 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/252 || Used in treatment of Stanya dosha, for vamana
|-
| 95 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/273 || Used in treatment of Dorgandhya Stanya dosha
|-
| 96 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/277 || Used in treatment of Pichhila stanya
|}

== Dose ==
Churna
* 60–120 mg (therapeutic dose)
* 1–2 g (for inducing vomiting)<ref name="API1986"/>

== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API1986"/>
* Vachadi Taila
* Vacha Lashunadi Taila
* Sarasvata Churna
* Sarasvatarishta
* Manasamitra Vataka
* Chandraprabha Vati
* Khadiradi Vati
* Hingu Vachadi Churna

== Current Availability ==
Available
* In India: Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Bihar, Odisha, Assam, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka.
* Out of India: China, Japan, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Europe, Germany, Russia, Canada, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Australia, Oceania.

== Phytoconstituents ==
=== Major classes of compounds ===
A comprehensive review reports that about 145 constituents have been isolated and identified from the plant. They belong mainly to the phenylpropanoids (including α-asarone and β-asarone), sesquiterpenoids and monoterpenes, with triterpenoid saponins and other compounds also described.<ref name="Sharma2020">Sharma V, Sharma R, Gautam DS, Kuča K, Nepovimová E, Martins N. Role of Vacha (Acorus calamus Linn.) in neurological and metabolic disorders: evidence from ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology and clinical study. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020;9(4):1176. doi:10.3390/jcm9041176</ref>

=== Essential oil of the rhizome ===
GC/MS analysis of the rhizome essential oil showed β-asarone (79.54%) and α-asarone (8.47%) as the major constituents. The asarone content varies between plant chemotypes, so these figures apply only to the sample studied.<ref name="Mukherjee2007">Mukherjee PK, Kumar V, Mal M, Houghton PJ. In vitro acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of the essential oil from Acorus calamus and its main constituents. Planta Medica. 2007;73(3):283–285. doi:10.1055/s-2007-967114. PMID: 17286241</ref>

== Therapeutic Efficacy: Pharmacological Evidence ==
The evidence summarised below comes from animal and in vitro studies. No controlled human clinical trial of ''Acorus calamus'' was verified during the preparation of this monograph.

=== Nootropic activity (Medhya, Smrti daurbalya) ===
In an in vitro Ellman assay, the hydroalcoholic extract, the essential oil and the main constituents of the rhizome inhibited acetylcholinesterase. β-Asarone, the major constituent of the oil, showed the strongest inhibition. This offers a biochemical basis for the traditional use of Vacha to improve memory, although enzyme inhibition in vitro does not by itself prove a memory-enhancing effect in humans.<ref name="Mukherjee2007"/>

=== Neuroprotective activity ===
Acorus calamus extract was reported to have a neuroprotective effect against middle cerebral artery occlusion-induced ischaemia in rats.<ref name="Shukla2006">Shukla PK, Khanna VK, Ali MM, Maurya R, Khan MY, Srimal RC. Neuroprotective effect of Acorus calamus against middle cerebral artery occlusion-induced ischaemia in rat. Human & Experimental Toxicology. 2006;25(4):187–194. doi:10.1191/0960327106ht613oa</ref>

=== Central nervous system and sedative activity (Unmada) ===
An ethanol extract of the rhizome was screened for central nervous system activity in mice and rats. It produced a number of actions similar to those of α-asarone, though it differed from it in some respects.<ref name="Vohora1990">Vohora SB, Shah SA, Dandiya PC. Central nervous system studies on an ethanol extract of Acorus calamus rhizomes. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1990;28(1):53–62. doi:10.1016/0378-8741(90)90065-2</ref>

=== Anticonvulsant activity (Apasmara) ===
The effect of ''Acorus calamus'' on behavioural, electroencephalographic and antioxidant changes was studied in ferric chloride-induced epileptogenesis in rats. The authors concluded that the plant has potential to be developed as an antiepileptic agent.<ref name="Hazra2007">Hazra R, Ray K, Guha D. Inhibitory role of Acorus calamus in ferric chloride-induced epileptogenesis in rat. Human & Experimental Toxicology. 2007;26(12):947–953.</ref>

=== Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity ===
In rats, methanol and n-hexane extracts of the rhizome (125, 250 and 500 mg/kg) showed dose-dependent anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effects. Paw inflammation in the carrageenan model was significantly reduced.<ref name="Bari2024">Bari MU, et al. Anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, and anti-pyretic activities of Acorus calamus rhizome extracts in animal models. Pakistan Journal of Zoology. 2024. doi:10.17582/journal.pjz/20240506024014</ref>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Precautions ==
* '''Asarone toxicity:''' The European Medicines Agency's herbal committee stated that α- and β-asarone are genotoxic and cause liver cancer in rodents. It advised caution with herbal products containing asarone, especially those from ''Acorus'' species.<ref name="EMA2005">European Medicines Agency, Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC). Public statement on the use of herbal medicinal products containing asarone. EMEA/HMPC/139215/2005. 2005.</ref>
* '''Precautions (inference, not from a cited study):''' High doses or prolonged use of crude, unstandardised preparations should be avoided, since asarone content varies between plant varieties. Pregnant women and young children should use Vacha only under qualified supervision.

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Acorus calamus'' (preclinical evidence)
! Indication !! Experimental finding !! Type of evidence
|-
| '''Memory and cognition (Medhya)''' || Acetylcholinesterase inhibition by extract, oil and β-asarone || In vitro
|-
| '''Neurological injury''' || Neuroprotection against induced cerebral ischaemia || Rat model
|-
| '''Epilepsy (Apasmara)''' || Inhibition of ferric chloride-induced epileptogenesis || Rat model
|-
| '''Pain, inflammation and fever''' || Dose-dependent anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effects || Rat models
|-
| '''Colic, abdominal distress''' || Antiulcer, antisecretory and cytoprotective effects || Rat model
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume II:74.</ref>
<ref name="Tripathi2006">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, ed.2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi; Pippalyadi Varga – 52.</ref>
<ref name="Chunekar2015">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no. 102, p. 42.</ref>
<ref name="Rajput2014">Rajput SB, Tonge MB, Karuppayil SM. An overview on traditional uses and pharmacological profile of Acorus calamus Linn. (Sweet flag) and other Acorus species. Phytomedicine. 2014;21(3):268–276. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2013.09.020. PMID: 24200497</ref>
<ref name="Sharma2020">Sharma V, Sharma R, Gautam DS, Kuča K, Nepovimová E, Martins N. Role of Vacha (Acorus calamus Linn.) in neurological and metabolic disorders: evidence from ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology and clinical study. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020;9(4):1176. doi:10.3390/jcm9041176</ref>
<ref name="Mukherjee2007">Mukherjee PK, Kumar V, Mal M, Houghton PJ. In vitro acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of the essential oil from Acorus calamus and its main constituents. Planta Medica. 2007;73(3):283–285. doi:10.1055/s-2007-967114. PMID: 17286241</ref>
<ref name="Shukla2006">Shukla PK, Khanna VK, Ali MM, Maurya R, Khan MY, Srimal RC. Neuroprotective effect of Acorus calamus against middle cerebral artery occlusion-induced ischaemia in rat. Human & Experimental Toxicology. 2006;25(4):187–194. doi:10.1191/0960327106ht613oa</ref>
<ref name="Vohora1990">Vohora SB, Shah SA, Dandiya PC. Central nervous system studies on an ethanol extract of Acorus calamus rhizomes. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1990;28(1):53–62. doi:10.1016/0378-8741(90)90065-2</ref>
<ref name="Hazra2007">Hazra R, Ray K, Guha D. Inhibitory role of Acorus calamus in ferric chloride-induced epileptogenesis in rat. Human & Experimental Toxicology. 2007;26(12):947–953.</ref>
<ref name="Bari2024">Bari MU, et al. Anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, and anti-pyretic activities of Acorus calamus rhizome extracts in animal models. Pakistan Journal of Zoology. 2024. doi:10.17582/journal.pjz/20240506024014</ref>

<ref name="EMA2005">European Medicines Agency, Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC). Public statement on the use of herbal medicinal products containing asarone. EMEA/HMPC/139215/2005. 2005.</ref>
}}

[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]

Talk:Vacha

2026-10-17T05:24:57Z

Dridhabala: /* Gastroprotective activity (Shula, Adhmana) */

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{{Infobox
|title = Vacha
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Vacha
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Acorus calamus L.
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Araceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
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'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acorus_calamus Acorus calamus L.]''', popularly known as '''Vacha''', is a semi-aquatic perennial herbaceous plant native to temperate and subtropical regions of Asia, Europe, and North America. It is widely revered in [[Ayurveda]] as a powerful medhya (nootropic) and nervine tonic, highly valued for improving intellect, memory, speech, and managing cognitive or neurological disorders. Its rhizome has been used in Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha and Chinese medicine for nervous disorders, colic, cough, fever, inflammation and digestive complaints, and modern studies have examined several of these uses.<ref name="Rajput2014">Rajput SB, Tonge MB, Karuppayil SM. An overview on traditional uses and pharmacological profile of Acorus calamus Linn. (Sweet flag) and other Acorus species. Phytomedicine. 2014;21(3):268–276. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2013.09.020. PMID: 24200497</ref>

== English name ==
Sweet flag

== Therapeutic Uses ==
Colic pain (sula), Epilepsy (apasmara), Bronchial asthma (svasa), Cough (kasa), Constipation (vibandha), Insanity (unmada), Abdominal distension (adhmana), Ear discharge (karna srava), Smrti daurbalya.<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume II:74.</ref>

== Other Varieties / Other Botanical names ==
* Calamus aromaticus Garsault

== Raja Nighantu ==
Mentioned 2 types<ref name="Tripathi2006">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, ed.2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi; Pippalyadi Varga – 52.</ref>
# Vacha – Acorus calamus
# Sweta vacha – Iris germanica

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
Vacha, Haimavati, Shadgrantha (rhizome of vacha has more than six nodes on it), Ugragandha (very strong odour), Golomi (rhizome of vacha has hairs over it resembling the hair of cow), Lomasa (rhizome is hairy).

== Additional Synonyms in Bhavprakasha Nighantu ==
Shataparvika, Kshudra patri, Mangalya (auspicious drug), Jatilogra<ref name="Chunekar2015">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no. 102, p. 42.</ref>

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Pungent (katu), Bitter (tikta)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]]) || Light (laghu), Sharp (tikshna)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify Kapha and Vata
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 2/9 || Virechana (Therapeutic purgation)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 3/5 || Churna pradeha (external application)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(3) || Lekhaniya (emaciating) mahakashaya
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(11) || Truptighna (anti-satiety) mahakashaya
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(12) || Arshoghna (anti-hemorrhoids) mahakashaya
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(25) || Asthapanopag (helping corrective enema) mahakashaya
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(42) || Sheetaprashamana (pacifying cold) mahakashaya
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(48) || Sandnyasthapana (restoring consciousness) mahakashaya
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 23/15 || Santarpanajanya vikar chikitsa (treatment of disease of over-nutrition)
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/143 || Tiktaskandha (group of bitter drugs)
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 8/34 || Garbhasya pratimasik karma
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 8/38 || Sukha prasavartha
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 8/47 || Jatamatra balak paricharya
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 8/61 || Kshirajanan karma
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa. [[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/14 || Vamanartha (for emesis)
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa. [[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/16 || Preparations of Trivrut
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa. [[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/54 || Trivrutadi Modaka
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa. [[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/58 || Hemantkalina Trivrut Yoga
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/25 || Body purification before rasayana treatment
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/204 || As an ingredient of Vatsakadi kashaya
|-
| 21 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/250 || As an ingredient of Jeevantyadi anuvasana basti
|-
| 22 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267 || In formulation of Agurvadi taila
|-
| 23 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/307 || In Vishamajwara for Dhoopana
|-
| 24 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/70 || Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya ghrita
|-
| 25 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/80 || Ingredient of Hingvadi churna
|-
| 26 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/86 || Ingredient of Shatyadi Churna
|-
| 27 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/44 || Ingredient in Bhallatakadya Ghrita for Kaphaj Gulma
|-
| 28 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/38 || Trikantakadhya Tail/Ghrit in Vata-kaphaj prameha
|-
| 29 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/68 || Ingredient in Triphaladi Churna
|-
| 30 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/100 || Kwath prayog in Kapha-Pittaj Kushtha
|-
| 31 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/103 || Bahyaprayogarth tail in Kushtha
|-
| 32 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/113 || Ingredient in Kanakakshiri Taila
|-
| 33 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/75 || As a Swedana (fomentation) dravya
|-
| 34 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/45 || Ingredient in Mahapaishachik Ghrita
|-
| 35 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/64 || Used as Nasya and Anjana prayogartha
|-
| 36 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/69 || Ingredient in Siddharthakadi Agada
|-
| 37 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/25 || Ingredient in Brahmi Ghrita
|-
| 38 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/27 || Ingredient in Vachadi Ghrita
|-
| 39 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/34 || Ingredient in Palankashadi taila
|-
| 40 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/42 || As a Nasya dravya
|-
| 41 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/64 || Ingredient in Atattvabhinivesh nashak yoga
|-
| 42 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/109 || In treatment of Udara roga (for parisheka)
|-
| 43 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/104 || In treatment of pleehodara (takraprayoga)
|-
| 44 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/124 || As an ingredient of gavakshyadi churna
|-
| 45 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/126 || As an ingredient of narayan churna
|-
| 46 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/134 || As an ingredient of hapushadya churna
|-
| 47 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/158 || In formulation of pippalyadi lavana
|-
| 48 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/163 || In formulation of Ksharvatika
|-
| 49 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/41 || Used in swedana kriya (fomentation therapy)
|-
| 50 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/53 || As an ingredient of traushnadi churna
|-
| 51 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/131 || Used in anuvasan basti
|-
| 52 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/99 || Churna of this drug with combination of ativisa, musta, devdaru etc. given in ama and shoola yukta mala
|-
| 53 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/101 || Churna with hingu, ativisa, abhaya used in Sama and Vatakapha adhika grahani with kostha shoola
|-
| 54 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/103 || Used in condition of shoola in kaphapittaja grahani
|-
| 55 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/125 || As an ingredient of candanadhya ghrita
|-
| 56 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/134, 15/137 || As an ingredient of Kiratadhya churna
|-
| 57 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/182 || As an ingredient of Bhunimbadhya Kshara
|-
| 58 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/189 || Used in preparation of Pancham Kshara
|-
| 59 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/143 || As an ingredient of Tejovatyadi ghrita
|-
| 60 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/36 || As a ghrita dravya
|-
| 61 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/53 || As an ingredient of chitrakadi leha
|-
| 62 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/112 || As an ingredient of kataphaladi kwath
|-
| 63 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/161 || As an ingredient of guduchyadi ghrita
|-
| 64 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/20 || As a pramathya dravya
|-
| 65 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/22 || As an ama pachak dravya
|-
| 66 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/27 || As an ingredient of dipaniya and sangrahi gana
|-
| 67 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/45 || As an anuvasana dravya
|-
| 68 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/105 || As a kwath dravya
|-
| 69 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/118 || As piccha basti dravya
|-
| 70 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/70 || As an ingredient of Gandha hasti agada
|-
| 71 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/80 || As an ingredient of Maha-Gandha hasti agada
|-
| 72 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/212 || Used in treatment of Vishvambhara etc. kita poison
|-
| 73 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/20 || As an ingredient of Dviruttarahingvadi churna
|-
| 74 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/21 || As an ingredient of Vachadi churna
|-
| 75 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/22 || As an ingredient of 2nd Dviruttarahingvadi churna
|-
| 76 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/61 || As an ingredient of Pashanbhedadi churna
|-
| 77 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/85 || As an ingredient of Pushkarmuladi yoga
|-
| 78 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/97 || Used in kaphaja hrudroga (heart disease)
|-
| 79 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/138 || Used in Vataja Pratishyaya (rhinitis) for Nasya karma
|-
| 80 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/152 || Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya (rhinitis) for Pradhamana nasya
|-
| 81 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/153 || As an ingredient of Bhargyadi taila
|-
| 82 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/209 || As an ingredient of Khadiradi gutika
|-
| 83 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/223 || As an ingredient of Devadarvyadi taila for Karnashoola
|-
| 84 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/226 || As an ingredient of Kshara taila
|-
| 85 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/31 || As an ingredient of Urustambha nashak Yoga
|-
| 86 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/36 || As an ingredient of Swarnakshiradi yoga
|-
| 87 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/41 || As an ingredient of Piluparnyadi Yoga
|-
| 88 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/154 || As an ingredient of Bala taila
|-
| 89 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/161 || As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila
|-
| 90 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/168 || As an ingredient of Mulakadhya taila
|-
| 91 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/149 || Apply lepa for Vatakaphaja Vatarakta
|-
| 92 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/152 || As an ingredient of Triphaladi kalka in tridoshaja shola
|-
| 93 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/54 || As an ingredient of Pippalyadi yoga
|-
| 94 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/252 || Used in treatment of Stanya dosha, for vamana
|-
| 95 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/273 || Used in treatment of Dorgandhya Stanya dosha
|-
| 96 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/277 || Used in treatment of Pichhila stanya
|}

== Dose ==
Churna
* 60–120 mg (therapeutic dose)
* 1–2 g (for inducing vomiting)<ref name="API1986"/>

== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API1986"/>
* Vachadi Taila
* Vacha Lashunadi Taila
* Sarasvata Churna
* Sarasvatarishta
* Manasamitra Vataka
* Chandraprabha Vati
* Khadiradi Vati
* Hingu Vachadi Churna

== Current Availability ==
Available
* In India: Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Bihar, Odisha, Assam, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka.
* Out of India: China, Japan, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Europe, Germany, Russia, Canada, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Australia, Oceania.

== Phytoconstituents ==
=== Major classes of compounds ===
A comprehensive review reports that about 145 constituents have been isolated and identified from the plant. They belong mainly to the phenylpropanoids (including α-asarone and β-asarone), sesquiterpenoids and monoterpenes, with triterpenoid saponins and other compounds also described.<ref name="Sharma2020">Sharma V, Sharma R, Gautam DS, Kuča K, Nepovimová E, Martins N. Role of Vacha (Acorus calamus Linn.) in neurological and metabolic disorders: evidence from ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology and clinical study. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020;9(4):1176. doi:10.3390/jcm9041176</ref>

=== Essential oil of the rhizome ===
GC/MS analysis of the rhizome essential oil showed β-asarone (79.54%) and α-asarone (8.47%) as the major constituents. The asarone content varies between plant chemotypes, so these figures apply only to the sample studied.<ref name="Mukherjee2007">Mukherjee PK, Kumar V, Mal M, Houghton PJ. In vitro acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of the essential oil from Acorus calamus and its main constituents. Planta Medica. 2007;73(3):283–285. doi:10.1055/s-2007-967114. PMID: 17286241</ref>

== Therapeutic Efficacy: Pharmacological Evidence ==
The evidence summarised below comes from animal and in vitro studies. No controlled human clinical trial of ''Acorus calamus'' was verified during the preparation of this monograph.

=== Nootropic activity (Medhya, Smrti daurbalya) ===
In an in vitro Ellman assay, the hydroalcoholic extract, the essential oil and the main constituents of the rhizome inhibited acetylcholinesterase. β-Asarone, the major constituent of the oil, showed the strongest inhibition. This offers a biochemical basis for the traditional use of Vacha to improve memory, although enzyme inhibition in vitro does not by itself prove a memory-enhancing effect in humans.<ref name="Mukherjee2007"/>

=== Neuroprotective activity ===
Acorus calamus extract was reported to have a neuroprotective effect against middle cerebral artery occlusion-induced ischaemia in rats.<ref name="Shukla2006">Shukla PK, Khanna VK, Ali MM, Maurya R, Khan MY, Srimal RC. Neuroprotective effect of Acorus calamus against middle cerebral artery occlusion-induced ischaemia in rat. Human & Experimental Toxicology. 2006;25(4):187–194. doi:10.1191/0960327106ht613oa</ref>

=== Central nervous system and sedative activity (Unmada) ===
An ethanol extract of the rhizome was screened for central nervous system activity in mice and rats. It produced a number of actions similar to those of α-asarone, though it differed from it in some respects.<ref name="Vohora1990">Vohora SB, Shah SA, Dandiya PC. Central nervous system studies on an ethanol extract of Acorus calamus rhizomes. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1990;28(1):53–62. doi:10.1016/0378-8741(90)90065-2</ref>

=== Anticonvulsant activity (Apasmara) ===
The effect of ''Acorus calamus'' on behavioural, electroencephalographic and antioxidant changes was studied in ferric chloride-induced epileptogenesis in rats. The authors concluded that the plant has potential to be developed as an antiepileptic agent.<ref name="Hazra2007">Hazra R, Ray K, Guha D. Inhibitory role of Acorus calamus in ferric chloride-induced epileptogenesis in rat. Human & Experimental Toxicology. 2007;26(12):947–953.</ref>

=== Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity ===
In rats, methanol and n-hexane extracts of the rhizome (125, 250 and 500 mg/kg) showed dose-dependent anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effects. Paw inflammation in the carrageenan model was significantly reduced.<ref name="Bari2024">Bari MU, et al. Anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, and anti-pyretic activities of Acorus calamus rhizome extracts in animal models. Pakistan Journal of Zoology. 2024. doi:10.17582/journal.pjz/20240506024014</ref>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Precautions ==
* '''Asarone toxicity:''' The European Medicines Agency's herbal committee stated that α- and β-asarone are genotoxic and cause liver cancer in rodents. It advised caution with herbal products containing asarone, especially those from ''Acorus'' species.<ref name="EMA2005">European Medicines Agency, Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC). Public statement on the use of herbal medicinal products containing asarone. EMEA/HMPC/139215/2005. 2005.</ref>
* '''Precautions (inference, not from a cited study):''' High doses or prolonged use of crude, unstandardised preparations should be avoided, since asarone content varies between plant varieties. Pregnant women and young children should use Vacha only under qualified supervision.

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Acorus calamus'' (preclinical evidence)
! Indication !! Experimental finding !! Type of evidence
|-
| '''Memory and cognition (Medhya)''' || Acetylcholinesterase inhibition by extract, oil and β-asarone || In vitro
|-
| '''Neurological injury''' || Neuroprotection against induced cerebral ischaemia || Rat model
|-
| '''Epilepsy (Apasmara)''' || Inhibition of ferric chloride-induced epileptogenesis || Rat model
|-
| '''Pain, inflammation and fever''' || Dose-dependent anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effects || Rat models
|-
| '''Colic, abdominal distress''' || Antiulcer, antisecretory and cytoprotective effects || Rat model
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume II:74.</ref>
<ref name="Tripathi2006">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, ed.2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi; Pippalyadi Varga – 52.</ref>
<ref name="Chunekar2015">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no. 102, p. 42.</ref>
<ref name="Rajput2014">Rajput SB, Tonge MB, Karuppayil SM. An overview on traditional uses and pharmacological profile of Acorus calamus Linn. (Sweet flag) and other Acorus species. Phytomedicine. 2014;21(3):268–276. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2013.09.020. PMID: 24200497</ref>
<ref name="Sharma2020">Sharma V, Sharma R, Gautam DS, Kuča K, Nepovimová E, Martins N. Role of Vacha (Acorus calamus Linn.) in neurological and metabolic disorders: evidence from ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology and clinical study. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020;9(4):1176. doi:10.3390/jcm9041176</ref>
<ref name="Mukherjee2007">Mukherjee PK, Kumar V, Mal M, Houghton PJ. In vitro acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of the essential oil from Acorus calamus and its main constituents. Planta Medica. 2007;73(3):283–285. doi:10.1055/s-2007-967114. PMID: 17286241</ref>
<ref name="Shukla2006">Shukla PK, Khanna VK, Ali MM, Maurya R, Khan MY, Srimal RC. Neuroprotective effect of Acorus calamus against middle cerebral artery occlusion-induced ischaemia in rat. Human & Experimental Toxicology. 2006;25(4):187–194. doi:10.1191/0960327106ht613oa</ref>
<ref name="Vohora1990">Vohora SB, Shah SA, Dandiya PC. Central nervous system studies on an ethanol extract of Acorus calamus rhizomes. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1990;28(1):53–62. doi:10.1016/0378-8741(90)90065-2</ref>
<ref name="Hazra2007">Hazra R, Ray K, Guha D. Inhibitory role of Acorus calamus in ferric chloride-induced epileptogenesis in rat. Human & Experimental Toxicology. 2007;26(12):947–953.</ref>
<ref name="Bari2024">Bari MU, et al. Anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, and anti-pyretic activities of Acorus calamus rhizome extracts in animal models. Pakistan Journal of Zoology. 2024. doi:10.17582/journal.pjz/20240506024014</ref>
<ref name="Rafatullah1994">Rafatullah S, Tariq M, Mossa JS, Al-Yahya MA, Al-Said MS, Ageel AM. Antisecretagogue, anti-ulcer and cytoprotective properties of Acorus calamus in rats. Fitoterapia. 1994;65(1):19–23.</ref>
<ref name="EMA2005">European Medicines Agency, Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC). Public statement on the use of herbal medicinal products containing asarone. EMEA/HMPC/139215/2005. 2005.</ref>
}}

[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]

Talk:Vacha

2026-10-17T05:01:44Z

Dridhabala:

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{{Infobox
|title = Vacha
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Vacha
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Acorus calamus L.
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Araceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acorus_calamus Acorus calamus L.]''', popularly known as '''Vacha''', is a semi-aquatic perennial herbaceous plant native to temperate and subtropical regions of Asia, Europe, and North America. It is widely revered in [[Ayurveda]] as a powerful medhya (nootropic) and nervine tonic, highly valued for improving intellect, memory, speech, and managing cognitive or neurological disorders. Its rhizome has been used in Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha and Chinese medicine for nervous disorders, colic, cough, fever, inflammation and digestive complaints, and modern studies have examined several of these uses.<ref name="Rajput2014">Rajput SB, Tonge MB, Karuppayil SM. An overview on traditional uses and pharmacological profile of Acorus calamus Linn. (Sweet flag) and other Acorus species. Phytomedicine. 2014;21(3):268–276. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2013.09.020. PMID: 24200497</ref>

== English name ==
Sweet flag

== Therapeutic Uses ==
Colic pain (sula), Epilepsy (apasmara), Bronchial asthma (svasa), Cough (kasa), Constipation (vibandha), Insanity (unmada), Abdominal distension (adhmana), Ear discharge (karna srava), Smrti daurbalya.<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume II:74.</ref>

== Other Varieties / Other Botanical names ==
* Calamus aromaticus Garsault

== Raja Nighantu ==
Mentioned 2 types<ref name="Tripathi2006">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, ed.2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi; Pippalyadi Varga – 52.</ref>
# Vacha – Acorus calamus
# Sweta vacha – Iris germanica

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
Vacha, Haimavati, Shadgrantha (rhizome of vacha has more than six nodes on it), Ugragandha (very strong odour), Golomi (rhizome of vacha has hairs over it resembling the hair of cow), Lomasa (rhizome is hairy).

== Additional Synonyms in Bhavprakasha Nighantu ==
Shataparvika, Kshudra patri, Mangalya (auspicious drug), Jatilogra<ref name="Chunekar2015">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no. 102, p. 42.</ref>

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Pungent (katu), Bitter (tikta)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]]) || Light (laghu), Sharp (tikshna)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify Kapha and Vata
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 2/9 || Virechana (Therapeutic purgation)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 3/5 || Churna pradeha (external application)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(3) || Lekhaniya (emaciating) mahakashaya
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(11) || Truptighna (anti-satiety) mahakashaya
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(12) || Arshoghna (anti-hemorrhoids) mahakashaya
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(25) || Asthapanopag (helping corrective enema) mahakashaya
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(42) || Sheetaprashamana (pacifying cold) mahakashaya
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(48) || Sandnyasthapana (restoring consciousness) mahakashaya
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 23/15 || Santarpanajanya vikar chikitsa (treatment of disease of over-nutrition)
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/143 || Tiktaskandha (group of bitter drugs)
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 8/34 || Garbhasya pratimasik karma
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 8/38 || Sukha prasavartha
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 8/47 || Jatamatra balak paricharya
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 8/61 || Kshirajanan karma
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa. [[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/14 || Vamanartha (for emesis)
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa. [[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/16 || Preparations of Trivrut
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa. [[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/54 || Trivrutadi Modaka
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa. [[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/58 || Hemantkalina Trivrut Yoga
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/25 || Body purification before rasayana treatment
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/204 || As an ingredient of Vatsakadi kashaya
|-
| 21 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/250 || As an ingredient of Jeevantyadi anuvasana basti
|-
| 22 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267 || In formulation of Agurvadi taila
|-
| 23 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/307 || In Vishamajwara for Dhoopana
|-
| 24 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/70 || Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya ghrita
|-
| 25 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/80 || Ingredient of Hingvadi churna
|-
| 26 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/86 || Ingredient of Shatyadi Churna
|-
| 27 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/44 || Ingredient in Bhallatakadya Ghrita for Kaphaj Gulma
|-
| 28 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/38 || Trikantakadhya Tail/Ghrit in Vata-kaphaj prameha
|-
| 29 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/68 || Ingredient in Triphaladi Churna
|-
| 30 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/100 || Kwath prayog in Kapha-Pittaj Kushtha
|-
| 31 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/103 || Bahyaprayogarth tail in Kushtha
|-
| 32 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/113 || Ingredient in Kanakakshiri Taila
|-
| 33 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/75 || As a Swedana (fomentation) dravya
|-
| 34 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/45 || Ingredient in Mahapaishachik Ghrita
|-
| 35 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/64 || Used as Nasya and Anjana prayogartha
|-
| 36 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/69 || Ingredient in Siddharthakadi Agada
|-
| 37 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/25 || Ingredient in Brahmi Ghrita
|-
| 38 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/27 || Ingredient in Vachadi Ghrita
|-
| 39 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/34 || Ingredient in Palankashadi taila
|-
| 40 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/42 || As a Nasya dravya
|-
| 41 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/64 || Ingredient in Atattvabhinivesh nashak yoga
|-
| 42 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/109 || In treatment of Udara roga (for parisheka)
|-
| 43 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/104 || In treatment of pleehodara (takraprayoga)
|-
| 44 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/124 || As an ingredient of gavakshyadi churna
|-
| 45 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/126 || As an ingredient of narayan churna
|-
| 46 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/134 || As an ingredient of hapushadya churna
|-
| 47 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/158 || In formulation of pippalyadi lavana
|-
| 48 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/163 || In formulation of Ksharvatika
|-
| 49 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/41 || Used in swedana kriya (fomentation therapy)
|-
| 50 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/53 || As an ingredient of traushnadi churna
|-
| 51 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/131 || Used in anuvasan basti
|-
| 52 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/99 || Churna of this drug with combination of ativisa, musta, devdaru etc. given in ama and shoola yukta mala
|-
| 53 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/101 || Churna with hingu, ativisa, abhaya used in Sama and Vatakapha adhika grahani with kostha shoola
|-
| 54 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/103 || Used in condition of shoola in kaphapittaja grahani
|-
| 55 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/125 || As an ingredient of candanadhya ghrita
|-
| 56 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/134, 15/137 || As an ingredient of Kiratadhya churna
|-
| 57 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/182 || As an ingredient of Bhunimbadhya Kshara
|-
| 58 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/189 || Used in preparation of Pancham Kshara
|-
| 59 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/143 || As an ingredient of Tejovatyadi ghrita
|-
| 60 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/36 || As a ghrita dravya
|-
| 61 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/53 || As an ingredient of chitrakadi leha
|-
| 62 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/112 || As an ingredient of kataphaladi kwath
|-
| 63 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/161 || As an ingredient of guduchyadi ghrita
|-
| 64 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/20 || As a pramathya dravya
|-
| 65 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/22 || As an ama pachak dravya
|-
| 66 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/27 || As an ingredient of dipaniya and sangrahi gana
|-
| 67 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/45 || As an anuvasana dravya
|-
| 68 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/105 || As a kwath dravya
|-
| 69 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/118 || As piccha basti dravya
|-
| 70 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/70 || As an ingredient of Gandha hasti agada
|-
| 71 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/80 || As an ingredient of Maha-Gandha hasti agada
|-
| 72 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/212 || Used in treatment of Vishvambhara etc. kita poison
|-
| 73 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/20 || As an ingredient of Dviruttarahingvadi churna
|-
| 74 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/21 || As an ingredient of Vachadi churna
|-
| 75 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/22 || As an ingredient of 2nd Dviruttarahingvadi churna
|-
| 76 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/61 || As an ingredient of Pashanbhedadi churna
|-
| 77 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/85 || As an ingredient of Pushkarmuladi yoga
|-
| 78 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/97 || Used in kaphaja hrudroga (heart disease)
|-
| 79 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/138 || Used in Vataja Pratishyaya (rhinitis) for Nasya karma
|-
| 80 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/152 || Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya (rhinitis) for Pradhamana nasya
|-
| 81 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/153 || As an ingredient of Bhargyadi taila
|-
| 82 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/209 || As an ingredient of Khadiradi gutika
|-
| 83 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/223 || As an ingredient of Devadarvyadi taila for Karnashoola
|-
| 84 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/226 || As an ingredient of Kshara taila
|-
| 85 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/31 || As an ingredient of Urustambha nashak Yoga
|-
| 86 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/36 || As an ingredient of Swarnakshiradi yoga
|-
| 87 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/41 || As an ingredient of Piluparnyadi Yoga
|-
| 88 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/154 || As an ingredient of Bala taila
|-
| 89 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/161 || As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila
|-
| 90 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/168 || As an ingredient of Mulakadhya taila
|-
| 91 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/149 || Apply lepa for Vatakaphaja Vatarakta
|-
| 92 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/152 || As an ingredient of Triphaladi kalka in tridoshaja shola
|-
| 93 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/54 || As an ingredient of Pippalyadi yoga
|-
| 94 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/252 || Used in treatment of Stanya dosha, for vamana
|-
| 95 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/273 || Used in treatment of Dorgandhya Stanya dosha
|-
| 96 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/277 || Used in treatment of Pichhila stanya
|}

== Dose ==
Churna
* 60–120 mg (therapeutic dose)
* 1–2 g (for inducing vomiting)<ref name="API1986"/>

== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API1986"/>
* Vachadi Taila
* Vacha Lashunadi Taila
* Sarasvata Churna
* Sarasvatarishta
* Manasamitra Vataka
* Chandraprabha Vati
* Khadiradi Vati
* Hingu Vachadi Churna

== Current Availability ==
Available
* In India: Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Bihar, Odisha, Assam, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka.
* Out of India: China, Japan, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Europe, Germany, Russia, Canada, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Australia, Oceania.

== Phytoconstituents ==
=== Major classes of compounds ===
A comprehensive review reports that about 145 constituents have been isolated and identified from the plant. They belong mainly to the phenylpropanoids (including α-asarone and β-asarone), sesquiterpenoids and monoterpenes, with triterpenoid saponins and other compounds also described.<ref name="Sharma2020">Sharma V, Sharma R, Gautam DS, Kuča K, Nepovimová E, Martins N. Role of Vacha (Acorus calamus Linn.) in neurological and metabolic disorders: evidence from ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology and clinical study. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020;9(4):1176. doi:10.3390/jcm9041176</ref>

=== Essential oil of the rhizome ===
GC/MS analysis of the rhizome essential oil showed β-asarone (79.54%) and α-asarone (8.47%) as the major constituents. The asarone content varies between plant chemotypes, so these figures apply only to the sample studied.<ref name="Mukherjee2007">Mukherjee PK, Kumar V, Mal M, Houghton PJ. In vitro acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of the essential oil from Acorus calamus and its main constituents. Planta Medica. 2007;73(3):283–285. doi:10.1055/s-2007-967114. PMID: 17286241</ref>

== Therapeutic Efficacy: Pharmacological Evidence ==
The evidence summarised below comes from animal and in vitro studies. No controlled human clinical trial of ''Acorus calamus'' was verified during the preparation of this monograph.

=== Nootropic activity (Medhya, Smrti daurbalya) ===
In an in vitro Ellman assay, the hydroalcoholic extract, the essential oil and the main constituents of the rhizome inhibited acetylcholinesterase. β-Asarone, the major constituent of the oil, showed the strongest inhibition. This offers a biochemical basis for the traditional use of Vacha to improve memory, although enzyme inhibition in vitro does not by itself prove a memory-enhancing effect in humans.<ref name="Mukherjee2007"/>

=== Neuroprotective activity ===
Acorus calamus extract was reported to have a neuroprotective effect against middle cerebral artery occlusion-induced ischaemia in rats.<ref name="Shukla2006">Shukla PK, Khanna VK, Ali MM, Maurya R, Khan MY, Srimal RC. Neuroprotective effect of Acorus calamus against middle cerebral artery occlusion-induced ischaemia in rat. Human & Experimental Toxicology. 2006;25(4):187–194. doi:10.1191/0960327106ht613oa</ref>

=== Central nervous system and sedative activity (Unmada) ===
An ethanol extract of the rhizome was screened for central nervous system activity in mice and rats. It produced a number of actions similar to those of α-asarone, though it differed from it in some respects.<ref name="Vohora1990">Vohora SB, Shah SA, Dandiya PC. Central nervous system studies on an ethanol extract of Acorus calamus rhizomes. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1990;28(1):53–62. doi:10.1016/0378-8741(90)90065-2</ref>

=== Anticonvulsant activity (Apasmara) ===
The effect of ''Acorus calamus'' on behavioural, electroencephalographic and antioxidant changes was studied in ferric chloride-induced epileptogenesis in rats. The authors concluded that the plant has potential to be developed as an antiepileptic agent.<ref name="Hazra2007">Hazra R, Ray K, Guha D. Inhibitory role of Acorus calamus in ferric chloride-induced epileptogenesis in rat. Human & Experimental Toxicology. 2007;26(12):947–953.</ref>

=== Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity ===
In rats, methanol and n-hexane extracts of the rhizome (125, 250 and 500 mg/kg) showed dose-dependent anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effects. Paw inflammation in the carrageenan model was significantly reduced.<ref name="Bari2024">Bari MU, et al. Anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, and anti-pyretic activities of Acorus calamus rhizome extracts in animal models. Pakistan Journal of Zoology. 2024. doi:10.17582/journal.pjz/20240506024014</ref>

=== Gastroprotective activity (Shula, Adhmana) ===
Antisecretagogue, antiulcer and cytoprotective properties of ''Acorus calamus'' were reported in rats. This is consistent with its traditional use in colic and abdominal distension, but the data are from animals only.<ref name="Rafatullah1994">Rafatullah S, Tariq M, Mossa JS, Al-Yahya MA, Al-Said MS, Ageel AM. Antisecretagogue, anti-ulcer and cytoprotective properties of Acorus calamus in rats. Fitoterapia. 1994;65(1):19–23.</ref>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Precautions ==
* '''Asarone toxicity:''' The European Medicines Agency's herbal committee stated that α- and β-asarone are genotoxic and cause liver cancer in rodents. It advised caution with herbal products containing asarone, especially those from ''Acorus'' species.<ref name="EMA2005">European Medicines Agency, Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC). Public statement on the use of herbal medicinal products containing asarone. EMEA/HMPC/139215/2005. 2005.</ref>
* '''Precautions (inference, not from a cited study):''' High doses or prolonged use of crude, unstandardised preparations should be avoided, since asarone content varies between plant varieties. Pregnant women and young children should use Vacha only under qualified supervision.

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Acorus calamus'' (preclinical evidence)
! Indication !! Experimental finding !! Type of evidence
|-
| '''Memory and cognition (Medhya)''' || Acetylcholinesterase inhibition by extract, oil and β-asarone || In vitro
|-
| '''Neurological injury''' || Neuroprotection against induced cerebral ischaemia || Rat model
|-
| '''Epilepsy (Apasmara)''' || Inhibition of ferric chloride-induced epileptogenesis || Rat model
|-
| '''Pain, inflammation and fever''' || Dose-dependent anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effects || Rat models
|-
| '''Colic, abdominal distress''' || Antiulcer, antisecretory and cytoprotective effects || Rat model
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume II:74.</ref>
<ref name="Tripathi2006">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, ed.2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi; Pippalyadi Varga – 52.</ref>
<ref name="Chunekar2015">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no. 102, p. 42.</ref>
<ref name="Rajput2014">Rajput SB, Tonge MB, Karuppayil SM. An overview on traditional uses and pharmacological profile of Acorus calamus Linn. (Sweet flag) and other Acorus species. Phytomedicine. 2014;21(3):268–276. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2013.09.020. PMID: 24200497</ref>
<ref name="Sharma2020">Sharma V, Sharma R, Gautam DS, Kuča K, Nepovimová E, Martins N. Role of Vacha (Acorus calamus Linn.) in neurological and metabolic disorders: evidence from ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology and clinical study. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020;9(4):1176. doi:10.3390/jcm9041176</ref>
<ref name="Mukherjee2007">Mukherjee PK, Kumar V, Mal M, Houghton PJ. In vitro acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of the essential oil from Acorus calamus and its main constituents. Planta Medica. 2007;73(3):283–285. doi:10.1055/s-2007-967114. PMID: 17286241</ref>
<ref name="Shukla2006">Shukla PK, Khanna VK, Ali MM, Maurya R, Khan MY, Srimal RC. Neuroprotective effect of Acorus calamus against middle cerebral artery occlusion-induced ischaemia in rat. Human & Experimental Toxicology. 2006;25(4):187–194. doi:10.1191/0960327106ht613oa</ref>
<ref name="Vohora1990">Vohora SB, Shah SA, Dandiya PC. Central nervous system studies on an ethanol extract of Acorus calamus rhizomes. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1990;28(1):53–62. doi:10.1016/0378-8741(90)90065-2</ref>
<ref name="Hazra2007">Hazra R, Ray K, Guha D. Inhibitory role of Acorus calamus in ferric chloride-induced epileptogenesis in rat. Human & Experimental Toxicology. 2007;26(12):947–953.</ref>
<ref name="Bari2024">Bari MU, et al. Anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, and anti-pyretic activities of Acorus calamus rhizome extracts in animal models. Pakistan Journal of Zoology. 2024. doi:10.17582/journal.pjz/20240506024014</ref>
<ref name="Rafatullah1994">Rafatullah S, Tariq M, Mossa JS, Al-Yahya MA, Al-Said MS, Ageel AM. Antisecretagogue, anti-ulcer and cytoprotective properties of Acorus calamus in rats. Fitoterapia. 1994;65(1):19–23.</ref>
<ref name="EMA2005">European Medicines Agency, Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC). Public statement on the use of herbal medicinal products containing asarone. EMEA/HMPC/139215/2005. 2005.</ref>
}}

[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]

Talk:Rasna

2026-10-17T04:24:20Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *rasna, Pluchea lanceolata Oliv., Indian camphor weed* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
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{{Infobox
|title = Rasna
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Rasna
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Pluchea lanceolata Oliv.
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Asteraceae (Composite)
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluchea_lanceolata Pluchea lanceolata Oliv.]''', popularly known as '''Rasna''', is a xerophytic perennial herb native to dry and semi-arid regions of India and South Asia. It is highly revered in [[Ayurveda]] as a primary drug of choice for managing painful inflammatory musculoskeletal conditions, particularly Vata disorders and Amavata (rheumatoid arthritis). Modern experimental studies have examined its anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, antioxidant, antimalarial, anti-asthmatic and neuro-inflammatory-modulating effects; these are summarised below together with its classical description.<ref name="Srivastava2012">Srivastava P, Shanker K. Pluchea lanceolata (Rasana): Chemical and biological potential of Rasayana herb used in traditional system of medicine. Fitoterapia. 2012;83(8):1371–1385. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2012.07.008. PMID: 22877846</ref>

== English name ==
Indian camphor weed

== Therapeutic Uses ==
Sotha (edema), Vatavyadhi (neurological and Vata disorders), Swasa (dyspnea/asthma), Kasa (cough), Jvara (fever), Udararoga (generalized abdominal distension), Sidhma (skin disease), Adhyavata, Amavata (rheumatoid arthritis), Vatarakta (gout).<ref name="Anonymous1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3:73</ref>

== Other Varieties / Other Botanical names ==
* Berthelotia lanceolata DC.
* Berthelotia lanceolata var. senegalensis DC.
* Conyza proteiformis Perr. ex DC.
* Conyza rubra Buch.-Ham. ex DC.
* Pluchea lanceolata (DC.) Oliv. & Hiern
* Saussurea mucronata Spreng. ex DC.

== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
Pluchea lanceolata is an erect, perennial undershrub growing up to 30–100 cm in height, with a cylindrical, hairy, branched stem and simple, alternate, oblong to lanceolate leaves. In traditional Indian medicine it is described as an antipyretic, analgesic, bitter, laxative and nervine tonic, and is used for dyspepsia, bronchitis and rheumatoid arthritis.<ref name="Khan2010">Khan S, Rawat R, Rawat AKS, Shirwaikar A. A report on the quality control parameters of aerial parts of Pluchea lanceolata (DC.) Oliv. & Hiern, Asteraceae. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia. 2010;20. Available from: https://www.scielo.br/j/rbfar/a/vpXGbMFB45qRpt6V76tyhQn/?lang=en</ref>

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
Shreyasi (Rasna is regarded as the best drug for vataroga), Elaparni, Yuktarasa (plant is full of juices), Rasa, Suvaha, Surasa (the juice has good qualities), Sugandha, Surabhi, Nakuli (it is liked by mongoose).

== Additional Synonyms in Bhavprakasha Nighantu ==
Rasya (the taste of rasna is very pleasant), Rasana<ref name="Bhavamishra2020">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 162, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020;</ref>

== Varieties ==
=== Raja Nighantu ===
Mentioned 3 types<ref name="Tripathi2006">Dr. Indradev Tripathi , Raja Nighantu of pandit Narhari, ed.2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, pippalyadi varga 81</ref>
# Mula rasna – Rauwolfia serpentina
# Patra rasna – Lochnera rosea
# Trina rasna – Vanda tessellata

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste (rasa) || Bitter (tikta)
|-
| 2 || Potency (veerya) || Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect (vipaka) || Pungent (katu)
|-
| 4 || Qualities (guna) || Heavy (guru)
|-
| 5 || Actions (karma) || Pacify Kapha and Vata
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(26) || Anuvasanopag mahakashay (unctuous enema)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40 || Agrya Sangraha
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 27/107 || Shaka Varga (Class of vegetables, mentioned as Sheyasi)
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135 || Vamana dravyani (List of medicines used in therapeutic emesis)
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/250 || As an ingredient of Jeevantyadi anuvasana basti
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267 || As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/72 || As an Unmardan dravya in Kaphaj Shvayathu
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/110 || In treatment of Udara roga (for parisheka)
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/43 || Used in swedana kriya (fomentation)
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/63 || As an ingredient of traushnadi churna
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/96 || Used in yusha preparation for hikka svasa
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/58 || As an ingredient of agastya haritaki leha
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/82 || As an ingredient of Punarnavadi taila for vataja hrudroga
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/165 || As an ingredient of Rasna taila
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/60 || As an ingredient of Guduchyadi taila for Vataja yoni roga
|}

== Dose ==
* 25–50 g (Decoction)<ref name="Anonymous1986"/>

== Useful Part ==
Leaf<ref name="Anonymous1986"/>

== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="Anonymous1986"/>
* Dashamularishta
* Devadarvarishta
* Rasnadi kwath churna
* Rasanaerandadi kwath churna

== Current Availability ==
Available in India: Karnataka, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Punjab.

== Phytoconstituents ==
=== Triterpenoids, sterols and flavonoids ===
Constituents reported to have been isolated from the plant include the triterpenoids α-amyrin, β-amyrin caproate, moretenol, moretenol acetate, neolupenol and ψ-taraxasterol acetate; the sterol stigmasterol; and the flavonoids quercetin and isorhamnetin. Preliminary screening of aerial-part extracts showed proteins, starch, fixed oil, steroids, glycosides, triterpenoids and flavonoids, with a total flavonoid content of 67.24 ± 1.4 µg/mL in the samples studied.<ref name="Khan2010"/>

=== Volatile oil (aerial parts) ===
GC-MS and NMR analysis of the hydrodistilled essential oil of the aerial parts identified oxygenated monoterpenes (53.4%) as the major group. The principal components were linalool (32.2%), β-caryophyllene (8.5%), α-terpineol (8.0%), spathulenol (7.4%) and linalyl acetate (5.6%).<ref name="Srivastava2015">Srivastava P, Jyotshna, Chanda D, Shanker K. Chemical characterization and acetylcholinesterase inhibition potential of volatile components of aerial parts of Pluchea lanceolata (DC.) Oliv. & Hiern. Records of Natural Products. 2015;9(4):586–591.</ref>

== Therapeutic Efficacy: Pharmacological Evidence ==
The evidence summarised below is preclinical (animal and in vitro studies). No controlled human clinical trial of ''Pluchea lanceolata'' alone was found during the preparation of this monograph.

=== Anti-inflammatory activity ===
A chemical investigation of the plant, carried out alongside anti-inflammatory evaluation, supported the traditional use of Rasna in inflammatory conditions.<ref name="Chawla1991">Chawla AS, Kaith BS, Handa SS, Kulshreshtha DK, Srimal RC. Chemical investigation and anti-inflammatory activity of Pluchea lanceolata. Fitoterapia. 1991;62(5):441–444.</ref>

=== Anti-arthritic, analgesic and antipyretic activity ===
A comprehensive review of the plant's chemistry and pharmacology records anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity, along with analgesic, laxative and antipyretic activities, and attributes the anti-inflammatory effect mainly to its triterpenoids. This agrees with the classical use of Rasna in Amavata and Vatavyadhi, though the review-level evidence is not a substitute for clinical trials.<ref name="Srivastava2012"/>

=== Immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory activity ===
In Balb/c mice, a 50% ethanolic leaf extract reduced the humoral antibody response and delayed-type hypersensitivity, and also decreased phagocytosis and delayed skin-graft rejection. Its chloroform fraction (25–200 mg/kg, orally) significantly suppressed CD8+/CD4+ T-cell surface markers and the intracellular Th1 cytokines IL-2 and IFN-γ. The authors concluded that the plant acts by inhibiting Th1 cytokines, which is relevant to autoimmune joint disease.<ref name="Bhagwat2010">Bhagwat DP, Kharya MD, Bani S, Kaul A, Kour K, Chauhan PS, Suri KA, Satti NK. Immunosuppressive properties of Pluchea lanceolata leaves. Indian Journal of Pharmacology. 2010;42(1):21–26. doi:10.4103/0253-7613.62405</ref>

=== Neuro-inflammation (Vata disorders) ===
In LPS-stimulated rat astrocytoma (C6) cells, the triterpene taraxasterol, isolated from the plant, significantly reduced the release of TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-6. Its acetate derivative did not inhibit IL-6 at lower concentrations. This offers an experimental basis for the traditional use of Rasna in neurological (Vata) disorders.<ref name="Srivastava2014">Srivastava P, Mohanty S, Bawankule DU, Khan F, Shanker K. Effect of Pluchea lanceolata bioactives in LPS-induced neuroinflammation in C6 rat glial cells. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology. 2014;387(2):119–127.</ref>

=== Acetylcholinesterase inhibition ===
The hydrodistilled volatile oil of the aerial parts inhibited acetylcholinesterase in mouse brain homogenate with an IC50 of 2.54 ± 0.03 µg/mL, compared with 1.03 µg/mL for the reference drug physostigmine.<ref name="Srivastava2015"/>

=== Anti-asthmatic activity (Swasa, Kasa) ===
In isolated guinea pig tracheal chain, the ethyl acetate fraction of the leaf extract (100 µg/mL) significantly reduced histamine-induced contraction; the maximum contraction fell from 100% in controls to 57.81 ± 1.22%. This is an in vitro finding and has not been confirmed in clinical studies.<ref name="Arora2011">Arora R, Gill NS, Dhingra VK, Rana AC. Evaluation of anti-asthmatic potential of ethyl acetate fraction of Pluchea lanceolata. Pharmacologyonline. 2011;2:1126–1133.</ref>

=== Antimalarial activity (Jvara) ===
The hexane extract and taraxasterol acetate showed antimalarial activity against ''Plasmodium falciparum'' in vitro and ''P. berghei''-infected mice in vivo. Taraxasterol acetate also inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokines and raised blood glucose and haemoglobin levels in infected mice. No synergy with chloroquine was seen.<ref name="Mohanty2013">Mohanty S, Srivastava P, Maurya AK, Cheema HS, Shanker K, Dhawan S, Darokar MP, Bawankule DU. Antimalarial and safety evaluation of Pluchea lanceolata (DC.) Oliv. & Hiern: in-vitro and in-vivo study. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2013;149(3):797–802. PMID: 23954323</ref>

=== Antioxidant and protective activity ===
In mice challenged with benzo(a)pyrene, pretreatment with the plant extract (100 and 200 mg/kg) restored renal glutathione and its dependent enzymes, increased catalase and quinone reductase, reduced micronuclei formation in bone marrow cells, and restored DNA integrity.<ref name="Jahangir2013">Jahangir T, Safhi MM, Sultana S, Ahmad S. Pluchea lanceolata protects against benzo(a)pyrene induced renal toxicity and loss of DNA integrity. Interdisciplinary Toxicology. 2013;6(1):47–54. doi:10.2478/intox-2013-0009</ref>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Precautions ==
* '''Toxicity:''' The hexane extract was reported as non-toxic at higher concentrations in in vitro and in vivo safety evaluation.<ref name="Mohanty2013"/> No formal human safety data were found.
* '''Precautions (inference, not from a cited study):''' Because the extract showed immunosuppressive activity in mice, caution is reasonable in patients taking immunosuppressant drugs. Data on use in pregnancy, lactation and children are lacking, and people with known sensitivity to the Asteraceae (Compositae) family should be watchful for allergic reactions.

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Pluchea lanceolata'' (preclinical evidence)
! Indication !! Experimental finding !! Type of evidence
|-
| '''Amavata / joint inflammation''' || Anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity; Th1 cytokine suppression || Review; mouse study
|-
| '''Vatavyadhi (neurological disorders)''' || Reduced TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-6 (taraxasterol); acetylcholinesterase inhibition (volatile oil) || Cell culture; ex vivo
|-
| '''Swasa / Kasa (asthma, cough)''' || Reduced histamine-induced tracheal contraction || Isolated guinea pig trachea
|-
| '''Jvara (fever, malaria-like fever)''' || Antimalarial activity of hexane extract and taraxasterol acetate || In vitro; mouse model
|-
| '''Oxidative stress / DNA damage''' || Restored renal antioxidant enzymes and DNA integrity || Mouse model
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Anonymous1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3:73</ref>
<ref name="Tripathi2006">Dr. Indradev Tripathi , Raja Nighantu of pandit Narhari, ed.2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, pippalyadi varga 81</ref>
<ref name="Bhavamishra2020">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 162, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020;</ref>
<ref name="Srivastava2012">Srivastava P, Shanker K. Pluchea lanceolata (Rasana): Chemical and biological potential of Rasayana herb used in traditional system of medicine. Fitoterapia. 2012;83(8):1371–1385. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2012.07.008. PMID: 22877846</ref>
<ref name="Khan2010">Khan S, Rawat R, Rawat AKS, Shirwaikar A. A report on the quality control parameters of aerial parts of Pluchea lanceolata (DC.) Oliv. & Hiern, Asteraceae. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia. 2010;20. Available from: https://www.scielo.br/j/rbfar/a/vpXGbMFB45qRpt6V76tyhQn/?lang=en</ref>
<ref name="Srivastava2015">Srivastava P, Jyotshna, Chanda D, Shanker K. Chemical characterization and acetylcholinesterase inhibition potential of volatile components of aerial parts of Pluchea lanceolata (DC.) Oliv. & Hiern. Records of Natural Products. 2015;9(4):586–591.</ref>
<ref name="Chawla1991">Chawla AS, Kaith BS, Handa SS, Kulshreshtha DK, Srimal RC. Chemical investigation and anti-inflammatory activity of Pluchea lanceolata. Fitoterapia. 1991;62(5):441–444.</ref>
<ref name="Bhagwat2010">Bhagwat DP, Kharya MD, Bani S, Kaul A, Kour K, Chauhan PS, Suri KA, Satti NK. Immunosuppressive properties of Pluchea lanceolata leaves. Indian Journal of Pharmacology. 2010;42(1):21–26. doi:10.4103/0253-7613.62405</ref>
<ref name="Srivastava2014">Srivastava P, Mohanty S, Bawankule DU, Khan F, Shanker K. Effect of Pluchea lanceolata bioactives in LPS-induced neuroinflammation in C6 rat glial cells. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology. 2014;387(2):119–127.</ref>
<ref name="Arora2011">Arora R, Gill NS, Dhingra VK, Rana AC. Evaluation of anti-asthmatic potential of ethyl acetate fraction of Pluchea lanceolata. Pharmacologyonline. 2011;2:1126–1133.</ref>
<ref name="Mohanty2013">Mohanty S, Srivastava P, Maurya AK, Cheema HS, Shanker K, Dhawan S, Darokar MP, Bawankule DU. Antimalarial and safety evaluation of Pluchea lanceolata (DC.) Oliv. & Hiern: in-vitro and in-vivo study. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2013;149(3):797–802. PMID: 23954323</ref>
<ref name="Jahangir2013">Jahangir T, Safhi MM, Sultana S, Ahmad S. Pluchea lanceolata protects against benzo(a)pyrene induced renal toxicity and loss of DNA integrity. Interdisciplinary Toxicology. 2013;6(1):47–54. doi:10.2478/intox-2013-0009</ref>
}}

[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]

Talk:Jatamansi

2026-10-11T10:20:52Z

Dridhabala: /* References */

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Jatamansi, Nardostachys jatamansi Dc., Spikenard, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Jatamansi (Nardostachys jatamansi Dc.) is widely used in Ayurveda as a premier brain tonic (Medhya), sedative, and anti-stress agent. It helps pacify all three doshas and is traditionally indicated for insomnia, mental disorders, and skin diseases.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

{{Infobox
|title = Jatamansi
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Jatamansi
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nardostachys_jatamansi Nardostachys jatamansi Dc.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Caprifoliaceae
|label4 = Sub Family
|data4 = Valerianaceae
|label5 = Availability
|data5 = Available
|label6 = Contributors
|data6 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label7 = Year of publication
|data7 = 2026
|label8 = Publisher
|data8 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label9 = DOI
|data9 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nardostachys_jatamansi Nardostachys jatamansi Dc.]''', popularly known as '''Jatamansi''' (Spikenard), is an endangered perennial dwarf, spikenard herb belonging to the family Caprifoliaceae (Valerianaceae). It is highly revered in [[Ayurveda]] as a prominent ''Medhya'' (intellect-promoting) and nerve-calming herb, traditionally utilized for managing mental disorders, sleep disturbances, skin ailments, and neurological imbalance.

==English name ==
Spikenard

==Therapeutic use==
Daha (burning sensation), Kushtha (obstinate skin diseases), Visarpa (acute spreading erysipelas), Manasa roga (mental disorders), Anidra (insomnia)<ref name="ref1"/>

==Other Varieties / Other Botanical names==
* Fedia grandiflora Wall., nom. nud.
* Fedia jatamansi Wall. ex DC.
* Nardostachys chinensis Batalin
* Nardostachys gracilis Kitam.
* Nardostachys grandiflora DC.
* Nardostachys jatamansi C.B.Clarke
* Patrinia jatamansi D.Don
* Valeriana jatamansi D.Don
* Valeriana jatamansi (D.Don) Wall.

==Identification Characters==
* '''Jatila''' – Jatamansi has matted hairs.
* '''Bhutajata''' – Jatamansi has fibers in the rhizomes that appear like matted hairs.
* '''Krishnajata''' – Rhizome of Jatamansi is black in colour.
* '''Mishi''' – Rhizome of Jatamansi is black in colour.
* '''Sulomasha''' – Fibers on rhizome are neatly arranged like a matted hair.
* '''Nalada''' – Rhizome of Jatamansi has agreeable odour.

==Types==
===Raja Nighantu===
Mentioned 3 types<ref name="ref2"/>
# Jatamansi
# Gandhamansi
# Akasamansi

[[File:Nardostachys_jatamansi.jpg|thumb|Jatamansi (Nardostachys jatamansi)]]

== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
In traditional Ayurvedic texts, Jatamansi is classified under ''Tridoshahara'' (pacifying all three doshas) and acts as a premier brain tonic (''medhya''). Possessing bitter (''tikta''), astringent (''kashaya''), and sweet (''madhura'') tastes, cold potency (''sheeta veerya''), and a pungent post-digestion effect (''katu vipaka''), it is widely prescribed for consciousness promotion (''sandnyasthapana'') and mental tranquility.<ref name="ref3"/>

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Mansi, Mamsi, Nalad, Bhutajata, Jatila, Tapasvini

==Additional Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==
Jatamansi<ref name="ref3"/>

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Bitter (tikta), Astringent (kashaya), Sweet (madhura)<ref name="ref3"/>
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Cold (sheeta)<ref name="ref3"/>
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)<ref name="ref3"/>
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Unctuous (snigdha)<ref name="ref3"/>
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify all three doshas (tridoshahara), Brain tonic (medhya)<ref name="ref3"/>
|-
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(48) || Sandnyasthapana mahakashaya (regaining consciousness group of herbs)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/21 || Dhuma varti dravya (used in medicated wick for smoking)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/23 || Vamanartha (for therapeutic emesis)
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267 || As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/87 || Bahyaprayogartha lepa in Kushtha (obstinate skin diseases)
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/34 || Ingredient in Palankashadi taila
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/65 || For lepa, abhyangadi bahyaprayogartha (external applications in massage)
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/78 || Used for shodhanottara (after purification) dhumpana (medicated smoking)
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/69 || As an ingredient of Manahsiladi dhuma
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/33 || Trishna (morbid thirst) & Chhardi (vomiting) shamaka yoga
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/54 || As an ingredient of Mrita sanjivani agada
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/102 || As an ingredient of Ksharagada
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/190 || As an ingredient of Mamsyadi yoga
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/65 || As an ingredient of Trutyadi churna
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/182 || Used in Kaphaja sira shoola for dhoomavarti
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/209 || As an ingredient of Khadiradi gutika
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/234 || Used in Pittaja netraroga
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/153 || As an ingredient of Bala taila
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/158 || As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila
|-
|}

==Dose==
* Powder form: 2–3 g<ref name="ref1"/>
* Decoction form: 5–10 g<ref name="ref1"/>

==Important formulations==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="ref1"/>
* Jatamamsi arka

== Current availability==
Available
* '''In India –''' High alpine and sub-alpine Himalayan ranges of India (Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Uttarakhand).
* '''Out of India –''' Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Nepal.

== Phytoconstituents ==
The roots of ''Nardostachys jatamansi'' are reported to contain sesquiterpenes (jatamansic acid and jatamansone), lignans and neolignans, and the rhizomes contain the terpenoid ester nardostachysin I. Phytochemical analysis of an aqueous root extract showed sterols, carbohydrates, terpenes, phenols, gums and mucilage, and chromatographic comparison with a jatamansone standard confirmed the presence of terpenoids.<ref name="rasheed2010"/>

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==

=== Neurochemical Action (''Medhya'') ===
Jatamansi is classified in Ayurveda as a ''Medhya'' (brain tonic) drug, and its effect on brain neurochemistry has been studied in rats.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' An alcoholic root extract given orally raised brain serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and increased GABA and taurine levels in male Wistar rats. After 15 days of treatment the levels of norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and GABA were all increased. The authors concluded that the extract causes an overall increase in central monoamines and inhibitory amino acids.<ref name="prabhu1994"/>

=== Antidepressant-like Action ===
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' An ethanolic root extract (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg orally for 14 days) produced a significant antidepressant-like effect in mice in the tail suspension and forced swim tests. The effect was comparable to imipramine and sertraline, and the extract did not change locomotor activity.<ref name="dhingra2008"/>
* '''Mechanism:''' The extract decreased whole-brain MAO-A and MAO-B activity, and its effect was reversed by the GABA-B agonist baclofen. The authors suggested that MAO inhibition and interaction with GABA-B receptors are involved.<ref name="dhingra2008"/>

=== Anticonvulsant Action ===
Jatamansi is associated in Ayurveda with ''Sandnyasthapana'' (restoration of consciousness) and has been tested in seizure models.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' An ethanol extract of the roots significantly raised the seizure threshold in the maximal electroshock model in rats, with minimal neurotoxicity at those doses, but it was ineffective against pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures. In combination with phenytoin, 50 mg/kg of the extract raised the protective index of phenytoin from 3.63 to 13.18.<ref name="rao2005"/>

=== Neuroprotective Action ===
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Rats pre-treated for three weeks with an ethanolic root extract (200, 400 and 600 mg/kg) before an intrastriatal 6-hydroxydopamine lesion showed a dose-dependent restoration of the increased drug-induced rotations and the locomotor deficits. The authors concluded that Jatamansi may help in attenuating parkinsonism.<ref name="ahmad2006"/>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Acute and repeated-dose toxicity (animal study):''' An aqueous root extract showed an oral LD50 above 5000 mg/kg in rats. Given at 1000 mg/kg daily for 28 days, it caused no significant change in haematological parameters and no change in the architecture of the liver, kidney or brain.<ref name="rasheed2010"/>
* '''Precautions:''' Use under the guidance of a qualified Ayurveda physician, particularly during pregnancy and lactation, in chronic conditions, or when taking conventional medicines.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Rhizome powder (churna):'' 2–3 g<ref name="ref1"/>
** ''Decoction (kwatha):'' 5–10 g of drug<ref name="ref1"/>

== Research Gaps ==
The pharmacological evidence for Jatamansi summarised above comes from studies in rodents. Clinical efficacy and safety in humans remain to be established through well-designed clinical trials.

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Experimental evidence for ''Nardostachys jatamansi''
! Indication !! Preparation studied !! Model !! Principal finding !! Reference
|-
| '''Brain tonic / Medhya''' || Alcoholic root extract || Wistar rats || Increased brain monoamines and inhibitory amino acids (GABA, taurine) || <ref name="prabhu1994"/>
|-
| '''Mental disorders / Manasa roga''' || Ethanolic root extract (100–400 mg/kg) || Mice (tail suspension and forced swim tests) || Antidepressant-like effect; reduced MAO-A and MAO-B activity || <ref name="dhingra2008"/>
|-
| '''Convulsions / Sandnyasthapana''' || Ethanol root extract || Rats (MES and PTZ models) || Raised seizure threshold in MES model; no effect against PTZ || <ref name="rao2005"/>
|-
| '''Neurodegeneration''' || Ethanolic root extract (200–600 mg/kg) || 6-OHDA parkinsonism in rats || Dose-dependent restoration of behavioural deficits || <ref name="ahmad2006"/>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I: 33.</ref>

<ref name="ref2">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, Chandanadi Varga, Verse no. 95, 97, 99, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi.</ref>

<ref name="ref3">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Karpuradi Varga, verse no. 75, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015.</ref>

<ref name="rasheed2010">{{cite journal |last1=Rasheed |first1=A. S. |last2=Venkataraman |first2=S. |last3=Jayaveera |first3=K. N. |last4=Mohammed Fazil |first4=A. |last5=Yasodha |first5=K. J. |last6=Aleem |first6=M. A. |last7=Mohammed |first7=M. |last8=Khaja |first8=Z. |last9=Ushasri |first9=B. |last10=Pradeep |first10=H. A. |last11=Ibrahim |first11=M. |year=2010 |title=Evaluation of toxicological and antioxidant potential of ''Nardostachys jatamansi'' in reversing haloperidol-induced catalepsy in rats |journal=International Journal of General Medicine |volume=3 |pages=127–136 |doi=10.2147/ijgm.s9156}}</ref>

<ref name="prabhu1994">{{cite journal |last1=Prabhu |first1=V. |last2=Karanth |first2=K. S. |last3=Rao |first3=A. |year=1994 |title=Effects of Nardostachys jatamansi on biogenic amines and inhibitory amino acids in the rat brain.|journal=Planta Medica |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=114–117| doi=10.1055/s-2006-959429}}</ref>

<ref name="dhingra2008">{{cite journal |last1=Dhingra |first1=D. |last2=Goyal |first2=P. K. |year=2008 |title=Inhibition of MAO and GABA: probable mechanisms for antidepressant-like activity of ''Nardostachys jatamansi'' DC. in mice |journal=Indian Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=212–218 |pmid=18512329}}</ref>

<ref name="rao2005">{{cite journal |last1=Rao |first1=V. S. |last2=Rao |first2=A. |last3=Karanth |first3=K. S. |year=2005 |title=Anticonvulsant and neurotoxicity profile of ''Nardostachys jatamansi'' in rats |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=102 |issue=3 |pages=351–356 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2005.06.031 |pmid=16095854}}</ref>

<ref name="ahmad2006">{{cite journal |last1=Ahmad |first1=M. |last2=Yousuf |first2=S. |last3=Khan |first3=M. B. |last4=Hoda |first4=M. N. |last5=Ahmad |first5=A. S. |last6=Ansari |first6=M. A. |last7=Ishrat |first7=T. |last8=Agrawal |first8=A. K. |last9=Islam |first9=F. |year=2006 |title=Attenuation by ''Nardostachys jatamansi'' of 6-hydroxydopamine-induced parkinsonism in rats: behavioral, neurochemical, and immunohistochemical studies |journal=Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior |volume=83 |issue=1 |pages=150–160 |doi=10.1016/j.pbb.2006.01.005}}</ref>
}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Talk:Jatamansi

2026-10-11T10:13:44Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Jatamansi, Nardostachys jatamansi Dc., Spikenard, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Jatamansi (Nardostachys jatamansi Dc.) is widely used in Ayurveda as a premier brain tonic (Medhya), sedative, and anti-stress agent. It helps pacify all three doshas and is traditionally indicated for insomnia, mental disorders, and skin diseases.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

{{Infobox
|title = Jatamansi
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Jatamansi
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nardostachys_jatamansi Nardostachys jatamansi Dc.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Caprifoliaceae
|label4 = Sub Family
|data4 = Valerianaceae
|label5 = Availability
|data5 = Available
|label6 = Contributors
|data6 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label7 = Year of publication
|data7 = 2026
|label8 = Publisher
|data8 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label9 = DOI
|data9 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nardostachys_jatamansi Nardostachys jatamansi Dc.]''', popularly known as '''Jatamansi''' (Spikenard), is an endangered perennial dwarf, spikenard herb belonging to the family Caprifoliaceae (Valerianaceae). It is highly revered in [[Ayurveda]] as a prominent ''Medhya'' (intellect-promoting) and nerve-calming herb, traditionally utilized for managing mental disorders, sleep disturbances, skin ailments, and neurological imbalance.

==English name ==
Spikenard

==Therapeutic use==
Daha (burning sensation), Kushtha (obstinate skin diseases), Visarpa (acute spreading erysipelas), Manasa roga (mental disorders), Anidra (insomnia)<ref name="ref1"/>

==Other Varieties / Other Botanical names==
* Fedia grandiflora Wall., nom. nud.
* Fedia jatamansi Wall. ex DC.
* Nardostachys chinensis Batalin
* Nardostachys gracilis Kitam.
* Nardostachys grandiflora DC.
* Nardostachys jatamansi C.B.Clarke
* Patrinia jatamansi D.Don
* Valeriana jatamansi D.Don
* Valeriana jatamansi (D.Don) Wall.

==Identification Characters==
* '''Jatila''' – Jatamansi has matted hairs.
* '''Bhutajata''' – Jatamansi has fibers in the rhizomes that appear like matted hairs.
* '''Krishnajata''' – Rhizome of Jatamansi is black in colour.
* '''Mishi''' – Rhizome of Jatamansi is black in colour.
* '''Sulomasha''' – Fibers on rhizome are neatly arranged like a matted hair.
* '''Nalada''' – Rhizome of Jatamansi has agreeable odour.

==Types==
===Raja Nighantu===
Mentioned 3 types<ref name="ref2"/>
# Jatamansi
# Gandhamansi
# Akasamansi

[[File:Nardostachys_jatamansi.jpg|thumb|Jatamansi (Nardostachys jatamansi)]]

== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
In traditional Ayurvedic texts, Jatamansi is classified under ''Tridoshahara'' (pacifying all three doshas) and acts as a premier brain tonic (''medhya''). Possessing bitter (''tikta''), astringent (''kashaya''), and sweet (''madhura'') tastes, cold potency (''sheeta veerya''), and a pungent post-digestion effect (''katu vipaka''), it is widely prescribed for consciousness promotion (''sandnyasthapana'') and mental tranquility.<ref name="ref3"/>

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Mansi, Mamsi, Nalad, Bhutajata, Jatila, Tapasvini

==Additional Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==
Jatamansi<ref name="ref3"/>

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Bitter (tikta), Astringent (kashaya), Sweet (madhura)<ref name="ref3"/>
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Cold (sheeta)<ref name="ref3"/>
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)<ref name="ref3"/>
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Unctuous (snigdha)<ref name="ref3"/>
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify all three doshas (tridoshahara), Brain tonic (medhya)<ref name="ref3"/>
|-
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(48) || Sandnyasthapana mahakashaya (regaining consciousness group of herbs)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/21 || Dhuma varti dravya (used in medicated wick for smoking)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/23 || Vamanartha (for therapeutic emesis)
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267 || As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/87 || Bahyaprayogartha lepa in Kushtha (obstinate skin diseases)
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/34 || Ingredient in Palankashadi taila
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/65 || For lepa, abhyangadi bahyaprayogartha (external applications in massage)
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/78 || Used for shodhanottara (after purification) dhumpana (medicated smoking)
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/69 || As an ingredient of Manahsiladi dhuma
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/33 || Trishna (morbid thirst) & Chhardi (vomiting) shamaka yoga
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/54 || As an ingredient of Mrita sanjivani agada
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/102 || As an ingredient of Ksharagada
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/190 || As an ingredient of Mamsyadi yoga
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/65 || As an ingredient of Trutyadi churna
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/182 || Used in Kaphaja sira shoola for dhoomavarti
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/209 || As an ingredient of Khadiradi gutika
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/234 || Used in Pittaja netraroga
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/153 || As an ingredient of Bala taila
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/158 || As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila
|-
|}

==Dose==
* Powder form: 2–3 g<ref name="ref1"/>
* Decoction form: 5–10 g<ref name="ref1"/>

==Important formulations==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="ref1"/>
* Jatamamsi arka

== Current availability==
Available
* '''In India –''' High alpine and sub-alpine Himalayan ranges of India (Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Uttarakhand).
* '''Out of India –''' Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Nepal.

== Phytoconstituents ==
The roots of ''Nardostachys jatamansi'' are reported to contain sesquiterpenes (jatamansic acid and jatamansone), lignans and neolignans, and the rhizomes contain the terpenoid ester nardostachysin I. Phytochemical analysis of an aqueous root extract showed sterols, carbohydrates, terpenes, phenols, gums and mucilage, and chromatographic comparison with a jatamansone standard confirmed the presence of terpenoids.<ref name="rasheed2010"/>

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==

=== Neurochemical Action (''Medhya'') ===
Jatamansi is classified in Ayurveda as a ''Medhya'' (brain tonic) drug, and its effect on brain neurochemistry has been studied in rats.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' An alcoholic root extract given orally raised brain serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and increased GABA and taurine levels in male Wistar rats. After 15 days of treatment the levels of norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and GABA were all increased. The authors concluded that the extract causes an overall increase in central monoamines and inhibitory amino acids.<ref name="prabhu1994"/>

=== Antidepressant-like Action ===
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' An ethanolic root extract (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg orally for 14 days) produced a significant antidepressant-like effect in mice in the tail suspension and forced swim tests. The effect was comparable to imipramine and sertraline, and the extract did not change locomotor activity.<ref name="dhingra2008"/>
* '''Mechanism:''' The extract decreased whole-brain MAO-A and MAO-B activity, and its effect was reversed by the GABA-B agonist baclofen. The authors suggested that MAO inhibition and interaction with GABA-B receptors are involved.<ref name="dhingra2008"/>

=== Anticonvulsant Action ===
Jatamansi is associated in Ayurveda with ''Sandnyasthapana'' (restoration of consciousness) and has been tested in seizure models.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' An ethanol extract of the roots significantly raised the seizure threshold in the maximal electroshock model in rats, with minimal neurotoxicity at those doses, but it was ineffective against pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures. In combination with phenytoin, 50 mg/kg of the extract raised the protective index of phenytoin from 3.63 to 13.18.<ref name="rao2005"/>

=== Neuroprotective Action ===
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Rats pre-treated for three weeks with an ethanolic root extract (200, 400 and 600 mg/kg) before an intrastriatal 6-hydroxydopamine lesion showed a dose-dependent restoration of the increased drug-induced rotations and the locomotor deficits. The authors concluded that Jatamansi may help in attenuating parkinsonism.<ref name="ahmad2006"/>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Acute and repeated-dose toxicity (animal study):''' An aqueous root extract showed an oral LD50 above 5000 mg/kg in rats. Given at 1000 mg/kg daily for 28 days, it caused no significant change in haematological parameters and no change in the architecture of the liver, kidney or brain.<ref name="rasheed2010"/>
* '''Precautions:''' Use under the guidance of a qualified Ayurveda physician, particularly during pregnancy and lactation, in chronic conditions, or when taking conventional medicines.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Rhizome powder (churna):'' 2–3 g<ref name="ref1"/>
** ''Decoction (kwatha):'' 5–10 g of drug<ref name="ref1"/>

== Research Gaps ==
The pharmacological evidence for Jatamansi summarised above comes from studies in rodents. Clinical efficacy and safety in humans remain to be established through well-designed clinical trials.

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Experimental evidence for ''Nardostachys jatamansi''
! Indication !! Preparation studied !! Model !! Principal finding !! Reference
|-
| '''Brain tonic / Medhya''' || Alcoholic root extract || Wistar rats || Increased brain monoamines and inhibitory amino acids (GABA, taurine) || <ref name="prabhu1994"/>
|-
| '''Mental disorders / Manasa roga''' || Ethanolic root extract (100–400 mg/kg) || Mice (tail suspension and forced swim tests) || Antidepressant-like effect; reduced MAO-A and MAO-B activity || <ref name="dhingra2008"/>
|-
| '''Convulsions / Sandnyasthapana''' || Ethanol root extract || Rats (MES and PTZ models) || Raised seizure threshold in MES model; no effect against PTZ || <ref name="rao2005"/>
|-
| '''Neurodegeneration''' || Ethanolic root extract (200–600 mg/kg) || 6-OHDA parkinsonism in rats || Dose-dependent restoration of behavioural deficits || <ref name="ahmad2006"/>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I: 33.</ref>

<ref name="ref2">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, Chandanadi Varga, Verse no. 95, 97, 99, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi.</ref>

<ref name="ref3">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Karpuradi Varga, verse no. 75, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015.</ref>

<ref name="rasheed2010">{{cite journal |last1=Rasheed |first1=A. S. |last2=Venkataraman |first2=S. |last3=Jayaveera |first3=K. N. |last4=Mohammed Fazil |first4=A. |last5=Yasodha |first5=K. J. |last6=Aleem |first6=M. A. |last7=Mohammed |first7=M. |last8=Khaja |first8=Z. |last9=Ushasri |first9=B. |last10=Pradeep |first10=H. A. |last11=Ibrahim |first11=M. |year=2010 |title=Evaluation of toxicological and antioxidant potential of ''Nardostachys jatamansi'' in reversing haloperidol-induced catalepsy in rats |journal=International Journal of General Medicine |volume=3 |pages=127–136 |doi=10.2147/ijgm.s9156}}</ref>

<ref name="prabhu1994">{{cite journal |last1=Prabhu |first1=V. |last2=Karanth |first2=K. S. |last3=Rao |first3=A. |year=1994 |title=Effects of ''Nardostachys jatamansi'' on biogenic amines and inhibitory amino acids in the rat brain |journal=Planta Medica |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=114–117 |doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-959429}}</ref>

<ref name="dhingra2008">{{cite journal |last1=Dhingra |first1=D. |last2=Goyal |first2=P. K. |year=2008 |title=Inhibition of MAO and GABA: probable mechanisms for antidepressant-like activity of ''Nardostachys jatamansi'' DC. in mice |journal=Indian Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=212–218 |pmid=18512329}}</ref>

<ref name="rao2005">{{cite journal |last1=Rao |first1=V. S. |last2=Rao |first2=A. |last3=Karanth |first3=K. S. |year=2005 |title=Anticonvulsant and neurotoxicity profile of ''Nardostachys jatamansi'' in rats |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=102 |issue=3 |pages=351–356 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2005.06.031 |pmid=16095854}}</ref>

<ref name="ahmad2006">{{cite journal |last1=Ahmad |first1=M. |last2=Yousuf |first2=S. |last3=Khan |first3=M. B. |last4=Hoda |first4=M. N. |last5=Ahmad |first5=A. S. |last6=Ansari |first6=M. A. |last7=Ishrat |first7=T. |last8=Agrawal |first8=A. K. |last9=Islam |first9=F. |year=2006 |title=Attenuation by ''Nardostachys jatamansi'' of 6-hydroxydopamine-induced parkinsonism in rats: behavioral, neurochemical, and immunohistochemical studies |journal=Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior |volume=83 |issue=1 |pages=150–160 |doi=10.1016/j.pbb.2006.01.005}}</ref>
}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Talk:Jatamansi

2026-10-11T10:03:52Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Jatamansi, Nardostachys jatamansi Dc., Spikenard, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Jatamansi (Nardostachys jatamansi Dc.) is widely used in Ayurveda as a premier brain tonic (Medhya), sedative, and anti-stress agent. It helps pacify all three doshas and is traditionally indicated for insomnia, mental disorders, and skin diseases.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

{{Infobox
|title = Jatamansi
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Jatamansi
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nardostachys_jatamansi Nardostachys jatamansi Dc.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Caprifoliaceae
|label4 = Sub Family
|data4 = Valerianaceae
|label5 = Availability
|data5 = Available
|label6 = Contributors
|data6 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label7 = Year of publication
|data7 = 2026
|label8 = Publisher
|data8 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label9 = DOI
|data9 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nardostachys_jatamansi Nardostachys jatamansi Dc.]''', popularly known as '''Jatamansi''' (Spikenard), is an endangered perennial dwarf, spikenard herb belonging to the family Caprifoliaceae (Valerianaceae). It is highly revered in [[Ayurveda]] as a prominent ''Medhya'' (intellect-promoting) and nerve-calming herb, traditionally utilized for managing mental disorders, sleep disturbances, skin ailments, and neurological imbalance.

==English name ==
Spikenard

==Therapeutic use==
Daha (burning sensation), Kushtha (obstinate skin diseases), Visarpa (acute spreading erysipelas), Manasa roga (mental disorders), Anidra (insomnia)<ref name="ref1"/>

==Other Varieties / Other Botanical names==
* Fedia grandiflora Wall., nom. nud.
* Fedia jatamansi Wall. ex DC.
* Nardostachys chinensis Batalin
* Nardostachys gracilis Kitam.
* Nardostachys grandiflora DC.
* Nardostachys jatamansi C.B.Clarke
* Patrinia jatamansi D.Don
* Valeriana jatamansi D.Don
* Valeriana jatamansi (D.Don) Wall.

==Identification Characters==
* '''Jatila''' – Jatamansi has matted hairs.
* '''Bhutajata''' – Jatamansi has fibers in the rhizomes that appear like matted hairs.
* '''Krishnajata''' – Rhizome of Jatamansi is black in colour.
* '''Mishi''' – Rhizome of Jatamansi is black in colour.
* '''Sulomasha''' – Fibers on rhizome are neatly arranged like a matted hair.
* '''Nalada''' – Rhizome of Jatamansi has agreeable odour.

==Types==
===Raja Nighantu===
Mentioned 3 types<ref name="ref2"/>
# Jatamansi
# Gandhamansi
# Akasamansi

[[File:Nardostachys_jatamansi.jpg|thumb|Jatamansi (Nardostachys jatamansi)]]

== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
In traditional Ayurvedic texts, Jatamansi is classified under ''Tridoshahara'' (pacifying all three doshas) and acts as a premier brain tonic (''medhya''). Possessing bitter (''tikta''), astringent (''kashaya''), and sweet (''madhura'') tastes, cold potency (''sheeta veerya''), and a pungent post-digestion effect (''katu vipaka''), it is widely prescribed for consciousness promotion (''sandnyasthapana'') and mental tranquility.<ref name="ref3"/>

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Mansi, Mamsi, Nalad, Bhutajata, Jatila, Tapasvini

==Additional Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==
Jatamansi<ref name="ref3"/>

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Bitter (tikta), Astringent (kashaya), Sweet (madhura)<ref name="ref3"/>
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Cold (sheeta)<ref name="ref3"/>
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)<ref name="ref3"/>
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Unctuous (snigdha)<ref name="ref3"/>
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify all three doshas (tridoshahara), Brain tonic (medhya)<ref name="ref3"/>
|-
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(48) || Sandnyasthapana mahakashaya (regaining consciousness group of herbs)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/21 || Dhuma varti dravya (used in medicated wick for smoking)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/23 || Vamanartha (for therapeutic emesis)
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267 || As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/87 || Bahyaprayogartha lepa in Kushtha (obstinate skin diseases)
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/34 || Ingredient in Palankashadi taila
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/65 || For lepa, abhyangadi bahyaprayogartha (external applications in massage)
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/78 || Used for shodhanottara (after purification) dhumpana (medicated smoking)
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/69 || As an ingredient of Manahsiladi dhuma
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/33 || Trishna (morbid thirst) & Chhardi (vomiting) shamaka yoga
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/54 || As an ingredient of Mrita sanjivani agada
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/102 || As an ingredient of Ksharagada
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/190 || As an ingredient of Mamsyadi yoga
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/65 || As an ingredient of Trutyadi churna
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/182 || Used in Kaphaja sira shoola for dhoomavarti
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/209 || As an ingredient of Khadiradi gutika
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/234 || Used in Pittaja netraroga
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/153 || As an ingredient of Bala taila
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/158 || As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila
|-
|}

==Dose==
* Powder form: 2–3 g<ref name="ref1"/>
* Decoction form: 5–10 g<ref name="ref1"/>

==Important formulations==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="ref1"/>
* Jatamamsi arka

== Current availability==
Available
* '''In India –''' High alpine and sub-alpine Himalayan ranges of India (Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Uttarakhand).
* '''Out of India –''' Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Nepal.

== Phytoconstituents ==
The roots of ''Nardostachys jatamansi'' are reported to contain sesquiterpenes (jatamansic acid and jatamansone), lignans and neolignans, and the rhizomes contain the terpenoid ester nardostachysin I. Phytochemical analysis of an aqueous root extract showed sterols, carbohydrates, terpenes, phenols, gums and mucilage, and chromatographic comparison with a jatamansone standard confirmed the presence of terpenoids.<ref name="rasheed2010"/>

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==

=== Neurochemical Action (''Medhya'') ===
Jatamansi is classified in Ayurveda as a ''Medhya'' (brain tonic) drug, and its effect on brain neurochemistry has been studied in rats.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' An alcoholic root extract given orally raised brain serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and increased GABA and taurine levels in male Wistar rats. After 15 days of treatment the levels of norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and GABA were all increased. The authors concluded that the extract causes an overall increase in central monoamines and inhibitory amino acids.<ref name="prabhu1994"/>

=== Antidepressant-like Action ===
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' An ethanolic root extract (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg orally for 14 days) produced a significant antidepressant-like effect in mice in the tail suspension and forced swim tests. The effect was comparable to imipramine and sertraline, and the extract did not change locomotor activity.<ref name="dhingra2008"/>
* '''Mechanism:''' The extract decreased whole-brain MAO-A and MAO-B activity, and its effect was reversed by the GABA-B agonist baclofen. The authors suggested that MAO inhibition and interaction with GABA-B receptors are involved.<ref name="dhingra2008"/>

=== Anticonvulsant Action ===
Jatamansi is associated in Ayurveda with ''Sandnyasthapana'' (restoration of consciousness) and has been tested in seizure models.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' An ethanol extract of the roots significantly raised the seizure threshold in the maximal electroshock model in rats, with minimal neurotoxicity at those doses, but it was ineffective against pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures. In combination with phenytoin, 50 mg/kg of the extract raised the protective index of phenytoin from 3.63 to 13.18.<ref name="rao2005"/>

=== Neuroprotective Action ===
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Rats pre-treated for three weeks with an ethanolic root extract (200, 400 and 600 mg/kg) before an intrastriatal 6-hydroxydopamine lesion showed a dose-dependent restoration of the increased drug-induced rotations and the locomotor deficits. The authors concluded that Jatamansi may help in attenuating parkinsonism.<ref name="ahmad2006"/>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Acute and repeated-dose toxicity (animal study):''' An aqueous root extract showed an oral LD50 above 5000 mg/kg in rats. Given at 1000 mg/kg daily for 28 days, it caused no significant change in haematological parameters and no change in the architecture of the liver, kidney or brain.<ref name="rasheed2010"/>
* '''Precautions:''' Use under the guidance of a qualified Ayurveda physician, particularly during pregnancy and lactation, in chronic conditions, or when taking conventional medicines.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Rhizome powder (churna):'' 2–3 g<ref name="ref1"/>
** ''Decoction (kwatha):'' 5–10 g of drug<ref name="ref1"/>

== Research Gaps ==
The pharmacological evidence for Jatamansi summarised above comes from studies in rodents. Clinical efficacy and safety in humans remain to be established through well-designed clinical trials.

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Experimental evidence for ''Nardostachys jatamansi''
! Indication !! Preparation studied !! Model !! Principal finding !! Reference
|-
| '''Brain tonic / Medhya''' || Alcoholic root extract || Wistar rats || Increased brain monoamines and inhibitory amino acids (GABA, taurine) || <ref name="prabhu1994"/>
|-
| '''Mental disorders / Manasa roga''' || Ethanolic root extract (100–400 mg/kg) || Mice (tail suspension and forced swim tests) || Antidepressant-like effect; reduced MAO-A and MAO-B activity || <ref name="dhingra2008"/>
|-
| '''Convulsions / Sandnyasthapana''' || Ethanol root extract || Rats (MES and PTZ models) || Raised seizure threshold in MES model; no effect against PTZ || <ref name="rao2005"/>
|-
| '''Neurodegeneration''' || Ethanolic root extract (200–600 mg/kg) || 6-OHDA parkinsonism in rats || Dose-dependent restoration of behavioural deficits || <ref name="ahmad2006"/>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I: 33.</ref>

<ref name="ref2">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, Chandanadi Varga, Verse no. 95, 97, 99, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi.</ref>

<ref name="ref3">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Karpuradi Varga, verse no. 75, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015.</ref>

<ref name="rasheed2010">{{cite journal |last1=Rasheed |first1=A. S. |last2=Venkataraman |first2=S. |last3=Jayaveera |first3=K. N. |last4=Mohammed Fazil |first4=A. |last5=Yasodha |first5=K. J. |last6=Aleem |first6=M. A. |last7=Mohammed |first7=M. |last8=Khaja |first8=Z. |last9=Ushasri |first9=B. |last10=Pradeep |first10=H. A. |last11=Ibrahim |first11=M. |year=2010 |title=Evaluation of toxicological and antioxidant potential of ''Nardostachys jatamansi'' in reversing haloperidol-induced catalepsy in rats |journal=International Journal of General Medicine |volume=3 |pages=127–136 |doi=10.2147/ijgm.s9156}}</ref>

<ref name="prabhu1994">{{cite journal |last1=Prabhu |first1=V. |last2=Karanth |first2=K. S. |last3=Rao |first3=A. |year=1994 |title=Effects of ''Nardostachys jatamansi'' on biogenic amines and inhibitory amino acids in the rat brain |journal=Planta Medica |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=114–117 |doi=10.1055/s-2006-959429}}</ref>

<ref name="dhingra2008">{{cite journal |last1=Dhingra |first1=D. |last2=Goyal |first2=P. K. |year=2008 |title=Inhibition of MAO and GABA: probable mechanisms for antidepressant-like activity of ''Nardostachys jatamansi'' DC. in mice |journal=Indian Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=212–218 |pmid=18512329}}</ref>

<ref name="rao2005">{{cite journal |last1=Rao |first1=V. S. |last2=Rao |first2=A. |last3=Karanth |first3=K. S. |year=2005 |title=Anticonvulsant and neurotoxicity profile of ''Nardostachys jatamansi'' in rats |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=102 |issue=3 |pages=351–356 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2005.06.031 |pmid=16095854}}</ref>

<ref name="ahmad2006">{{cite journal |last1=Ahmad |first1=M. |last2=Yousuf |first2=S. |last3=Khan |first3=M. B. |last4=Hoda |first4=M. N. |last5=Ahmad |first5=A. S. |last6=Ansari |first6=M. A. |last7=Ishrat |first7=T. |last8=Agrawal |first8=A. K. |last9=Islam |first9=F. |year=2006 |title=Attenuation by ''Nardostachys jatamansi'' of 6-hydroxydopamine-induced parkinsonism in rats: behavioral, neurochemical, and immunohistochemical studies |journal=Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior |volume=83 |issue=1 |pages=150–160 |doi=10.1016/j.pbb.2006.01.005}}</ref>
}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Talk:Jatamansi

2026-10-11T09:57:40Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Jatamansi, Nardostachys jatamansi Dc., Spikenard, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Jatamansi (Nardostachys jatamansi Dc.) is widely used in Ayurveda as a premier brain tonic (Medhya), sedative, and anti-stress agent. It helps pacify all three doshas and is traditionally indicated for insomnia, mental disorders, and skin diseases.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

{{Infobox
|title = Jatamansi
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Jatamansi
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nardostachys_jatamansi Nardostachys jatamansi Dc.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Caprifoliaceae
|label4 = Sub Family
|data4 = Valerianaceae
|label5 = Availability
|data5 = Available
|label6 = Contributors
|data6 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label7 = Year of publication
|data7 = 2026
|label8 = Publisher
|data8 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label9 = DOI
|data9 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nardostachys_jatamansi Nardostachys jatamansi Dc.]''', popularly known as '''Jatamansi''' (Spikenard), is an endangered perennial dwarf, spikenard herb belonging to the family Caprifoliaceae (Valerianaceae). It is highly revered in [[Ayurveda]] as a prominent ''Medhya'' (intellect-promoting) and nerve-calming herb, traditionally utilized for managing mental disorders, sleep disturbances, skin ailments, and neurological imbalance.

==English name ==
Spikenard

==Therapeutic use==
Daha (burning sensation), Kushtha (obstinate skin diseases), Visarpa (acute spreading erysipelas), Manasa roga (mental disorders), Anidra (insomnia)<ref name="ref1"/>

==Other Varieties / Other Botanical names==
* Fedia grandiflora Wall., nom. nud.
* Fedia jatamansi Wall. ex DC.
* Nardostachys chinensis Batalin
* Nardostachys gracilis Kitam.
* Nardostachys grandiflora DC.
* Nardostachys jatamansi C.B.Clarke
* Patrinia jatamansi D.Don
* Valeriana jatamansi D.Don
* Valeriana jatamansi (D.Don) Wall.

==Identification Characters==
* '''Jatila''' – Jatamansi has matted hairs.
* '''Bhutajata''' – Jatamansi has fibers in the rhizomes that appear like matted hairs.
* '''Krishnajata''' – Rhizome of Jatamansi is black in colour.
* '''Mishi''' – Rhizome of Jatamansi is black in colour.
* '''Sulomasha''' – Fibers on rhizome are neatly arranged like a matted hair.
* '''Nalada''' – Rhizome of Jatamansi has agreeable odour.

==Types==
===Raja Nighantu===
Mentioned 3 types<ref name="ref2"/>
# Jatamansi
# Gandhamansi
# Akasamansi

[[File:Nardostachys_jatamansi.jpg|thumb|Jatamansi (Nardostachys jatamansi)]]

== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
In traditional Ayurvedic texts, Jatamansi is classified under ''Tridoshahara'' (pacifying all three doshas) and acts as a premier brain tonic (''medhya''). Possessing bitter (''tikta''), astringent (''kashaya''), and sweet (''madhura'') tastes, cold potency (''sheeta veerya''), and a pungent post-digestion effect (''katu vipaka''), it is widely prescribed for consciousness promotion (''sandnyasthapana'') and mental tranquility.<ref name="ref3"/>

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Mansi, Mamsi, Nalad, Bhutajata, Jatila, Tapasvini

==Additional Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==
Jatamansi<ref name="ref3"/>

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Bitter (tikta), Astringent (kashaya), Sweet (madhura)<ref name="ref3"/>
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Cold (sheeta)<ref name="ref3"/>
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)<ref name="ref3"/>
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Unctuous (snigdha)<ref name="ref3"/>
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify all three doshas (tridoshahara), Brain tonic (medhya)<ref name="ref3"/>
|-
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(48) || Sandnyasthapana mahakashaya (regaining consciousness group of herbs)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/21 || Dhuma varti dravya (used in medicated wick for smoking)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/23 || Vamanartha (for therapeutic emesis)
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267 || As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/87 || Bahyaprayogartha lepa in Kushtha (obstinate skin diseases)
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/34 || Ingredient in Palankashadi taila
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/65 || For lepa, abhyangadi bahyaprayogartha (external applications in massage)
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/78 || Used for shodhanottara (after purification) dhumpana (medicated smoking)
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/69 || As an ingredient of Manahsiladi dhuma
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/33 || Trishna (morbid thirst) & Chhardi (vomiting) shamaka yoga
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/54 || As an ingredient of Mrita sanjivani agada
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/102 || As an ingredient of Ksharagada
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/190 || As an ingredient of Mamsyadi yoga
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/65 || As an ingredient of Trutyadi churna
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/182 || Used in Kaphaja sira shoola for dhoomavarti
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/209 || As an ingredient of Khadiradi gutika
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/234 || Used in Pittaja netraroga
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/153 || As an ingredient of Bala taila
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/158 || As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila
|-
|}

==Dose==
* Powder form: 2–3 g<ref name="ref1"/>
* Decoction form: 5–10 g<ref name="ref1"/>

==Important formulations==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="ref1"/>
* Jatamamsi arka

== Current availability==
Available
* '''In India –''' High alpine and sub-alpine Himalayan ranges of India (Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Uttarakhand).
* '''Out of India –''' Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Nepal.

== Phytoconstituents ==
The roots of ''Nardostachys jatamansi'' are reported to contain sesquiterpenes (jatamansic acid and jatamansone), lignans and neolignans, and the rhizomes contain the terpenoid ester nardostachysin I. Phytochemical analysis of an aqueous root extract showed sterols, carbohydrates, terpenes, phenols, gums and mucilage, and chromatographic comparison with a jatamansone standard confirmed the presence of terpenoids.<ref name="rasheed2010"/>

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==

=== Neurochemical Action (''Medhya'') ===
Jatamansi is classified in Ayurveda as a ''Medhya'' (brain tonic) drug, and its effect on brain neurochemistry has been studied in rats.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' An alcoholic root extract given orally raised brain serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and increased GABA and taurine levels in male Wistar rats. After 15 days of treatment the levels of norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and GABA were all increased. The authors concluded that the extract causes an overall increase in central monoamines and inhibitory amino acids.<ref name="prabhu1994"/>

=== Antidepressant-like Action ===
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' An ethanolic root extract (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg orally for 14 days) produced a significant antidepressant-like effect in mice in the tail suspension and forced swim tests. The effect was comparable to imipramine and sertraline, and the extract did not change locomotor activity.<ref name="dhingra2008"/>
* '''Mechanism:''' The extract decreased whole-brain MAO-A and MAO-B activity, and its effect was reversed by the GABA-B agonist baclofen. The authors suggested that MAO inhibition and interaction with GABA-B receptors are involved.<ref name="dhingra2008"/>

=== Anticonvulsant Action ===
Jatamansi is associated in Ayurveda with ''Sandnyasthapana'' (restoration of consciousness) and has been tested in seizure models.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' An ethanol extract of the roots significantly raised the seizure threshold in the maximal electroshock model in rats, with minimal neurotoxicity at those doses, but it was ineffective against pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures. In combination with phenytoin, 50 mg/kg of the extract raised the protective index of phenytoin from 3.63 to 13.18.<ref name="rao2005"/>

=== Neuroprotective Action ===
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Rats pre-treated for three weeks with an ethanolic root extract (200, 400 and 600 mg/kg) before an intrastriatal 6-hydroxydopamine lesion showed a dose-dependent restoration of the increased drug-induced rotations and the locomotor deficits. The authors concluded that Jatamansi may help in attenuating parkinsonism.<ref name="ahmad2006"/>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Acute and repeated-dose toxicity (animal study):''' An aqueous root extract showed an oral LD50 above 5000 mg/kg in rats. Given at 1000 mg/kg daily for 28 days, it caused no significant change in haematological parameters and no change in the architecture of the liver, kidney or brain.<ref name="rasheed2010"/>
* '''Precautions:''' Use under the guidance of a qualified Ayurveda physician, particularly during pregnancy and lactation, in chronic conditions, or when taking conventional medicines.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Rhizome powder (churna):'' 2–3 g<ref name="ref1"/>
** ''Decoction (kwatha):'' 5–10 g of drug<ref name="ref1"/>

== Research Gaps ==
The pharmacological evidence for Jatamansi summarised above comes from studies in rodents. Clinical efficacy and safety in humans remain to be established through well-designed clinical trials.

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Experimental evidence for ''Nardostachys jatamansi''
! Indication !! Preparation studied !! Model !! Principal finding !! Reference
|-
| '''Brain tonic / Medhya''' || Alcoholic root extract || Wistar rats || Increased brain monoamines and inhibitory amino acids (GABA, taurine) || <ref name="prabhu1994"/>
|-
| '''Mental disorders / Manasa roga''' || Ethanolic root extract (100–400 mg/kg) || Mice (tail suspension and forced swim tests) || Antidepressant-like effect; reduced MAO-A and MAO-B activity || <ref name="dhingra2008"/>
|-
| '''Convulsions / Sandnyasthapana''' || Ethanol root extract || Rats (MES and PTZ models) || Raised seizure threshold in MES model; no effect against PTZ || <ref name="rao2005"/>
|-
| '''Neurodegeneration''' || Ethanolic root extract (200–600 mg/kg) || 6-OHDA parkinsonism in rats || Dose-dependent restoration of behavioural deficits || <ref name="ahmad2006"/>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I: 33.</ref>

<ref name="ref2">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, Chandanadi Varga, Verse no. 95, 97, 99, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi.</ref>

<ref name="ref3">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Karpuradi Varga, verse no. 75, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015.</ref>

<ref name="rasheed2010">{{cite journal |last1=Rasheed |first1=A. S. |last2=Venkataraman |first2=S. |last3=Jayaveera |first3=K. N. |last4=Mohammed Fazil |first4=A. |last5=Yasodha |first5=K. J. |last6=Aleem |first6=M. A. |last7=Mohammed |first7=M. |last8=Khaja |first8=Z. |last9=Ushasri |first9=B. |last10=Pradeep |first10=H. A. |last11=Ibrahim |first11=M. |year=2010 |title=Evaluation of toxicological and antioxidant potential of ''Nardostachys jatamansi'' in reversing haloperidol-induced catalepsy in rats |journal=International Journal of General Medicine |volume=3 |pages=127–136 |doi=10.2147/ijgm.s9156}}</ref>

<ref name="prabhu1994">{{cite journal |last1=Prabhu |first1=V. |last2=Karanth |first2=K. S. |last3=Rao |first3=A. |year=1994 |title=Effects of ''Nardostachys jatamansi'' on biogenic amines and inhibitory amino acids in the rat brain |journal=Planta Medica |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=114–117 |doi=10.1055/s-2006-959429}}</ref>

<ref name="dhingra2008">{{cite journal |last1=Dhingra |first1=D. |last2=Goyal |first2=P. K. |year=2008 |title=Inhibition of MAO and GABA: probable mechanisms for antidepressant-like activity of ''Nardostachys jatamansi'' DC. in mice |journal=Indian Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=212–218 |pmid=18512329}}</ref>

<ref name="rao2005">{{cite journal |last1=Rao |first1=V. S. |last2=Rao |first2=A. |last3=Karanth |first3=K. S. |year=2005 |title=Anticonvulsant and neurotoxicity profile of ''Nardostachys jatamansi'' in rats |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=102 |issue=3 |pages=351–356 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7664320_Anticonvulsant_and_neurotoxicity_profile_of_Nardostachys_jatamansi_in_rats}}</ref>

<ref name="ahmad2006">{{cite journal |last1=Ahmad |first1=M. |last2=Yousuf |first2=S. |last3=Khan |first3=M. B. |last4=Hoda |first4=M. N. |last5=Ahmad |first5=A. S. |last6=Ansari |first6=M. A. |last7=Ishrat |first7=T. |last8=Agrawal |first8=A. K. |last9=Islam |first9=F. |year=2006 |title=Attenuation by ''Nardostachys jatamansi'' of 6-hydroxydopamine-induced parkinsonism in rats: behavioral, neurochemical, and immunohistochemical studies |journal=Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior |volume=83 |issue=1 |pages=150–160 |doi=10.1016/j.pbb.2006.01.005}}</ref>
}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Talk:Jatamansi

2026-10-11T09:53:15Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Jatamansi, Nardostachys jatamansi Dc., Spikenard, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Jatamansi (Nardostachys jatamansi Dc.) is widely used in Ayurveda as a premier brain tonic (Medhya), sedative, and anti-stress agent. It helps pacify all three doshas and is traditionally indicated for insomnia, mental disorders, and skin diseases.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

{{Infobox
|title = Jatamansi
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Jatamansi
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nardostachys_jatamansi Nardostachys jatamansi Dc.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Caprifoliaceae
|label4 = Sub Family
|data4 = Valerianaceae
|label5 = Availability
|data5 = Available
|label6 = Contributors
|data6 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label7 = Year of publication
|data7 = 2026
|label8 = Publisher
|data8 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label9 = DOI
|data9 = {{DoiWithLink}}
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nardostachys_jatamansi Nardostachys jatamansi Dc.]''', popularly known as '''Jatamansi''' (Spikenard), is an endangered perennial dwarf, spikenard herb belonging to the family Caprifoliaceae (Valerianaceae). It is highly revered in [[Ayurveda]] as a prominent ''Medhya'' (intellect-promoting) and nerve-calming herb, traditionally utilized for managing mental disorders, sleep disturbances, skin ailments, and neurological imbalance.

==English name ==
Spikenard

==Therapeutic use==
Daha (burning sensation), Kushtha (obstinate skin diseases), Visarpa (acute spreading erysipelas), Manasa roga (mental disorders), Anidra (insomnia)<ref name="ref1"/>

==Other Varieties / Other Botanical names==
* Fedia grandiflora Wall., nom. nud.
* Fedia jatamansi Wall. ex DC.
* Nardostachys chinensis Batalin
* Nardostachys gracilis Kitam.
* Nardostachys grandiflora DC.
* Nardostachys jatamansi C.B.Clarke
* Patrinia jatamansi D.Don
* Valeriana jatamansi D.Don
* Valeriana jatamansi (D.Don) Wall.

==Identification Characters==
* '''Jatila''' – Jatamansi has matted hairs.
* '''Bhutajata''' – Jatamansi has fibers in the rhizomes that appear like matted hairs.
* '''Krishnajata''' – Rhizome of Jatamansi is black in colour.
* '''Mishi''' – Rhizome of Jatamansi is black in colour.
* '''Sulomasha''' – Fibers on rhizome are neatly arranged like a matted hair.
* '''Nalada''' – Rhizome of Jatamansi has agreeable odour.

==Types==
===Raja Nighantu===
Mentioned 3 types<ref name="ref2"/>
# Jatamansi
# Gandhamansi
# Akasamansi

[[File:Nardostachys_jatamansi.jpg|thumb|Jatamansi (Nardostachys jatamansi)]]

== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
In traditional Ayurvedic texts, Jatamansi is classified under ''Tridoshahara'' (pacifying all three doshas) and acts as a premier brain tonic (''medhya''). Possessing bitter (''tikta''), astringent (''kashaya''), and sweet (''madhura'') tastes, cold potency (''sheeta veerya''), and a pungent post-digestion effect (''katu vipaka''), it is widely prescribed for consciousness promotion (''sandnyasthapana'') and mental tranquility.<ref name="ref3"/>

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Mansi, Mamsi, Nalad, Bhutajata, Jatila, Tapasvini

==Additional Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==
Jatamansi<ref name="ref3"/>

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Bitter (tikta), Astringent (kashaya), Sweet (madhura)<ref name="ref3"/>
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Cold (sheeta)<ref name="ref3"/>
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)<ref name="ref3"/>
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Unctuous (snigdha)<ref name="ref3"/>
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify all three doshas (tridoshahara), Brain tonic (medhya)<ref name="ref3"/>
|-
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(48) || Sandnyasthapana mahakashaya (regaining consciousness group of herbs)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/21 || Dhuma varti dravya (used in medicated wick for smoking)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/23 || Vamanartha (for therapeutic emesis)
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267 || As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/87 || Bahyaprayogartha lepa in Kushtha (obstinate skin diseases)
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/34 || Ingredient in Palankashadi taila
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/65 || For lepa, abhyangadi bahyaprayogartha (external applications in massage)
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/78 || Used for shodhanottara (after purification) dhumpana (medicated smoking)
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/69 || As an ingredient of Manahsiladi dhuma
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/33 || Trishna (morbid thirst) & Chhardi (vomiting) shamaka yoga
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/54 || As an ingredient of Mrita sanjivani agada
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/102 || As an ingredient of Ksharagada
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/190 || As an ingredient of Mamsyadi yoga
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/65 || As an ingredient of Trutyadi churna
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/182 || Used in Kaphaja sira shoola for dhoomavarti
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/209 || As an ingredient of Khadiradi gutika
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/234 || Used in Pittaja netraroga
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/153 || As an ingredient of Bala taila
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/158 || As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila
|-
|}

==Dose==
* Powder form: 2–3 g<ref name="ref1"/>
* Decoction form: 5–10 g<ref name="ref1"/>

==Important formulations==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="ref1"/>
* Jatamamsi arka

== Current availability==
Available
* '''In India –''' High alpine and sub-alpine Himalayan ranges of India (Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Uttarakhand).
* '''Out of India –''' Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Nepal.

== Phytoconstituents ==
The roots of ''Nardostachys jatamansi'' are reported to contain sesquiterpenes (jatamansic acid and jatamansone), lignans and neolignans, and the rhizomes contain the terpenoid ester nardostachysin I. Phytochemical analysis of an aqueous root extract showed sterols, carbohydrates, terpenes, phenols, gums and mucilage, and chromatographic comparison with a jatamansone standard confirmed the presence of terpenoids.<ref name="rasheed2010"/>

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==

=== Neurochemical Action (''Medhya'') ===
Jatamansi is classified in Ayurveda as a ''Medhya'' (brain tonic) drug, and its effect on brain neurochemistry has been studied in rats.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' An alcoholic root extract given orally raised brain serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and increased GABA and taurine levels in male Wistar rats. After 15 days of treatment the levels of norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and GABA were all increased. The authors concluded that the extract causes an overall increase in central monoamines and inhibitory amino acids.<ref name="prabhu1994"/>

=== Antidepressant-like Action ===
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' An ethanolic root extract (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg orally for 14 days) produced a significant antidepressant-like effect in mice in the tail suspension and forced swim tests. The effect was comparable to imipramine and sertraline, and the extract did not change locomotor activity.<ref name="dhingra2008"/>
* '''Mechanism:''' The extract decreased whole-brain MAO-A and MAO-B activity, and its effect was reversed by the GABA-B agonist baclofen. The authors suggested that MAO inhibition and interaction with GABA-B receptors are involved.<ref name="dhingra2008"/>

=== Anticonvulsant Action ===
Jatamansi is associated in Ayurveda with ''Sandnyasthapana'' (restoration of consciousness) and has been tested in seizure models.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' An ethanol extract of the roots significantly raised the seizure threshold in the maximal electroshock model in rats, with minimal neurotoxicity at those doses, but it was ineffective against pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures. In combination with phenytoin, 50 mg/kg of the extract raised the protective index of phenytoin from 3.63 to 13.18.<ref name="rao2005"/>

=== Neuroprotective Action ===
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Rats pre-treated for three weeks with an ethanolic root extract (200, 400 and 600 mg/kg) before an intrastriatal 6-hydroxydopamine lesion showed a dose-dependent restoration of the increased drug-induced rotations and the locomotor deficits. The authors concluded that Jatamansi may help in attenuating parkinsonism.<ref name="ahmad2006"/>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Acute and repeated-dose toxicity (animal study):''' An aqueous root extract showed an oral LD50 above 5000 mg/kg in rats. Given at 1000 mg/kg daily for 28 days, it caused no significant change in haematological parameters and no change in the architecture of the liver, kidney or brain.<ref name="rasheed2010"/>
* '''Precautions:''' Use under the guidance of a qualified Ayurveda physician, particularly during pregnancy and lactation, in chronic conditions, or when taking conventional medicines.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Rhizome powder (churna):'' 2–3 g<ref name="ref1"/>
** ''Decoction (kwatha):'' 5–10 g of drug<ref name="ref1"/>

== Research Gaps ==
The pharmacological evidence for Jatamansi summarised above comes from studies in rodents. Clinical efficacy and safety in humans remain to be established through well-designed clinical trials.

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Experimental evidence for ''Nardostachys jatamansi''
! Indication !! Preparation studied !! Model !! Principal finding !! Reference
|-
| '''Brain tonic / Medhya''' || Alcoholic root extract || Wistar rats || Increased brain monoamines and inhibitory amino acids (GABA, taurine) || <ref name="prabhu1994"/>
|-
| '''Mental disorders / Manasa roga''' || Ethanolic root extract (100–400 mg/kg) || Mice (tail suspension and forced swim tests) || Antidepressant-like effect; reduced MAO-A and MAO-B activity || <ref name="dhingra2008"/>
|-
| '''Convulsions / Sandnyasthapana''' || Ethanol root extract || Rats (MES and PTZ models) || Raised seizure threshold in MES model; no effect against PTZ || <ref name="rao2005"/>
|-
| '''Neurodegeneration''' || Ethanolic root extract (200–600 mg/kg) || 6-OHDA parkinsonism in rats || Dose-dependent restoration of behavioural deficits || <ref name="ahmad2006"/>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I: 33.</ref>

<ref name="ref2">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, Chandanadi Varga, Verse no. 95, 97, 99, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi.</ref>

<ref name="ref3">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Karpuradi Varga, verse no. 75, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015.</ref>

<ref name="rasheed2010">{{cite journal |last1=Rasheed |first1=A. S. |last2=Venkataraman |first2=S. |last3=Jayaveera |first3=K. N. |last4=Mohammed Fazil |first4=A. |last5=Yasodha |first5=K. J. |last6=Aleem |first6=M. A. |last7=Mohammed |first7=M. |last8=Khaja |first8=Z. |last9=Ushasri |first9=B. |last10=Pradeep |first10=H. A. |last11=Ibrahim |first11=M. |year=2010 |title=Evaluation of toxicological and antioxidant potential of ''Nardostachys jatamansi'' in reversing haloperidol-induced catalepsy in rats |journal=International Journal of General Medicine |volume=3 |pages=127–136 |doi=10.2147/ijgm.s9156}}</ref>

<ref name="prabhu1994">{{cite journal |last1=Prabhu |first1=V. |last2=Karanth |first2=K. S. |last3=Rao |first3=A. |year=1994 |title=Effects of ''Nardostachys jatamansi'' on biogenic amines and inhibitory amino acids in the rat brain |journal=Planta Medica |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=114–117 |doi=10.1055/s-2006-959429}}</ref>

<ref name="dhingra2008">{{cite journal |last1=Dhingra |first1=D. |last2=Goyal |first2=P. K. |year=2008 |title=Inhibition of MAO and GABA: probable mechanisms for antidepressant-like activity of ''Nardostachys jatamansi'' DC. in mice |journal=Indian Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=212–218 |pmid=18512329}}</ref>

<ref name="rao2005">{{cite journal |last1=Rao |first1=V. S. |last2=Rao |first2=A. |last3=Karanth |first3=K. S. |year=2005 |title=Anticonvulsant and neurotoxicity profile of ''Nardostachys jatamansi'' in rats |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=102 |issue=3 |pages=351–356 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2005.06.030}}</ref>

<ref name="ahmad2006">{{cite journal |last1=Ahmad |first1=M. |last2=Yousuf |first2=S. |last3=Khan |first3=M. B. |last4=Hoda |first4=M. N. |last5=Ahmad |first5=A. S. |last6=Ansari |first6=M. A. |last7=Ishrat |first7=T. |last8=Agrawal |first8=A. K. |last9=Islam |first9=F. |year=2006 |title=Attenuation by ''Nardostachys jatamansi'' of 6-hydroxydopamine-induced parkinsonism in rats: behavioral, neurochemical, and immunohistochemical studies |journal=Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior |volume=83 |issue=1 |pages=150–160 |doi=10.1016/j.pbb.2006.01.005}}</ref>
}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Talk:Jatamansi

2026-10-11T09:47:17Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Jatamansi, Nardostachys jatamansi Dc., Spikenard, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Jatamansi (Nardostachys jatamansi Dc.) is widely used in Ayurveda as a premier brain tonic (Medhya), sedative, and anti-stress agent. It helps pacify all three doshas and is traditionally indicated for insomnia, mental disorders, and skin diseases.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

{{Infobox
|title = Jatamansi
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Jatamansi
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nardostachys_jatamansi Nardostachys jatamansi Dc.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Caprifoliaceae
|label4 = Sub Family
|data4 = Valerianaceae
|label5 = Availability
|data5 = Available
|label6 = Contributors
|data6 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label7 = Year of publication
|data7 = 2026
|label8 = Publisher
|data8 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label9 = DOI
|data9 = {{DoiWithLink}}
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nardostachys_jatamansi Nardostachys jatamansi Dc.]''', popularly known as '''Jatamansi''' (Spikenard), is an endangered perennial dwarf, spikenard herb belonging to the family Caprifoliaceae (Valerianaceae). It is highly revered in [[Ayurveda]] as a prominent ''Medhya'' (intellect-promoting) and nerve-calming herb, traditionally utilized for managing mental disorders, sleep disturbances, skin ailments, and neurological imbalance.

==English name ==
Spikenard

==Therapeutic use==
Daha (burning sensation), Kushtha (obstinate skin diseases), Visarpa (acute spreading erysipelas), Manasa roga (mental disorders), Anidra (insomnia)<ref name="ref1"/>

==Other Varieties / Other Botanical names==
* Fedia grandiflora Wall., nom. nud.
* Fedia jatamansi Wall. ex DC.
* Nardostachys chinensis Batalin
* Nardostachys gracilis Kitam.
* Nardostachys grandiflora DC.
* Nardostachys jatamansi C.B.Clarke
* Patrinia jatamansi D.Don
* Valeriana jatamansi D.Don
* Valeriana jatamansi (D.Don) Wall.

==Identification Characters==
* '''Jatila''' – Jatamansi has matted hairs.
* '''Bhutajata''' – Jatamansi has fibers in the rhizomes that appear like matted hairs.
* '''Krishnajata''' – Rhizome of Jatamansi is black in colour.
* '''Mishi''' – Rhizome of Jatamansi is black in colour.
* '''Sulomasha''' – Fibers on rhizome are neatly arranged like a matted hair.
* '''Nalada''' – Rhizome of Jatamansi has agreeable odour.

==Types==
===Raja Nighantu===
Mentioned 3 types<ref name="ref2"/>
# Jatamansi
# Gandhamansi
# Akasamansi

[[File:Nardostachys_jatamansi.jpg|thumb|Jatamansi (Nardostachys jatamansi)]]

== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
In traditional Ayurvedic texts, Jatamansi is classified under ''Tridoshahara'' (pacifying all three doshas) and acts as a premier brain tonic (''medhya''). Possessing bitter (''tikta''), astringent (''kashaya''), and sweet (''madhura'') tastes, cold potency (''sheeta veerya''), and a pungent post-digestion effect (''katu vipaka''), it is widely prescribed for consciousness promotion (''sandnyasthapana'') and mental tranquility.<ref name="ref3"/>

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Mansi, Mamsi, Nalad, Bhutajata, Jatila, Tapasvini

==Additional Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==
Jatamansi<ref name="ref3"/>

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Bitter (tikta), Astringent (kashaya), Sweet (madhura)<ref name="ref3"/>
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Cold (sheeta)<ref name="ref3"/>
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)<ref name="ref3"/>
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Unctuous (snigdha)<ref name="ref3"/>
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify all three doshas (tridoshahara), Brain tonic (medhya)<ref name="ref3"/>
|-
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(48) || Sandnyasthapana mahakashaya (regaining consciousness group of herbs)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/21 || Dhuma varti dravya (used in medicated wick for smoking)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/23 || Vamanartha (for therapeutic emesis)
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267 || As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/87 || Bahyaprayogartha lepa in Kushtha (obstinate skin diseases)
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/34 || Ingredient in Palankashadi taila
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/65 || For lepa, abhyangadi bahyaprayogartha (external applications in massage)
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/78 || Used for shodhanottara (after purification) dhumpana (medicated smoking)
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/69 || As an ingredient of Manahsiladi dhuma
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/33 || Trishna (morbid thirst) & Chhardi (vomiting) shamaka yoga
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/54 || As an ingredient of Mrita sanjivani agada
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/102 || As an ingredient of Ksharagada
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/190 || As an ingredient of Mamsyadi yoga
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/65 || As an ingredient of Trutyadi churna
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/182 || Used in Kaphaja sira shoola for dhoomavarti
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/209 || As an ingredient of Khadiradi gutika
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/234 || Used in Pittaja netraroga
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/153 || As an ingredient of Bala taila
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/158 || As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila
|-
|}

==Dose==
* Powder form: 2–3 g<ref name="ref1"/>
* Decoction form: 5–10 g<ref name="ref1"/>

==Important formulations==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="ref1"/>
* Jatamamsi arka

== Current availability==
Available
* '''In India –''' High alpine and sub-alpine Himalayan ranges of India (Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Uttarakhand).
* '''Out of India –''' Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Nepal.

== Phytoconstituents ==
The roots of ''Nardostachys jatamansi'' are reported to contain sesquiterpenes (jatamansic acid and jatamansone), lignans and neolignans, and the rhizomes contain the terpenoid ester nardostachysin I. Phytochemical analysis of an aqueous root extract showed sterols, carbohydrates, terpenes, phenols, gums and mucilage, and chromatographic comparison with a jatamansone standard confirmed the presence of terpenoids.<ref name="rasheed2010"/>

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==

=== Neurochemical Action (''Medhya'') ===
Jatamansi is classified in Ayurveda as a ''Medhya'' (brain tonic) drug, and its effect on brain neurochemistry has been studied in rats.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' An alcoholic root extract given orally raised brain serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and increased GABA and taurine levels in male Wistar rats. After 15 days of treatment the levels of norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and GABA were all increased. The authors concluded that the extract causes an overall increase in central monoamines and inhibitory amino acids.<ref name="prabhu1994"/>

=== Antidepressant-like Action ===
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' An ethanolic root extract (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg orally for 14 days) produced a significant antidepressant-like effect in mice in the tail suspension and forced swim tests. The effect was comparable to imipramine and sertraline, and the extract did not change locomotor activity.<ref name="dhingra2008"/>
* '''Mechanism:''' The extract decreased whole-brain MAO-A and MAO-B activity, and its effect was reversed by the GABA-B agonist baclofen. The authors suggested that MAO inhibition and interaction with GABA-B receptors are involved.<ref name="dhingra2008"/>

=== Anticonvulsant Action ===
Jatamansi is associated in Ayurveda with ''Sandnyasthapana'' (restoration of consciousness) and has been tested in seizure models.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' An ethanol extract of the roots significantly raised the seizure threshold in the maximal electroshock model in rats, with minimal neurotoxicity at those doses, but it was ineffective against pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures. In combination with phenytoin, 50 mg/kg of the extract raised the protective index of phenytoin from 3.63 to 13.18.<ref name="rao2005"/>

=== Neuroprotective Action ===
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Rats pre-treated for three weeks with an ethanolic root extract (200, 400 and 600 mg/kg) before an intrastriatal 6-hydroxydopamine lesion showed a dose-dependent restoration of the increased drug-induced rotations and the locomotor deficits. The authors concluded that Jatamansi may help in attenuating parkinsonism.<ref name="ahmad2006"/>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Acute and repeated-dose toxicity (animal study):''' An aqueous root extract showed an oral LD50 above 5000 mg/kg in rats. Given at 1000 mg/kg daily for 28 days, it caused no significant change in haematological parameters and no change in the architecture of the liver, kidney or brain.<ref name="rasheed2010"/>
* '''Precautions:''' Use under the guidance of a qualified Ayurveda physician, particularly during pregnancy and lactation, in chronic conditions, or when taking conventional medicines.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Rhizome powder (churna):'' 2–3 g<ref name="ref1"/>
** ''Decoction (kwatha):'' 5–10 g of drug<ref name="ref1"/>

== Research Gaps ==
The pharmacological evidence for Jatamansi summarised above comes from studies in rodents. Clinical efficacy and safety in humans remain to be established through well-designed clinical trials.

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Experimental evidence for ''Nardostachys jatamansi''
! Indication !! Preparation studied !! Model !! Principal finding !! Reference
|-
| '''Brain tonic / Medhya''' || Alcoholic root extract || Wistar rats || Increased brain monoamines and inhibitory amino acids (GABA, taurine) || <ref name="prabhu1994"/>
|-
| '''Mental disorders / Manasa roga''' || Ethanolic root extract (100–400 mg/kg) || Mice (tail suspension and forced swim tests) || Antidepressant-like effect; reduced MAO-A and MAO-B activity || <ref name="dhingra2008"/>
|-
| '''Convulsions / Sandnyasthapana''' || Ethanol root extract || Rats (MES and PTZ models) || Raised seizure threshold in MES model; no effect against PTZ || <ref name="rao2005"/>
|-
| '''Neurodegeneration''' || Ethanolic root extract (200–600 mg/kg) || 6-OHDA parkinsonism in rats || Dose-dependent restoration of behavioural deficits || <ref name="ahmad2006"/>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I: 33.</ref>
<ref name="ref2">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, Chandanadi Varga, Verse no. 95, 97, 99, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi.</ref>
<ref name="ref3">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Karpuradi Varga, verse no. 75, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015.</ref>
<ref name="rasheed2010">{{cite journal |last1=Rasheed |first1=A. S. |last2=Venkataraman |first2=S. |last3=Jayaveera |first3=K. N. |last4=Mohammed Fazil |first4=A. |last5=Yasodha |first5=K. J. |last6=Aleem |first6=M. A. |last7=Mohammed |first7=M. |last8=Khaja |first8=Z. |last9=Ushasri |first9=B. |last10=Pradeep |first10=H. A. |last11=Ibrahim |first11=M. |year=2010 |title=Evaluation of toxicological and antioxidant potential of ''Nardostachys jatamansi'' in reversing haloperidol-induced catalepsy in rats |journal=International Journal of General Medicine |volume=3 |pages=127–136 |doi=10.2147/ijgm.s9156}}</ref>
<ref name="prabhu1994">{{cite journal |last1=Prabhu |first1=V. |last2=Karanth |first2=K. S. |last3=Rao |first3=A. |year=1994 |title=Effects of ''Nardostachys jatamansi'' on biogenic amines and inhibitory amino acids in the rat brain |journal=Planta Medica |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=114–117 |doi=10.1055/s-2006-959429}}</ref>
<ref name="dhingra2008">{{cite journal |last1=Dhingra |first1=D. |last2=Goyal |first2=P. K. |year=2008 |title=Inhibition of MAO and GABA: probable mechanisms for antidepressant-like activity of ''Nardostachys jatamansi'' DC. in mice |journal=Indian Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=212–218 |pmid=18512329}}</ref>
<ref name="rao2005">{{cite journal |last1=Rao |first1=V. S. |last2=Rao |first2=A. |last3=Karanth |first3=K. S. |year=2005 |title=Anticonvulsant and neurotoxicity profile of ''Nardostachys jatamansi'' in rats |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=102 |issue=3 |pages=351–356}}</ref>
<ref name="ahmad2006">{{cite journal |last1=Ahmad |first1=M. |last2=Yousuf |first2=S. |last3=Khan |first3=M. B. |last4=Hoda |first4=M. N. |last5=Ahmad |first5=A. S. |last6=Ansari |first6=M. A. |last7=Ishrat |first7=T. |last8=Agrawal |first8=A. K. |last9=Islam |first9=F. |year=2006 |title=Attenuation by ''Nardostachys jatamansi'' of 6-hydroxydopamine-induced parkinsonism in rats: behavioral, neurochemical, and immunohistochemical studies |journal=Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior |volume=83 |issue=1 |pages=150–160 |doi=10.1016/j.pbb.2006.01.005}}</ref>
}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Talk:Mandukaparni

2026-10-11T09:38:04Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Mandukaparni, Hydrocotyle asiatica L., Centella asiatica, Gotu kola, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Mandukaparni (Hydrocotyle asiatica L. / Centella asiatica) is widely used in Ayurveda as a premier brain tonic (Medhya) and Rejuvenative (Rasayana). It is traditionally indicated for skin disorders, cognitive enhancement, and blood purification.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

{{Infobox
|title = Mandukaparni
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Mandukaparni
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centella_asiatica Hydrocotyle asiatica L.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Apiaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centella_asiatica Hydrocotyle asiatica L.]''' (syn. ''Centella asiatica'' (L.) Urb.), popularly known as '''Mandukaparni''' (Gotu Kola), is a small, herbaceous, creeping plant belonging to the family Apiaceae. It is highly revered in [[Ayurveda]] as a potent ''Medhya'' (intellect-promoting) drug and ''Rasayana'' (rejuvenative), traditionally utilized for enhancing cognitive functions, supporting neurological health, and purifying the blood.

==English name==
Gotu kola, Indian pennywort

==Therapeutic uses==
Sotha (oedema), Aruchi (anorexia), Jwara (fever), Kasa (cough), Kandu (itching), Kustha (skin disease), Raktapitta (bleeding disorder), Meha (urinary disorders), Swasa (dyspnea), Pandu (anemia), Raktadosha (blood vitiation)<ref name="ref1"/>

==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Somavalli, Divya (Mandukaparni is appreciated by all owing to its extraordinary qualities), Mahoushadhi (it is one among the best medicinal plants)

==Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==
Manduki (Mandukaparni has a runner and growth pattern resembling how a frog jumps), Tvaastri (Mandukaparni is believed to be an abode of Goddess Lakshmi)<ref name="ref2"/>

==Other varieties==
* Centella asiatica
* Trisanthus cochinchinensis

== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
In traditional Ayurvedic texts, Mandukaparni is classified under ''Vayasthapana'' (anti-ageing) and ''Tikta Skandha'' (group of bitter drugs). It possesses a bitter taste (''tikta rasa''), cold potency (''sheeta veerya''), sweet post-digestion effect (''madhura vipaka''), and light qualities (''laghu guna''). It acts primarily as a brain tonic (''medhya'') and pacifies Kapha and Pitta doshas.<ref name="ref2"/>

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Bitter (tikta)<ref name="ref2"/>
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Cold (sheeta)<ref name="ref2"/>
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura)<ref name="ref2"/>
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]]) || Light (laghu)<ref name="ref2"/>
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify Kapha and Pitta, Brain tonic (medhya)<ref name="ref2"/>
|-
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(50) || Vayasthapana mahakashaya (anti-ageing group of herbs)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/95 || In Shaka varga (class of vegetables)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/143 || Tikta skandha (group of bitter drugs)
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/41 || As an ingredient for procedure to remove placenta post-delivery
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/58 || In formulation of Dwitiya brahma rasayana
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/3/30 || Ekala rasayana dravya (single rejuvenative drug)
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/92 || As a Vardhamana rasayana prayoga
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/181 || In treatment of Sannipatodara (after visha prayoga)
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/225 || As a pathya ahara (wholesome diet)
|-
|}

==Dose==
* Powder form: 3–6 g<ref name="ref1"/>

==Important formulation==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="ref1"/>
* Brahma rasayana

==Current availability ==
Available
* '''India –''' Distributed throughout India, mostly found growing wild in moist and damp marshy areas.

== Phytoconstituents ==
The active constituents of ''Centella asiatica'' are pentacyclic triterpene derivatives, chiefly the asiaticosides and madecassosides, which have been the focus of most chemical and pharmacological investigation of the plant.<ref name="brinkhaus2000"/>

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==

=== Cognitive Function and Mood (''Medhya'') ===
Mandukaparni is classified in Ayurveda as a ''Medhya'' (intellect-promoting) drug, and its effect on cognition has been tested in a human trial.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 28 healthy elderly volunteers received a ''Centella asiatica'' extract at 250, 500 or 750 mg once daily for 2 months. The high dose improved working memory and increased the N100 amplitude of the event-related potential, and self-rated mood also improved.<ref name="wattanathorn2008"/>

=== Wound Healing and Skin (''Kustha'') ===
The traditional use of Mandukaparni in skin disease and tissue repair has been examined with its main triterpene glycoside, asiaticoside.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Topical 0.2% asiaticoside in guinea pig punch wounds increased hydroxyproline by 56% and tensile strength by 57%, and gave higher collagen content and better epithelialisation. In streptozotocin-diabetic rats with delayed healing, 0.4% asiaticoside improved the same parameters. It was also active orally at 1 mg/kg in guinea pigs.<ref name="shukla1999"/>
* '''Mechanism:''' Asiaticoside promoted angiogenesis in the chick chorioallantoic membrane model at 40 µg/disk.<ref name="shukla1999"/>

=== Anxiolytic Action ===
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 40 healthy volunteers (20 per group), a single 12 g oral dose of Gotu Kola significantly reduced the peak acoustic startle response at 30 and 60 minutes compared with placebo. It had no significant effect on self-rated mood, heart rate or blood pressure. The authors described the findings as preliminary evidence of anxiolytic activity.<ref name="bradwejn2000"/>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Acute toxicity (animal study):''' A single oral dose of 10 g/kg of a standardized ''Centella asiatica'' extract (ECa 233) given to mice caused no toxic signs and no deaths during the observation period.<ref name="chivapat2011"/>
* '''Precautions:''' Use under the guidance of a qualified Ayurveda physician, particularly in chronic conditions or when taking conventional medicines.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:''' Whole plant powder (churna) 3–6 g daily or as directed by an Ayurveda physician.<ref name="ref1"/>

== Research Gaps ==
Centella asiatica has been investigated more extensively than most medicinal plants, with clinical evidence mainly for venous insufficiency, striae gravidarum and wound healing disturbances. Clinical studies on its sedative, analgesic, antidepressive, antimicrobial, antiviral and immunomodulatory effects, which have been shown experimentally, are still lacking.<ref name="brinkhaus2000"/>

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Experimental evidence for ''Centella asiatica''
! Indication !! Preparation studied !! Model !! Principal finding !! Reference
|-
| '''Cognitive function / Medhya''' || Plant extract (250–750 mg/day) || Healthy elderly volunteers (RCT, 2 months) || Improved working memory and self-rated mood at the high dose || <ref name="wattanathorn2008"/>
|-
| '''Wounds & skin diseases / Kustha''' || Asiaticoside (topical and oral) || Guinea pig and diabetic rat wounds || Higher hydroxyproline, tensile strength, collagen and epithelialisation || <ref name="shukla1999"/>
|-
| '''Anxiety / stress''' || Gotu Kola, single 12 g oral dose || Healthy volunteers (RCT) || Reduced acoustic startle response || <ref name="bradwejn2000"/>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 4: 29.</ref>
<ref name="ref2">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no. 160, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020.</ref>
<ref name="brinkhaus2000">{{cite journal |last1=Brinkhaus |first1=B. |last2=Lindner |first2=M. |last3=Schuppan |first3=D. |last4=Hahn |first4=E. G. |year=2000 |title=Chemical, pharmacological and clinical profile of the East Asian medical plant ''Centella asiatica'' |journal=Phytomedicine |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=427–448 |pmid=11081995}}</ref>
<ref name="wattanathorn2008">{{cite journal |last1=Wattanathorn |first1=J. |last2=Mator |first2=L. |last3=Muchimapura |first3=S. |last4=Tongun |first4=T. |last5=Pasuriwong |first5=O. |last6=Piyawatkul |first6=N. |last7=Yimtae |first7=K. |last8=Sripanidkulchai |first8=B. |last9=Singkhoraard |first9=J. |year=2008 |title=Positive modulation of cognition and mood in the healthy elderly volunteer following the administration of ''Centella asiatica'' |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=116 |issue=2 |pages=325–332}}</ref>
<ref name="shukla1999">{{cite journal |last1=Shukla |first1=A. |last2=Rasik |first2=A. M. |last3=Jain |first3=G. K. |last4=Shankar |first4=R. |last5=Kulshrestha |first5=D. K. |last6=Dhawan |first6=B. N. |year=1999 |title=In vitro and in vivo wound healing activity of asiaticoside isolated from ''Centella asiatica'' |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1016/s0378-8741(98)00141-x |pmid=10350364}}</ref>
<ref name="bradwejn2000">{{cite journal |last1=Bradwejn |first1=J. |last2=Zhou |first2=Y. |last3=Koszycki |first3=D. |last4=Shlik |first4=J. |year=2000 |title=A double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the effects of Gotu Kola (''Centella asiatica'') on acoustic startle response in healthy subjects |journal=Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology |volume=20 |issue=6 |pages=680–684 |doi=10.1097/00004714-200012000-00015 |pmid=11106141}}</ref>
<ref name="chivapat2011">{{cite journal |last1=Chivapat |first1=S. |last2=Chavalittumrong |first2=P. |last3=Tantisira |first3=M. H. |year=2011 |title=Acute and sub-chronic toxicity studies of a standardized extract of ''Centella asiatica'' ECa 233 |journal=Thai Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=55–64 |doi=10.56808/3027-7922.2152}}</ref>
}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Talk:Bhrungaraja

2026-10-11T09:30:13Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Bhrungaraja, Eclipta prostrata Linn, False daisy, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Bhrungaraja (Eclipta prostrata Linn.) is widely used in Ayurveda for liver disorders, hair care, and respiratory ailments. It acts as a rejuvenative (Rasayana) and balances Vata and Kapha doshas.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

{{Infobox
|title = Bhrungaraja
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Bhrungaraja
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipta_prostrata Eclipta prostrata Linn.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Asteraceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipta_prostrata Eclipta prostrata Linn.]''' (syn. ''Eclipta alba'' (Linn.) Hassk.), popularly known as '''Bhrungaraja''' (False Daisy), is a small, branched, annual herb belonging to the family Asteraceae. It is highly revered in [[Ayurveda]] as a primary ''Rasayana'' (rejuvenative) and ''Kesya'' (hair-promoting) drug, traditionally utilized for managing liver disorders, hair loss, and respiratory conditions.

==English name ==
False daisy, Yerba de tago

==Therapeutic uses==
Sotha (oedema), Svasa (dyspnea), Kasa (cough), Pandu (anemia), Yakrutaroga (liver disease), Krumiroga (worms), Shirahashoola (headache), Hridroga (heart disease)<ref name="ref1"/>

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Bhrungaraja

==Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==
Bhrungarajo, Markava (prevents premature greying of hair), Bhrunga, Angaraka, Kesharaja (good effect on hair), Kesharanjana, Bhrungara<ref name="ref2"/>

==Varieties==
===Raja Nighantu===
Mentioned 3 types<ref name="ref3"/>
# Sweta (White)
# Pita (Yellow)
# Nila (Blue)

== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
In traditional Ayurvedic therapeutics, Bhrungaraja is classified as a potent ''Rasayana'' with pungent (''katu'') and bitter (''tikta'') tastes, hot potency (''ushna veerya''), and dry/sharp qualities (''ruksha, tikshna guna''). It acts as a ''kaphahara'', ''vatahara'', ''amahara'', ''kesya'', and ''chakshushya'' agent, holding a supreme reputation for nourishing hair, supporting liver detoxification, and improving vitality.<ref name="ref2"/>

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Pungent (katu), Bitter (tikta)<ref name="ref2"/>
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)<ref name="ref2"/>
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)<ref name="ref2"/>
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Dry (ruksha), Sharp (tikshna)<ref name="ref2"/>
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Balya, kaphahara, vatahara, amahara, rasayana, kesya, chakshushya, vishahara<ref name="ref2"/>
|-
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/25 || Vamanartha (for therapeutic emesis)
|-
|}

==Dose==
* Juice form: 3–6 ml<ref name="ref1"/>

==Important formulations==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="ref1"/>
* Bhrungamalakadi taila
* Bhrungaraja taila
* Bhrungarajasava

== Current availability==
Available
* '''In India –''' Found throughout India, particularly growing abundantly in damp situations across Karnataka, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, and Maharashtra<ref name="ref1"/>.

== Phytoconstituents ==
The coumestans wedelolactone and demethylwedelolactone are regarded as the main active principles behind the liver-protective action of ''Eclipta prostrata''.<ref name="wagner1986"/> The plant also contains flavonoids (such as luteolin, luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucoside and apigenin), phenolic acids (such as protocatechuic acid and caffeic acid), triterpenoid saponins and triterpenes (such as eclalbasaponins, echinocystic acid and oleanolic acid), sterols (β-sitosterol and stigmasterol), steroidal alkaloids of the verazine type, and thiophene derivatives (such as α-terthienylmethanol).<ref name="timalsina2021"/>

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==

=== Hepatoprotective Action (''Yakrutaroga'') ===
Bhrungaraja is the best-known drug in Ayurveda for liver disorders, and its hepatoprotective action has been tested in experimental liver injury models.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' An alcoholic extract of freshly collected ''Eclipta alba'' showed dose-dependent, significant protection against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in rats and mice. The protection was assessed through hexobarbitone-induced sleep time, zoxazolamine-induced paralysis time, bromosulphalein clearance, and serum levels of transaminases, bilirubin and protein.<ref name="singh1993"/>

=== Hair Growth Promotion (''Kesya'') ===
The classical description of Bhrungaraja as ''Kesya'' is supported by animal studies on hair growth.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Petroleum ether and ethanol extracts, applied topically as a cream on shaved skin of albino rats, halved the time for hair growth to start and shortened the time for complete hair growth. The 5% petroleum ether extract gave more follicles in the anagen phase (69 ± 4) than the control (47 ± 13), and the 2% and 5% petroleum ether extracts performed better than 2% minoxidil.<ref name="roy2008"/>
* '''Mechanism:''' In C57BL/6N mice, an oral methanol extract of ''Eclipta prostrata'' enhanced the induction of anagen, increased FGF-7 expression and decreased FGF-5 expression. In human dermal papilla cells the extract also increased FGF-7 and activated mTOR signalling.<ref name="lee2019"/>

=== Wound Healing ===
Traditional local use of the leaves on wounds has been examined in rats.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' An ethanolic leaf extract at two dose levels (150 and 300 mg/kg) was tested in incision, excision and dead-space wound models. Treated rats showed higher skin breaking strength, granuloma breaking strength, wound contraction, hydroxyproline content and dry granuloma weight, together with a shorter epithelialisation period.<ref name="sharma2008"/>
* '''Mechanism:''' Granuloma tissue from treated rats had higher levels of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase, and histology showed more collagen deposition. The authors attributed the effect to free radical scavenging and improved collagen formation.<ref name="sharma2008"/>

== Safety and Toxicity ==
* '''Oral toxicity (animal study):''' An alcoholic extract of ''Eclipta alba'' given by gavage to rats at 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 mg/kg for 15 days produced no signs of toxicity, no significant change in body weight, and no significant change in liver (ALT, AST, ALP, bilirubin) or kidney (creatinine, BUN) markers.<ref name="yadav2017"/>
* '''Standard therapeutic dose:''' Fresh leaf juice (swarasa) 3–6 ml.<ref name="ref1"/>
* '''Precautions:''' Use under the guidance of a qualified Ayurveda physician, particularly in chronic conditions or when taking conventional medicines. Medicated oils and decoctions are to be used as directed by the physician.

== Research Gaps ==
Most of the pharmacological evidence for Bhrungaraja comes from in vitro and animal studies. Detailed mechanism studies and properly designed clinical studies are still needed to establish its safety and efficacy in humans.<ref name="timalsina2021"/>

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Experimental evidence for ''Eclipta prostrata''
! Indication !! Preparation studied !! Model !! Principal finding !! Reference
|-
| '''Liver disorders / Yakrutaroga''' || Alcoholic extract || CCl4-induced liver injury, rats and mice || Dose-dependent hepatoprotection; improved serum transaminases, bilirubin and protein || <ref name="singh1993"/>
|-
| '''Hair loss / Alopecia''' || Petroleum ether and ethanol extracts (topical cream) || Albino rats || Earlier onset and completion of hair growth; more anagen follicles || <ref name="roy2008"/>
|-
| '''Wounds / Vrana''' || Ethanolic leaf extract || Incision, excision and dead-space wounds in rats || Faster contraction and epithelialisation; higher collagen content || <ref name="sharma2008"/>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2: 10.</ref>
<ref name="ref2">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Guduchyadi Varga, verse no. 239, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020.</ref>
<ref name="ref3">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raja Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, ed. 2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, Shatavhadi Varga.</ref>
<ref name="timalsina2021">{{cite journal |last1=Timalsina |first1=D. |last2=Devkota |first2=H. P. |year=2021 |title=''Eclipta prostrata'' (L.) L. (Asteraceae): Ethnomedicinal uses, chemical constituents, and biological activities |journal=Biomolecules |volume=11 |issue=11 |pages=1738 |doi=10.3390/biom11111738 |pmid=34827736}}</ref>
<ref name="wagner1986">{{cite journal |last1=Wagner |first1=H. |last2=Geyer |first2=B. |last3=Kiso |first3=Y. |last4=Hikino |first4=H. |last5=Rao |first5=G. S. |year=1986 |title=Coumestans as the main active principles of the liver drugs ''Eclipta alba'' and ''Wedelia calendulacea'' |journal=Planta Medica |volume=52 |issue=5 |pages=370–374 |doi=10.1055/s-2007-969188 |pmid=3797500}}</ref>
<ref name="singh1993">{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=B. |last2=Saxena |first2=A. K. |last3=Chandan |first3=B. K. |last4=Agarwal |first4=S. G. |last5=Bhatia |first5=M. S. |last6=Anand |first6=K. K. |year=1993 |title=Hepatoprotective effect of ethanolic extract of ''Eclipta alba'' on experimental liver damage in rats and mice |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=154–158 |doi=10.1002/ptr.2650070212}}</ref>
<ref name="roy2008">{{cite journal |last1=Roy |first1=R. K. |last2=Thakur |first2=M. |last3=Dixit |first3=V. K. |year=2008 |title=Hair growth promoting activity of ''Eclipta alba'' in male albino rats |journal=Archives of Dermatological Research |volume=300 |issue=7 |pages=357–364 |doi=10.1007/s00403-008-0860-3 |pmid=18478241}}</ref>
<ref name="lee2019">{{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=K. H. |last2=Choi |first2=D. |last3=Jeong |first3=S. I. |last4=Kim |first4=S. J. |last5=Lee |first5=C. H. |last6=Seo |first6=H. S. |last7=Jeong |first7=H. S. |year=2019 |title=''Eclipta prostrata'' promotes the induction of anagen, sustains the anagen phase through regulation of FGF-7 and FGF-5 |journal=Pharmaceutical Biology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=105–111 |doi=10.1080/13880209.2018.1561729 |pmid=30757935}}</ref>
<ref name="sharma2008">{{cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=S. |last2=Sikarwar |first2=M. S. |year=2008 |title=Wound healing activity of ethanolic extract of leaves of ''Eclipta alba'' |journal=Pharmacognosy Magazine |volume=4 |issue=13 (Suppl) |pages=108–111}}</ref>
<ref name="yadav2017">{{cite journal |last1=Yadav |first1=N. K. |last2=Arya |first2=R. K. |last3=Dev |first3=K. |last4=Sharma |first4=C. |last5=Hossain |first5=Z. |last6=Meena |first6=S. |last7=Arya |first7=K. R. |last8=Gayen |first8=J. R. |last9=Datta |first9=D. |last10=Singh |first10=R. K. |year=2017 |title=Alcoholic extract of ''Eclipta alba'' shows in vitro antioxidant and anticancer activity without exhibiting toxicological effects |journal=Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity |volume=2017 |pages=9094641 |doi=10.1155/2017/9094641 |pmid=28250894}}</ref>
}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Talk:Bruhati

2026-10-11T09:15:52Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Bruhati, Solanum anguivi LAM., Solanum indicum, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Bruhati (Solanum anguivi LAM.) is widely used in Ayurveda for respiratory ailments, pain management, cardiac support, and digestive disorders. It acts as a powerful pacifier of Kapha and Vata doshas.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

{{Infobox
|title = Bruhati
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Bruhati
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solanum_anguivi Solanum anguivi LAM.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Solanaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solanum_anguivi Solanum anguivi LAM.]''' (syn. *Solanum indicum* L.), popularly known as '''Bruhati''', is an erect, prickly shrub belonging to the family Solanaceae. It is highly esteemed in [[Ayurveda]] as a prominent medicinal plant, particularly valued for its role in respiratory health (*Kanthya*), pain relief, and pacifying Kapha and Vata doshas.

==English name ==
Indian nightshade, Poison berry

==Therapeutic uses==
Sula (pain), Swasa (dyspnea), Hridroga (heart disease), Jwara (fever), Agnimandya (loss of appetite)<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2: 12.</ref>

==Other varieties / Other botanical names==
* Solanum aethiopicum subsp. anguivi (Lam.) Banfi, Galasso & Bartolucci
* Solanum hermannii Dunal
* Solanum indicum var. brevipedicellatum Bitter
* Solanum sodomeum L.
*(and numerous other taxonomic synonyms and regional variations)

==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Vyaghri, Mahati, Kuli, Simhi (very efficacious in kasa), Rashtrika, Hinguli, Vartaki (common plant available in all regions), Sinhi, Mahoshtri, Dushpragarshini

==Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==
Kshudhrabhantaki<ref name="ref2">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Guduchyadi Varga, Verse no. 36, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020;</ref>

==Varieties Mentioned in Nighantus==
===Raja Nighantu===
Mentioned 3 types<ref name="ref3">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raja Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, ed. 2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, Shatavhadi Varga, verse no. 25, 27, 29.</ref>
# Bruhati
# Sarpatanu
# Swetabruhati

== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
In traditional Ayurvedic therapeutics, Bruhati is classified under prominent groups like *Kanthya* (beneficial for voice and throat) and *Jwarahara* (antipyretic). Possessing a pungent and bitter taste (*katu, tikta rasa*), hot potency (*ushna veerya*), and sharp qualities (*tikshna guna*), it is highly effective in counteracting respiratory distress, cough, and localized inflammation.

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Pungent (katu), Bitter (tikta)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha), Sharp (tikshna)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[kapha]] and [[vata]]
|-
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/12 || Asthapana (therapeutic enema)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(9) || Kanthya mahakashaya (beneficial for throat & voice)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(30) || Hikkanigrahana mahakashaya (reducing hiccups)
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(38) || Shwayathuhara mahakashaya (relieving respiratory distress/edema)
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(39) || Jwarahara mahakashaya (relieving fever)
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(44) || Angamarda prashamana mahakashaya (relieving body-ache)
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/65 || Anutaila dravya
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/139 || Madhura skandha (group of sweet drugs)
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/42 || In formulation of Brahma rasayana
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/210 || As an ingredient of Bruhatyadi kashaya used in sannipata jwara (fever)
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/213 || As an ingredient of Bruhatyadi gana used in sannipata jwara and kasadi upadrava
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/224 || As an ingredient of Baladi ghrita
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/234 || Used as Panchamuli shruta paya in kasa, svasa, sirashoola, parshvashoola, jwara
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267 || As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/67 || To increase effect of Trayushanaadi ghrita
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/97 || Mixed with Shilajatu prayoga
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/143 || Ingredient in Bhallatakadya ghrita for kaphaja gulma (abdominal lump)
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/149 || Ingredient of Mishraka sneha
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/167 || Panaka in kaphaja gulma
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/46 || As Asthapana basti dravya
|-
| 21 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/65 || Ingredient in Mustadi churna
|-
| 22 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/81 || Ingredient in Triphalasava
|-
| 23 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/88 || Bahyaprayogartha lepa in mandala kushtha (skin disease)
|-
| 24 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/102 || Bahyaprayogartha taila in kushtha
|-
| 25 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/108 || Ingredient in Tiktekshvadi taila for abhyanga in Vata-Kaphaja kushtha
|-
| 26 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/112 || Ingredient in Kanakakshiri taila
|-
| 27 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/128 || Abhyantara and bahyaprayogartha pana, snana, lepa
|-
| 28 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/91 || As a nasya dravya
|-
| 29 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/93 || Ingredient in Uttarbhatika ghrita
|-
| 30 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/114 || Ingredient in Baladi kshirapaka
|-
| 31 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/133 || Diet and drinks for diarrhoea in rajayakshma
|-
| 32 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/168 || Ingredient in Rajayakshma nashaka ghrita
|-
| 33 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/36 || Ingredient in Kalyanak ghrita
|-
| 34 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/42 || Ingredient in Mahakalyanak ghrita
|-
| 35 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/52 || Ingredient in Apara lasunadya ghrita
|-
| 36 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/18 || Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya ghrita
|-
| 37 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/36 || Ingredient in Amrutprasha ghrita
|-
| 38 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/56 || Ingredient in Dvitiya sarpiguda
|-
| 39 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/62 || Ingredient in Tritiya sarpiguda
|-
| 40 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/29 || Ingredient in Gandiradhyarishta
|-
| 41 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/50 || Ingredient in Kansaharitaki avaleha
|-
| 42 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/73 || As an unmardana dravya in kaphaja shvayathu
|-
| 43 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/65 || In treatment of vatodara for anuvasana basti
|-
| 44 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/113 || As an ingredient of Panchakola ghrita
|-
| 45 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/50 || Dhupana yoga in arsha roga
|-
| 46 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/144 || As an ingredient of Dantyarishta
|-
| 47 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/82 || As an ingredient of Dashamuladya ghrita
|-
| 48 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/106 || Agnivruddhiartha and for alleviating kosthagata kayagni in grahaniroga
|-
| 49 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/156 || As an ingredient of Mulasava
|-
| 50 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/96 || Used in yusha preparation for hikka svasa
|-
| 51 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/102 || Used in yavagu preparation for hikka svasa
|-
| 52 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/105 || Dashamula kwatha is used in condition of trishna in patients of hikka svasa
|-
| 53 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/140 || As an ingredient of Dashamuladhya ghrita
|-
| 54 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/75 || As an ingredient of dhumapana yoga
|-
| 55 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/88 || As an ingredient of leha yoga in pittaja kasa
|-
| 56 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/99 || As a yoga dravya
|-
| 57 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/101 || As a yoga dravya in sthiradi kshira
|-
| 58 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/126 || As an ingredient of Kantakari ghrita
|-
| 59 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/176 || As an ingredient of Jivantyadi leha
|-
| 60 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/26 || As an ingredient of dipaniya and sangrahi gana
|-
| 61 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/50 || As a yavagu dravya
|-
| 62 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/78 || Used for parishecana in daha & shoola
|-
| 63 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/61 || As an ingredient of Pashanbhedadi churna
|-
| 64 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/62 || Used in ashmari with dadhi
|-
| 65 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/169 || As an ingredient of Mahamayura ghrita
|-
| 66 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/237 || Used for aaschotana in Vataja netraroga
|-
| 67 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/240 || As an ingredient of Bruhatyadi varti
|-
| 68 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/56 || As an ingredient of Shyonakadi parisheka and pralepa
|-
| 69 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/65 || As an ingredient of Jeevaniya ghrita
|-
| 70 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/76 || As an ingredient of Sthiradi ghrita/taila
|-
| 71 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/58 || As an ingredient of Saindhavadi taila, used in treatment of yoni shula
|-
|}

==Dose==
* Decoction: 10–20 g of the drug for preparation<ref name="ref1"/>

==Important Formulations==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="ref1"/>
* Dashamularishta
* Dashamula ghrita

== Current availability==
Available
* '''In India –''' Widely distributed throughout tropical and subtropical regions of India as a wild weed or shrub.

== Phytochemical Composition ==
The fruits of ''Solanum anguivi'' (African eggplant) are the best-studied part of the plant. Fourteen fruit accessions were analysed for their bioactive compounds, and all were rich in the following classes:<ref name="Nakitto2021">Nakitto AMS, Byaruhanga YB, Wagner AE, Muyonga JH. Morphological characteristics, bioactive compounds content, and antioxidant activity of different accessions of African eggplant (''Solanum anguivi'' Lam.). J Appl Bot Food Qual. 2021;94:220–228.</ref>
* '''Phenolic compounds:''' Total phenolics 8.0–12.4 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry weight; chlorogenic acid was the most abundant phenolic compound quantified by HPLC.
* '''Flavonoids:''' 0.9–2.1 mg quercetin equivalent/g dry weight.
* '''Saponins:''' 51.1–124.8 mg diosgenin equivalent/g dry weight.
* '''Alkaloids:''' 81.4–127.7 mg/g dry weight.
* '''Vitamin C:''' 3.6–6.4 mg ascorbic acid equivalent/g dry weight.

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
Most experimental work on ''S. anguivi'' has been done on the fruit. Studies specific to the traditional indications of Bruhati (respiratory disorders, pain and fever) are limited, and the activities below should be read as supportive evidence rather than direct validation of these uses.

=== Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity ===
* '''Antioxidant:''' All fruit extracts showed free radical scavenging (DPPH) and ferric reducing (FRAP) activity.
* '''Antibacterial:''' All fruit extracts were active against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria (zones of inhibition 12.5–16.75 mm), with a stronger effect on gram-positive bacteria.<ref name="Tegegne2021">Tegegne M, Abiyu E, Libesu S, Bedemo B, Lewoyehu M. Phytochemical investigation, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the fruit extracts of ''Solanum anguivi''. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. 2021;35(1):1480–1491.</ref>

=== Anti-Inflammatory and Antidiabetic Activity ===
Fruit extracts were studied for inhibition of the inflammatory enzymes cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 and 5-lipoxygenase, and of the carbohydrate-digesting enzymes α-amylase and α-glucosidase. In diabetic-like fruit flies, a diet containing the extract increased antioxidant enzyme activity (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione transferase) and lowered blood glucose, reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde. Ripe and unripe fruit extracts did not differ significantly in their anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic enzyme activities.<ref name="Nwanna2024">Nwanna E, Ojo R, Shafiq N, Ali A, Okello E, Oboh G. An in silico, in vitro and in vivo study on the influence of an eggplant fruit (''Solanum anguivi'' Lam) diet on metabolic dysfunction in the sucrose-induced diabetic-like fruit fly (''Drosophila melanogaster''). Foods. 2024;13(4):559.</ref>

== Safety and Dosage ==
* '''Precautions:''' Due to its hot potency (*ushna veerya*) and sharp qualities, individuals with high Pitta constitutions or severe gastric ulceration should use it under clinical supervision.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Decoction (Kwatha):'' 10–20 g of drug for preparation<ref name="ref1"/>.

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Solanum anguivi''
! Area
! Preparation Studied
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Infection / Krimi, Vrana'''
| Fruit extracts
| Antibacterial
|-
| '''Oxidative stress'''
| Fruit extracts
| Antioxidant
|-
| '''Inflammation / Sopha'''
| Fruit extracts
| Anti-inflammatory (enzyme inhibition, in vitro)
|-
| '''Metabolic disorders'''
| Fruit extracts
| Antidiabetic (enzyme inhibition, fruit-fly model)
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2: 12.</ref>
<ref name="ref2">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Guduchyadi Varga, Verse no. 36, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020;</ref>
<ref name="ref3">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raja Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, ed. 2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, Shatavhadi Varga, verse no. 25, 27, 29.</ref>
<ref name="Nakitto2021">Nakitto AMS, Byaruhanga YB, Wagner AE, Muyonga JH. Morphological characteristics, bioactive compounds content, and antioxidant activity of different accessions of African eggplant (''Solanum anguivi'' Lam.). J Appl Bot Food Qual. 2021;94:220–228.</ref>
<ref name="Tegegne2021">Tegegne M, Abiyu E, Libesu S, Bedemo B, Lewoyehu M. Phytochemical investigation, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the fruit extracts of ''Solanum anguivi''. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. 2021;35(1):1480–1491.</ref>
<ref name="Nwanna2024">Nwanna E, Ojo R, Shafiq N, Ali A, Okello E, Oboh G. An in silico, in vitro and in vivo study on the influence of an eggplant fruit (''Solanum anguivi'' Lam) diet on metabolic dysfunction in the sucrose-induced diabetic-like fruit fly (''Drosophila melanogaster''). Foods. 2024;13(4):559.</ref>
}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Talk:Pashanabheda

2026-10-11T09:09:32Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Pashanabheda, Saxifraga ligulata Wall., Stone breaker, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Pashanabheda (Saxifraga ligulata Wall.) is widely used in Ayurveda for managing renal calculi (Ashmari), dysuria (Mutrakriccha), and urinary disorders. It acts as a potent diuretic and lithotriptic agent.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

{{Infobox
|title = Pashanabheda
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Pashanabheda
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxifraga_ligulata Saxifraga ligulata Wall.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Saxifragaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxifraga_ligulata Saxifraga ligulata Wall.]''', popularly known as '''Pashanabheda''' (Stone Breaker), is a perennial herb native to the temperate Himalayan region. It is highly esteemed in [[Ayurveda]] for its remarkable lithotriptic (*ashmarighna*) and diuretic (*mutravirechaniya*) properties, traditionally used to dissolve and expel urinary stones and treat various urinary complications (*Mutrakriccha*).

==English name ==
Stone breaker

==Therapeutic uses==
Asmari (renal calculi), Meha (urinary disorders), Mutrakriccha (dysuria)<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1: 57.</ref>

==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Ashmaghna, Ashmabhedaka, Shilodbheda, Giribhid, Bhinnayojini

== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
In traditional Ayurvedic therapeutics, Pashanabheda is classified under *Mutravirechaniya* (diuretic) groups. It possesses a bitter and astringent taste, cold potency, and a unique extra-ordinary effect (*prabhava*) that specifically targets and breaks down renal calculi. It helps balance all three doshas (*tridoshahara*).

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Astringent (kashaya), Bitter (tikta)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Cold (sheeta)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Unctuous (snigdha), Sharp (tikshna)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify all three doshas (tridoshahara)
|-
| 6 || Extra ordinary effect ([[prabhava]]) || Helps in curing renal calculi (ashmarighna)
|-
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(35) || Mutravirechaniya mahakashaya (diuretics)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/15 || Santarpanajanya vikara chikitsa (treatment of over-nutrition and under-nutrition disorders)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/113 || Used as an ingredient of yavagu
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/46 || Used for Vataja mutrakriccha (dysuria)
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/60 || As an ingredient of Pashanbhedadi churna
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/64 || As an ingredient of Trutyadi yoga
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/69 || As an ingredient of Karpasmooladi yoga
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/90 || As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna
|-
|}

==Dose==
* Powder form: 3–6 g<ref name="ref1"/>
* Decoction form: 20–30 g<ref name="ref1"/>

==Important formulation==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="ref1"/>
* Asmarihara kashaya churna
* Mutravirechaniya kashaya churna

==Current availability ==
Available
* '''India –''' Found growing wild in the temperate Himalayan region.

== Phytochemical Composition ==
Pashanabheda is currently placed in the genus ''Bergenia'' as ''Bergenia ligulata'' (Wall.) Engl., with ''Saxifraga ligulata'' Wall. as a synonym. Its rhizomes are rich in phenolic compounds.

* '''Major phenolics:''' Bergenin (a C-glycoside of 4-O-methylgallic acid), arbutin, catechin, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid and syringic acid have been quantified in ''Bergenia'' rhizomes. Among the species studied, ''B. ligulata'' contained the highest amount of bergenin, the major marker compound.<ref name="Pandey2017">Pandey R, Kumar B, Meena B, Srivastava M, Mishra T, Tiwari V, et al. Major bioactive phenolics in ''Bergenia'' species from the Indian Himalayan region: method development, validation and quantitative estimation using UHPLC-QqQLIT-MS/MS. PLoS One. 2017;12(7):e0180950.</ref>
* '''Other isolated compounds:''' 11-O-p-hydroxybenzoylbergenin, 6-O-galloylarbutin and epiafzelechin were isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction of the methanolic extract, in addition to bergenin.<ref name="Rajbhandari2011">Rajbhandari M, Khatri HR, Lalk M, Gewali MB, Lindequist U. Phytochemical investigation and antibacterial activity of ''Bergenia ligulata''. J Nepal Chem Soc. 2011;28:110–114.</ref>

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
=== Anti-Urolithiatic, Lithotriptic and Diuretic Effects (Asmari) ===
Pashanabheda is traditionally the foremost drug for urinary stones, and experimental work supports this use.
* '''Mechanism:''' A crude aqueous-methanolic extract of the rhizome inhibited calcium oxalate crystal aggregation and crystal formation in metastable solutions, showed antioxidant activity (DPPH radical scavenging and lipid peroxidation), and produced diuresis with a saluretic effect in rats.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In rats given 0.75% ethylene glycol to induce urolithiasis, the extract (5–10 mg/kg) prevented calcium oxalate crystal deposition in the renal tubules. The authors attribute the effect to crystal inhibition, diuretic, hypermagnesuric and antioxidant actions.<ref name="Bashir2009">Bashir S, Gilani AH. Antiurolithic effect of ''Bergenia ligulata'' rhizome: an explanation of the underlying mechanisms. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009;122(1):106–116.</ref>

=== Anti-Inflammatory and Antipyretic Effects (Mutrakriccha) ===
A review of the experimental literature reports that an oral 50% ethanolic extract of ''B. ligulata'' at 1 g/kg showed anti-inflammatory activity in Wistar rats, and a 500 mg/kg dose showed antipyretic activity against yeast-induced fever.<ref name="Roychoudhury2022">Roychoudhury S, et al. Clinical potential of Himalayan herb ''Bergenia ligulata'': an evidence-based study. Molecules. 2022;27(20):7039.</ref> This is a secondary source; controlled clinical studies of the effect on painful urination are lacking.

=== Antibacterial Activity ===
The methanolic extract of ''Bergenia ligulata'' showed antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria in a screening of plant extracts, and bioassay-guided fractionation yielded bergenin and related phenolics.<ref name="Rajbhandari2011"/>

== Safety and Dosage ==
* '''Precautions:''' Consult a qualified Ayurvedic practitioner if managing large obstructive renal calculi that require surgical intervention.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Root Powder (Churna):'' 3–6 g daily<ref name="ref1"/>.
** ''Decoction (Kwatha):'' 20–30 g of drug for preparation<ref name="ref1"/>.

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Saxifraga ligulata'' (''Bergenia ligulata'')
! Indication
! Preparation / Constituents Studied
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Renal Calculi / Asmari'''
| Aqueous-methanolic rhizome extract
| Anti-urolithiatic, Diuretic, Antioxidant
|-
| '''Dysuria / Mutrakriccha'''
| 50% ethanolic extract
| Anti-inflammatory, Antipyretic (animal studies)
|-
| '''Urinary Tract Infections'''
| Methanolic extract, bergenin and related phenolics
| Antibacterial (gram-positive bacteria)
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1: 57.</ref>
<ref name="Pandey2017">Pandey R, Kumar B, Meena B, Srivastava M, Mishra T, Tiwari V, et al. Major bioactive phenolics in ''Bergenia'' species from the Indian Himalayan region: method development, validation and quantitative estimation using UHPLC-QqQLIT-MS/MS. PLoS One. 2017;12(7):e0180950.</ref>
<ref name="Rajbhandari2011">Rajbhandari M, Khatri HR, Lalk M, Gewali MB, Lindequist U. Phytochemical investigation and antibacterial activity of ''Bergenia ligulata''. J Nepal Chem Soc. 2011;28:110–114.</ref>
<ref name="Bashir2009">Bashir S, Gilani AH. Antiurolithic effect of ''Bergenia ligulata'' rhizome: an explanation of the underlying mechanisms. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009;122(1):106–116.</ref>
<ref name="Roychoudhury2022">Roychoudhury S, et al. Clinical potential of Himalayan herb ''Bergenia ligulata'': an evidence-based study. Molecules. 2022;27(20):7039.</ref>
}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Talk:Nirgundi

2026-10-11T08:56:11Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Nirgundi, Vitex negundo L., Five-leaved chaste, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Nirgundi (Vitex negundo L.) is a prominent medicinal herb in Ayurveda, traditionally indicated for pain, inflammatory conditions (Amavata, Vatavyadhi), respiratory disorders, and skin ailments.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

{{Infobox
|title = Nirgundi
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Nirgundi
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitex_negundo Vitex negundo L.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Verbenaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitex_negundo Vitex negundo L.]''', popularly known as '''Nirgundi''' (Five-leaved Chaste Tree), is a large aromatic shrub or small tree belonging to the family Verbenaceae. It is widely recognized in [[Ayurveda]] for its potent anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and muscle-relaxant properties, especially in managing musculoskeletal and neurological disorders (*Vatavyadhi*).

==English name ==
Five-leaved chaste tree

==Therapeutic Uses==
Sula (pain), Sopha (edema), Vatavyadhi (diseases of nervous system), Amavata (rheumatoid arthritis), Kustha (skin diseases), Kandu (itching), Kasa (cough), Pradara (excessive vaginal discharge), Adhmana (flatulence), Pliha roga (splenic disorders), Gulma (abdominal lumps), Aruchi (anorexia), Krumi (worms), Vrana (wounds), Karnasula (earache), Sutika (postnatal care), Jwara (fever)<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3: 64.</ref>

==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Samhalu, Shefali, Nilapishpi, Suvaha, Sindhuvarika, Harenu (Nirgundi beeja)

==Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==
Swetapushpa, Sinduka<ref name="ref2">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Guduchyadi Varga, Verse no. 113, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020;</ref>

==Varieties==
===Bhavaprakasha Nighantu===
Mentioned 2 types<ref name="ref2"/>
# Swetapushpa nirgundi
# Nilapushpa nirgundi

===Raja Nighantu===
Mentioned 3 types<ref name="ref3">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raja Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, ed. 2016, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, Shatavhadi Varga, verse no. 152, 154, 156.</ref>
# Sinduvara
# Nila nirgundi
# Sephali

== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
In traditional Ayurveda, Nirgundi is classified primarily as *Vatashamaka* (pacifying Vata dosha) and *Vedanahara* (analgesic). Its leaves, roots, and seeds are utilized extensively in decoctions, oils, and pastes to treat chronic joint pain, swelling, and inflammatory conditions.

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Pungent (katu), Bitter (tikta)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify Vata and Kapha
|-
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 3/5 || Siddhatama churna pradeha (external application)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(15) || Krimighna mahakashaya (anti-helminthics)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/20 || Dhuma varti dravya
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/21 || Abhyantara krimi chikitsa
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/28 || Shamidhanya Varga (The class of pulses)
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135 || Vamana dravyani (medicines used in therapeutic emesis)
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/56 || Kshira vishodhana dravya
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/47 || In Yavagu prayoga (medicated gruels)
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/84 || Ingredient in Lepa
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/165 || As an ingredient of Madhavarishta
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/56 || As an ingredient of Mrita sanjivani agada
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/79 || As an ingredient of Maha-Gandha hasti agada
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/195 || Used in the treatment of Darvikara sarpa damsha (snake bite)
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/200 || Used in the treatment of Luta visha (spider poison)
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/134 || As an ingredient of Nirgundi taila
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/271 || Used in treatment of vaivarnya stanya dosha (vitiated breast milk), as an ingredient of Jivakadya lepa
|-
|}

==Dose==
* Fresh Juice (Swarasa): 10–20 ml<ref name="ref1"/>

==Useful Part==
* Leaf<ref name="ref1"/>

==Important Formulations==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="ref1"/>
* Vatagajankusa rasa
* Mahavata vidhvansana rasa
* Yakrutapliha loha
* Dasamula taila
* Trivikrama rasa
* Nirgundi taila
* Tribhuvankirti rasa
* Visatinduka taila

== Current availability==
Available
* '''In India –''' Widely distributed throughout the country, found near water courses, waste lands, and mixed deciduous forests.

== Phytochemical Composition ==
The major classes of bioactive secondary metabolites reported from ''Vitex negundo'' are flavonoids, iridoid glycosides, triterpenoids and volatile oil constituents.

* '''Flavonoids:''' Vitexicarpin (casticin) has been isolated from the leaves; it showed broad cytotoxicity against a panel of human cancer cell lines.<ref name="Diaz2003">Díaz F, Chávez D, Lee D, Mi Q, Chai HB, Tan GT, et al. Cytotoxic flavone analogues of vitexicarpin, a constituent of the leaves of ''Vitex negundo''. J Nat Prod. 2003;66(6):865–867.</ref>
* '''Iridoid glycosides:''' Negundoside (2′-p-hydroxybenzoyl mussaenosidic acid) and agnuside are the characteristic iridoids of the leaves.<ref name="Sehgal1982">Sehgal CK, Taneja SC, Dhar KL, Atal CK. 2′-p-Hydroxybenzoyl mussaenosidic acid, a new iridoid glycoside from ''Vitex negundo''. Phytochemistry. 1982;21(2):363–366.</ref>
* '''Triterpenoids:''' Betulinic acid and ursolic acid have been isolated and characterised from the plant.<ref name="Chandramu2003">Chandramu C, Manohar RD, Krupadanam DG, Dashavantha RV. Isolation, characterization and biological activity of betulinic acid and ursolic acid from ''Vitex negundo'' L. Phytother Res. 2003;17(2):129–134.</ref>
* '''Volatile essential oils:''' The leaf oil contains δ-guaiene and caryophyllene epoxide as main constituents; the flower oil contains α-selinene and germacren-4-ol; the fruit oil contains β-selinene and germacrene D.<ref name="Khokra2008">Khokra SL, Prakash O, Jain S, Aneja KR, Dhingra Y. Essential oil composition and antibacterial studies of ''Vitex negundo'' Linn. extracts. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2008;70(4):522–526.</ref>

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
=== Anti-Inflammatory Effect (Sopha, Amavata, Vatavyadhi) ===
Nirgundi is traditionally used for painful and swollen joints, and experimental work supports its anti-inflammatory use.
* '''Evidence:''' Oral ethanolic leaf extract (100, 250 and 500 mg/kg) showed dose-dependent activity in carrageenin-induced paw oedema and cotton pellet granuloma models in rats.
* '''Mechanism:''' The activity was attributed to prostaglandin inhibition in acute inflammation and reduction of oxidative stress in sub-acute inflammation.<ref name="Tandon2006">Tandon VR, Gupta RK. Anti-inflammatory activity and mechanism of action of ''Vitex negundo'' Linn. Int J Pharmacol. 2006;2(3):303–308.</ref>

=== Adjuvant to Anti-inflammatory Drugs ===
A sub-effective dose of the ethanolic leaf extract potentiated the anti-inflammatory action of phenylbutazone and ibuprofen in rats, suggesting a possible adjuvant role alongside standard anti-inflammatory therapy.<ref name="TandonGupta2006">Tandon VR, Gupta RK. ''Vitex negundo'' Linn (VN) leaf extract as an adjuvant therapy to standard anti-inflammatory drugs. Indian J Med Res. 2006;124(4):447–450.</ref>

=== Analgesic Effect (Sula) ===
Ethanolic leaf extract (100, 250 and 500 mg/kg, oral) showed antinociceptive activity in the tail-flick test in rats and the acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice, and potentiated the analgesic action of meperidine and aspirin.<ref name="GuptaTandon2005">Gupta RK, Tandon VR. Antinociceptive activity of ''Vitex-negundo'' Linn leaf extract. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2005;49(2):163–170.</ref>

=== Antihistaminic and Anti-pruritic Effect (Kandu) ===
An oral aqueous extract of mature fresh leaves showed antihistamine activity in rats, which the authors proposed as a basis for the anti-itching use claimed in Ayurveda.<ref name="Dharmasiri2003">Dharmasiri MG, Jayakody JRAC, Galhena G, Liyanage SSP, Ratnasooriya WD. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of mature fresh leaves of ''Vitex negundo''. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003;87(2–3):199–206.</ref>

=== Central Nervous System Activity (Vatavyadhi) ===
The methanolic leaf extract potentiated pentobarbitone-, diazepam- and chlorpromazine-induced sleeping time in mice, potentiated morphine and pethidine analgesia, and protected against strychnine- and leptazole-induced convulsions, indicating a dose-dependent CNS depressant action.<ref name="Gupta1999">Gupta M, Mazumder UK, Bhawal SR. CNS activity of ''Vitex negundo'' Linn. in mice. Indian J Exp Biol. 1999;37(2):143–146.</ref>

=== Hepatoprotective Effect (Pliha roga) ===
Leaf extract of ''Vitex negundo'' has been shown to protect against liver injury caused by anti-tubercular drugs in an experimental model, which is relevant to the traditional use in hepatic and splenic disorders.<ref name="Tandon2008">Tandon VR, Khajuria V, Kapoor B, Kour D, Gupta S. Hepatoprotective activity of ''Vitex negundo'' leaf extract against anti-tubercular drugs induced hepatotoxicity. Fitoterapia. 2008;79(7–8):533–538.</ref>

=== Wound Healing (Vrana) ===
The ethanolic leaf extract and its major iridoid agnuside were studied in incision and excision wound models in Wistar rats. A 25% agnuside-enriched fraction gave rapid wound healing, comparable to the standard drug Soframycin.<ref name="Ibrahim2018">Muhamad Ibrahim A, Nagarajan A, Majeed M. Wound healing activity of the ethanolic extract and agnuside isolated from ''Vitex negundo'' L. leaves. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2018;7(5):1823–1832.</ref>

=== Antibacterial Activity ===
Essential oils from leaves, flowers and fruits, and successive leaf extracts, were tested against ''Staphylococcus aureus'', ''Bacillus subtilis'', ''Escherichia coli'' and ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''. The ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts showed prominent activity against all the strains tested.<ref name="Khokra2008"/>

=== Antioxidant Activity ===
Polar fractions of the plant trapped free radicals, inhibited lipid peroxidation and chelated iron in vitro, which may contribute to its anti-inflammatory action.<ref name="Tiwari2007">Tiwari OP, Tripathi YB. Antioxidant properties of different fractions of ''Vitex negundo'' Linn. Food Chem. 2007;100(3):1170–1176.</ref>

== Safety and Dosage ==
* '''Precautions:''' Use under professional guidance during pregnancy or lactation.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Fresh Leaf Juice (Swarasa):'' 10–20 ml<ref name="ref1"/>.
** ''External Application (Taila/Lepa):'' As directed by an Ayurveda practitioner.

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Vitex negundo''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules / Preparation Studied
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Inflammation, joint pain / Sopha, Amavata'''
| Ethanolic leaf extract
| Anti-inflammatory, adjuvant to NSAIDs
|-
| '''Pain / Sula'''
| Ethanolic leaf extract
| Analgesic
|-
| '''Itching / Kandu'''
| Aqueous extract of fresh leaves
| Antihistaminic
|-
| '''Nervous disorders / Vatavyadhi'''
| Methanolic leaf extract
| CNS depressant, anticonvulsant
|-
| '''Liver and spleen disorders / Pliha roga'''
| Leaf extract
| Hepatoprotective
|-
| '''Wounds / Vrana'''
| Ethanolic extract, agnuside
| Wound healing, antibacterial
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3: 64.</ref>
<ref name="ref2">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Guduchyadi Varga, Verse no. 113, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020;</ref>
<ref name="ref3">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raja Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, ed. 2016, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, Shatavhadi Varga, verse no. 152, 154, 156.</ref>
<ref name="Diaz2003">Díaz F, Chávez D, Lee D, Mi Q, Chai HB, Tan GT, et al. Cytotoxic flavone analogues of vitexicarpin, a constituent of the leaves of ''Vitex negundo''. J Nat Prod. 2003;66(6):865–867.</ref>
<ref name="Sehgal1982">Sehgal CK, Taneja SC, Dhar KL, Atal CK. 2′-p-Hydroxybenzoyl mussaenosidic acid, a new iridoid glycoside from ''Vitex negundo''. Phytochemistry. 1982;21(2):363–366.</ref>
<ref name="Chandramu2003">Chandramu C, Manohar RD, Krupadanam DG, Dashavantha RV. Isolation, characterization and biological activity of betulinic acid and ursolic acid from ''Vitex negundo'' L. Phytother Res. 2003;17(2):129–134.</ref>
<ref name="Khokra2008">Khokra SL, Prakash O, Jain S, Aneja KR, Dhingra Y. Essential oil composition and antibacterial studies of ''Vitex negundo'' Linn. extracts. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2008;70(4):522–526.</ref>
<ref name="Tandon2006">Tandon VR, Gupta RK. Anti-inflammatory activity and mechanism of action of ''Vitex negundo'' Linn. Int J Pharmacol. 2006;2(3):303–308.</ref>
<ref name="TandonGupta2006">Tandon VR, Gupta RK. ''Vitex negundo'' Linn (VN) leaf extract as an adjuvant therapy to standard anti-inflammatory drugs. Indian J Med Res. 2006;124(4):447–450.</ref>
<ref name="GuptaTandon2005">Gupta RK, Tandon VR. Antinociceptive activity of ''Vitex-negundo'' Linn leaf extract. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2005;49(2):163–170.</ref>
<ref name="Dharmasiri2003">Dharmasiri MG, Jayakody JRAC, Galhena G, Liyanage SSP, Ratnasooriya WD. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of mature fresh leaves of ''Vitex negundo''. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003;87(2–3):199–206.</ref>
<ref name="Gupta1999">Gupta M, Mazumder UK, Bhawal SR. CNS activity of ''Vitex negundo'' Linn. in mice. Indian J Exp Biol. 1999;37(2):143–146.</ref>
<ref name="Tandon2008">Tandon VR, Khajuria V, Kapoor B, Kour D, Gupta S. Hepatoprotective activity of ''Vitex negundo'' leaf extract against anti-tubercular drugs induced hepatotoxicity. Fitoterapia. 2008;79(7–8):533–538.</ref>
<ref name="Ibrahim2018">Muhamad Ibrahim A, Nagarajan A, Majeed M. Wound healing activity of the ethanolic extract and agnuside isolated from ''Vitex negundo'' L. leaves. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2018;7(5):1823–1832.</ref>
<ref name="Tiwari2007">Tiwari OP, Tripathi YB. Antioxidant properties of different fractions of ''Vitex negundo'' Linn. Food Chem. 2007;100(3):1170–1176.</ref>
}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Talk:Dhanyaka

2026-10-10T13:29:06Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Dhanyaka, Coriandrum sativum L., Coriander, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Dhanyaka (Coriandrum sativum L.) is widely used in Ayurveda for digestive, antipyretic, and carminative actions. It helps balance all three doshas and provides significant antioxidant properties.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

{{Infobox
|title = Dhanyaka
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Dhanyaka
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coriander Coriandrum sativum L.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Apiaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coriander Coriandrum sativum L.]''', popularly known as '''Dhanyaka''' (Coriander), is an annual herbaceous plant of the family Apiaceae (Umbelliferae). Its seeds (fruits) and fresh aerial parts are used as a culinary spice and as a medicinal drug in [[Ayurveda]] for digestive, antipyretic and burning conditions.

==English name==
Coriander

==Therapeutic uses==
Atisara (diarrhoea), Chardi (vomiting), Daha (burning sensation), Jwara (fever), Trushna (thirst), Ajirna (indigestion)<ref name="ref1" />

==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Dhanyaka (having seeds like cereals), Dhanya, Shungaverika, Kustumburu (fruits of Dhanyaka resemble Tumburu), Chhatra, Dhaneyaka, Kunati, Dhanak, Dhana, Dhenuka, Chatra, Vitunnak, Kustumbar

==Varieties==
# Gramya
# Vanya

==Traditional Context==
In Ayurvedic texts Dhanyaka is regarded as ''Tridoshahara'' (pacifying all three doshas), with sweet post-digestion effect (''madhura vipaka'') and hot potency (''ushna veerya''). It is used in formulations for kindling digestion and for fever.

==Ayurvedic pharmacological properties==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Astringent (kashaya), Bitter (tikta)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]]) || Light (laghu), Unctuous (snigdha)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify all three doshas (tridoshahara)
|-
|}

==Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(42) || Sheetaprashamana mahakashaya (pacifying cold)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/20 || Santarpanajanya vikara chikitsa (disease due to over-nutrition)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/171 || Harita Varga (Class of green herbs)
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/173 || Harita Varga (Class of green herbs)
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/307 || Krutanna Varga
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135 || Vamana dravyani (emetic dravya)
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/40 || Kalyanaka Guda
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/54 || Trivrittadi Modaka
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/183 || Used as peya with amla in Jwaraatisara
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267 || As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/65 || Ingredient in Trayushanaadi ghrita
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/69 || Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya ghrita
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/74 || Ingredient of Pippalyadya ghrita
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/80 || Ingredient of Hingvadi churna
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/86 || Ingredient of Shatyadi churna
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/111 || As a diet in Gulma (abdominal lump)
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/70 || Pathya diet for pinasa in treatment of rajayakshma
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/137 || As a kavala dravya for mukhashodhanartha
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/142 || Ingredient in Yavani shadav
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/86 || Ingredient in Saindhavadi churna
|-
| 21 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/88 || Ingredient in Shadav
|-
| 22 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/55 || Ingredient of Chitrakadi ghrita
|-
| 23 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/65 || For lepa, abhyangadi bahyaprayogartha
|-
| 24 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/110 || In treatment of udara roga (for parisheka)
|-
| 25 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/125 || As an ingredient of Narayana churna
|-
| 26 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/72 || As an ingredient of Takrarishta
|-
| 27 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/89 || Used in peya, khada yusha, ghrita, siddhanta jala
|-
| 28 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/103 || Use with phanita and goghrita; removes vata and vibandha
|-
| 29 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/106 || As an ingredient of Nagaradya ghrita
|-
| 30 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/110 || Used as anupana in arsha (hemorrhoids)
|-
| 31 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/129 || Used in peya, khada yusha, ghrita, siddhanta jala
|-
| 32 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/142 || Used as peya padartha in Kaphaja grahani
|-
| 33 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/44 || As an ingredient of Dadimadi ghrita
|-
| 34 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/20 || As a pramathya dravya
|-
| 35 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/26 || As an ingredient of dipaniya and sangrahi gana
|-
| 36 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/40 || As a yoga dravya in treatment of purisha kshaya
|-
| 37 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/44 || As an ingredient of Chavyadi ghrita
|-
| 38 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/105 || As a kwatha dravya
|-
| 39 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/110 || As a yoga dravya
|-
| 40 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/23 || As a yusha prayoga in Vataja chhardi
|-
| 41 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/24 || Ghritapana in Vataja chhardi
|-
| 42 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/31 || As a pana yoga in Pittaja chhardi
|-
| 43 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/95 || As an ingredient of Rishabhakadi agada
|-
| 44 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/128 || Used as anupana in Vataja madatyaya as an ingredient of trijataka
|-
| 45 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/130 || Used as anupana in Vataja madatyaya
|-
| 46 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/183 || Used in pachana
|-
|}

==Dose==
* 1–3 g of drug in powder form<ref name="ref1" />

==Important formulation==
As per A.P.I.
* Dhanyapanchaka kwatha churna

==Current availability==
Available
* '''In India –''' Cultivated extensively throughout India as a common spice and crop.

==Phytoconstituents==
Coriander is a source of lipids rich in petroselinic acid and of an essential oil rich in linalool, both obtained from the seeds and the aerial parts.<ref name="Sahib2013" />

==Pharmacological Activities and Therapeutic Efficacy==
All studies below are preclinical (animal or in vitro). No controlled human clinical trial is cited in this monograph.

===Digestive and gut-modulatory activity (Ajirna, Atisara)===
The crude extract of coriander fruit stimulated the isolated guinea-pig ileum through an atropine-sensitive (cholinergic) effect, whereas in rabbit jejunum it produced contraction followed, in the presence of atropine, by relaxation similar to a calcium channel blocker. The authors suggested this may explain its use in dyspepsia, abdominal colic and diarrhoea.<ref name="Jabeen2009" />

===Antioxidant activity===
In rats fed a high-fat diet, coriander seeds significantly decreased the levels of lipid peroxides, free fatty acids and glutathione, whereas the activity of antioxidant enzymes increased.<ref name="Chithra1999" />

===Anti-inflammatory activity (Daha)===
The hydroalcoholic seed extract showed anti-inflammatory activity in the carrageenan-induced paw oedema model and anti-granuloma activity in the cotton-pellet and adjuvant-stimulated macrophage models in rats, which the authors considered to support its traditional use in arthritis and other inflammatory disorders.<ref name="Nair2013" />

===Antidiabetic activity===
Coriander in the diet (62.5 g/kg) and drinking water (2.5 g/l) reduced hyperglycaemia of streptozotocin-diabetic mice, and an aqueous extract stimulated insulin secretion from a clonal B-cell line and glucose uptake in isolated mouse muscle.<ref name="Gray1999" />

==Safety, Toxicity and Dosage==
* '''Toxicity:''' No toxicity study could be verified for this monograph, so no toxicity statement is made.
* '''Precautions (no experimental reference cited):''' Persons with known hypersensitivity to Apiaceae plants should be cautious. As the studies above report glucose-lowering and blood-pressure-lowering effects in animals, persons on antidiabetic or antihypertensive medicines should use medicinal amounts only under medical supervision.
* '''Standard therapeutic dose:''' Seed powder (churna) 1–3 g daily, or as directed by an Ayurvedic physician (see Dose above).

==Summary of Therapeutic Profile==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic applications of ''Coriandrum sativum'' (preclinical evidence)
! Indication
! Part / preparation studied
! Principal finding
|-
| '''Indigestion, colic, diarrhoea / Ajirna, Atisara'''
| Fruit crude extract
| Cholinergic gut stimulation and calcium-antagonist-like relaxation in isolated tissues
|-
| '''Oxidative stress'''
| Seeds in diet
| Reduced lipid peroxides and raised antioxidant enzymes in rats
|-
| '''Burning, inflammation / Daha'''
| Seed hydroalcoholic extract
| Anti-inflammatory and anti-granuloma activity in rats
|-
| '''Hyperglycaemia'''
| Diet and aqueous extract
| Lower blood glucose in diabetic mice; insulin-releasing activity in vitro
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1: 21.</ref>
<ref name="Sahib2013">{{cite journal |last1=Sahib |first1=N. G. |last2=Anwar |first2=F. |last3=Gilani |first3=A. H. |last4=Hamid |first4=A. A. |last5=Saari |first5=N. |last6=Alkharfy |first6=K. M. |year=2013 |title=Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.): a potential source of high-value components for functional foods and nutraceuticals - a review |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=27 |issue=10 |pages=1439–1456 |doi=10.1002/ptr.4897}}</ref>
<ref name="Jabeen2009">{{cite journal |last1=Jabeen |first1=Q. |last2=Bashir |first2=S. |last3=Lyoussi |first3=B. |last4=Gilani |first4=A. H. |year=2009 |title=Coriander fruit exhibits gut modulatory, blood pressure lowering and diuretic activities |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=122 |issue=1 |pages=123–130}}</ref>
<ref name="Chithra1999">{{cite journal |last1=Chithra |first1=V. |last2=Leelamma |first2=S. |year=1999 |title=Coriandrum sativum changes the levels of lipid peroxides and activity of antioxidant enzymes in experimental animals |journal=Indian Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=59–61}}</ref>
<ref name="Nair2013">{{cite journal |last1=Nair |first1=V. |last2=Singh |first2=S. |last3=Gupta |first3=Y. K. |year=2013 |title=Anti-granuloma activity of Coriandrum sativum in experimental models |journal=Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=13–18 |doi=10.4103/0975-9476.109544}}</ref>
<ref name="Gray1999">{{cite journal |last1=Gray |first1=A. M. |last2=Flatt |first2=P. R. |year=1999 |title=Insulin-releasing and insulin-like activity of the traditional anti-diabetic plant Coriandrum sativum (coriander) |journal=British Journal of Nutrition |volume=81 |issue=3 |pages=203–209 |pmid=10434846}}</ref>
}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Talk:Dhataki

2026-10-10T13:17:55Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Dhataki, Woodfordia floribunda Salisb., Fire flame bush, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Dhataki (Woodfordia floribunda Salisb.) is widely used in Ayurveda for managing diarrhoea, bleeding disorders, and wound healing. It acts as a potent astringent and pacifies Kapha and Pitta doshas.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

{{Infobox
|title = Dhataki
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Dhataki
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodfordia_fruticosa Woodfordia floribunda Salisb.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Lythraceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodfordia_fruticosa Woodfordia floribunda Salisb.]''' (syn. ''Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz''), popularly known as '''Dhataki''' (Fire flame bush), is a deciduous, much-branched shrub of the family Lythraceae. Its red flowers are widely used in [[Ayurveda]] as an astringent, as a wound-healing drug and as a fermenting agent in ''Arishtas'' and ''Asavas''. Most modern research is published under the name ''Woodfordia fruticosa''.

==English name==
Fire flame bush

==Therapeutic uses==
Atisara (diarrhoea), Raktapitta (bleeding disorder), Trushna (thirst), Vrana (wound), Visarpa (herpes)<ref name="ref1" />

==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Dhatakipushpa, Dhatupushpi (flowers of Dhataki are red in colour like that of red ochre), Vanhijwala, Samanga, Tamrapushpi, Kunjara, Subhiksha, Bahupushpi, Vanhipushpi (the flowers are red in colour like that of flame)

==Traditional Context==
In Ayurvedic therapeutics Dhataki is included among the ''Sandhaniya'' (promoting union of tissues) and ''Purishasangrahaniya'' (faecal astringent) groups. It has cold potency (''sheeta veerya'') and pungent post-digestion effect (''katu vipaka''), and pacifies Pitta and Kapha doshas.

==Ayurvedic pharmacological properties==
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Sr.no.'''
|'''Pharmacological criteria'''
|'''Properties'''
|-
|1
|Taste ([[rasa]])
|Astringent (kashaya)
|-
|2
|Potency ([[veerya]])
|Cold (sheeta)
|-
|3
|Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]])
|Pungent (katu)
|-
|4
|Qualities ([[guna]])
|Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
|-
|5
|Actions ([[karma]])
|Pacify Kapha and Pitta
|-
|}

==Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(5) || Sandhaniya mahakashaya (promoting union/binding)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(31) || Purishsangrahaniya mahakashaya (faecal astringents)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(34) || Mootravirajaniya mahakashaya (urinary depigmenters)
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/144 || Kashaya-skandha (group of astringent drugs)
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/32 || Garbha shalya chikitsa
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/258 || As an ingredient of Chandanadhya taila
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/46 || In Yavagu (gruel) prayoga
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/81 || As an ingredient of Priyangvadi peya
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/99 || Used in yoga of Nasagata raktapitta in the form of Avapida nasya
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/31 || Used for making decoction in Pittaja prameha (diabetes)
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/95 || Bahyaprayogarth lepa in kushtha (skin disease)
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/130 || Ingredient in Atisara nashaka khada-yusha
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/197 || Used in raktarsha
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/230 || As an ingredient of Hriberadi ghrita
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/54 || As a yoga dravya in treatment of pittaja atisara
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/90 || Used as a pratisarana dravya
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/107 || As an ingredient of Ajajyadi churna
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/108 || As an ingredient of Rasanjanadi churna
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/66, 67 || Used for avchurnana
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/89 || Used as vranaropaka pralepa (external application)
|-
| 21 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/90 || As an ingredient of Kampillakadi taila
|-
| 22 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/30 || As an ingredient of Urustambha nashaka yoga
|-
| 23 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/78 || As an ingredient of Dhatakyadi taila
|-
| 24 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/92 || As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna
|-
| 25 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/121, 122 || Used in the treatment of Pichhila yoni
|-
|}

==Dose==
* 3–6 g of drug in powder form<ref name="ref1" />

==Important formulations==
As per A.P.I.
* Bruhat gangadhara churna
* Pushyanuga churna
* Dhatakyadi taila

==Current availability==
Available
* '''In India –''' Widely distributed throughout the hilly regions of India.

==Phytoconstituents==
Woodfordia fruticosa has yielded the following major classes of compounds, mainly from the flowers and leaves:<ref name="Das2007" />
* '''Tannins:''' especially macrocyclic hydrolysable tannins (for example woodfordin C from the flowers).
* '''Flavonoids:''' including an anthocyanin pigment in the flowers.
* '''Anthraquinone glycosides.'''
* '''Other polyphenols.'''

==Pharmacological Activities and Therapeutic Efficacy==
All studies below are preclinical (animal or in vitro). No controlled human clinical trial is cited in this monograph. Most studies used extracts of a specific plant part, which is stated for each topic.

===Antidiarrhoeal activity (Atisara)===
Methanolic extracts of the bark (200 and 400 mg/kg) and of the leaf (400 mg/kg) showed statistically significant antidiarrhoeal activity in rodents. This study used leaf and bark, not the flower, which is the part used in Ayurveda.<ref name="Rahman2023" />

===Wound healing (Vrana)===
The ethanolic extract of the flowers (250 and 500 mg/kg in rats) showed dose-dependent wound-healing activity in excision, incision and dead-space models, with increased wound contraction and breaking strength. The ethanolic extract also showed strong, broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity.<ref name="Verma2013" />

===Anti-inflammatory activity===
Methanol, ethyl acetate and hydro-alcohol extracts of the flowers (200 mg/kg, oral) inhibited egg-albumin and carrageenan-induced inflammation in rats. The extracts also showed antioxidant (free-radical stabilizing) and mast-cell stabilizing activity, and in vitro membrane stabilization.<ref name="Ghante2014" />

==Safety, Toxicity and Dosage==
* '''Toxicity:''' The ethanolic flower extract produced no toxicity symptoms or mortality up to 2000 mg/kg, orally, in rats in an acute toxicity study following OECD guidelines.<ref name="Ghante2012" />
* '''Precautions (Ayurvedic, no experimental reference cited):''' Because of its strong astringent (''kashaya'') nature, people with chronic severe constipation should use it cautiously. No reference could be verified for the pregnancy-related safety of Dhataki, so no statement is made here; use only under physician supervision.
* '''Standard therapeutic dose:''' Flower powder (churna) 3–6 g daily, or as advised by an Ayurvedic physician (see Dose above).

==Summary of Therapeutic Profile==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic applications of ''Woodfordia fruticosa'' (preclinical evidence)
! Indication
! Part / preparation studied
! Principal finding
|-
| '''Diarrhoea / Atisara'''
| Methanolic bark and leaf extracts
| Significant antidiarrhoeal activity in rodents
|-
| '''Wounds / Vrana'''
| Ethanolic flower extract
| Increased wound contraction and breaking strength in rats; antimicrobial activity
|-
| '''Inflammation / Visarpa'''
| Flower extracts
| Inhibition of carrageenan and egg-albumin induced inflammation in rats
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1: 22.</ref>
<ref name="Das2007">{{cite journal |last1=Das |first1=P. K. |last2=Goswami |first2=S. |last3=Chinniah |first3=A. |last4=Panda |first4=N. |last5=Banerjee |first5=S. |last6=Sahu |first6=N. P. |last7=Achari |first7=B. |year=2007 |title=Woodfordia fruticosa: traditional uses and recent findings |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=110 |issue=2 |pages=189–199}}</ref>
<ref name="Rahman2023">{{cite journal |last1=Rahman |first1=M. M. |last2=Soma |first2=M. A. |last3=Sultana |first3=N. |last4=Hossain |first4=M. J. |last5=Sufian |first5=M. A. |last6=Rahman |first6=M. O. |last7=Rashid |first7=M. A. |year=2023 |title=Exploring therapeutic potential of Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz leaf and bark focusing on antioxidant, antithrombotic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antidiarrheal properties |journal=Health Science Reports |volume=6 |issue=10 |pages=e1654 |doi=10.1002/hsr2.1654}}</ref>
<ref name="Verma2013">{{cite journal |last1=Verma |first1=N. |last2=Amresh |first2=G. |last3=Sahu |first3=P. K. |last4=Mishra |first4=N. |last5=Rao |first5=Ch. V. |last6=Singh |first6=A. P. |year=2013 |title=Wound healing potential of flowers extracts of Woodfordia fruticosa Kurz |journal=Indian Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=296–304 |pmid=24772949}}</ref>
<ref name="Ghante2014">{{cite journal |last1=Ghante |first1=M. H. |last2=Bhusari |first2=K. P. |last3=Duragkar |first3=N. J. |last4=Ghiware |first4=N. B. |year=2014 |title=Pharmacological evaluation for anti-asthmatic and anti-inflammatory potential of Woodfordia fruticosa flower extracts |journal=Pharmaceutical Biology |volume=52 |issue=7 |pages=804–813}}</ref>
<ref name="Ghante2012">{{cite journal |last1=Ghante |first1=M. H. |last2=Bhusari |first2=K. P. |last3=Duragkar |first3=N. J. |last4=Jain |first4=N. S. |last5=Warokar |first5=A. S. |year=2012 |title=Bronchoprotective, bronchodilatory and anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract from Woodfordia fruticosa (Kurz.) flowers |journal=Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=168–173}}</ref>
}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Talk:Dadima

2026-10-10T12:14:01Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Dadima, Punica granatum L., Pomegranate, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Dadima (Punica granatum L.) is widely used in Ayurveda for digestive, cardiovascular, and metabolic health. It acts as a carminative, heart-healthy tonic, and balances tridoshas depending on its variety.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

{{Infobox
|title = Dadima
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Dadima
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomegranate Punica granatum L.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Lythraceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomegranate Punica granatum L.]''', popularly known as '''Dadima''' (Pomegranate), is a large deciduous shrub or small tree belonging to the family Lythraceae. It is highly revered in [[Ayurveda]] for its culinary and therapeutic uses, as a heart-healthy tonic (''hridya'') and digestive aid.

==English name==
Pomegranate

==Therapeutic uses==
* '''Sweet fruit (swadu):''' Beneficial in burning sensations (''daha''), excessive thirst (''trishna''), fever (''jwara''), enhancing reproductive constituents (''shukrala''), light to digest (''laghu''), and reduces bad mouth odour (''mukhagandhaghna'').
* '''Sweet and sour fruit (swaduamla):''' Beneficial for stimulating digestion (''dipana''), improving taste (''ruchya''), and slightly elevates pitta dosha.
* '''Sour fruit (amla):''' Aggravates pitta dosha and alleviates vata and kapha dosha.

==Identification characters==
It is a large deciduous shrub or small tree with shining, oblanceolate glabrous leaves, red-colored flowers with 5–7 petals, and a globose fruit.<ref name="ref1" />

[[File:Punica_granatum.jpg|thumb|Dadima (Punica granatum)]]

==Traditional Context==
In traditional Ayurvedic texts, Dadima is classified into three types based on taste: sweet (''swadu''), sweet-sour (''swaduamla'') and sour (''amla''). It has an important role in dietary prescriptions (''Pathya'') and in many formulations, and pacifies Vata, Pitta and Kapha doshas depending on its variety.<ref name="ref2" />

==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Dadima, Karaka, Dantabija, Lohitapushpaka

==Additional Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==
* '''Dadima:''' Useful in many conditions.<ref name="ref2" />
* '''Dantabija:''' Seeds resemble teeth.<ref name="ref2" />
* '''Lohitapushpaka:''' Flowers are red in color.<ref name="ref2" />

==Types (Bheda)==
# Swadu (Sweet)<ref name="ref2" />
# Swaduamla (Sweet and sour)<ref name="ref2" />
# Amla (Sour)<ref name="ref2" />

==Ayurvedic pharmacological properties==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Sweet (madhura), Astringent (kashaya), Sour (amla)<ref name="ref2" />
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Not too hot (anushna)<ref name="ref2" />
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura)<ref name="ref2" />
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]]) || Light (laghu), Unctuous (snigdha)<ref name="ref2" />
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Reduces [[vata]], [[pitta]] and [[kapha]]<ref name="ref2" />
|-
|}

==Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/19 || Pachani-Grahi yavagu
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(10) || Hridya mahakashaya (group of heart-healthy herbs)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(28) || Chhardinigrahana mahakashaya (group of herbs for anti-emetic therapy)
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(40) || Shramahara mahakashaya (group of herbs for fatigue)
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 13/84 || Alternative recipes for persons averse to lipids
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/38 || Madyavikatnut Mantha
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/4 || Natural qualities
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/150 || Phala Varga (group of all fruits)
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/256 || Krutanna Varga (group of edibles)
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/84 || Viruddha ahara (incompatible food articles)
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/136 || Virechana dravyani (group of laxatives)
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/140 || Amla Skandha (group of sour substances)
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/30 || Preparations of Trivrut Avaleha
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/54 || Trivrritadi Modaka
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/75 || Virechana Prayoga (used for therapeutic purgation)
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 11/07 || Saptala Shankhini Yoga
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/12 || Ingredient in Vrushya mamsa gutika
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/15 || Ingredient in Vrushya mahish rasa
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/36 || As pathya ahara (group of wholesome food articles)
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/180 || Given as peya for those desiring sour items
|-
| 21 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/35 || For Tarpana (instant nourishment)
|-
| 22 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/95 || As an ingredient of Satavaryadi ghrita
|-
| 23 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/100 || Used in Nasagata raktapitta
|-
| 24 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/68 || To increase effect of Trayushanaadi ghrita
|-
| 25 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/69 || Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya ghrita
|-
| 26 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/72 || Ingredient of Hapushadya ghrita
|-
| 27 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/74 || Ingredient of Pippalyadya ghrita
|-
| 28 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/77 || As an anupana in Gulma (abdominal lump)
|-
| 29 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/80 || Ingredient of Hingvadi churna
|-
| 30 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/85 || Used to reduce pain in Vataja gulma
|-
| 31 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/87 || Ingredient of Shatyadi churna
|-
| 32 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/133 || As a diet in Pittaja gulma
|-
| 33 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/142 || Ingredient of Dashamuli ghrita
|-
| 34 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/166 || Pathya diet in gulma
|-
| 35 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/36 || Ingredient in Kalyanak ghrita
|-
| 36 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/42 || Ingredient in Mahakalyanak ghrita
|-
| 37 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/54 || Ingredient in Apara lasunadya ghrita
|-
| 38 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/85 || Ingredient in Saindhavadi churna
|-
| 39 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/88 || Ingredient in Shadav (preparations made of sweet, sour, and salty substances)
|-
| 40 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/55 || Ingredient in Chitrakadi ghrita
|-
| 41 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/130 || Used as anupana in arsha roga with narayan churna
|-
| 42 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/135 || As an anupana of hapushadya churna
|-
| 43 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/99 || Used for Anulomana (proper elimination of flatus and feces)
|-
| 44 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/106 || Removes vata and vibandha (constipation)
|-
| 45 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/125 || Dadima swarasa is mixed with shaka
|-
| 46 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/186 || Kwath is used for raktastambhana (cessation of bleeding)
|-
| 47 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/197 || Used in rakta arsha (bleeding piles)
|-
| 48 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/200 || Sadhita laajapeya used in rakta arsha
|-
| 49 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/89 || As an ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrit evum churna
|-
| 50 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/97 || Bhavana dravya of citrakadhya gutika
|-
| 51 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/44 || As an ingredient of Dadimadi ghrita
|-
| 52 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/90 || As an anupana of Shilajatu vataka
|-
| 53 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/63 || As an ingredient of saindhavadi yoga
|-
| 54 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/126 || As an ingredient of kantakari ghrita
|-
| 55 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/28 || As an ingredient of dipaniya and sangrahi gana
|-
| 56 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/33 || Used as a siddhi dravya
|-
| 57 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/40 || As a yoga dravya in treatment of purishakshaya
|-
| 58 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/44 || As an ingredient of chavyadi ghrita
|-
| 59 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/54 || As a yoga dravya in treatment of pittaja atisara
|-
| 60 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/74 || As a prakshepa dravya
|-
| 61 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/24 || Ghritapana in Vataja chhardi
|-
| 62 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/35 || As a pathya ahara in kaphaja chhardi
|-
| 63 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/109 || As a pathya ahara
|-
| 64 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/111 || As a pathya ahara
|-
| 65 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/112 || Dadima rasa siddha mamsarasa is used
|-
| 66 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/126 || As an ingredient of mulakadi lepa
|-
| 67 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 22/36 || For lepa prayoga (local application)
|-
| 68 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 22/49 || Used in treatment of kaphanubandha trushna (thirst)
|-
| 69 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/226 || As a pathya ahara (palatable food)
|-
| 70 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/121 || Used as swarasa mixed with lavana and sneha in Vataja madatyaya
|-
| 71 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/127 || Used as swarasa in Vataja madatyaya (alcohol intoxication)
|-
| 72 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/128 || Used as anupana in Vataja madatyaya
|-
| 73 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/136 || Used as swarasa in pittaja madatyaya
|-
| 74 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/139 || Used as yoosha in pittaja madatyaya
|-
| 75 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/151 || Used in mukha-lepa in pittaja madatyaya
|-
| 76 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/180 || Used as raga in kaphaja madatyaya
|-
| 77 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/217 || Used in Kavala in arochaka (tastelessness)
|-
| 78 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/219 || As an ingredient of Arochakanashaka vati
|-
| 79 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/132 || As an ingredient of Triphaladi maha sneha
|-
| 80 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/79 || As an ingredient of Dhatakyadi taila
|-
|}

==Dose==
* 5 to 10 g of the drug in powder form or fresh juice as required.<ref name="ref1" />

==Important Formulations==
* Dadimastaka Churna
* Dadima Ghrita
* Dadhika Ghrita
* Bhaskara Lavana
* Shukramatruka Vati

==Current availability==
Available
* '''In India –''' Found growing wild in the valley and outer hills of the Himalayas between 900–1800 m, and cultivated widely across many parts of the country.<ref name="ref1" />
* '''Out of India –''' Central Asia, the Himalayas, the Mediterranean, the Middle East, California, Arizona, and South Asia.<ref name="ref1" />

==Phytoconstituents==
Different parts of ''Punica granatum'' (fruit peel, aril and juice, seed, flower, leaf, bark and heartwood) contain the following major classes of phytochemicals:<ref name="Wu2017" />
* '''Hydrolyzable tannins:''' ellagitannins (e.g. punicalagin, punicalin) and gallotannins, abundant in the fruit peel.
* '''Ellagic acid:''' free ellagic acid, its methylated forms and glycosidic derivatives.
* '''Flavonoids:''' chalcones, flavanones, flavones, flavonols, anthocyanins (responsible for the red colour), flavan-3-ols and procyanidins.
* '''Alkaloids:''' present in the bark.
* '''Steroids and lipids:''' steroid hormones and seed-oil lipids such as monoacylglycerols and triglycerides.

==Pharmacological Activities and Therapeutic Efficacy==
All studies below are preclinical or small human studies on pomegranate preparations. Results with juice or peel extract should not be taken as proof of the effect of the Ayurvedic dosage forms.

===Cardiovascular protection (Hridya)===
In healthy male volunteers and in atherosclerotic apolipoprotein E-deficient mice, pomegranate juice consumption had potent antioxidant effects against lipid peroxidation in plasma and lipoproteins. In humans it decreased LDL susceptibility to aggregation and retention and raised the activity of serum paraoxonase by about 20%.<ref name="Aviram2000" />

===Antidiarrhoeal activity (Atisara)===
The aqueous extract of the peel (100–400 mg/kg) reduced castor-oil-induced diarrhoea, enteropooling and gastrointestinal transit in rats in a dose-dependent manner, and inhibited the spontaneous movement of the isolated rat ileum. The extract contained tannins, flavonoids and alkaloids.<ref name="Qnais2007" />

===Anti-inflammatory and anticancer potential===
Juice and peel possess potent antioxidant properties, and the phytochemistry and pharmacological actions of the different parts of the plant suggest a wide range of applications in preventing and treating cancer and other diseases in which chronic inflammation plays a role.<ref name="Lansky2007" />

==Safety, Toxicity and Dosage==
* '''Toxicity:''' The aqueous peel extract had an intraperitoneal LD50 of 1321 ± 15 mg/kg in mice.<ref name="Qnais2007" /> No other safety data are cited here; oral safety of the traditional dosage forms has not been verified for this monograph.
* '''Precautions (classical, no experimental reference cited):''' The only classical contraindication noted in Ayurvedic literature is its avoidance during specific treatments like Khandakadya Lauha administration in ''raktapitta'' conditions.
* '''Standard therapeutic dose:''' Fruit juice or fresh arils as desired or 30–50 ml; powder (churna) 5–10 g daily (see Dose above).<ref name="ref1" />

==Summary of Therapeutic Profile==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic applications of ''Punica granatum'' (preclinical and small human studies)
! Indication
! Part / preparation studied
! Principal finding
|-
| '''Cardiovascular health / Hridroga'''
| Juice
| Antioxidant effects; reduced LDL aggregation and retention, raised paraoxonase activity
|-
| '''Diarrhoea / Atisara'''
| Aqueous peel extract
| Reduced castor-oil diarrhoea, enteropooling and intestinal transit in rats
|-
| '''Inflammation and cancer'''
| Juice, peel and other parts
| Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential (review evidence)
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 2001; Volume III: 45-46.</ref>

<ref name="ref2">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 35-38, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015.</ref>

<ref name="Wu2017">{{cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=S. |last2=Tian |first2=L. |year=2017 |title=Diverse phytochemicals and bioactivities in the ancient fruit and modern functional food pomegranate (Punica granatum) |journal=Molecules |volume=22 |issue=10 |pages=1606 |doi=10.3390/molecules22101606}}</ref>

<ref name="Aviram2000">{{cite journal |last1=Aviram |first1=M. |last2=Dornfeld |first2=L. |last3=Rosenblat |first3=M. |last4=Volkova |first4=N. |last5=Kaplan |first5=M. |last6=Coleman |first6=R. |last7=Hayek |first7=T. |last8=Presser |first8=D. |last9=Fuhrman |first9=B. |year=2000 |title=Pomegranate juice consumption reduces oxidative stress, atherogenic modifications to LDL, and platelet aggregation: studies in humans and in atherosclerotic apolipoprotein E-deficient mice |journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=71 |issue=5 |pages=1062–1076 |doi=10.1093/ajcn/71.5.1062}}</ref>
<ref name="Qnais2007">{{cite journal |last1=Qnais |first1=E. Y. |last2=Elokda |first2=A. S. |last3=Abu Ghalyun |first3=Y. Y. |last4=Abdulla |first4=F. A. |year=2007 |title=Antidiarrheal activity of the aqueous extract of Punica granatum (pomegranate) peels |journal=Pharmaceutical Biology |volume=45 |issue=9 |pages=715–720 |doi=10.1080/13880200701575304}}</ref>
<ref name="Lansky2007">{{cite journal |last1=Lansky |first1=E. P. |last2=Newman |first2=R. A. |year=2007 |title=Punica granatum (pomegranate) and its potential for prevention and treatment of inflammation and cancer |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=109 |issue=2 |pages=177–206 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2006.09.006}}</ref>
}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Talk:Dadima

2026-10-10T12:12:56Z

Dridhabala: /* Overview of therapeutic applications */

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Dadima, Punica granatum L., Pomegranate, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Dadima (Punica granatum L.) is widely used in Ayurveda for digestive, cardiovascular, and metabolic health. It acts as a carminative, heart-healthy tonic, and balances tridoshas depending on its variety.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
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{{Infobox
|title = Dadima
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Dadima
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomegranate Punica granatum L.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Lythraceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomegranate Punica granatum L.]''', popularly known as '''Dadima''' (Pomegranate), is a large deciduous shrub or small tree belonging to the family Lythraceae. It is highly revered in [[Ayurveda]] for its culinary and therapeutic uses, as a heart-healthy tonic (''hridya'') and digestive aid.

==English name==
Pomegranate

==Therapeutic uses==
* '''Sweet fruit (swadu):''' Beneficial in burning sensations (''daha''), excessive thirst (''trishna''), fever (''jwara''), enhancing reproductive constituents (''shukrala''), light to digest (''laghu''), and reduces bad mouth odour (''mukhagandhaghna'').
* '''Sweet and sour fruit (swaduamla):''' Beneficial for stimulating digestion (''dipana''), improving taste (''ruchya''), and slightly elevates pitta dosha.
* '''Sour fruit (amla):''' Aggravates pitta dosha and alleviates vata and kapha dosha.

==Identification characters==
It is a large deciduous shrub or small tree with shining, oblanceolate glabrous leaves, red-colored flowers with 5–7 petals, and a globose fruit.<ref name="ref1" />

[[File:Punica_granatum.jpg|thumb|Dadima (Punica granatum)]]

==Traditional Context==
In traditional Ayurvedic texts, Dadima is classified into three types based on taste: sweet (''swadu''), sweet-sour (''swaduamla'') and sour (''amla''). It has an important role in dietary prescriptions (''Pathya'') and in many formulations, and pacifies Vata, Pitta and Kapha doshas depending on its variety.<ref name="ref2" />

==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Dadima, Karaka, Dantabija, Lohitapushpaka

==Additional Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==
* '''Dadima:''' Useful in many conditions.<ref name="ref2" />
* '''Dantabija:''' Seeds resemble teeth.<ref name="ref2" />
* '''Lohitapushpaka:''' Flowers are red in color.<ref name="ref2" />

==Types (Bheda)==
# Swadu (Sweet)<ref name="ref2" />
# Swaduamla (Sweet and sour)<ref name="ref2" />
# Amla (Sour)<ref name="ref2" />

==Ayurvedic pharmacological properties==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Sweet (madhura), Astringent (kashaya), Sour (amla)<ref name="ref2" />
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Not too hot (anushna)<ref name="ref2" />
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura)<ref name="ref2" />
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]]) || Light (laghu), Unctuous (snigdha)<ref name="ref2" />
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Reduces [[vata]], [[pitta]] and [[kapha]]<ref name="ref2" />
|-
|}

==Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/19 || Pachani-Grahi yavagu
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(10) || Hridya mahakashaya (group of heart-healthy herbs)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(28) || Chhardinigrahana mahakashaya (group of herbs for anti-emetic therapy)
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(40) || Shramahara mahakashaya (group of herbs for fatigue)
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 13/84 || Alternative recipes for persons averse to lipids
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/38 || Madyavikatnut Mantha
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/4 || Natural qualities
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/150 || Phala Varga (group of all fruits)
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/256 || Krutanna Varga (group of edibles)
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/84 || Viruddha ahara (incompatible food articles)
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/136 || Virechana dravyani (group of laxatives)
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/140 || Amla Skandha (group of sour substances)
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/30 || Preparations of Trivrut Avaleha
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/54 || Trivrritadi Modaka
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/75 || Virechana Prayoga (used for therapeutic purgation)
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 11/07 || Saptala Shankhini Yoga
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/12 || Ingredient in Vrushya mamsa gutika
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/15 || Ingredient in Vrushya mahish rasa
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/36 || As pathya ahara (group of wholesome food articles)
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/180 || Given as peya for those desiring sour items
|-
| 21 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/35 || For Tarpana (instant nourishment)
|-
| 22 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/95 || As an ingredient of Satavaryadi ghrita
|-
| 23 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/100 || Used in Nasagata raktapitta
|-
| 24 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/68 || To increase effect of Trayushanaadi ghrita
|-
| 25 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/69 || Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya ghrita
|-
| 26 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/72 || Ingredient of Hapushadya ghrita
|-
| 27 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/74 || Ingredient of Pippalyadya ghrita
|-
| 28 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/77 || As an anupana in Gulma (abdominal lump)
|-
| 29 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/80 || Ingredient of Hingvadi churna
|-
| 30 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/85 || Used to reduce pain in Vataja gulma
|-
| 31 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/87 || Ingredient of Shatyadi churna
|-
| 32 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/133 || As a diet in Pittaja gulma
|-
| 33 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/142 || Ingredient of Dashamuli ghrita
|-
| 34 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/166 || Pathya diet in gulma
|-
| 35 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/36 || Ingredient in Kalyanak ghrita
|-
| 36 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/42 || Ingredient in Mahakalyanak ghrita
|-
| 37 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/54 || Ingredient in Apara lasunadya ghrita
|-
| 38 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/85 || Ingredient in Saindhavadi churna
|-
| 39 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/88 || Ingredient in Shadav (preparations made of sweet, sour, and salty substances)
|-
| 40 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/55 || Ingredient in Chitrakadi ghrita
|-
| 41 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/130 || Used as anupana in arsha roga with narayan churna
|-
| 42 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/135 || As an anupana of hapushadya churna
|-
| 43 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/99 || Used for Anulomana (proper elimination of flatus and feces)
|-
| 44 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/106 || Removes vata and vibandha (constipation)
|-
| 45 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/125 || Dadima swarasa is mixed with shaka
|-
| 46 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/186 || Kwath is used for raktastambhana (cessation of bleeding)
|-
| 47 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/197 || Used in rakta arsha (bleeding piles)
|-
| 48 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/200 || Sadhita laajapeya used in rakta arsha
|-
| 49 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/89 || As an ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrit evum churna
|-
| 50 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/97 || Bhavana dravya of citrakadhya gutika
|-
| 51 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/44 || As an ingredient of Dadimadi ghrita
|-
| 52 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/90 || As an anupana of Shilajatu vataka
|-
| 53 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/63 || As an ingredient of saindhavadi yoga
|-
| 54 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/126 || As an ingredient of kantakari ghrita
|-
| 55 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/28 || As an ingredient of dipaniya and sangrahi gana
|-
| 56 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/33 || Used as a siddhi dravya
|-
| 57 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/40 || As a yoga dravya in treatment of purishakshaya
|-
| 58 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/44 || As an ingredient of chavyadi ghrita
|-
| 59 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/54 || As a yoga dravya in treatment of pittaja atisara
|-
| 60 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/74 || As a prakshepa dravya
|-
| 61 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/24 || Ghritapana in Vataja chhardi
|-
| 62 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/35 || As a pathya ahara in kaphaja chhardi
|-
| 63 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/109 || As a pathya ahara
|-
| 64 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/111 || As a pathya ahara
|-
| 65 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/112 || Dadima rasa siddha mamsarasa is used
|-
| 66 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/126 || As an ingredient of mulakadi lepa
|-
| 67 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 22/36 || For lepa prayoga (local application)
|-
| 68 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 22/49 || Used in treatment of kaphanubandha trushna (thirst)
|-
| 69 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/226 || As a pathya ahara (palatable food)
|-
| 70 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/121 || Used as swarasa mixed with lavana and sneha in Vataja madatyaya
|-
| 71 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/127 || Used as swarasa in Vataja madatyaya (alcohol intoxication)
|-
| 72 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/128 || Used as anupana in Vataja madatyaya
|-
| 73 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/136 || Used as swarasa in pittaja madatyaya
|-
| 74 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/139 || Used as yoosha in pittaja madatyaya
|-
| 75 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/151 || Used in mukha-lepa in pittaja madatyaya
|-
| 76 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/180 || Used as raga in kaphaja madatyaya
|-
| 77 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/217 || Used in Kavala in arochaka (tastelessness)
|-
| 78 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/219 || As an ingredient of Arochakanashaka vati
|-
| 79 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/132 || As an ingredient of Triphaladi maha sneha
|-
| 80 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/79 || As an ingredient of Dhatakyadi taila
|-
|}

==Dose==
* 5 to 10 g of the drug in powder form or fresh juice as required.<ref name="ref1" />

==Important Formulations==
* Dadimastaka Churna
* Dadima Ghrita
* Dadhika Ghrita
* Bhaskara Lavana
* Shukramatruka Vati

==Current availability==
Available
* '''In India –''' Found growing wild in the valley and outer hills of the Himalayas between 900–1800 m, and cultivated widely across many parts of the country.<ref name="ref1" />
* '''Out of India –''' Central Asia, the Himalayas, the Mediterranean, the Middle East, California, Arizona, and South Asia.<ref name="ref1" />

==Phytoconstituents==
Different parts of ''Punica granatum'' (fruit peel, aril and juice, seed, flower, leaf, bark and heartwood) contain the following major classes of phytochemicals:<ref name="Wu2017" />
* '''Hydrolyzable tannins:''' ellagitannins (e.g. punicalagin, punicalin) and gallotannins, abundant in the fruit peel.
* '''Ellagic acid:''' free ellagic acid, its methylated forms and glycosidic derivatives.
* '''Flavonoids:''' chalcones, flavanones, flavones, flavonols, anthocyanins (responsible for the red colour), flavan-3-ols and procyanidins.
* '''Alkaloids:''' present in the bark.
* '''Steroids and lipids:''' steroid hormones and seed-oil lipids such as monoacylglycerols and triglycerides.

==Pharmacological Activities and Therapeutic Efficacy==
All studies below are preclinical or small human studies on pomegranate preparations. Results with juice or peel extract should not be taken as proof of the effect of the Ayurvedic dosage forms.

===Cardiovascular protection (Hridya)===
In healthy male volunteers and in atherosclerotic apolipoprotein E-deficient mice, pomegranate juice consumption had potent antioxidant effects against lipid peroxidation in plasma and lipoproteins. In humans it decreased LDL susceptibility to aggregation and retention and raised the activity of serum paraoxonase by about 20%.<ref name="Aviram2000" />

===Antidiarrhoeal activity (Atisara)===
The aqueous extract of the peel (100–400 mg/kg) reduced castor-oil-induced diarrhoea, enteropooling and gastrointestinal transit in rats in a dose-dependent manner, and inhibited the spontaneous movement of the isolated rat ileum. The extract contained tannins, flavonoids and alkaloids.<ref name="Qnais2007" />

===Anti-inflammatory and anticancer potential===
Juice and peel possess potent antioxidant properties, and the phytochemistry and pharmacological actions of the different parts of the plant suggest a wide range of applications in preventing and treating cancer and other diseases in which chronic inflammation plays a role.<ref name="Lansky2007" />

==Safety, Toxicity and Dosage==
* '''Toxicity:''' The aqueous peel extract had an intraperitoneal LD50 of 1321 ± 15 mg/kg in mice.<ref name="Qnais2007" /> No other safety data are cited here; oral safety of the traditional dosage forms has not been verified for this monograph.
* '''Precautions (classical, no experimental reference cited):''' The only classical contraindication noted in Ayurvedic literature is its avoidance during specific treatments like Khandakadya Lauha administration in ''raktapitta'' conditions.
* '''Standard therapeutic dose:''' Fruit juice or fresh arils as desired or 30–50 ml; powder (churna) 5–10 g daily (see Dose above).<ref name="ref1" />

==Summary of Therapeutic Profile==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic applications of ''Punica granatum'' (preclinical and small human studies)
! Indication
! Part / preparation studied
! Principal finding
|-
| '''Cardiovascular health / Hridroga'''
| Juice
| Antioxidant effects; reduced LDL aggregation and retention, raised paraoxonase activity
|-
| '''Diarrhoea / Atisara'''
| Aqueous peel extract
| Reduced castor-oil diarrhoea, enteropooling and intestinal transit in rats
|-
| '''Inflammation and cancer'''
| Juice, peel and other parts
| Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential (review evidence)
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 2001; Volume III: 45-46.</ref>
<ref name="ref2">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 35-38, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015.</ref>
<ref name="Wu2017">{{cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=S. |last2=Tian |first2=L. |year=2017 |title=Diverse phytochemicals and bioactivities in the ancient fruit and modern functional food pomegranate (Punica granatum) |journal=Molecules |volume=22 |issue=10 |pages=1606 |doi=10.3390/molecules22101606}}</ref>
<ref name="Jurenka2008">{{cite journal |last1=Jurenka |first1=J. S. |year=2008 |title=Therapeutic applications of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.): a review |journal=Alternative Medicine Review |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=128–144}}</ref>
<ref name="Aviram2000">{{cite journal |last1=Aviram |first1=M. |last2=Dornfeld |first2=L. |last3=Rosenblat |first3=M. |last4=Volkova |first4=N. |last5=Kaplan |first5=M. |last6=Coleman |first6=R. |last7=Hayek |first7=T. |last8=Presser |first8=D. |last9=Fuhrman |first9=B. |year=2000 |title=Pomegranate juice consumption reduces oxidative stress, atherogenic modifications to LDL, and platelet aggregation: studies in humans and in atherosclerotic apolipoprotein E-deficient mice |journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=71 |issue=5 |pages=1062–1076 |doi=10.1093/ajcn/71.5.1062}}</ref>
<ref name="Qnais2007">{{cite journal |last1=Qnais |first1=E. Y. |last2=Elokda |first2=A. S. |last3=Abu Ghalyun |first3=Y. Y. |last4=Abdulla |first4=F. A. |year=2007 |title=Antidiarrheal activity of the aqueous extract of Punica granatum (pomegranate) peels |journal=Pharmaceutical Biology |volume=45 |issue=9 |pages=715–720 |doi=10.1080/13880200701575304}}</ref>
<ref name="Lansky2007">{{cite journal |last1=Lansky |first1=E. P. |last2=Newman |first2=R. A. |year=2007 |title=Punica granatum (pomegranate) and its potential for prevention and treatment of inflammation and cancer |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=109 |issue=2 |pages=177–206 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2006.09.006}}</ref>
}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Talk:Dadima

2026-10-10T12:07:59Z

Dridhabala:

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|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Dadima, Punica granatum L., Pomegranate, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Dadima (Punica granatum L.) is widely used in Ayurveda for digestive, cardiovascular, and metabolic health. It acts as a carminative, heart-healthy tonic, and balances tridoshas depending on its variety.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
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{{Infobox
|title = Dadima
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Dadima
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomegranate Punica granatum L.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Lythraceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomegranate Punica granatum L.]''', popularly known as '''Dadima''' (Pomegranate), is a large deciduous shrub or small tree belonging to the family Lythraceae. It is highly revered in [[Ayurveda]] for its culinary and therapeutic uses, as a heart-healthy tonic (''hridya'') and digestive aid.

==English name==
Pomegranate

==Therapeutic uses==
* '''Sweet fruit (swadu):''' Beneficial in burning sensations (''daha''), excessive thirst (''trishna''), fever (''jwara''), enhancing reproductive constituents (''shukrala''), light to digest (''laghu''), and reduces bad mouth odour (''mukhagandhaghna'').
* '''Sweet and sour fruit (swaduamla):''' Beneficial for stimulating digestion (''dipana''), improving taste (''ruchya''), and slightly elevates pitta dosha.
* '''Sour fruit (amla):''' Aggravates pitta dosha and alleviates vata and kapha dosha.

==Identification characters==
It is a large deciduous shrub or small tree with shining, oblanceolate glabrous leaves, red-colored flowers with 5–7 petals, and a globose fruit.<ref name="ref1" />

[[File:Punica_granatum.jpg|thumb|Dadima (Punica granatum)]]

==Traditional Context==
In traditional Ayurvedic texts, Dadima is classified into three types based on taste: sweet (''swadu''), sweet-sour (''swaduamla'') and sour (''amla''). It has an important role in dietary prescriptions (''Pathya'') and in many formulations, and pacifies Vata, Pitta and Kapha doshas depending on its variety.<ref name="ref2" />

==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Dadima, Karaka, Dantabija, Lohitapushpaka

==Additional Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==
* '''Dadima:''' Useful in many conditions.<ref name="ref2" />
* '''Dantabija:''' Seeds resemble teeth.<ref name="ref2" />
* '''Lohitapushpaka:''' Flowers are red in color.<ref name="ref2" />

==Types (Bheda)==
# Swadu (Sweet)<ref name="ref2" />
# Swaduamla (Sweet and sour)<ref name="ref2" />
# Amla (Sour)<ref name="ref2" />

==Ayurvedic pharmacological properties==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Sweet (madhura), Astringent (kashaya), Sour (amla)<ref name="ref2" />
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Not too hot (anushna)<ref name="ref2" />
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura)<ref name="ref2" />
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]]) || Light (laghu), Unctuous (snigdha)<ref name="ref2" />
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Reduces [[vata]], [[pitta]] and [[kapha]]<ref name="ref2" />
|-
|}

==Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/19 || Pachani-Grahi yavagu
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(10) || Hridya mahakashaya (group of heart-healthy herbs)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(28) || Chhardinigrahana mahakashaya (group of herbs for anti-emetic therapy)
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(40) || Shramahara mahakashaya (group of herbs for fatigue)
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 13/84 || Alternative recipes for persons averse to lipids
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/38 || Madyavikatnut Mantha
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/4 || Natural qualities
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/150 || Phala Varga (group of all fruits)
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/256 || Krutanna Varga (group of edibles)
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/84 || Viruddha ahara (incompatible food articles)
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/136 || Virechana dravyani (group of laxatives)
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/140 || Amla Skandha (group of sour substances)
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/30 || Preparations of Trivrut Avaleha
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/54 || Trivrritadi Modaka
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/75 || Virechana Prayoga (used for therapeutic purgation)
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 11/07 || Saptala Shankhini Yoga
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/12 || Ingredient in Vrushya mamsa gutika
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/15 || Ingredient in Vrushya mahish rasa
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/36 || As pathya ahara (group of wholesome food articles)
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/180 || Given as peya for those desiring sour items
|-
| 21 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/35 || For Tarpana (instant nourishment)
|-
| 22 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/95 || As an ingredient of Satavaryadi ghrita
|-
| 23 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/100 || Used in Nasagata raktapitta
|-
| 24 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/68 || To increase effect of Trayushanaadi ghrita
|-
| 25 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/69 || Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya ghrita
|-
| 26 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/72 || Ingredient of Hapushadya ghrita
|-
| 27 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/74 || Ingredient of Pippalyadya ghrita
|-
| 28 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/77 || As an anupana in Gulma (abdominal lump)
|-
| 29 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/80 || Ingredient of Hingvadi churna
|-
| 30 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/85 || Used to reduce pain in Vataja gulma
|-
| 31 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/87 || Ingredient of Shatyadi churna
|-
| 32 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/133 || As a diet in Pittaja gulma
|-
| 33 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/142 || Ingredient of Dashamuli ghrita
|-
| 34 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/166 || Pathya diet in gulma
|-
| 35 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/36 || Ingredient in Kalyanak ghrita
|-
| 36 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/42 || Ingredient in Mahakalyanak ghrita
|-
| 37 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/54 || Ingredient in Apara lasunadya ghrita
|-
| 38 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/85 || Ingredient in Saindhavadi churna
|-
| 39 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/88 || Ingredient in Shadav (preparations made of sweet, sour, and salty substances)
|-
| 40 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/55 || Ingredient in Chitrakadi ghrita
|-
| 41 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/130 || Used as anupana in arsha roga with narayan churna
|-
| 42 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/135 || As an anupana of hapushadya churna
|-
| 43 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/99 || Used for Anulomana (proper elimination of flatus and feces)
|-
| 44 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/106 || Removes vata and vibandha (constipation)
|-
| 45 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/125 || Dadima swarasa is mixed with shaka
|-
| 46 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/186 || Kwath is used for raktastambhana (cessation of bleeding)
|-
| 47 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/197 || Used in rakta arsha (bleeding piles)
|-
| 48 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/200 || Sadhita laajapeya used in rakta arsha
|-
| 49 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/89 || As an ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrit evum churna
|-
| 50 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/97 || Bhavana dravya of citrakadhya gutika
|-
| 51 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/44 || As an ingredient of Dadimadi ghrita
|-
| 52 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/90 || As an anupana of Shilajatu vataka
|-
| 53 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/63 || As an ingredient of saindhavadi yoga
|-
| 54 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/126 || As an ingredient of kantakari ghrita
|-
| 55 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/28 || As an ingredient of dipaniya and sangrahi gana
|-
| 56 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/33 || Used as a siddhi dravya
|-
| 57 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/40 || As a yoga dravya in treatment of purishakshaya
|-
| 58 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/44 || As an ingredient of chavyadi ghrita
|-
| 59 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/54 || As a yoga dravya in treatment of pittaja atisara
|-
| 60 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/74 || As a prakshepa dravya
|-
| 61 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/24 || Ghritapana in Vataja chhardi
|-
| 62 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/35 || As a pathya ahara in kaphaja chhardi
|-
| 63 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/109 || As a pathya ahara
|-
| 64 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/111 || As a pathya ahara
|-
| 65 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/112 || Dadima rasa siddha mamsarasa is used
|-
| 66 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/126 || As an ingredient of mulakadi lepa
|-
| 67 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 22/36 || For lepa prayoga (local application)
|-
| 68 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 22/49 || Used in treatment of kaphanubandha trushna (thirst)
|-
| 69 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/226 || As a pathya ahara (palatable food)
|-
| 70 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/121 || Used as swarasa mixed with lavana and sneha in Vataja madatyaya
|-
| 71 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/127 || Used as swarasa in Vataja madatyaya (alcohol intoxication)
|-
| 72 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/128 || Used as anupana in Vataja madatyaya
|-
| 73 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/136 || Used as swarasa in pittaja madatyaya
|-
| 74 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/139 || Used as yoosha in pittaja madatyaya
|-
| 75 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/151 || Used in mukha-lepa in pittaja madatyaya
|-
| 76 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/180 || Used as raga in kaphaja madatyaya
|-
| 77 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/217 || Used in Kavala in arochaka (tastelessness)
|-
| 78 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/219 || As an ingredient of Arochakanashaka vati
|-
| 79 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/132 || As an ingredient of Triphaladi maha sneha
|-
| 80 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/79 || As an ingredient of Dhatakyadi taila
|-
|}

==Dose==
* 5 to 10 g of the drug in powder form or fresh juice as required.<ref name="ref1" />

==Important Formulations==
* Dadimastaka Churna
* Dadima Ghrita
* Dadhika Ghrita
* Bhaskara Lavana
* Shukramatruka Vati

==Current availability==
Available
* '''In India –''' Found growing wild in the valley and outer hills of the Himalayas between 900–1800 m, and cultivated widely across many parts of the country.<ref name="ref1" />
* '''Out of India –''' Central Asia, the Himalayas, the Mediterranean, the Middle East, California, Arizona, and South Asia.<ref name="ref1" />

==Phytoconstituents==
Different parts of ''Punica granatum'' (fruit peel, aril and juice, seed, flower, leaf, bark and heartwood) contain the following major classes of phytochemicals:<ref name="Wu2017" />
* '''Hydrolyzable tannins:''' ellagitannins (e.g. punicalagin, punicalin) and gallotannins, abundant in the fruit peel.
* '''Ellagic acid:''' free ellagic acid, its methylated forms and glycosidic derivatives.
* '''Flavonoids:''' chalcones, flavanones, flavones, flavonols, anthocyanins (responsible for the red colour), flavan-3-ols and procyanidins.
* '''Alkaloids:''' present in the bark.
* '''Steroids and lipids:''' steroid hormones and seed-oil lipids such as monoacylglycerols and triglycerides.

==Pharmacological Activities and Therapeutic Efficacy==
All studies below are preclinical or small human studies on pomegranate preparations. Results with juice or peel extract should not be taken as proof of the effect of the Ayurvedic dosage forms.

===Overview of therapeutic applications===
Pomegranate constituents have been reported to have antioxidant, anticarcinogenic and anti-inflammatory properties, with research on cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, dental conditions, bacterial infections and other disorders.<ref name="Jurenka2008" />

===Cardiovascular protection (Hridya)===
In healthy male volunteers and in atherosclerotic apolipoprotein E-deficient mice, pomegranate juice consumption had potent antioxidant effects against lipid peroxidation in plasma and lipoproteins. In humans it decreased LDL susceptibility to aggregation and retention and raised the activity of serum paraoxonase by about 20%.<ref name="Aviram2000" />

===Antidiarrhoeal activity (Atisara)===
The aqueous extract of the peel (100–400 mg/kg) reduced castor-oil-induced diarrhoea, enteropooling and gastrointestinal transit in rats in a dose-dependent manner, and inhibited the spontaneous movement of the isolated rat ileum. The extract contained tannins, flavonoids and alkaloids.<ref name="Qnais2007" />

===Anti-inflammatory and anticancer potential===
Juice and peel possess potent antioxidant properties, and the phytochemistry and pharmacological actions of the different parts of the plant suggest a wide range of applications in preventing and treating cancer and other diseases in which chronic inflammation plays a role.<ref name="Lansky2007" />

==Safety, Toxicity and Dosage==
* '''Toxicity:''' The aqueous peel extract had an intraperitoneal LD50 of 1321 ± 15 mg/kg in mice.<ref name="Qnais2007" /> No other safety data are cited here; oral safety of the traditional dosage forms has not been verified for this monograph.
* '''Precautions (classical, no experimental reference cited):''' The only classical contraindication noted in Ayurvedic literature is its avoidance during specific treatments like Khandakadya Lauha administration in ''raktapitta'' conditions.
* '''Standard therapeutic dose:''' Fruit juice or fresh arils as desired or 30–50 ml; powder (churna) 5–10 g daily (see Dose above).<ref name="ref1" />

==Summary of Therapeutic Profile==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic applications of ''Punica granatum'' (preclinical and small human studies)
! Indication
! Part / preparation studied
! Principal finding
|-
| '''Cardiovascular health / Hridroga'''
| Juice
| Antioxidant effects; reduced LDL aggregation and retention, raised paraoxonase activity
|-
| '''Diarrhoea / Atisara'''
| Aqueous peel extract
| Reduced castor-oil diarrhoea, enteropooling and intestinal transit in rats
|-
| '''Inflammation and cancer'''
| Juice, peel and other parts
| Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential (review evidence)
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 2001; Volume III: 45-46.</ref>
<ref name="ref2">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 35-38, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015.</ref>
<ref name="Wu2017">{{cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=S. |last2=Tian |first2=L. |year=2017 |title=Diverse phytochemicals and bioactivities in the ancient fruit and modern functional food pomegranate (Punica granatum) |journal=Molecules |volume=22 |issue=10 |pages=1606 |doi=10.3390/molecules22101606}}</ref>
<ref name="Jurenka2008">{{cite journal |last1=Jurenka |first1=J. S. |year=2008 |title=Therapeutic applications of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.): a review |journal=Alternative Medicine Review |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=128–144}}</ref>
<ref name="Aviram2000">{{cite journal |last1=Aviram |first1=M. |last2=Dornfeld |first2=L. |last3=Rosenblat |first3=M. |last4=Volkova |first4=N. |last5=Kaplan |first5=M. |last6=Coleman |first6=R. |last7=Hayek |first7=T. |last8=Presser |first8=D. |last9=Fuhrman |first9=B. |year=2000 |title=Pomegranate juice consumption reduces oxidative stress, atherogenic modifications to LDL, and platelet aggregation: studies in humans and in atherosclerotic apolipoprotein E-deficient mice |journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=71 |issue=5 |pages=1062–1076 |doi=10.1093/ajcn/71.5.1062}}</ref>
<ref name="Qnais2007">{{cite journal |last1=Qnais |first1=E. Y. |last2=Elokda |first2=A. S. |last3=Abu Ghalyun |first3=Y. Y. |last4=Abdulla |first4=F. A. |year=2007 |title=Antidiarrheal activity of the aqueous extract of Punica granatum (pomegranate) peels |journal=Pharmaceutical Biology |volume=45 |issue=9 |pages=715–720 |doi=10.1080/13880200701575304}}</ref>
<ref name="Lansky2007">{{cite journal |last1=Lansky |first1=E. P. |last2=Newman |first2=R. A. |year=2007 |title=Punica granatum (pomegranate) and its potential for prevention and treatment of inflammation and cancer |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=109 |issue=2 |pages=177–206 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2006.09.006}}</ref>
}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Talk:Trivrut

2026-10-10T11:53:55Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Trivrut
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Trivrut, Operculina turpethum (L.) Silva Manso, Indian Jalap,Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Trivrut (Operculina turpethum (L.) Silva Manso) is a major Virechana (purgative) drug in Ayurveda, traditionally indicated for constipation, abdominal disorders, skin diseases and fever; preclinical studies report hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antidiarrhoeal and antispasmodic activities.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

{{Infobox
|title = Trivrut
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Trivrut
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operculina_turpethum Operculina turpethum (L.) Silva Manso]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Convolvulaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operculina_turpethum Operculina turpethum (L.) Silva Manso]''', popularly known as '''Trivrut''' (Indian Jalap, Turpeth), is a large perennial twining herb of the family Convolvulaceae. It is regarded in [[Ayurveda]] as one of the foremost ''Virechana'' (therapeutic purgation) drugs.

==English name==
Indian Jalap, Turpeth, St. Thomas lidpod

==Therapeutic Uses==
Malabandha (constipation), Gulma (abdominal lumps), Udararoga (generalized enlargement of abdomen), Jwara (fever), Pandu (anemia), Pleeha (splenic disorders), Vrana (wound), Krumi (worms), Kustha (skin diseases), Kandu (itching)<ref name="ref1" />

==Other Varieties / Other Botanical names==
* Merremia turpethum (L.) Shah & Bhatt.
* Ipomoea turpethum (L.) R.Br.

==Varieties Mentioned in Nighantus==
===Bhavaprakasa Nighantu===
Mentioned 2 types<ref name="ref2" />
# Sweta trivrut
# Syama trivrut

===Raja Nighantu===
Mentioned 2 types<ref name="ref3" />
# Trivrut
# Rakta trivrut

===Dhanwantari Nighantu===
Mentioned 2 types<ref name="ref4" />
# Shyama Trivrut
# Shukla Bhandi

===Kaiyadeva Nighantu===
Mentioned 2 types<ref name="ref5" />
# Trivrut
# Shyama

==Traditional Context==
In Ayurvedic therapeutics Trivrut is a primary ''Shodhana'' drug used for ''Virechana'' (therapeutic purgation). It acts mainly on Pitta and Kapha doshas.

==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Trivrut, Tribhandi (due to its triangular stem), Shyama, Kutarana, Sarvanubhuti (useful in many disorders), Suvaha, Triputa, Sarala (safe purgative), Nishoth

==Additional Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==
* '''Shveta Trivrut:''' Tribhandi, Trivruta, Triputa, Sarvanubhuti, Sarala, Nishotri, Rechani
* '''Shyama Trivrut:''' Shyama, Trivrut, Ardha chandra, Palindi, Sushenika, Masuravidala, Kali, Kaishika, Kalameshika<ref name="ref6" />

==Ayurvedic pharmacological properties==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Bitter (tikta), Pungent (katu)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]]) || Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha), Sharp (tikshna)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify Kapha and Pitta
|-
| 6 || Extra ordinary effect ([[prabhava]]) || Helps in purgation (virechana)
|-
|}

==Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/77 || Mulini (Virechana) (Therapeutic purgation)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/9 || Churna pradeha (external application)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 3/5 || Used for Lepa as external application with other herbs and mustard oil in skin diseases
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(25) || Asthapanopag (helping corrective enema) mahakashaya
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 15/17 || Dravya for Virechana (purgation)
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/18 || Abhyantar Krimi Chikitsa (treatment of worms)
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135 || Vamana dravyani (drug for emesis)
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/6 || Shodhanartha (for purification)
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/3-4 || Shodhanartha (for purification)
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/04 || Trivritta Synonyms
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 8/11 || Aragvadha Yoga
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 8/12 || Aragvadha Avaleha
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 10/14 || Panaka Yoga
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 10/15 || Nasya Yoga
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/209 || Used in Pitta-Kaphaja jwara (fever) with sarkara
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/231 || Used for virechana karma with madhu-sarpi
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/299 || Used in Vishama jwara (fever)
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/57 || As a Virechana dravya (drug for purgation)
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/44 || As Virechana dravya (drug for purgation)
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/56 || For scrapping action
|-
| 21 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/69 || Ingredient in Triphaladi Churna
|-
| 22 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/85 || Bahyaprayogarth lepa in mandala kushtha (skin disease)
|-
| 23 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/124 || Bahyaprayogarth lepa in Vata-Kaphaja kushtha (skin disease)
|-
| 24 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/153 || Ingredient in Mahakhadir Ghrita
|-
| 25 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/20 || Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrita
|-
| 26 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/44 || As a Nasya dravya
|-
| 27 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/21 || In treatment of Kaphaja svayathu (swelling)
|-
| 28 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/24 || In treatment of Vataja svayathu (swelling)
|-
| 29 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/25 || In treatment of Vataja svayathu (swelling)
|-
| 30 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/69 || Indicated in treatment of pittodara (for virechana)
|-
| 31 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/138 || In treatment of udararoga for virechana (Hapushadya churna)
|-
| 32 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/120 || As an ingredient of Patoladi churna
|-
| 33 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/126 || As an ingredient of Narayana churna
|-
| 34 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/134 || As an ingredient of Hapushadya churna
|-
| 35 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/155 || Taila prayoga is vedanahara in vatodara
|-
| 36 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/164 || In formulation of ksharvatika
|-
| 37 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/167 || In condition of vibandha (constipation) in udararoga
|-
| 38 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/181 || In sannipatodara (after vishaprayoga)
|-
| 39 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/54 || Used as lepa on arsha (hemorrhoids)
|-
| 40 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/55 || Used as lepa
|-
| 41 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/66 || Use trivrut churna with triphala kwatha
|-
| 42 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/122 || Shaka prayoga in arsha (hemorrhoids)
|-
| 43 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/231 || Used in treatment of tikshnagni
|-
| 44 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/57 || Used in Snehottar Virechana Yoga
|-
| 45 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/59 || Used in Kaphaja Pandu Roga
|-
| 46 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/66 || Used in Swarnakshiradi yoga
|-
| 47 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/93 || As an ingredient of Punarnava Mandura
|-
| 48 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/135 || Used in chikitsa of halimaka
|-
| 49 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/85 || As a virechana dravya in pittaja kasa
|-
| 50 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/121 || As a yoga dravya
|-
| 51 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/151 || As a mrudu sodhana dravya
|-
| 52 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/26 || For anulomana in pittaja chhardi (vomiting)
|-
| 53 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/64 || For virechana, give along with ghrita, paya, or ushnodaka
|-
| 54 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/66 || For subsiding visarpa and jvara, give ghrita and trivruta churna with triphala kwatha for virechana
|-
| 55 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/67 || In guru koshthi patient, give along with amalaki rasa for virechana
|-
| 56 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/203 || As an ingredient of Karnika nashaka yoga
|-
| 57 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/241 || As an ingredient of Nagadantyadi ghrita
|-
| 58 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/85 || Used as vranashodhaka lepa
|-
| 59 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/12 || Used to make udavarta varti
|-
| 60 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/14 || Used in udavarta for pradhamana
|-
| 61 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/98 || As an ingredient of Udumbaravleha
|-
| 62 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/110 || Used in treatment of udavarta, vatala, mahayoni & strasta
|-
| 63 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/254 || Used in treatment of stanya dosha (vitiated breast milk)
|-
|}

==Dose==
* 1–3 g of the drug in powder form<ref name="ref1" />

==Important Formulations==
As per A.P.I.
* Hrudyavirechana leha
* Ashwagandharishta
* Avipatikara churna
* Manibhadra guda

==Current availability==
Available
* '''In India –''' Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra.
* '''Out of India –''' Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Australia, Oceania, Brazil, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, Oman.

==Phytoconstituents==
The roots and other parts of ''Operculina turpethum'' have been reported to contain the following constituents:<ref name="Gupta2017" />
* '''Resin glycosides and related:''' α- and β-turpethein, turpethinic acids A, B, C, D and E.
* '''Coumarins:''' scopoletin and other coumarins.
* '''Sterols and triterpenoids:''' β-sitosterol, cycloartenol, lanosta-5-ene, 24-methylene-δ-5-lanosterol, lupeol, betulin, and the glucosides stigma-5,22-dien-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, β-sitosterol-β-D-glucoside and 22,23-dihydro-α-spinosterol-β-D-glucoside.
* '''Others:''' α- and β-rhamnose, acrylamide derivative, salicylic acid.

==Pharmacological Activities and Therapeutic Efficacy==
All studies below are preclinical (animal or in vitro). No controlled human clinical trial is cited in this monograph.

===Purgative (Virechana) action===
The purgative action of Trivrut is established in Ayurvedic classics (see Charak Samhita table above). No primary experimental study of its purgative effect could be verified for this monograph, so no modern reference is given for this topic.

===Antidiarrhoeal and antispasmodic activity===
The 70% aqueous-ethanolic extract of the black variety of the root protected mice against castor-oil-induced diarrhoea, relaxed isolated rabbit jejunum and guinea-pig trachea, and these effects were attributed possibly to Ca++ antagonist-like constituents.<ref name="Shareef2014" />The research findings are not in accordance with the classical purgative action of the herb. The reasons behind this needs further exploration and study.

===Hepatoprotective activity===
The ethanolic root extract (200 mg/kg, oral) significantly lowered the raised SGOT, SGPT, alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin in paracetamol-induced liver injury in rats, and histology showed less hepatocellular damage.<ref name="Kumar2006" />

===Anti-inflammatory activity===
Operculina turpethum roots were shown to have anti-inflammatory activity in in-vivo and in-vitro models without cytotoxicity, and the activity was attributed to the β-sitosterol isolated from the roots.<ref name="Ved2022" />

==Safety, Toxicity and Dosage==
* '''Toxicity:''' The methanolic root extract was devoid of toxicity up to 2000 mg/kg in Wistar albino rats.<ref name="Ved2022" />
* '''Precautions (Ayurvedic, no experimental reference cited):''' Being a strong ''Virechana'' drug it should be used with care in pregnancy, severe debility and acute inflammatory bowel conditions, and only under the supervision of an Ayurvedic physician.
* '''Standard therapeutic dose:''' Root powder 1–3 g, or as directed by an Ayurvedic physician (see Dose above).

==Summary of Therapeutic Profile==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic applications of ''Operculina turpethum'' (preclinical evidence)
! Indication
! Part / preparation studied
! Principal finding
|-
| '''Constipation / Malabandha'''
| Root (classical use)
| Classical ''Virechana'' drug; no verified experimental study cited
|-
| '''Diarrhoea / gut spasm'''
| 70% aqueous-ethanolic root extract
| Antidiarrhoeal and antispasmodic activity in mice and isolated tissues
|-
| '''Liver disorders'''
| Ethanolic root extract
| Reduced paracetamol-induced liver enzyme elevation in rats
|-
| '''Inflammation / Kustha'''
| Root extract, β-sitosterol
| Anti-inflammatory activity in vivo and in vitro
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume III:96.</ref>
<ref name="ref2">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharati, Guduchyadi Varga, p. 384.</ref>
<ref name="ref3">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, ed. 2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi; Pippalyadi Varga, Verse no. 168-169, p. 169.</ref>
<ref name="ref4">Acharya Priyavat Sharma, Dhanwantari Nighantu, ed. 2008, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi; Guduchyadi Varga, Verse no. 236-237, p. 59.</ref>
<ref name="ref5">Prof. Priyavat Sharma, Kaiyadeva Nighantu, Reprint 2009, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Oushadhi Varga – 298, verse no. 1015-1019, p. 187-188.</ref>
<ref name="ref6">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharati, Guduchyadi Varga, p. 383, 385.</ref>
<ref name="Gupta2017">{{cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=S. |last2=Ved |first2=A. |year=2017 |title=Operculina turpethum (Linn.) Silva Manso as a medicinal plant species: a review on bioactive components and pharmacological properties |journal=Pharmacognosy Reviews |volume=11 |issue=22 |pages=158–166 |doi=10.4103/phrev.phrev_6_17}}</ref>
<ref name="Shareef2014">{{cite journal |last1=Shareef |first1=H. |last2=Rizwani |first2=G. H. |last3=Mandukhail |first3=S. R. |last4=Watanabe |first4=N. |last5=Gilani |first5=A. H. |year=2014 |title=Studies on antidiarrhoeal, antispasmodic and bronchodilator activities of Operculina turpethum Linn |journal=BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine |volume=14 |pages=479 |doi=10.1186/1472-6882-14-479}}</ref>
<ref name="Kumar2006">{{cite journal |last1=Suresh Kumar |first1=S. V. |last2=Sujatha |first2=C. |last3=Syamala |first3=J. |last4=Nagasudha |first4=B. |last5=Mishra |first5=S. H. |year=2006 |title=Protective effect of root extract of Operculina turpethum Linn. against paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats |journal=Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=32–35 |doi=10.4103/0250-474X.22960}}</ref>
<ref name="Ved2022">{{cite journal |last1=Ved |first1=A. |last2=Gupta |first2=S. |last3=Singh |first3=N. |last4=Shukla |first4=K. S. |last5=Prakash |first5=O. |last6=Gaur |first6=N. |year=2022 |title=Pharmacognostical standardization, isolation of phytoconstituents (β-sitosterol), HPTLC analysis of extracts of Operculina turpethum (Linn.) roots and evaluation of cytotoxic, in vitro, and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities |journal=Letters in Organic Chemistry |volume=19 |issue=8 |pages=636–650 |doi=10.2174/1570178618666210413143914}}</ref>
}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Talk:Trivrut

2026-10-10T04:25:05Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Trivrut
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Trivrut, Operculina turpethum (L.) Silva Manso, Indian Jalap,Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Trivrut (Operculina turpethum (L.) Silva Manso) is a major Virechana (purgative) drug in Ayurveda, traditionally indicated for constipation, abdominal disorders, skin diseases and fever; preclinical studies report hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antidiarrhoeal and antispasmodic activities.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

{{Infobox
|title = Trivrut
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Trivrut
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operculina_turpethum Operculina turpethum (L.) Silva Manso]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Convolvulaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operculina_turpethum Operculina turpethum (L.) Silva Manso]''', popularly known as '''Trivrut''' (Indian Jalap, Turpeth), is a large perennial twining herb of the family Convolvulaceae. It is regarded in [[Ayurveda]] as one of the foremost ''Virechana'' (therapeutic purgation) drugs.

==English name==
Indian Jalap, Turpeth, St. Thomas lidpod

==Therapeutic Uses==
Malabandha (constipation), Gulma (abdominal lumps), Udararoga (generalized enlargement of abdomen), Jwara (fever), Pandu (anemia), Pleeha (splenic disorders), Vrana (wound), Krumi (worms), Kustha (skin diseases), Kandu (itching)<ref name="ref1" />

==Other Varieties / Other Botanical names==
* Merremia turpethum (L.) Shah & Bhatt.
* Ipomoea turpethum (L.) R.Br.

==Varieties Mentioned in Nighantus==
===Bhavaprakasa Nighantu===
Mentioned 2 types<ref name="ref2" />
# Sweta trivrut
# Syama trivrut

===Raja Nighantu===
Mentioned 2 types<ref name="ref3" />
# Trivrut
# Rakta trivrut

===Dhanwantari Nighantu===
Mentioned 2 types<ref name="ref4" />
# Shyama Trivrut
# Shukla Bhandi

===Kaiyadeva Nighantu===
Mentioned 2 types<ref name="ref5" />
# Trivrut
# Shyama

==Traditional Context==
In Ayurvedic therapeutics Trivrut is a primary ''Shodhana'' drug used for ''Virechana'' (therapeutic purgation). It acts mainly on Pitta and Kapha doshas.

==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Trivrut, Tribhandi (due to its triangular stem), Shyama, Kutarana, Sarvanubhuti (useful in many disorders), Suvaha, Triputa, Sarala (safe purgative), Nishoth

==Additional Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==
* '''Shveta Trivrut:''' Tribhandi, Trivruta, Triputa, Sarvanubhuti, Sarala, Nishotri, Rechani
* '''Shyama Trivrut:''' Shyama, Trivrut, Ardha chandra, Palindi, Sushenika, Masuravidala, Kali, Kaishika, Kalameshika<ref name="ref6" />

==Ayurvedic pharmacological properties==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Bitter (tikta), Pungent (katu)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]]) || Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha), Sharp (tikshna)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify Kapha and Pitta
|-
| 6 || Extra ordinary effect ([[prabhava]]) || Helps in purgation (virechana)
|-
|}

==Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/77 || Mulini (Virechana) (Therapeutic purgation)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/9 || Churna pradeha (external application)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 3/5 || Used for Lepa as external application with other herbs and mustard oil in skin diseases
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(25) || Asthapanopag (helping corrective enema) mahakashaya
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 15/17 || Dravya for Virechana (purgation)
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/18 || Abhyantar Krimi Chikitsa (treatment of worms)
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135 || Vamana dravyani (drug for emesis)
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/6 || Shodhanartha (for purification)
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/3-4 || Shodhanartha (for purification)
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/04 || Trivritta Synonyms
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 8/11 || Aragvadha Yoga
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 8/12 || Aragvadha Avaleha
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 10/14 || Panaka Yoga
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 10/15 || Nasya Yoga
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/209 || Used in Pitta-Kaphaja jwara (fever) with sarkara
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/231 || Used for virechana karma with madhu-sarpi
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/299 || Used in Vishama jwara (fever)
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/57 || As a Virechana dravya (drug for purgation)
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/44 || As Virechana dravya (drug for purgation)
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/56 || For scrapping action
|-
| 21 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/69 || Ingredient in Triphaladi Churna
|-
| 22 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/85 || Bahyaprayogarth lepa in mandala kushtha (skin disease)
|-
| 23 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/124 || Bahyaprayogarth lepa in Vata-Kaphaja kushtha (skin disease)
|-
| 24 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/153 || Ingredient in Mahakhadir Ghrita
|-
| 25 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/20 || Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrita
|-
| 26 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/44 || As a Nasya dravya
|-
| 27 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/21 || In treatment of Kaphaja svayathu (swelling)
|-
| 28 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/24 || In treatment of Vataja svayathu (swelling)
|-
| 29 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/25 || In treatment of Vataja svayathu (swelling)
|-
| 30 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/69 || Indicated in treatment of pittodara (for virechana)
|-
| 31 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/138 || In treatment of udararoga for virechana (Hapushadya churna)
|-
| 32 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/120 || As an ingredient of Patoladi churna
|-
| 33 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/126 || As an ingredient of Narayana churna
|-
| 34 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/134 || As an ingredient of Hapushadya churna
|-
| 35 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/155 || Taila prayoga is vedanahara in vatodara
|-
| 36 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/164 || In formulation of ksharvatika
|-
| 37 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/167 || In condition of vibandha (constipation) in udararoga
|-
| 38 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/181 || In sannipatodara (after vishaprayoga)
|-
| 39 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/54 || Used as lepa on arsha (hemorrhoids)
|-
| 40 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/55 || Used as lepa
|-
| 41 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/66 || Use trivrut churna with triphala kwatha
|-
| 42 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/122 || Shaka prayoga in arsha (hemorrhoids)
|-
| 43 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/231 || Used in treatment of tikshnagni
|-
| 44 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/57 || Used in Snehottar Virechana Yoga
|-
| 45 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/59 || Used in Kaphaja Pandu Roga
|-
| 46 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/66 || Used in Swarnakshiradi yoga
|-
| 47 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/93 || As an ingredient of Punarnava Mandura
|-
| 48 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/135 || Used in chikitsa of halimaka
|-
| 49 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/85 || As a virechana dravya in pittaja kasa
|-
| 50 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/121 || As a yoga dravya
|-
| 51 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/151 || As a mrudu sodhana dravya
|-
| 52 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/26 || For anulomana in pittaja chhardi (vomiting)
|-
| 53 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/64 || For virechana, give along with ghrita, paya, or ushnodaka
|-
| 54 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/66 || For subsiding visarpa and jvara, give ghrita and trivruta churna with triphala kwatha for virechana
|-
| 55 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/67 || In guru koshthi patient, give along with amalaki rasa for virechana
|-
| 56 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/203 || As an ingredient of Karnika nashaka yoga
|-
| 57 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/241 || As an ingredient of Nagadantyadi ghrita
|-
| 58 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/85 || Used as vranashodhaka lepa
|-
| 59 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/12 || Used to make udavarta varti
|-
| 60 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/14 || Used in udavarta for pradhamana
|-
| 61 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/98 || As an ingredient of Udumbaravleha
|-
| 62 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/110 || Used in treatment of udavarta, vatala, mahayoni & strasta
|-
| 63 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/254 || Used in treatment of stanya dosha (vitiated breast milk)
|-
|}

==Dose==
* 1–3 g of the drug in powder form<ref name="ref1" />

==Important Formulations==
As per A.P.I.
* Hrudyavirechana leha
* Ashwagandharishta
* Avipatikara churna
* Manibhadra guda

==Current availability==
Available
* '''In India –''' Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra.
* '''Out of India –''' Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Australia, Oceania, Brazil, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, Oman.

==Phytoconstituents==
The roots and other parts of ''Operculina turpethum'' have been reported to contain the following constituents:<ref name="Gupta2017" />
* '''Resin glycosides and related:''' α- and β-turpethein, turpethinic acids A, B, C, D and E.
* '''Coumarins:''' scopoletin and other coumarins.
* '''Sterols and triterpenoids:''' β-sitosterol, cycloartenol, lanosta-5-ene, 24-methylene-δ-5-lanosterol, lupeol, betulin, and the glucosides stigma-5,22-dien-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, β-sitosterol-β-D-glucoside and 22,23-dihydro-α-spinosterol-β-D-glucoside.
* '''Others:''' α- and β-rhamnose, acrylamide derivative, salicylic acid.

==Pharmacological Activities and Therapeutic Efficacy==
All studies below are preclinical (animal or in vitro). No controlled human clinical trial is cited in this monograph.

===Purgative (Virechana) action===
The purgative action of Trivrut is established in Ayurvedic classics (see Charak Samhita table above). No primary experimental study of its purgative effect could be verified for this monograph, so no modern reference is given for this topic.

===Antidiarrhoeal and antispasmodic activity===
The 70% aqueous-ethanolic extract of the black variety of the root protected mice against castor-oil-induced diarrhoea, relaxed isolated rabbit jejunum and guinea-pig trachea, and these effects were attributed possibly to Ca++ antagonist-like constituents.<ref name="Shareef2014" />

===Hepatoprotective activity===
The ethanolic root extract (200 mg/kg, oral) significantly lowered the raised SGOT, SGPT, alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin in paracetamol-induced liver injury in rats, and histology showed less hepatocellular damage.<ref name="Kumar2006" />

===Anti-inflammatory activity===
Operculina turpethum roots were shown to have anti-inflammatory activity in in-vivo and in-vitro models without cytotoxicity, and the activity was attributed to the β-sitosterol isolated from the roots.<ref name="Ved2022" />

==Safety, Toxicity and Dosage==
* '''Toxicity:''' The methanolic root extract was devoid of toxicity up to 2000 mg/kg in Wistar albino rats.<ref name="Ved2022" />
* '''Precautions (Ayurvedic, no experimental reference cited):''' Being a strong ''Virechana'' drug it should be used with care in pregnancy, severe debility and acute inflammatory bowel conditions, and only under the supervision of an Ayurvedic physician.
* '''Standard therapeutic dose:''' Root powder 1–3 g, or as directed by an Ayurvedic physician (see Dose above).

==Summary of Therapeutic Profile==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic applications of ''Operculina turpethum'' (preclinical evidence)
! Indication
! Part / preparation studied
! Principal finding
|-
| '''Constipation / Malabandha'''
| Root (classical use)
| Classical ''Virechana'' drug; no verified experimental study cited
|-
| '''Diarrhoea / gut spasm'''
| 70% aqueous-ethanolic root extract
| Antidiarrhoeal and antispasmodic activity in mice and isolated tissues
|-
| '''Liver disorders'''
| Ethanolic root extract
| Reduced paracetamol-induced liver enzyme elevation in rats
|-
| '''Inflammation / Kustha'''
| Root extract, β-sitosterol
| Anti-inflammatory activity in vivo and in vitro
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume III:96.</ref>
<ref name="ref2">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharati, Guduchyadi Varga, p. 384.</ref>
<ref name="ref3">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, ed. 2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi; Pippalyadi Varga, Verse no. 168-169, p. 169.</ref>
<ref name="ref4">Acharya Priyavat Sharma, Dhanwantari Nighantu, ed. 2008, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi; Guduchyadi Varga, Verse no. 236-237, p. 59.</ref>
<ref name="ref5">Prof. Priyavat Sharma, Kaiyadeva Nighantu, Reprint 2009, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Oushadhi Varga – 298, verse no. 1015-1019, p. 187-188.</ref>
<ref name="ref6">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharati, Guduchyadi Varga, p. 383, 385.</ref>
<ref name="Gupta2017">{{cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=S. |last2=Ved |first2=A. |year=2017 |title=Operculina turpethum (Linn.) Silva Manso as a medicinal plant species: a review on bioactive components and pharmacological properties |journal=Pharmacognosy Reviews |volume=11 |issue=22 |pages=158–166 |doi=10.4103/phrev.phrev_6_17}}</ref>
<ref name="Shareef2014">{{cite journal |last1=Shareef |first1=H. |last2=Rizwani |first2=G. H. |last3=Mandukhail |first3=S. R. |last4=Watanabe |first4=N. |last5=Gilani |first5=A. H. |year=2014 |title=Studies on antidiarrhoeal, antispasmodic and bronchodilator activities of Operculina turpethum Linn |journal=BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine |volume=14 |pages=479 |doi=10.1186/1472-6882-14-479}}</ref>
<ref name="Kumar2006">{{cite journal |last1=Suresh Kumar |first1=S. V. |last2=Sujatha |first2=C. |last3=Syamala |first3=J. |last4=Nagasudha |first4=B. |last5=Mishra |first5=S. H. |year=2006 |title=Protective effect of root extract of Operculina turpethum Linn. against paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats |journal=Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=32–35 |doi=10.4103/0250-474X.22960}}</ref>
<ref name="Ved2022">{{cite journal |last1=Ved |first1=A. |last2=Gupta |first2=S. |last3=Singh |first3=N. |last4=Shukla |first4=K. S. |last5=Prakash |first5=O. |last6=Gaur |first6=N. |year=2022 |title=Pharmacognostical standardization, isolation of phytoconstituents (β-sitosterol), HPTLC analysis of extracts of Operculina turpethum (Linn.) roots and evaluation of cytotoxic, in vitro, and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities |journal=Letters in Organic Chemistry |volume=19 |issue=8 |pages=636–650 |doi=10.2174/1570178618666210413143914}}</ref>
}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Talk:Jyotishmati

2026-10-09T17:49:59Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Jyotishmati
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Jyotishmati, Celastrus paniculatus Willd., Staff tree, Intellect tree, Malkangani, Therapeutic efficacy, Medhya, nootropic, phytoconstituents, Dravyaguna, Charak Samhita, Ayurveda
|description= Jyotishmati (Celastrus paniculatus Willd.) is classified as a Medhya (nootropic) herb. It is traditionally indicated for memory loss, Vatavyadhi and Svitra; preclinical studies report cognitive-enhancing, neuroprotective, antioxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and wound-healing activities.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

{{Infobox
|title = Jyotishmati
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Jyotishmati
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celastrus_paniculatus Celastrus paniculatus Willd.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Celastraceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celastrus_paniculatus Celastrus paniculatus Willd.]''', popularly known as '''Jyotishmati''' (Staff tree, Intellect tree), is a large woody climbing shrub native to the hills of India. It is regarded in [[Ayurveda]] as a ''Medhya'' (intellect-promoting) herb and is traditionally used for memory loss, diseases of the nervous system and skin disorders.

==English name==
Staff tree, Intellect tree

==Therapeutic Use==
Vatavyadhi (diseases of nervous system), Smruti dourbalya (memory loss), Svitra (hypopigmentation disorder of skin)<ref name="ref1" />

==Other varieties / Other botanical names==
* Celastrus dependens Wall.
* Celastrus montana
* Celastrus multiflora
* Celastrus nutans
* Celastrus senegelensis
* Celastrus spinoses

==Identification characters==
* '''Lata''' – Jyotishmati is a climber.
* '''Paravatapadi''' – Root of Jyotishmati resembles legs of pigeon.
* '''Sphutatvacha''' – Stem bark has shining white dots over its surface.
* '''Suvarnalatika''' – Jyotishmati has yellow coloured flowers.
* '''Sukshmaphala''' – Fruits are small in size.
* '''Kakandi''' – Fruits of Jyotishmati resemble eggs of crow.
* '''Pitataila''' – The oil prepared from Jyotishmati is yellow in colour.

[[File:Celastrus_paniculatus.jpg|thumb|Jyotishmati (Celastrus paniculatus)]]

==Traditional Context==
In Ayurveda, Jyotishmati is categorized as a nervine tonic and ''Medhya'' drug. Its seed oil (Jyotishmati taila) is used for Vata disorders and for sharpening intellect.

==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Jyotishmati

==Additional Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==
Katabhi, Jyotishka, Kangani, Paravatapadi, Panya, Lata, Kakundani<ref name="ref2" />

==Ayurvedic pharmacological properties==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Pungent (katu), Bitter (tikta)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]]) || Sharp (tikshna)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[vata]] and [[kapha]]
|-
| 6 || Extra ordinary effect ([[prabhava]]) || Promotes intellect (medhya)
|-
|}

==Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/78 || Mulini (Shirovirecha) (Errhine therapy)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(27) || Shirovirechanopagmahakashay
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/26 || Vairechanikadhumavarti
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/23 || Vamanartha (for therapeutic emesis)
|-
|}

==Dose==
* Seed powder – 1 to 2 gm<ref name="ref1" />
* Oil – 5 to 15 drops<ref name="ref1" />

==Important Formulations==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="ref1" />
* Smritisagara rasa
* Jyotishmati taila

==Current availability==
Available
* '''In India –''' Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Sikkim, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Meghalaya, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andaman Islands.
* '''Out of India –''' Australia, China, Taiwan, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam.

==Phytoconstituents==
Seeds, seed oil and other parts of ''Celastrus paniculatus'' contain the following major classes of secondary metabolites:<ref name="Nagpal2022" />
* '''Sesquiterpenes:''' β-dihydroagarofuran sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpene polyol esters (e.g. malkanguniol, malkangunin).
* '''Alkaloids:''' celastrine, celapanin, celapagin, paniculatin.
* '''Triterpenoids:''' β-amyrin, lupeol, pristimerin.
* '''Sterols and tocopherols:''' β-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol.
* '''Fatty acids:''' palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic acids.
* '''Flavonoids and phenolics''', and non-fatty acids such as benzoic and cinnamic acid.

==Pharmacological Activities and Therapeutic Efficacy==
All studies below are preclinical (animal or in vitro). No controlled human clinical trial is cited in this monograph.

===Nootropic / Memory-enhancing activity (Medhya)===
Chronic oral administration of ''C. paniculatus'' seed oil (50, 200 or 400 mg/kg for 14 days) completely reversed scopolamine-induced deficits in the Morris water maze in rats, whereas a single acute dose did not. The effect was not related to an anticholinesterase-like action.<ref name="Gattu1997" />

===Neuroprotective activity===
Water-soluble extracts of the seed significantly attenuated glutamate-induced neuronal death in rat forebrain neuronal cultures; the protection was linked to modulation of glutamate (NMDA) receptor function.<ref name="Godkar2004" />

===Antioxidant activity===
The aqueous seed extract (200 mg/kg for 14 days) improved learning and memory in rats, and an antioxidant effect was suggested to be involved in this cognitive enhancement.<ref name="Kumar2002" />

===Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory activity===
The alcoholic seed extract (500 and 1000 mg/kg) showed antinociceptive activity in mice (tail immersion and hot plate tests) and significantly reduced carrageenan-induced paw oedema in rats, supporting the traditional use in painful ''Vata'' disorders.<ref name="Kulkarni2015" />

===Wound-healing activity===
Lupeol, a triterpenoid isolated from the petroleum-ether extract of the leaves, applied as 0.2% gel promoted healing in excision, incision and dead-space wound models in rats; docking with glycogen synthase kinase-3β supported the finding. This study used the leaf-derived compound, not the seed oil.<ref name="Harish2008" />

==Safety, Toxicity and Dosage==
* '''Toxicity:''' In an OECD-guideline study in rats, ''C. paniculatus'' seed oil was found safe up to 2000 mg/kg body weight.<ref name="Mishra2020" />
* '''Precautions (Ayurvedic, no experimental reference cited):''' Use under physician supervision in pregnancy, lactation, and in persons with Pitta aggravation or hyperacidity, in view of its ''ushna'' and ''tikshna'' attributes.
* '''Standard therapeutic dose:''' Seed powder 1–2 g; seed oil 5–15 drops, or as directed by an Ayurvedic physician (see Dose above).

==Summary of Therapeutic Profile==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic applications of ''Celastrus paniculatus'' (preclinical evidence)
! Indication
! Part / preparation studied
! Principal finding
|-
| '''Memory loss / Smruti dourbalya'''
| Seed oil
| Reversal of scopolamine-induced memory deficit in rats
|-
| '''Neuroprotection'''
| Water-soluble seed extracts
| Attenuation of glutamate-induced neuronal death in vitro
|-
| '''Neurological pain / Vatavyadhi'''
| Alcoholic seed extract
| Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity in rodents
|-
| '''Wounds'''
| Lupeol (leaf-derived)
| Enhanced wound healing in rats
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume II:29</ref>

<ref name="ref2">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 150 - 151, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

<ref name="Nagpal2022">{{cite journal |last1=Nagpal |first1=K. |last2=Garg |first2=M. |last3=Arora |first3=D. |last4=Dubey |first4=A. |last5=Grewal |first5=A. S. |year=2022 |title=An extensive review on phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of Indian medicinal plant Celastrus paniculatus Willd |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=1930–1951 |doi=10.1002/ptr.7424 |pmid=35199395}} </ref>

<ref name="Gattu1997">{{cite journal |last1=Gattu |first1=M. |last2=Boss |first2=K. L. |last3=Terry |first3=A. V. Jr |last4=Buccafusco |first4=J. J. |year=1997 |title=Reversal of scopolamine-induced deficits in navigational memory performance by the seed oil of Celastrus paniculatus |journal=Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=793–799 |doi=10.1016/s0091-3057(96)00391-7 |pmid=9259008}}</ref>
<ref name="Godkar2004">{{cite journal |last1=Godkar |first1=P. B. |last2=Gordon |first2=R. K. |last3=Ravindran |first3=A. |last4=Doctor |first4=B. P. |year=2004 |title=Celastrus paniculatus seed water soluble extracts protect against glutamate toxicity in neuronal cultures from rat forebrain |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=93 |issue=2-3 |pages=213–219}}</ref>
<ref name="Kumar2002">{{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=M. H. V. |last2=Gupta |first2=Y. K. |year=2002 |title=Antioxidant property of Celastrus paniculatus Willd.: a possible mechanism in enhancing cognition |journal=Phytomedicine |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=302–311 |doi=10.1078/0944-7113-00136 |pmid=12120811}}</ref>
<ref name="Kulkarni2015">{{cite journal |last1=Kulkarni |first1=Y. A. |last2=Agarwal |first2=S. |last3=Garud |first3=M. S. |year=2015 |title=Effect of Jyotishmati (Celastrus paniculatus) seeds in animal models of pain and inflammation |journal=Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=82–88 |doi=10.4103/0975-9476.146540}}</ref>
<ref name="Harish2008">{{cite journal |last1=Harish |first1=B. G. |last2=Krishna |first2=V. |last3=Santosh Kumar |first3=H. S. |last4=Khadeer Ahamed |first4=B. M. |last5=Sharath |first5=R. |last6=Kumara Swamy |first6=H. M. |year=2008 |title=Wound healing activity and docking of glycogen-synthase-kinase-3-β-protein with isolated triterpenoid lupeol in rats |journal=Phytomedicine |volume=15 |issue=9 |pages=763–767}}</ref>
<ref name="Mishra2020">{{cite journal |last1=Mishra |first1=B. |last2=John |first2=E. |year=2020 |title=Toxicity profile of Celastrus paniculatus seeds: a preclinical study |journal=Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research |volume=13 |issue=7 |doi=10.22159/ajpcr.2020.v13i7.37803}}</ref>
}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Talk:Jyotishmati

2026-10-09T17:31:51Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Jyotishmati
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Jyotishmati, Celastrus paniculatus Willd., Staff tree, Intellect tree, Malkangani, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, textbook charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Jyotishmati (Celastrus paniculatus Willd.) is classified as a Medhya (nootropic) herb. It is traditionally indicated for memory loss, Vatavyadhi, and Svitra; preclinical studies report cognitive-enhancing, neuroprotective, antioxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing activities.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

{{Infobox
|title = Jyotishmati
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Jyotishmati
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celastrus_paniculatus Celastrus paniculatus Willd.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Celastraceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celastrus_paniculatus Celastrus paniculatus Willd.]''', popularly known as '''Jyotishmati''' (Staff tree, Intellect tree), is a large woody climbing shrub native to the hills of India. It is regarded in [[Ayurveda]] as a ''Medhya'' (intellect-promoting) herb and is traditionally used for memory loss, diseases of the nervous system and skin disorders.

==English name==
Staff tree, Intellect tree

==Therapeutic Use==
Vatavyadhi (diseases of nervous system), Smruti dourbalya (memory loss), Svitra (hypopigmentation disorder of skin)<ref name="ref1" />

==Other varieties / Other botanical names==
* Celastrus dependens Wall.
* Celastrus montana
* Celastrus multiflora
* Celastrus nutans
* Celastrus senegelensis
* Celastrus spinoses

==Identification characters==
* '''Lata''' – Jyotishmati is a climber.
* '''Paravatapadi''' – Root of Jyotishmati resembles legs of pigeon.
* '''Sphutatvacha''' – Stem bark has shining white dots over its surface.
* '''Suvarnalatika''' – Jyotishmati has yellow coloured flowers.
* '''Sukshmaphala''' – Fruits are small in size.
* '''Kakandi''' – Fruits of Jyotishmati resemble eggs of crow.
* '''Pitataila''' – The oil prepared from Jyotishmati is yellow in colour.

[[File:Celastrus_paniculatus.jpg|thumb|Jyotishmati (Celastrus paniculatus)]]

==Traditional Context==
In Ayurveda, Jyotishmati is categorized as a nervine tonic and ''Medhya'' drug. Its seed oil (Jyotishmati taila) is used for Vata disorders and for sharpening intellect.

==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Jyotishmati

==Additional Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==
Katabhi, Jyotishka, Kangani, Paravatapadi, Panya, Lata, Kakundani<ref name="ref2" />

==Ayurvedic pharmacological properties==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Pungent (katu), Bitter (tikta)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post-digestion effects ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]]) || Sharp (tikshna)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[vata]] and [[kapha]]
|-
| 6 || Extraordinary effect ([[prabhava]]) || Promotes intellect (medhya)
|-
|}

==Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/78 || Mulini (Shirovirecha) (Errhine therapy)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(27) || Shirovirechanopagmahakashay
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/26 || Vairechanikadhumavarti
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/23 || Vamanartha (for therapeutic emesis)
|-
|}

==Dose==
* Seed powder – 1 to 2 gm<ref name="ref1" />
* Oil – 5 to 15 drops<ref name="ref1" />

==Important Formulations==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="ref1" />

* Smritisagara rasa
* Jyotishmati taila

==Current availability==
Available
* '''In India –''' Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Sikkim, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Meghalaya, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andaman Islands.
* '''Out of India –''' Australia, China, Taiwan, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam.

==Phytoconstituents==
Seeds, seed oil and other parts of ''Celastrus paniculatus'' contain the following major classes of secondary metabolites:<ref name="Nagpal2022" />
* '''Sesquiterpenes:''' β-dihydroagarofuran sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpene polyol esters (e.g. malkanguniol, malkangunin).
* '''Alkaloids:''' celastrine, celapanin, celapagin, paniculatin.
* '''Triterpenoids:''' β-amyrin, lupeol, pristimerin.
* '''Sterols and tocopherols:''' β-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol.
* '''Fatty acids:''' palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic acids.
* '''Flavonoids and phenolics''', and non-fatty acids such as benzoic and cinnamic acid.

==Pharmacological Activities and Therapeutic Efficacy==
All studies below are preclinical (animal or in vitro). No controlled human clinical trial is cited in this monograph.

===Nootropic / Memory-enhancing activity (Medhya)===
Chronic oral administration of ''C. paniculatus'' seed oil (50, 200 or 400 mg/kg for 14 days) completely reversed scopolamine-induced deficits in the Morris water maze in rats, whereas a single acute dose did not. The effect was not related to an anticholinesterase-like action.<ref name="Gattu1997" />

===Neuroprotective activity===
Water-soluble extracts of the seed significantly attenuated glutamate-induced neuronal death in rat forebrain neuronal cultures; the protection was linked to modulation of glutamate (NMDA) receptor function.<ref name="Godkar2004" />

===Antioxidant activity===
The aqueous seed extract (200 mg/kg for 14 days) improved learning and memory in rats, and an antioxidant effect was suggested to be involved in this cognitive enhancement.<ref name="Kumar2002" />

===Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory activity===
The alcoholic seed extract (500 and 1000 mg/kg) showed antinociceptive activity in mice (tail immersion and hot plate tests) and significantly reduced carrageenan-induced paw oedema in rats, supporting the traditional use in painful ''Vata'' disorders.<ref name="Kulkarni2015" />

===Wound-healing activity===
Lupeol, a triterpenoid isolated from the petroleum-ether extract of the leaves, applied as 0.2% gel promoted healing in excision, incision and dead-space wound models in rats; docking with glycogen synthase kinase-3β supported the finding. This study used the leaf-derived compound, not the seed oil.<ref name="Harish2008" />

==Safety, Toxicity and Dosage==
* '''Toxicity:''' In an OECD-guideline study in rats, ''C. paniculatus'' seed oil was found safe up to 2000 mg/kg body weight.<ref name="Mishra2020" />
* '''Precautions (Ayurvedic, no experimental reference cited):''' Use under physician supervision in pregnancy, lactation, and in persons with Pitta aggravation or hyperacidity, in view of its ''ushna'' and ''tikshna'' attributes.
* '''Standard therapeutic dose:''' Seed powder 1–2 g; seed oil 5–15 drops, or as directed by an Ayurvedic physician (see Dose above).

==Summary of Therapeutic Profile==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic applications of ''Celastrus paniculatus'' (preclinical evidence)
! Indication
! Part / preparation studied
! Principal finding
|-
| '''Memory loss / Smruti dourbalya'''
| Seed oil
| Reversal of scopolamine-induced memory deficit in rats
|-
| '''Neuroprotection'''
| Water-soluble seed extracts
| Attenuation of glutamate-induced neuronal death in vitro
|-
| '''Neurological pain / Vatavyadhi'''
| Alcoholic seed extract
| Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity in rodents
|-
| '''Wounds'''
| Lupeol (leaf-derived)
| Enhanced wound healing in rats
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume II:29</ref>

<ref name="ref2">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 150 - 151, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

<ref name="Nagpal2022">{{cite journal |last1=Nagpal |first1=K. |last2=Garg |first2=M. |last3=Arora |first3=D. |last4=Dubey |first4=A. |last5=Grewal |first5=A. S. |year=2022 |title=An extensive review on phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of Indian medicinal plant Celastrus paniculatus Willd |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=1930–1951 |doi=10.1002/ptr.7424}}</ref>

<ref name="Gattu1997">{{cite journal |last1=Gattu |first1=M. |last2=Boss |first2=K. L. |last3=Terry |first3=A. V. Jr |last4=Buccafusco |first4=J. J. |year=1997 |title=Reversal of scopolamine-induced deficits in navigational memory performance by the seed oil of Celastrus paniculatus |journal=Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=793–799 |doi=10.1016/s0091-3057(96)00391-7}}</ref>

<ref name="Godkar2004">{{cite journal |last1=Godkar |first1=P. B. |last2=Gordon |first2=R. K. |last3=Ravindran |first3=A. |last4=Doctor |first4=B. P. |year=2004 |title=Celastrus paniculatus seed water soluble extracts protect against glutamate toxicity in neuronal cultures from rat forebrain |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=93 |issue=2-3 |pages=213–219}}</ref>

<ref name="Kumar2002">{{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=M. H. V. |last2=Gupta |first2=Y. K. |year=2002 |title=Antioxidant property of Celastrus paniculatus Willd.: a possible mechanism in enhancing cognition |journal=Phytomedicine |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=302–311 |doi=10.1078/0944-7113-00136}}</ref>

<ref name="Kulkarni2015">{{cite journal |last1=Kulkarni |first1=Y. A. |last2=Agarwal |first2=S. |last3=Garud |first3=M. S. |year=2015 |title=Effect of Jyotishmati (Celastrus paniculatus) seeds in animal models of pain and inflammation |journal=Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=82–88 |doi=10.4103/0975-9476.146540}}</ref>

<ref name="Harish2008">{{cite journal |last1=Harish |first1=B. G. |last2=Krishna |first2=V. |last3=Santosh Kumar |first3=H. S. |last4=Khadeer Ahamed |first4=B. M. |last5=Sharath |first5=R. |last6=Kumara Swamy |first6=H. M. |year=2008 |title=Wound healing activity and docking of glycogen-synthase-kinase-3-β-protein with isolated triterpenoid lupeol in rats |journal=Phytomedicine |volume=15 |issue=9 |pages=763–767}}</ref>

<ref name="Mishra2020">{{cite journal |last1=Mishra |first1=B. |last2=John |first2=E. |year=2020 |title=Toxicity profile of Celastrus paniculatus seeds: a preclinical study |journal=Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research |volume=13 |issue=7 |doi=10.22159/ajpcr.2020.v13i7.37803}}</ref>
}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Talk:Jeeraka

2026-10-09T16:28:42Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Jeeraka, Cuminum cyminum L., Cuminum seeds, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Jeeraka (Cuminum cyminum L.) is widely used in Ayurveda for digestive and gastrointestinal disorders. It acts as a carminative, digestive aid, and pacifies Vata and Kapha doshas.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

{{Infobox
|title = Jeeraka
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Jeeraka
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuminum_cyminum Cuminum cyminum L.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Apiaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuminum_cyminum Cuminum cyminum L.]''', popularly known as '''Jeeraka''' (Cumin), is an annual herbaceous plant belonging to the family Apiaceae. Its seeds are extensively used as a spice and a prominent medicinal herb in [[Ayurveda]] for treating various gastrointestinal ailments and metabolic disorders.

==English name ==
Cumin seeds

==Therapeutic Uses==
Agnimandya (digestive impairment), Atisara (diarrhoea), Krumiroga (worms)<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :34</ref>

==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Jeeraka, Ajaji, Jirana, Kana, Kasmiri-jirak, Bahugandha

==Varieties==
===Bhavprakasa nighantu===
Mentioned 3 types of varieties<ref name="ref2">Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Haritakyadi varga, verse no.-81,82</ref>
# Jiraka
# Krishnajeeraka
# Kalajaji

===Dhanvantari nighantu===
Mentioned 4 types of varieties
# Jiraka
# Suklajiraka
# Krishnajirak
# Bruhatpali

== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
In traditional Ayurvedic texts, Jeeraka is classified under dipaniya (digestive stimulant) and pachana (carminative) groups. It helps balance Vata and Kapha doshas while promoting digestive fire (Agni).

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Pungent (katu)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify Kapha and Vata, Helps in digestion (Dipana and Pachana)
|-
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/40 || Kalyanaka Guda
|-
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/53 || Trivrritadi Modaka
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/58 || Hemantkalina Trivrit Yoga
|-
|4
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/1/43
|Ingredient in Vrushya Mahish Ras
|-
|5
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/16
|Ingredient in Vrushya Mahish Ras
|-
|6
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/21
|Ingredient in Vrushya Pupalika
|-
|7
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/142
|Ingredient in Yavani shadav
|-
|8
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/41
|Ingredient in Krishnadi Churna
|-
|9
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/55
|Ingredient in Chitrakadi Ghrita
|-
|10
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/60
|Ingredient in Jivantyadi Yavagu
|-
|11
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/103
|In treatment of Kaphaja udara roga(Generalized enlargement of Abdomen)
|-
|12
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/125
|As an ingredient of narayana churna
|-
|13
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/88
|As an ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrit evum churna
|-
|14
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/102
|In condition of chhardi,arsha,granthi,shoola
|-
|15
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/113
|Ajaji should be given with Marica, etc
|-
|16
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/27
|As a Ingridient of dipaniya and sangrahi gana
|-
|17
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/107
|As an ingredient of ajajyadi yoga dravya
|-
|18
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/78
|As an ingredient of Maha -Gandha hasti agada
|-
|19
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/95
|As an ingredient of Rishabhakadi agada
|-
|20
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/231
|Used in the treatment of animals suffering with poison
|-
|21
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/121
|Used as churna mixed with lavana & sneha in Vataja madatyaya
|-
|22
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/177
|As an ingredient of Ashtanga lavana. (Kaphaja madatyaya)
|-
|23
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/181
|Used as raga in kaphaja madatyaya
|-
|24
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/183
|Used in pachana(digestive)
|-
|25
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/22
|As an ingredient of 2nd Dviruttarahingvadi churna
|-
|26
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/85
|As an ingredient of Pushkarmuladi yoga
|-
|27
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/138
|Used in Vataja pratishyaya for Nasya karma
|-
|28
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/216,217
|Used in Kavala (gargles/keeping thin paste of drugs in the mouth) in Arochaka. (anorexia)
|-
|29
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/219
|Used in arochaka nashaka vati(Medicine for treatment of anorexia)
|-
|30
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/54
|As an ingredient of Pippalyadi yoga
|-
|}

==Dose==
1-3 gm of the drug in powder form<ref name="ref1"/>

==Important Formulations==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="ref1"/>
* Hingvadi churna
* Jirakadyarishta
* Jirakadi modak

== Current availability==
Available
* In India – Cultivated widely across India, with major production in Rajasthan and Punjab.

== Phytochemical Composition ==
The seeds of ''Cuminum cyminum'' are a rich source of essential oil, and its chemistry has been extensively studied.<ref name="ref3">Johri RK. Cuminum cyminum and Carum carvi: An update. ''Pharmacogn Rev''. 2011;5(9):63-72. doi:10.4103/0973-7847.79101</ref> The main groups of constituents are:
* '''Volatile oil:''' Cuminaldehyde (the principal aldehyde), γ-terpinene, p-cymene and β-pinene.
* '''Flavonoids and other polyphenols:''' Contribute to the antioxidant profile of the seed.
* '''Other constituents:''' Fixed oil, proteins and minerals.

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==

=== Gastroprotective and Antioxidant Effects ===
Jeeraka is traditionally used as a digestive (dipana-pachana) drug. In experimental work, the methanol extract of cumin seeds (400 mg/kg) reduced the fasting-induced gastric ulcer score in streptozotocin-diabetic rats, restored gastric mucus glycoprotein content, raised mucosal glutathione and catalase, and lowered gastric TNF-α and lipid peroxidation. The same extract scavenged DPPH and superoxide radicals in vitro (IC50 about 300 and 1131 µg/ml respectively).<ref name="ref4">Vador N, Jagtap AG, Damle A. Vulnerability of gastric mucosa in diabetic rats, its pathogenesis and amelioration by ''Cuminum cyminum''. ''Indian J Pharm Sci''. 2012;74(5):387-396. doi:10.4103/0250-474X.108413</ref>

=== Antidiabetic Activity ===
Cuminaldehyde and cuminol, isolated from the petroleum ether fraction of cumin distillate, were identified as insulinotropic components. In streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, the fraction lowered blood glucose without causing hypoglycaemia or β-cell exhaustion, and 45 days of administration improved the lipid profile.<ref name="ref5">Patil SB, Takalikar SS, Joglekar MM, Haldavnekar VS, Arvindekar AU. Insulinotropic and β-cell protective action of cuminaldehyde, cuminol and an inhibitor isolated from ''Cuminum cyminum'' in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. ''Br J Nutr''. 2013;110(8):1434-1443. doi:10.1017/S0007114513000627</ref>

=== Hypolipidemic Activity ===
A hypolipidemic effect of ''Cuminum cyminum'' has been reported in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.<ref name="ref6">Dhandapani S, Subramanian VR, Rajagopal S, Namasivayam N. Hypolipidemic effect of ''Cuminum cyminum'' L. on alloxan-induced diabetic rats. ''Pharmacol Res''. 2002;46:251-255. doi:10.1016/S1043-6618(02)00131-7</ref>

=== Antimicrobial Activity ===
The essential oil of cumin (main components: cuminaldehyde 27.10%, β-pinene 25.04% and γ-terpinene 15.68%) showed antibacterial activity against all the tested major food-borne pathogenic bacteria, and cuminaldehyde was identified as a major bioactive component.<ref name="ref7">Wongkattiya N, et al. Antibacterial activity of cuminaldehyde on food-borne pathogens, the bioactive component of essential oil from ''Cuminum cyminum'' L. collected in Thailand. ''J Complement Integr Med''. 2019;16(4). doi:10.1515/jcim-2018-0195</ref>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' In rats, a single oral dose of 2000 mg/kg of the methanol extract caused no morbidity or mortality over 14 days of observation.<ref name="ref4"/>
* '''Precautions:''' Use with caution in high Pitta conditions or excessive bleeding disorders due to its hot (ushna) potency (traditional precaution).
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Seed Powder (Churna):'' 1–3 g daily with warm water or honey<ref name="ref1"/>.

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Cuminum cyminum''
! Indication
! Active Constituent / Preparation
! Reported Action
|-
| '''Indigestion / Agnimandya'''
| Seed powder (traditional); methanol extract (experimental)
| Digestive (dipana-pachana); gastroprotective and antioxidant in rats
|-
| '''Hyperglycemia'''
| Cuminaldehyde, cuminol
| Insulinotropic, β-cell protective
|-
| '''Dyslipidemia'''
| Cumin seed (diabetic rat model)
| Hypolipidemic
|-
| '''Bacterial infection (food-borne pathogens)'''
| Essential oil, cuminaldehyde
| Antibacterial
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :34</ref>
<ref name="ref2">Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Haritakyadi varga, verse no.-81,82</ref>
<ref name="ref3">Johri RK. Cuminum cyminum and Carum carvi: An update. ''Pharmacogn Rev''. 2011;5(9):63-72. doi:10.4103/0973-7847.79101</ref>
<ref name="ref4">Vador N, Jagtap AG, Damle A. Vulnerability of gastric mucosa in diabetic rats, its pathogenesis and amelioration by ''Cuminum cyminum''. ''Indian J Pharm Sci''. 2012;74(5):387-396. doi:10.4103/0250-474X.108413</ref>
<ref name="ref5">Patil SB, Takalikar SS, Joglekar MM, Haldavnekar VS, Arvindekar AU. Insulinotropic and β-cell protective action of cuminaldehyde, cuminol and an inhibitor isolated from ''Cuminum cyminum'' in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. ''Br J Nutr''. 2013;110(8):1434-1443. doi:10.1017/S0007114513000627</ref>
<ref name="ref6">Dhandapani S, Subramanian VR, Rajagopal S, Namasivayam N. Hypolipidemic effect of ''Cuminum cyminum'' L. on alloxan-induced diabetic rats. ''Pharmacol Res''. 2002;46:251-255. doi:10.1016/S1043-6618(02)00131-7</ref>
<ref name="ref7">Wongkattiya N, et al. Antibacterial activity of cuminaldehyde on food-borne pathogens, the bioactive component of essential oil from ''Cuminum cyminum'' L. collected in Thailand. ''J Complement Integr Med''. 2019;16(4). doi:10.1515/jcim-2018-0195</ref>
}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Talk:Jati

2026-10-09T06:52:35Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *jati, Myristica fragrans Houtt., Nutmeg* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

{{Infobox
|title = Jati
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Jati
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myristica_fragrans Myristica fragrans Houtt.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Myristicaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myristica_fragrans Myristica fragrans Houtt.]''', popularly known as '''Jati''' or Nutmeg, is an evergreen tree native to the Moluccas (Spice Islands) of Indonesia. It is widely valued in [[Ayurveda]] for its aromatic, carminative, and stimulant properties, providing two distinct spices from the same fruit: nutmeg (seed) and mace (aril).

==English name==
Nutmeg

==Therapeutic uses==
Atisara (Diarrhoea), swasa (dyspnea), chardi (vomiting), pinasa (rhinitis), grahani, mukharoga, sukrameha<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :34</ref>

==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Jati, Sumana

==Synonyms in bhavprakasa nighantu==
Jatikosha, malatiphala<ref name="Bhavaprakasha">Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, karpuradi varga, verse no.-54</ref>

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Properties'''
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste (rasa) || Bitter (tikta), Pungent (katu)
|-
| 2 || Potency (veerya) || Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect (vipaka) || Pungent (katu)
|-
| 4 || Qualities (guna) || Light (laghu), Sharp (tikshna)
|-
| 5 || Actions (karma) || Pacify Kapha and Vata
|}

==Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Herbs and their activities'''
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 3/4 || Siddhatama churna pradeha (local application)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(13) || Kushthaghna (anti-dermatosis) mahakashaya
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/77 || Mukha dharya dravya (Mouth fresheners)
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/143 || Tiktaskandha (group of bitter drugs)
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/3/26 || As a mood enhancing
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/207 || Used in Vibadhdha dosha
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/57 || For Scrapping
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/94 || Bahyaprayogarth (external application) Lepa in Kushtha
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/111 || Ingredient in Kanakakshiri Taila
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/135 || As an ingredient of Kiratadhya churna (Pittaja Grahani chiktsa)
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/56 || As an ingredient of Mrita sanjivani agada
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/145 || Used as nasya in Pakva peenasa
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/184 || Used in Kaphaja Siroroga for Pradhamana nasya
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/205 || Used for mukhadhavna
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/241 || As an ingredient of Sumanakorkadi varti
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/245 || As an ingredient of Amrutadi varti
|}

==Dose==
* 0.5-1.0 gm of the drug in powder form<ref name="API1986"/>

==Important formulation==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API1986"/>
* Jatiphaladi churna

==Current availability ==
Available
* In India – Cultivated in southern parts of India including Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka.
* Out of India – Native to the Moluccas (Spice Islands) of Indonesia; cultivated widely across tropical Asia, Grenada, and tropical regions globally.

==Current researches ==
https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Myristica%20fragrans

==Phytochemical Composition==
The diverse therapeutic profile of *Myristica fragrans* Houtt. stems from its secondary metabolite content across its seed and aril:
* '''Volatile Essential Oils:''' The main components of nutmeg seed essential oil are sabinene (21.38%), 4-terpineol (13.92%) and myristicin (13.57%); alkylbenzene and propylbenzene derivatives such as safrole and eugenol and its derivatives are also dominant in the seed.<ref name="Muchtaridi2010"/>
* '''Lignans and Neolignans:''' The plant contains lignans, neolignans, diphenylalkanes, phenylpropanoids and terpenoids, of which macelignan, meso-dihydroguaiaretic acid, myristicin and malabaricone C are among the most active compounds.<ref name="Ha2020"/>
* '''Phenolic Compounds (Mace/Aril):''' The methanol extract of mace yielded neolignans (including maceneolignans, licarin A, nectandrin B and verrucosin) and malabaricone C.<ref name="Morikawa2018"/>

==Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy==
=== Gastrointestinal and Antidiarrheal Efficacy ===
Traditionally indicated in *Atisara* (diarrhoea) and *Grahani*, nutmeg extracts have shown antidiarrheal activity in experimental animal studies.
* '''Mechanism:''' The petroleum ether extract inhibited contractions of guinea pig ileum produced by acetylcholine, histamine and prostaglandin; the crude nutmeg suspension increased intestinal tone.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Both the crude nutmeg suspension and the petroleum ether extract (but not the aqueous extract) decreased the number of loose stools or increased the latency period, and the extracts showed a significant sedative property with no harmful effects on blood pressure and ECG.<ref name="Grover2002"/>

=== Neuroprotective Properties ===
Aligning with the classical use as a mood enhancer, nutmeg volatile oil has shown neuropharmacological effects in an animal study.
* '''Mechanism:''' Increase in monoamine neurotransmitters and changes in hippocampal protein expression (neuroprotective mechanisms proposed).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In rats, seed volatile oil of ''Myristica fragrans'' increased serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine levels in the hippocampus and changed the hippocampal proteomic profile.<ref name="Plaingam2017"/>

=== Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Actions ===
Nutmeg oil has shown anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in an experimental model of chronic inflammatory pain.
* '''Mechanism:''' Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and reduction of blood substance P level.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In rats injected with complete Freund's adjuvant, nutmeg oil alleviated joint swelling, mechanical allodynia and heat hyperalgesia.<ref name="Zhang2016"/>

=== Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties ===
* '''Mechanism:''' Not established.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In laboratory studies, nutmeg was shown to have antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.<ref name="Gupta2013"/>

==Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage==
* '''Safety Profile:''' The toxic effects of nutmeg have been purported to be due mainly to myristicin. A review of Illinois Poison Center data (2001–2011) found 32 nutmeg ingestions, over half of them unintentional, with a high share of exposures in children under 13 years, and mixing of nutmeg with other drugs in adolescents.<ref name="Ehrenpreis2014"/>
* '''Standard Dosage:''' 0.5–1.0 g of the drug in powder form (*Churna*) (see Dose above).

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of *Myristica fragrans* Houtt.
! Indication / Activity
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Diarrhoea / Grahani'''
| Crude nutmeg and petroleum ether extracts (active constituents not identified)
| Antidiarrheal, inhibition of induced ileal contraction (animal)
|-
| '''Neuroprotection / Mood'''
| Seed volatile oil
| Increase in hippocampal monoamines (animal)
|-
| '''Inflammation / Pain'''
| Nutmeg oil
| COX-2 and substance P reduction (animal)
|-
| '''Antimicrobial / Antioxidant'''
| Extracts, essential oil
| Antimicrobial and antioxidant (laboratory)
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :34</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakasha">Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, karpuradi varga, verse no.-54</ref>
<ref name="Muchtaridi2010">{{cite journal |last1=Muchtaridi |last2=Subarnas |first2=A. |last3=Apriyantono |first3=A. |last4=Mustarichie |first4=R. |year=2010 |title=Identification of compounds in the essential oil of nutmeg seeds (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) that inhibit locomotor activity in mice |journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences |volume=11 |pages=4771–4781 |doi=10.3390/ijms11114771}}</ref>
<ref name="Ha2020">{{cite journal |last1=Ha |first1=M.T. |last2=Vu |first2=N.K. |last3=Tran |first3=T.H. |last4=Kim |first4=J.A. |last5=Woo |first5=M.H. |last6=Min |first6=B.S. |year=2020 |title=Phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Myristica fragrans Houtt.: an updated review |journal=Archives of Pharmacal Research |volume=43 |pages=1067–1092 |doi=10.1007/s12272-020-01285-4}}</ref>
<ref name="Morikawa2018">{{cite journal |last1=Morikawa |first1=T. |last2=Hachiman |first2=I. |last3=Ninomiya |first3=K. |last4=Hata |first4=H. |last5=Sugawara |first5=K. |last6=Muraoka |first6=O. |last7=Matsuda |first7=H. |year=2018 |title=Degranulation inhibitors from the arils of Myristica fragrans in antigen-stimulated rat basophilic leukemia cells |journal=Journal of Natural Medicines |volume=72 |issue=2 |pages=464–473 |doi=10.1007/s11418-017-1170-x}}</ref>
<ref name="Grover2002">{{cite journal |last1=Grover |first1=J.K. |last2=Khandkar |first2=S. |last3=Vats |first3=V. |last4=Dhunnoo |first4=Y. |last5=Das |first5=D. |year=2002 |title=Pharmacological studies on Myristica fragrans – antidiarrheal, hypnotic, analgesic and hemodynamic (blood pressure) parameters |journal=Methods and Findings in Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology |volume=24 |issue=10 |pages=675–680 |doi=10.1358/mf.2002.24.10.802317}}</ref>
<ref name="Plaingam2017">{{cite journal |last1=Plaingam |first1=W. |last2=Sangsuthum |first2=S. |last3=Angkhasirisap |first3=W. |display-authors=etal |year=2017 |title=Kaempferia parviflora rhizome extract and Myristica fragrans volatile oil increase the levels of monoamine neurotransmitters and impact the proteomic profiles in the rat hippocampus: mechanistic insights into their neuroprotective effects |journal=Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=538–552 |doi=10.1016/j.jtcme.2017.01.002}}</ref>
<ref name="Zhang2016">{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=W.K. |last2=Tao |first2=S. |last3=Li |first3=T. |display-authors=etal |year=2016 |title=Nutmeg oil alleviates chronic inflammatory pain through inhibition of COX-2 expression and substance P release in vivo |journal=Food & Nutrition Research |volume=60 |pages=30849 |doi=10.3402/fnr.v60.30849}}</ref>
<ref name="Gupta2013">{{cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=A.D. |last2=Bansal |first2=V.K. |last3=Babu |first3=V. |last4=Maithil |first4=N. |year=2013 |title=Chemistry, antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt) |journal=Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology |volume=11 |pages=25–31 |doi=10.1016/j.jgeb.2012.12.001}}</ref>
<ref name="Ehrenpreis2014">{{cite journal |last1=Ehrenpreis |first1=J.E. |last2=DesLauriers |first2=C. |last3=Lank |first3=P. |last4=Armstrong |first4=P.K. |last5=Leikin |first5=J.B. |year=2014 |title=Nutmeg poisonings: a retrospective review of 10 years experience from the Illinois Poison Center, 2001–2011 |journal=Journal of Medical Toxicology |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=148–151 |doi=10.1007/s13181-013-0379-7}}</ref>
}}

[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
This article is under development ..

Talk:Jambu

2026-10-09T06:35:18Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Jambu, Syzygium cumini, Jamun, Jaman, Charak Samhita, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=Jambu (Syzygium cumini (L.) SKEELS) is traditionally recognized in Ayurveda for its profound role in managing prameha (diabetes) and bleeding disorders, backed by modern scientific research.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syzygium_cumini Syzygium cumini (L.) SKEELS]
{{Infobox
|title = Jambu
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Jambu
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syzygium_cumini Syzygium cumini (L.) SKEELS]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Myrtaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syzygium_cumini Syzygium cumini (L.) SKEELS]''', popularly known as '''Jambu''' (Jamun or Jaman), is a large evergreen tropical tree native to the Indian subcontinent and neighboring regions of Southeast Asia. It is highly revered in [[Ayurveda]] for its astringent properties, prominent role in metabolic disorders such as [[Prameha]], and valuable fruit and bark pharmacognosy.

==English name ==
Jamun, Java plum

==Therapeutic use==
* '''Jambu (Seed):''' Madhumeha, Udakameha (obstinate urinary disorders including diabetes mellitus)
* '''Jambu (Stem bark):''' Atisara (Diarrhoea), Raktapitta (Bleeding disorders)<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2:26</ref>

==Other varieties / Botanical names==
* Calyptranthes caryophyllifolia Willd.
* Calyptranthes cumini (L.) Pers.
* Calyptranthes cuminodora Stokes
* Calyptranthes jambolana (Lam.) Willd.
* Calyptranthes jambolifera Stokes
* Calyptranthes oneillii Lundell
* Caryophyllus corticosus Stokes
* Caryophyllus jambos Stokes
* Eugenia brachiata Roxb.
* Eugenia calyptrata Roxb. ex Wight & Arn.
* Eugenia caryophyllifolia Lam.
* Eugenia cumini (L.) Druce
* Eugenia djouat Perrier
* Eugenia fruticosa (DC.) Roxb.
* Eugenia jambolana Lam.
* Eugenia jambolifera Roxb. ex Wight & Arn.
* Eugenia obovata Poir.
* Eugenia obtusifolia Roxb.
* Eugenia odorata Wight
* Eugenia tenuis Duthie
* Eugenia tsoi Merr. & Chun
* Jambolifera chinensis Spreng.
* Jambolifera coromandelica Houtt.
* Jambolifera pedunculata Houtt.
* Myrtus corticosa Spreng.
* Myrtus cumini L.
* Myrtus obovata (Poir.) Spreng.
* Syzygium brachiatum (Roxb.) Miq.
* Syzygium caryophyllifolium (Lam.) DC.
* Syzygium fruticosum DC.
* Syzygium jambolanum (Lam.) DC.
* Syzygium obovatum (Poir.) DC.
* Syzygium obtusifolium (Roxb.) Kostel.
* Syzygium pseudojambolana Miq.
* Syzygium tenue (Duthie) N.P.Balakr

== Identification Characters & Botanical Profile ==
* '''Mahaskandha''' – Jambu plant has very big and strong trunk.
* '''Nilanjanacchada''' – Leaves of Jambu are bluish in colour.
* '''Surabhipatra''' – Leaves have aroma.
* '''Meghamodini''' – Fruiting season of Jambu is Varsa ritu.
* '''Mahaphala''' – Fruit is relatively big.
* '''Nilaphala''' – Fruit of Jambu is bluish purple in colour.
* '''Maharasa''' – Fruit is juicy.

In traditional medicine, Jambu is categorized as having an astringent profile that pacifies [[pitta]] and [[kapha]], while potentially aggravating [[vata]] when used in excess. Its historical indications span metabolic disorders, gastrointestinal flux, and dermal healing.

== Types ==
=== Bhavaprakasha Nighantu ===
# Raja Jambu
# Ksudra Jambu

=== Raja Nighantu ===
# Jambu
# Maha Jambu
# Kaka Jambu
# Bhumi Jambu

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Jambu, Mahaphala, Phalendra

== Additional Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==
* '''Raja Jambu''' – Nandi, Surabhi patra, Maha Jambu
* '''Ksudra Jambu''' – Sukshma patra, Nadeyi, Jala Jambu

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Astringent (kashaya), Sweet (madhura), Sour (amla)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Cold (sheeta)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[kapha]] and [[pitta]], aggravates [[vata]]
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/28 || Grahiyavagu (gruel for constipation).
|-
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(28) || Chhardinigrahana (anti emetic) mahakashaya
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(32) || Purishvirajaniya (faecal de – pigmenter) mahakashaya
|-
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(33) || Mootrasangrahaniya (anti – diuretic) mahakashaya
|-
| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40 || Aggravating vata dosha as per agrya sangraha.
|-
| 6 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/140 || Phala Varga (class of fruits)
|-
| 7 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/84 || Viruddha ahara (as an example of incompatible substance with milk)
|-
| 8 ||Cha.Sa.[[Nidana Sthana]] 2/4 || Nidana of Raktapitta (bleeding disorders)
|-
| 9 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/258 || As an ingredient of Chandanadhya taila.
|-
| 10 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/10 || Vibhinna aakriti of arsha (resemblance of different shapes of haemorrhoids)
|-
| 11 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/139 || As an ingredient of Kiratadhya churna (Pittaja Grahani chiktsa)
|-
| 12 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/54 || As a yoga dravya in treatment of pittaj atisara.
|-
| 13 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/110 || As a yoga dravya
|-
| 14 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/30 || As a pana yoga in Pittaja chhardi.
|-
| 15 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/38 || As an ingredient of Kaphaja chhardihara yoga.
|-
| 16 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 22/35 || For lepa (external application) prayoga
|-
| 17 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/113 || Used for tvak janana (healing of skin).
|-
| 18 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/76 || Apathya (unwholesome) in Ashmari (renal stone).
|-
| 19 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/272 || As an ingredient of Mahaneela taila.
|-
| 20 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/79 || As an ingredient of Dhatakyadi taila.
|-
| 21 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/82 || For Yoni prakshalana (vaginal douche).
|-
| 22 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/90 || As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna.
|-
| 23 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/108 || Used in the treatment of Vipluta.
|-
| 24 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/122 || Used in the treatment of Pichhila yoni (sliminess of genital tract).
|}

==Dose==
* '''Jambu (seed):''' 3–6 gm of the drug in powder form.
* '''Jambu (stem bark):''' 10–20 gm of the drug for decoction.<ref name="API"/>

==Important Formulations==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API"/>
* Pushyanuga Churna
* Ushirasava

== Current availability==
Available
* '''In India –''' Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Assam
* '''Out of India –'''
* '''Southeast Asia –''' Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines, Myanmar, Vietnam
* '''Australia –''' Particularly in the state of Queensland
* '''Pacific Islands –''' Fiji and Hawaii
* '''South America –''' Brazil, Colombia, and Venezuela
* '''Africa –''' Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda

== Phytochemical Composition ==
The therapeutic versatility of ''Syzygium cumini'' arises from its secondary metabolite profile across the seeds, bark, and fruit:
* '''Anthocyanins:''' Anthocyanins responsible for the deep purple pigmentation are present in the fruit peel; their chemical nature, stability and bioefficacies have been characterized.<ref name="Veigas2007"/>
* '''Flavonoids & Phenolic Compounds:''' Fruit contains anthocyanin 3,5-diglucosides, dihydromyricetin diglucosides, myricetin glucoside and a galloyl-glucose ester.<ref name="Faria2011"/>
* '''Glycosides & Alkaloids:''' The plant is rich in anthocyanins, glucoside, ellagic acid, isoquercetin, kaempferol and myricetin, and the seeds are reported to contain the alkaloid jambosine and the glycoside jambolin (antimellin), claimed to halt the conversion of starch into sugar.<ref name="Ayyanar2012"/>

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
=== Anti-Diabetic and Hypoglycemic Potential ===
Jambu seed is classically indicated in Madhumeha and is among the plants most often recommended as adjuvant therapy in type 2 diabetes.
* '''Mechanism:''' Not established; mechanistic data come mainly from animal and in vitro studies.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' A review of 125 years of research found about 100 case reports from the pre-insulin era and many animal studies reporting some reduction of type 2 diabetes symptoms; however, a state-of-the-art clinical study is still missing, so efficacy in humans is not established.<ref name="Helmstadter2008"/>

=== Antioxidant and Free Radical Scavenging Action ===
Polyphenols and anthocyanins in the fruit are considered responsible for antioxidant protection.
* '''Mechanism:''' Scavenging of free radicals; the activity of the fruit skin may come partly from antioxidant vitamins, phenolics or tannins and anthocyanins.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In vitro assays of fruit skin extract (hydroxyl radical, superoxide, DPPH scavenging, lipid peroxidation and total antioxidant capacity) demonstrated antioxidant activity.<ref name="Banerjee2005"/>

=== Gastroprotective Efficacy ===
The bark has prominent astringent properties and is classically used in Atisara; experimental evidence cited here concerns gastric mucosal protection.
* '''Mechanism:''' Tannins reduced free-radical concentration in the stomach after gastric injury.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In rats with HCl/ethanol-induced gastric mucosal damage, tannins (13.4% quantified) extracted from the bark significantly decreased gastric mucosal damage (p<0.01) on microscopic examination, indicating gastroprotective and anti-ulcerogenic effects.<ref name="Ramirez2003"/>

=== Anti-inflammatory Properties ===
Jambu bark has shown anti-inflammatory activity in experimental models.
* '''Mechanism:''' Probably inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis, related to the high tannin content of the bark extract (proposed, not proven).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' The ethanolic extract of stem bark showed anti-inflammatory activity in rat models of experimentally induced inflammation.<ref name="Muruganandan2001"/>

=== Antimicrobial Properties ===
* '''Mechanism:''' Not established.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Seed extracts of ''Syzygium jambolanum'' were reported to have antibacterial and antifungal activity in vitro.<ref name="Chandrasekaran2004"/>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Toxicity Profile:''' In rodents, an oral hydroalcoholic leaf extract caused no deaths up to 6 g/kg in mice and 2 g/kg in rats, and daily oral doses of 0.05–0.25 g/kg for up to 180 days caused no deaths or behavioural changes and normal organ histology; some biochemical changes occurred, and male rats at the highest dose did not gain weight from the 15th week. Intraperitoneal administration was toxic (LD50 0.489 g/kg in mice). These data are from leaf extract; equivalent data for seed and bark were not found.<ref name="Silva2012"/>
* '''Precautions:''' Classical texts describe Jambu as Vata-aggravating (Su. 25/40) and unwholesome in Ashmari (Chi. 26/76); see the Charak Samhita reference table above.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** *Seed Powder:* 3–6 g (see Dose above).
** *Stem Bark Decoction:* 10–20 g (see Dose above).

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Syzygium cumini''
! Indication / Application
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Diabetes Mellitus (Madhumeha)'''
| Seed constituents (jambolin, reported)
| Hypoglycemic (historical reports, animal studies; clinical evidence lacking)
|-
| '''Gastric Mucosal Injury (Atisara – classical use)'''
| Bark tannins
| Astringent, gastroprotective (animal)
|-
| '''Oxidative Stress'''
| Anthocyanins, phenolics
| Free radical scavenger (in vitro)
|-
| '''Inflammation'''
| Bark tannins
| Anti-inflammatory (animal)
|-
| '''Microbial Infections'''
| Seed extract constituents
| Antibacterial, antifungal (in vitro)
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2:26</ref>
<ref name="Veigas2007">{{cite journal |last1=Veigas |first1=J.M. |display-authors=etal |year=2007 |title=Chemical nature, stability and bioefficacies of anthocyanins from fruit peel of Syzygium cumini Skeels |journal=Food Chemistry |volume=105 |issue=2 |pages=619–627}}</ref>
<ref name="Faria2011">{{cite journal |last1=Faria |first1=A.F. |last2=Marques |first2=M.C. |last3=Mercadante |first3=A.Z. |year=2011 |title=Identification of bioactive compounds from jambolão (Syzygium cumini) and antioxidant capacity evaluation in different pH conditions |journal=Food Chemistry |volume=126 |issue=4 |pages=1571–1578 |doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.12.007}}</ref>
<ref name="Ayyanar2012">{{cite journal |last1=Ayyanar |first1=M. |last2=Subash-Babu |first2=P. |year=2012 |title=Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels: A review of its phytochemical constituents and traditional uses |journal=Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=240–246 |pmid=23569906}}</ref>
<ref name="Helmstadter2008">{{cite journal |last1=Helmstädter |first1=A. |year=2008 |title=Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels (Myrtaceae) against diabetes – 125 years of research |journal=Die Pharmazie |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=91–101 |doi=10.1691/ph.2008.7335}}</ref>
<ref name="Banerjee2005">{{cite journal |last1=Banerjee |first1=A. |last2=Dasgupta |first2=N. |last3=De |first3=B. |year=2005 |title=In vitro study of antioxidant activity of Syzygium cumini fruit |journal=Food Chemistry |volume=90 |issue=4 |pages=727–733}}</ref>
<ref name="Ramirez2003">{{cite journal |last1=Ramirez |first1=R.O. |last2=Roa |first2=C.C. Jr. |year=2003 |title=The gastroprotective effect of tannins extracted from duhat (Syzygium cumini Skeels) bark on HCl/ethanol induced gastric mucosal injury in Sprague-Dawley rats |journal=Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation |volume=29 |issue=3–4 |pages=253–261 |doi=10.3233/CHM-2003-599}}</ref>
<ref name="Muruganandan2001">{{cite journal |last1=Muruganandan |first1=S. |last2=Srinivasan |first2=K. |last3=Chandra |first3=S. |last4=Tandan |first4=S.K. |last5=Lal |first5=J. |last6=Raviprakash |first6=V. |year=2001 |title=Anti-inflammatory activity of Syzygium cumini bark |journal=Fitoterapia |volume=72 |issue=4 |pages=369–375}}</ref>
<ref name="Chandrasekaran2004">{{cite journal |last1=Chandrasekaran |first1=M. |last2=Venkatesalu |first2=V. |year=2004 |title=Antibacterial and antifungal activity of Syzygium jambolanum seeds |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=91 |issue=1 |pages=105–108}}</ref>
<ref name="Silva2012">{{cite journal |last1=Silva |first1=S.N. |last2=Abreu |first2=I.C. |last3=Silva |first3=G.F.C. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The toxicity evaluation of Syzygium cumini leaves in rodents |journal=Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia |url=https://www.scielo.br/j/rbfar/a/HcPwvtg7N5Yvgh578z4cbLq/}}</ref>
}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Talk:Chandana

2026-10-08T17:06:01Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Chandana, Santalum album, Sandalwood, Charak Samhita, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=Chandana (Santalum album L.) is classified as a coolant and prominent therapeutic agent in Ayurveda. It is traditionally indicated for burning sensations, skin disorders, fever, urinary anomalies, and inflammatory conditions.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
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[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santalum_album Santalum album L.]
{{Infobox
|title = Chandana
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Chandana
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santalum_album Santalum album L.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Santalaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santalum_album Santalum album L.]''', popularly known as '''Chandana''' (Sandalwood), is a small semi-parasitic tropical tree native to India, Indonesia, and Northern Australia, whose fragrant heartwood has been deeply revered in [[Ayurveda]] for its cooling, soothing, and medicinal properties.

==English name ==
Sandalwood

==Therapeutic uses==
Sosha, daha (burning sensation), raktapitta (bleeding disorder), hikka, vamana (vomiting), raktatisara (bloody diarrhoea), pradara (discharge from vagina), sukrameha, netra roga (eye disease), mutragraha (dysuria), bhrama (vertigo), raktavikara (disorder of blood), krumi roga (worm)<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume III:93</ref>

==Other Varieties / Other Botanical names==
* Santalum yasi Seem.
* Santalum freycinetianum Gaudich.
* Santalum ellipticum J.W.Moore
* Santalum austrocaledonicum Vieill.

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
* Sweta Chandana
* Bhadrashree (impart beauty to one who use)
* Shrikhanda
* Gandhasara (has good aroma)
* Malayaj (grow in malay region)

==Additional Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==
* Tailaparnika,
* chandradhuti (has cooling effect like that of moon rays)<ref name="Bhavaprakasha">Shri Krishnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, Karpuradi Varga, Verse no. 11, Edited by Dr. Ganga Sahay Pandey, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020; p. 235</ref>

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Bitter (tikta), Sweet (madhura)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Cold (sheeta)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[pitta]] and [[kapha]]
|-
| 6 || Extra ordinary effect ([[prabhava]]) || Daha-prashamana (Alleviates burning sensation)
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(8) || Varnya mahakashaya (promoting complexion)
|-
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(14) || Kandughna mahakashaya (anti-pruritic/itching)
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(16) || Vishaghna mahakashaya (anti-poisons/anti-dotes)
|-
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(29) || Trishna nigrahana mahakashaya (reducing thirst)
|-
| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(41) || Dahaprashamana mahakashaya (pacifying burning sensation)
|-
| 6 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(44) || Angamarda prashamana mahakashaya (relieving body-ache)
|-
| 7 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/21 || Dhuma varti dravya
|-
| 8 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/63 || Anu taila dravya
|-
| 9 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 6/25 || Vihara dravya in Vasanta Rutu
|-
| 10 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 6/31 || Grishma Rutu Vihara
|-
| 11 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40 || Agrya Sangraha (collections of best food articles, factors and drugs in various conditions)
|-
| 12 ||Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/143 || Tiktaskandha (group of bitter drugs)
|-
| 13 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/32 || Garbhashalya chikitsa
|-
| 14 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/57 || Sharadkalin Trivritta Yoga
|-
| 15 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/58 || In formulation of dwitiya brahma rasayana
|-
| 16 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/258 || As an ingredient of Chandanadhya taila
|-
| 17 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/31 || When patient is suffering with trusha as an ingredient of hriberadi paniya
|-
| 18 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/45 || As Yavagu prayoga
|-
| 19 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/73 || As an ingredient of ushiradi churna
|-
| 20 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/76 || As an ingredient of kiratatiktadi churna
|-
| 21 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/78 || Raktapitta-shamaka yoga in ugra raktapitta (bleeding disorder)
|-
| 22 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/80 || As an ingredient of Ushiradi peya
|-
| 23 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/81 || As an ingredient of Priyangvadi peya
|-
| 24 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/99 || Used in yoga of Nasagata raktapitta (bleeding from nose) in the form of Avapida nasya
|-
| 25 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/108 || As a lepa dravya
|-
| 26 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/102 || Used as Pradeha-Parisechana-Avagaha dravya
|-
| 27 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/28 || Used for making decoction in Kaphaj prameha (diabetes)
|-
| 28 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/30 || Used for making decoction in Pittaj prameha (diabetes)
|-
| 29 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/39 || Trikantakadhya Tail/Ghrit in Vata-kaphaj prameha (diabetes)
|-
| 30 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/50 || Bahyaprayogarth lep in prameha (diabetes)
|-
| 31 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/77 || Ingredient in Shira-Pashva –Ansha Shula nashak lepa
|-
| 32 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/78 || Ingredient in Shira-Pashva –Ansha Shula nashak lepa
|-
| 33 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/83 || Ingredient in Lepa
|-
| 34 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/85 || Ingredient in Chandanadhya Tail for Abhyang
|-
| 35 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/86 || For Parishek purpose
|-
| 36 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/37 || Ingredient in Kalyanak Ghrita
|-
| 37 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/42 || Ingredient in Mahakalyanak Ghrita
|-
| 38 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/37 || Ingredient in Apasmar nashak Dhup and Pradeha
|-
| 39 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/18 || As a diet and drinks in treatment of Kshatakshin
|-
| 40 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/53 || Ingredient in Patolamuladi Kwath
|-
| 41 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/68 || For Pradeh and Abhyangarth as an External use
|-
| 42 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/69 || Snanarth dravya as an External use
|-
| 43 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/69 || As an External application
|-
| 44 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/71 || As a Lepa dravya in Kaphaj Shvayathu (oedema)
|-
| 45 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/186 || Used for raktastambhana (for stop the bleeding)
|-
| 46 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/187 || For prashaman of raktarsha (bleeding piles)
|-
| 47 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/193 || Used in rakta arsha (bleeding piles)
|-
| 48 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/221 || Used for pratisarana in rakta arsha (bleeding piles)
|-
| 49 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/225 || As an ingredient of pichcha basti
|-
| 50 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/230 || As an ingredient of hriberadi ghrita
|-
| 51 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/236 || As an ingredient of sunishanak changeri ghrita
|-
| 52 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/125 || As an ingredient of candanadhya ghrita
|-
| 53 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/137 || As an ingredient of Kiratadhya churna (Pittaja Grahani chiktsa)
|-
| 54 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/148 || As an ingredient of madhookasava
|-
| 55 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/47 || As an ingredient of Katukadi Ghrita
|-
| 56 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/131 || Candana mixed with stree dugdha is used for nasya in hikka svasa.
|-
| 57 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/90 || As an ingredient of sarkaradi leha
|-
| 58 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/50 || As a pana dravya
|-
| 59 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/53 || As a yoga dravya
|-
| 60 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/86 || Use with sarkara and madhu
|-
| 61 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/32 || Trusha & Chhardi-shamaka yoga
|-
| 62 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/33 || Trusha & Chhardi-shamaka yoga
|-
| 63 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/54 || For kashaya pana
|-
| 64 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/55 || For kashaya Pana
|-
| 65 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/74 || As an ingredient of Kaliyadi pralepa
|-
| 66 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/75 || As an ingredient of Shadvaladi pradeha
|-
| 67 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/76 || As an ingredient of Sarivadi pralepa
|-
| 68 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/79 || As an ingredient of Baladi alepa
|-
| 69 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 22/38 || Used in treatment of Trishna
|-
| 70 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 22/41 || Used in the treatment of Pittaja trushna
|-
| 71 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/77 || As an ingredient of Mahagandha hasti agada
|-
| 72 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/98 || Used as an ingredient of Vishaghna dhuma
|-
| 73 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/190 || As an ingredient of Mamsyadi yoga
|-
| 74 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/191 || As an ingredient of Chandanadi yoga
|-
| 75 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/200 || Used in the treatment of Luta visha (spider poison)
|-
| 76 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/231 || Used in the treatment of animals suffering with poison
|-
| 77 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/242 || As an ingredient of Amruta ghrita
|-
| 78 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/153 || Used for bahya upachara in Pittaja madatyaya (alcoholism)
|-
| 79 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/155 || Used in pittaja madatyaya (alcoholism)
|-
| 80 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/156 || Used in madhyajanita daha (burning due to alcoholism)
|-
| 81 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/161 || As an ingredient of Baladi taila for Vataja sirahshoola (headache)
|-
| 82 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/177 || Used for Pittaja sirahshoola (headache)
|-
| 83 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/179 || As an ingredient of Yashtyadi Ghrita
|-
| 84 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/182 || Used in Kaphaja sira shoola for dhoomavarti
|-
| 85 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/208 || As an ingredient of Khadiradi gutika
|-
| 86 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/216 || Used in Arochaka for Kavala
|-
| 87 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/234 || Used in Pittaja netraroga (eye disease)
|-
| 88 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/276 || As an ingredient of Prapoundrakadi taila
|-
| 89 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/30 || As an ingredient of Urustambha nashak Yoga
|-
| 90 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/150 || As an ingredient of Bala taila
|-
| 91 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/158 || As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila
|-
| 92 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/128 || It is used in Sparshakarma for daha (burning sensation)
|-
| 93 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/134 || As an ingredient of Prapoundrakadi lepa in pitta pradhana vatarakta for vedana, daaha, visarpa, raga & sotha
|-
| 94 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/275 || Used in the treatment of Dorgandhya Stanya dosha, As an ingredient of Sarivadi lepa
|-
|}

==Dose==
3–6 gm of the drug in powder form.<ref name="API"/>

==Important Formulations==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API"/>
* Ayaskruti
* Ashwagandhadyarishta
* Sarivadhyasava
* Arimedadi taila
* Baladhatryadi taila
* Marma gutika
* Chandanasava
* Chandanadi churna
* Chandanadi taila

== Current availability==
Available
* In India – Cultivated and found mainly in southern states including Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and parts of Andhra Pradesh.
* Out of India – Found in parts of Southeast Asia and Northern Australia.

== Phytochemical Composition ==
The unique aromatic fragrance and broad therapeutic efficacy of ''Santalum album'' stem from its rich secondary metabolite spectrum found within the heartwood:
* '''Volatile Sesquiterpenes:''' Highly concentrated in essential oils, predominantly containing $\alpha$-santalol and $\beta$-santalol; ''cis''-$\alpha$-santalol is the major sesquiterpene alcohol, followed by ''cis''-$\beta$-santalol, with other compounds in lesser quantities.<ref name="Subasinghe2013"/>
* '''Polyphenolic Constituents:''' Phenolics, terpenoids, saponins and flavan-3-ols were the major constituents reported in an in vitro callus extract, indicating antioxidant potential (data are from callus culture, not heartwood).<ref name="MisraDey2012JPP"/>

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
=== Anti-inflammatory Properties ===
Chandana is classically recognized as a premier coolant (*Dahaprashamana*) and has shown anti-inflammatory activity in experimental skin-cell models.
* '''Mechanism:''' Sandalwood oils and purified $\alpha$-santalol and $\beta$-santalol suppress the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In co-cultured human dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes stimulated with lipopolysaccharide, sandalwood oils and purified $\alpha$-santalol and $\beta$-santalol reduced cytokine/chemokine production (in vitro).<ref name="Sharma2014"/>

=== Anti-inflammatory Skin Disease (Eczema and Psoriasis) ===
In alignment with its traditional use in skin disorders, sandalwood oil has been studied in inflammatory skin disease.
* '''Mechanism:''' East Indian sandalwood oil suppressed phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity, PDE4 and PDE7 transcript levels and NF-$\kappa$B activation in stimulated human cell lines.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Treatment of a psoriasis model reduced PDE4 expression and reversed histopathology, and 75% of paediatric eczema/atopic dermatitis patients treated with topical sandalwood oil formulations achieved a >50% reduction in Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI) score; the clinical data are early-stage and need confirmation in controlled trials.<ref name="Sharma2018"/>

=== Antibacterial Actions ===
In alignment with its traditional classification under *Kandughna* and *Varnya* Mahakashayas, ''Santalum album'' has been tested for antibacterial activity.
* '''Mechanism:''' Extracts are rich in terpenoids, saponins, phenolics and tannins, which are considered to contribute to the activity.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Extracts of callus, somatic embryo, seedlings and leaves screened against thirteen bacterial strains showed antibacterial activity; somatic embryo extract was strongest and comparable with sandalwood oil (in vitro; non-heartwood extracts).<ref name="MisraDey2012LAM"/>

=== Neuro-physiological (Relaxing) Effects ===
Traditional aromatherapy and topical applications are associated with soothing effects.
* '''Mechanism:''' Not established; the study reported autonomic (physiological) changes after absorption through the skin.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In a randomised study in healthy volunteers, transdermal $\alpha$-santalol caused physiological changes interpreted as relaxing/sedative, while sandalwood oil produced physiological deactivation with behavioural activation (inhalation was excluded by breathing masks).<ref name="Hongratanaworakit2004"/>

=== Anti-hyperglycaemic and Antioxidant Effects ===
Relevant to the classical use of Chandana in *Prameha* (diabetes), as listed in the Charak Samhita table above.
* '''Mechanism:''' Modulation of antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation was observed alongside improved glycaemic parameters.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In alloxan-induced diabetic mice, intraperitoneal $\alpha$-santalol (100 mg/kg) and sandalwood oil (1 g/kg) for one week brought blood glucose, body weight, liver glycogen and lipid peroxides towards normal; similar treatment in D-galactose-induced oxidative stress modulated liver enzymes, superoxide dismutase and catalase (animal data).<ref name="MisraDey2013"/>

=== Anticancer (Chemopreventive) Effects ===
* '''Mechanism:''' Induction of cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in cancer cells is the most reported mechanism of $\alpha$-santalol.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Cell-line and animal studies report chemopreventive effects of sandalwood oil and $\alpha$-santalol in skin carcinogenesis in mice and in melanoma, non-melanoma, breast and prostate cancer models; no clinical efficacy has been demonstrated.<ref name="Santha2015"/>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Toxicity Profile:''' Sandalwood oil and its major constituent have low acute oral and dermal toxicity in laboratory animals; available toxicity data are limited, and the oil is considered safe at present use levels.<ref name="Burdock2008"/>
* '''Precautions:''' Occasional irritation or sensitisation reactions to sandalwood oil have been reported in humans; concentrated essential oil should not be applied undiluted on skin.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** *Heartwood Powder (Churna):* 3–6 g, as per the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (see Dose above).

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Santalum album''
! Indication / Application
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Inflammation and Burning Sensation (Daha)'''
| $\alpha$-santalol, $\beta$-santalol
| Sheeta veerya coolant, suppression of cytokines/chemokines
|-
| '''Eczema, Psoriasis (Kushta / Kandu)'''
| Sandalwood oil sesquiterpenes
| PDE and NF-$\kappa$B suppression, anti-inflammatory
|-
| '''Bacterial Infection'''
| Terpenoids, saponins, phenolics, tannins
| Antibacterial (in vitro)
|-
| '''Stress / Autonomic Regulation'''
| $\alpha$-santalol
| Relaxing/sedative physiological effects (transdermal)
|-
| '''Diabetes (Prameha) and Oxidative Stress'''
| $\alpha$-santalol, sandalwood oil
| Anti-hyperglycaemic, antioxidant (animal)
|-
| '''Cancer Chemoprevention'''
| $\alpha$-santalol
| Cell-cycle arrest, apoptosis (preclinical)
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume III:93</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakasha">Shri Krishnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, Karpuradi Varga, Verse no. 11, Edited by Dr. Ganga Sahay Pandey, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020; p. 235</ref>
<ref name="Subasinghe2013">{{cite journal |last1=Subasinghe |first1=U. |last2=Gamage |first2=M. |last3=Hettiarachchi |first3=D.S. |year=2013 |title=Essential oil content and composition of Indian sandalwood (Santalum album) in Sri Lanka |journal=Journal of Forestry Research |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=127–130 |doi=10.1007/s11676-013-0331-3}}</ref>
<ref name="MisraDey2012JPP">{{cite journal |last1=Misra |first1=B.B. |last2=Dey |first2=S. |year=2012 |title=Phytochemical analyses and evaluation of antioxidant efficacy of in vitro callus extract of East Indian sandalwood tree (Santalum album L.) |journal=Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=7–16}}</ref>
<ref name="Sharma2014">{{cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=M. |last2=Levenson |first2=C. |display-authors=etal |year=2014 |title=Suppression of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated cytokine/chemokine production in skin cells by sandalwood oils and purified α-santalol and β-santalol |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=28 |issue=6 |pages=925–932}}</ref>
<ref name="Sharma2018">{{cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=M. |last2=Levenson |first2=C. |last3=Browning |first3=J.C. |last4=Becker |first4=E.M. |last5=Clements |first5=I. |last6=Castella |first6=P. |last7=Cox |first7=M.E. |year=2018 |title=East Indian sandalwood oil is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor: a new therapeutic option in the treatment of inflammatory skin disease |journal=Frontiers in Pharmacology |volume=9 |pages=200 |doi=10.3389/fphar.2018.00200}}</ref>
<ref name="MisraDey2012LAM">{{cite journal |last1=Misra |first1=B.B. |last2=Dey |first2=S. |year=2012 |title=Comparative phytochemical analysis and antibacterial efficacy of in vitro and in vivo extracts from East Indian sandalwood tree (Santalum album L.) |journal=Letters in Applied Microbiology |volume=55 |issue=6 |pages=476–486}}</ref>
<ref name="Hongratanaworakit2004">{{cite journal |last1=Hongratanaworakit |first1=T. |last2=Heuberger |first2=E. |last3=Buchbauer |first3=G. |year=2004 |title=Evaluation of the effects of East Indian sandalwood oil and α-santalol on humans after transdermal absorption |journal=Planta Medica |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=3–7 |doi=10.1055/s-2004-815446}}</ref>
<ref name="MisraDey2013">{{cite journal |last1=Misra |first1=B.B. |last2=Dey |first2=S. |year=2013 |title=Evaluation of in vivo anti-hyperglycemic and antioxidant potentials of α-santalol and sandalwood oil |journal=Phytomedicine |volume=20 |issue=5 |pages=409–416 |doi=10.1016/j.phymed.2012.12.017}}</ref>
<ref name="Santha2015">{{cite journal |last1=Santha |first1=S. |last2=Dwivedi |first2=C. |year=2015 |title=Anticancer effects of sandalwood (Santalum album) |journal=Anticancer Research |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=3137–3145}}</ref>
<ref name="Burdock2008">{{cite journal |last1=Burdock |first1=G.A. |last2=Carabin |first2=I.G. |year=2008 |title=Safety assessment of sandalwood oil (Santalum album L.) |journal=Food and Chemical Toxicology |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=421–432 |doi=10.1016/j.fct.2007.09.092}}</ref>
}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Talk:Edagaja

2026-10-08T06:39:08Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Edagaja, Cassia tora L., ring-worm plant* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Edagaja (Cassia tora L.) is a classical Ayurvedic herb used for skin diseases (kushtha, dadru), itching, wounds and constipation; experimental studies report antifungal, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senna_tora Cassia tora L.]

{{Infobox
|title = Edagaja/Chakramarda
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Edagaja
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senna_tora Cassia tora L.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Fabaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senna_tora Cassia tora L.]''' (commonly known as '''Edagaja''', '''Chakramarda''', or the ring-worm plant) is an annual herbaceous plant widely distributed throughout tropical regions. In [[Ayurveda]] it is used for skin disorders ([[Kushtha]]), ringworm (Dadru), itching and constipation.

==English name ==
Ring-worm plant

==Therapeutic uses==
Kaphavata janya vikara, kustha (skin disease), vrana (wound), dadru (tinea), pakshaghata (paralysis), vibandha (constipation), gulma (abdominal lump), krumi (worm), pama (scabies), kandu (itching), swasa (breathlessness), kasa (cough)<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3 :69</ref>

==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Edagaja, Chakramarda

==Synonyms in bhavprakasa nighantu==
Prapunnata, dadrudhna, meshalochana, punnata<ref name="Chunekar2020">Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, haritakyadi varga, verse no.-210</ref>

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Pungent (katu)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Reduces [[kapha]] and [[vata]]
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 3/3
| Siddhatama churna pradeha (external application)
|}

==Dose==
* 1-3 gm of powder<ref name="API1986"/>

==Important formulation==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API1986"/>
* Nimbadi churna
* Kasisadi ghruta
* Maha vishagarbha taila
* Bruhata marichyadi taila

== Current availability==
Available
* India – throughout India in waste places and roadsides.

== Current researches ==

== Phytoconstituents ==
Only constituents supported by a checked reference are listed (one reference per class).

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Phytoconstituents of ''Cassia tora''
! Class !! Reported constituents !! Plant part !! Reference
|-
| Anthraquinones and related compounds || Chrysophanol (marker constituent), physcion, emodin, toralactone, rubrofusarin; seeds mainly anthraquinone glycosides; leaves rich in emodin, tricontan-1-ol and stigmasterol || Seeds, leaves || <ref name="Jain2010">Jain S, Patil UK. Phytochemical and pharmacological profile of Cassia tora Linn.: an overview. Indian J Nat Prod Resour. 2010;1(4):430–437.</ref>
|}

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
All findings below come from animal or ''in vitro'' experiments; no human clinical trial was identified during reference checking. The classical uses not listed below (for example vibandha and kandu) have no checked modern reference here.

=== Antifungal Activity (Dadru) ===
An 80% ethanolic extract of the seeds was fractionated and analysed by HPLC; four anthraquinones (aloe-emodin, emodin, chrysophanol and physcion) were identified. The extract and its subfractions were tested against ''Trichophyton mentagrophytes'' (a dermatophyte) by broth microdilution; the anthraquinone-rich subfractions inhibited the fungus about 4 to 8 times more strongly than the crude extract, but less potently than ketoconazole (MIC 125 versus 20 as printed in the abstract).<ref name="Charoenchai2018">Charoenchai L, Chankana N. Identification of anthraquinones from Cassia tora L. seeds and antifungal activity. Interprof J Health Sci. 2018;16(1).</ref>

=== Hepatoprotective Activity ===
A methanolic leaf extract (400 mg/kg, orally) protected rats against carbon-tetrachloride-induced liver injury, lowering serum SGOT, SGPT, bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase; the effect was comparable to a standard hepatoprotective agent.<ref name="Maity1997">Maity TK, Mandal SC, Mukherjee PK, Saha K, Das J, Saha BP, Pal M. Evaluation of hepatoprotective potential of Cassia tora leaf extract. Nat Prod Sci. 1997;3(2):122–126.</ref>

=== Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Activity ===
In a master's thesis (not a journal article), a methanolic leaf extract given intraperitoneally (100–200 mg/kg) reduced egg-albumin-induced paw oedema in rats, comparable to aspirin (150 mg/kg). At 200–400 mg/kg it reduced acetic-acid-induced writhing in mice comparably to aspirin, and at 50–100 mg/kg it increased tolerance of mechanical pain in a dose-dependent manner. This is thesis-level evidence and should be confirmed by peer-reviewed studies.<ref name="Chidume2000">Chidume FC. Immunogenic and some pharmacological activities of crude extracts of Cassia tora Linn (Family: Caesalpiniaceae). MSc thesis, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; 2000.</ref>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Toxicity:''' Limited toxicity data were found in the sources checked, so no safety margin is stated here.
* '''Precautions:''' Use under clinical guidance, particularly in pregnancy and lactation; human safety data were not found in the sources checked.
* '''Classical dose:''' 1–3 g of powder (see Dose above).

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Experimental evidence for ''Cassia tora'' (see sections above for references)
! Indication !! Part and extract !! Principal finding
|-
| '''Dermatophytosis (Dadru)''' || Seed, 80% ethanol extract and subfractions || Inhibited ''T. mentagrophytes'' ''in vitro''; anthraquinone-rich fractions more active than crude extract
|-
| '''Chemical liver injury (rat)''' || Leaf, methanolic, 400 mg/kg orally || Lower SGOT, SGPT, bilirubin and ALP
|-
| '''Inflammation and pain (rat, mouse)''' || Leaf, methanolic, i.p. (thesis) || Reduced oedema and writhing; raised mechanical pain tolerance
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3 :69</ref>
<ref name="Chunekar2020">Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, haritakyadi varga, verse no.-210</ref>
}}

[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]

Talk:Kumkuma

2026-10-08T06:29:59Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Kumkuma, Crocus sativus L., saffron* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Kumkuma (Crocus sativus L.) is a classical Ayurvedic drug (saffron) used for vomiting, cough, wounds, skin and eye diseases and migraine; clinical and experimental studies report antidepressant, cognitive, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, antioxidant and antidiabetic effects.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocus_sativus Crocus sativus L.]

{{Infobox
|title = Kumkuma
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Kumkuma
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocus_sativus Crocus sativus L.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Iridaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocus_sativus Crocus sativus L.]''' (commonly known as '''Kumkuma''' or Saffron) is a perennial plant (Iridaceae) whose dried red stigmas form the spice saffron. It is used in [[Ayurveda]] in classical formulations and for the conditions listed below.

==English name==
Saffron

==Therapeutic uses==
Chardi (vomiting), kasa (cough), vrana (wound), vyanga, siroroga, Drushti roga (eye disease), kantha roga (throat disease), sidhma (skin disease), udavarta (upward movement of air), mutragraha, suryavarta, ardhavabhedaka (migraine)<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 4 :25</ref>

==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Kumkum, Ghusana, Kashmira (grows in kashmir region), Vahlika (found in bahlika desa)

==Synonyms in bhavprakasa nighantu==
Rakta (red in colour), Pitakam (imparts yellow colour if mixed with water), varam, sankoch, pishuna (has got strong odour), shonitabhidhyam<ref name="Chunekar2020">Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, karpuradi varga, verse no.-74</ref>

==Types==
===Bhavaprakash nighantu===
Mentioned 3 types
# Kasmira
# Bahlika
# Parasika

===Raja nighantu===
Mentioned 2 types<ref name="Tripathi2006">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raja Nighantu of pandit Narhari, ed. 2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, Chandanadi varga verse no- 41,43</ref>
# Kumkuma
# Truna kumjuma

==Properties==
===Kasmira===
* Suksmakesarayukta (Small stigma)
* Raktavarna (Red in colour)
* Padmagandhi (Aroma like that of lotus)

===Bahlika===
* Sukla (White)
* Pita varna (Yellow)
* Ketaki gandha (aroma like pandanus)
* Suksma kesara (Small stigma)

===Parasika===
* Madhugandha (Honey like odour)
* Isatpandura varna (Whitish in colour)
* Sthulakesara (Bigger stigma)

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Properties'''
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste (rasa) || Pungent (katu), Bitter (tikta)
|-
| 2 || Potency (veerya) || Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect (vipaka) || Pungent (katu)
|-
| 4 || Qualities (guna) || Unctuous (snigdha)
|-
| 5 || Actions (karma) || Pacify Kapha and Vata, imparts complexion to skin (varnya)
|}

==Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Herbs and their activities'''
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/54 || As an ingredient of Mrita sanjivani agada
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/78 || As an ingredient of Mahagandha hasti agada
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/190 || As an ingredient of Mamsyadi yoga
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/152 || As an ingredient of Bala taila
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/162 || As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila
|}

==Dose==
* 25-50 mg<ref name="API1986"/>

==Important formulations==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API1986"/>
* Karpuradyarka
* Balarka rasa
* Kumkumadya taila
* Mahanarayan taila
* Pushyanug churna

==Current availability ==
Available
* In India – Cultivated primarily in Jammu & Kashmir.

==Current researches ==

== Phytoconstituents ==
Saffron contains more than 150 volatile and aroma-yielding compounds. Only constituents supported by a checked reference are listed (one reference per class).

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Phytoconstituents of ''Crocus sativus''
! Class !! Constituents !! Property / role !! Reference
|-
| Apocarotenoids and monoterpene aldehyde || Crocin (crocetin glycoside), picrocrocin, safranal || Crocin gives colour, picrocrocin the bitter taste, safranal the odour and aroma. Crocin hydrolyses to gentiobiose and crocetin; picrocrocin hydrolyses to glucose and safranal. || <ref name="Srivastava2010">Srivastava R, Ahmed H, Dixit RK, Dharamveer, Saraf SA. Crocus sativus L.: A comprehensive review. Pharmacogn Rev. 2010;4(8):200–208.</ref>
|-
| Flavonoids || Kaempferol glycosides (major flavonoids of the flower) || Flower (tepals) || <ref name="Moratalla2019">Moratalla-López N, Bagur MJ, Lorenzo C, et al. Bioactivity and bioavailability of the major metabolites of Crocus sativus L. flower. Molecules. 2019;24(15):2827. doi:10.3390/molecules24152827</ref>
|}

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
Findings below come from the cited studies only. Several are small pilot trials or animal studies, so they do not by themselves establish clinical efficacy.

=== Antidepressant Activity ===
In a 6-week pilot double-blind randomized trial of 30 adult outpatients with mild to moderate major depression, saffron stigma 30 mg/day was found to be similar in effect to imipramine 100 mg/day. Anticholinergic effects (dry mouth) and sedation were more frequent with imipramine. The trial had no placebo arm, and the authors call for a larger placebo-controlled trial.<ref name="Akhondzadeh2004">Akhondzadeh S, Fallah-Pour H, Afkham K, Jamshidi AH, Khalighi-Cigaroudi F. Comparison of Crocus sativus L. and imipramine in the treatment of mild to moderate depression: a pilot double-blind randomized trial [ISRCTN45683816]. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2004;4:12. doi:10.1186/1472-6882-4-12</ref>

=== Cognitive Function (Alzheimer's Disease) ===
In a 16-week double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 46 patients with probable mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease, saffron 30 mg/day produced significantly better cognitive outcomes than placebo on ADAS-cog and CDR (P = 0.04 for both). The authors describe it as short-term evidence and ask for larger confirmatory trials.<ref name="Akhondzadeh2010">Akhondzadeh S, Sabet MS, Harirchian MH, et al. Saffron in the treatment of patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: a 16-week, randomized and placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2010;35(5):581–588. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2710.2009.01133.x</ref>

=== Anti-inflammatory and Antinociceptive Activity ===
In mice, aqueous and ethanolic extracts of saffron stigma and petal showed antinociceptive activity in the acetic-acid writhing test but not in the hot-plate test; naloxone partially blocked only the stigma aqueous extract. Only stigma extracts had weak to moderate effects in acute (xylene ear-oedema) inflammation, while in chronic (formalin paw-oedema) inflammation both stigma extracts and the ethanolic petal extract were active.<ref name="Hosseinzadeh2002">Hosseinzadeh H, Younesi HM. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of Crocus sativus L. stigma and petal extracts in mice. BMC Pharmacol. 2002;2:7. doi:10.1186/1471-2210-2-7</ref>

=== Antioxidant Activity ===
In 20 human subjects (10 healthy, 10 with coronary artery disease) given saffron 50 mg twice daily in milk, lipoprotein oxidation susceptibility fell significantly over 6 weeks (healthy 66.4 to 38.3; CAD 76.0 to 48.8; P < 0.001), indicating an antioxidant effect. The study did not report lipid-lowering or clinical cardiovascular outcomes.<ref name="Verma1998">Verma SK, Bordia A. Antioxidant property of saffron in man. Indian J Med Sci. 1998;52(5):205–207.</ref>

=== Antidiabetic Activity ===
In alloxan-diabetic rats given 6 weeks of daily oral treatment, saffron methanolic extract (80 and 240 mg/kg), crocin (50 and 150 mg/kg) and safranal (0.25 and 0.5 ml/kg) significantly reduced fasting blood glucose and HbA1c and raised blood insulin, without significant changes in SGOT, SGPT or creatinine.<ref name="Kianbakht2011">Kianbakht S, Hajiaghaee R. Anti-hyperglycemic effects of saffron and its active constituents, crocin and safranal, in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. J Med Plants. 2011;10(39):82–89.</ref>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Human safety:''' The safety of saffron tablets has been evaluated in healthy volunteers.<ref name="Modaghegh2008">Modaghegh MH, Shahabian M, Esmaeili HA, Rajbai O, Hosseinzadeh H. Safety evaluation of saffron (Crocus sativus) tablets in healthy volunteers. Phytomedicine. 2008;15(12):1032–1037. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2008.06.003</ref>
* '''Precautions:''' Toxic-dose thresholds and pregnancy risk were not confirmed in the sources checked, so none are stated here. Use within classical dose limits under professional guidance.
* '''Classical dose:''' 25–50 mg (see Dose above).

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Evidence for ''Crocus sativus'' (see sections above for references)
! Indication !! Evidence type !! Principal finding
|-
| '''Mild to moderate depression''' || Human pilot RCT (n=30, 6 weeks) || Similar to imipramine
|-
| '''Mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease''' || Human RCT (n=46, 16 weeks) || Better ADAS-cog and CDR than placebo
|-
| '''Pain and inflammation (Siroroga/Vrana)''' || Mouse and rat models || Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity, extract-dependent
|-
| '''Oxidative stress / coronary artery disease''' || Human study (n=20, 6 weeks) || Reduced lipoprotein oxidation susceptibility
|-
| '''Diabetes''' || Alloxan-diabetic rats || Lower glucose and HbA1c, higher insulin
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 4 :25</ref>
<ref name="Chunekar2020">Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, karpuradi varga, verse no.-74</ref>
<ref name="Tripathi2006">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raja Nighantu of pandit Narhari, ed. 2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, Chandanadi varga verse no- 41,43</ref>
}}

[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]

Talk:Kashmarya

2026-10-08T06:05:42Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Kashmarya, Gmelina arborea L., Candhar tree, comb teak, cashmiri tree* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Kashmarya (Gmelina arborea L.) is a classical Ayurvedic herb (Gambhari) used for swelling, burning sensation, fever, thirst and haemorrhoids; experimental studies report hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, wound-healing, antiulcer and antidiabetic activities.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmelina_arborea Gmelina arborea L.]

{{Infobox
|title = Kashmarya
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Kashmarya
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmelina_arborea Gmelina arborea L.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Verbenaceae (now placed in Lamiaceae in current plant classification)
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmelina_arborea Gmelina arborea L.]''' (commonly known as Kashmarya, Gambhari, Candhar tree, comb teak, or Kashmiri tree) is a deciduous tree native to South and Southeast Asia. In [[Ayurveda]] it is a member of the ''Brihat Panchamula'' group and is used in swelling, burning sensation, fever, thirst and haemorrhoids.

==English name ==
Candhar tree, comb teak, Kashmiri tree

==Therapeutic Uses==
Sotha (swelling), daha (burning sensation), jwara (fever), trushna (thirst), arsha (hemorrhoids)<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :24</ref>

==Other Varieties / Other Botanical names==
* Gmelina asiatica L.
* Premna arborea Roxb.

==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Kashmarya, Gambhari, Bhadraparni (leaves of gambhari are beautiful), Shriparni (beautiful leaves), Madhuparnika.

==Synonyms in bhavprakasa nighantu==
Kashmiri, hira, pitarohini (bark is yellow in colour), krushnavrunta (leaf has got blackish petiole)<ref name="Chunekar2020">Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, guduchyadi varga, verse no.-14,15</ref>

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Bitter (tikta), Astringent (kashaya), Sweet (madhura)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Heavy (guru)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[vata]], [[pitta]] and [[kapha]]
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/11
| Asthapana
|-
| 2
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(24)
| Virechanopagmahakashaya (helping purgation)
|-
| 3
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(38)
| Shwayathuharamahakashaya (relieving oedema)
|-
| 4
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(41)
| Dahaprashamanamahakashaya (pacifying burning sensation)
|-
| 5
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 21/24
| Management of obesity
|-
| 6
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40
| Agrya Sangraha (collections of best food articles, factors and drugs in various conditions)
|-
| 7
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/135
| Phala Varga (class of fruits)
|-
| 8
| Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/29
| Garbha Vyadhi chikitsa
|-
| 9
| Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/20
| Preparations of Trivritta
|-
| 10
| Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/30
| Preparations of Trivritta Awaleha
|-
| 11
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/206
| As an ingredient of Madhookadi kashaya
|-
| 12
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/253
| As an ingredient of Chandanadi snehabasti (unctuous enema)
|-
| 13
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/258
| As an ingredient of Chandanadi taila
|-
| 14
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267
| As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
|-
| 15
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/39
| As pathya ahara (wholesome diet)
|-
| 16
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/67
| To increase effect of Trayushanaadi ghrita
|-
| 17
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/149
| Ingredient of Mishrak Sneha
|-
| 18
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/52
| Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrita
|-
| 19
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/18
| Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrita
|-
| 20
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/29
| Ingredient in Vata-pittaj Apasmar nashak Ghrita
|-
| 21
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/44
| Ingredient in Shvadamshtradi Ghrita
|-
| 22
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/32
| Ingredient in Ashtashatorishta
|-
| 23
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/50
| Ingredient in Kansaharitaki Avaleh
|-
| 24
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/67
| As a Snan dravya for Bahyaprayogarth (external application)
|-
| 25
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/65
| In treatment of vatodara for anuvasan basti
|-
| 26
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/113
| As an ingredient of panchkolaghrita
|-
| 27
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/117
| As an ingredient of yavadi ghrita
|-
| 28
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/109
| In treatment of Udara roga (for parisheka)
|-
| 29
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/144
| As an ingredient of dantyarista
|-
| 30
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/202
| Dadhisara yoga is used in raktarsha
|-
| 31
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/82
| As an ingredient of dashmuladya ghrita
|-
| 32
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/88
| As an ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrita evum churna
|-
| 33
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/156
| As an ingredient of Mulasava
|-
| 34
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/102
| Used in yavagu preparation for hikka svasa
|-
| 35
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/105
| Dasamula kwath is used in condition of trishna in terms of patients of hikka svasa.
|-
| 36
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/140
| As an ingredient of dashamuladhya ghrita
|-
| 37
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/151
| Use as a mrudu sodhana
|-
| 38
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/39
| As a ghrita dravya
|-
| 39
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/83
| Use for vaman in treatment of pittaja kasa
|-
| 40
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/163
| As an ingredient of kasmaryadi ghrita
|-
| 41
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/197
| Used in the treatment of Mandali sarpa damsha
|-
| 42
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/129
| Used as anupana in vataja madatyaya as an ingredient of panchamula
|-
| 43
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87
| As an ingredient of Trushanadi Ghrita
|-
| 44
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/168
| As an ingredient of Mahamayura Ghrita
|-
| 45
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/272
| As an ingredient of Mahaneela taila
|-
| 46
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/96
| Used in the treatment of Garbhashaya–gata vata
|-
| 47
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/120
| As an ingredient of Dashamuladi ghrita
|-
| 48
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/59
| Bhavana dravya of Parushaka Ghrita
|-
| 49
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/64
| As an ingredient of Jeevaniya Ghrita
|-
| 50
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/76
| As an ingredient of Sthiradi Ghrita/Taila
|-
| 51
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/85
| As an ingredient of Kashmaryadi kwath for Virechana karma
|-
| 52
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/97,98
| As an ingredient of Sukumaraka taila
|-
| 53
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/105
| As an ingredient of Amrutadhya taila
|-
| 54
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/112
| As an ingredient of Mahapadma taila
|-
| 55
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/115
| As an ingredient of Shatapaka madhuka taila
|-
| 56
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/52
| As an ingredient of Kashmaryadi ghrita, used in the treatment of Vataja yoni
|-
| 57
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/100
| Used in the treatment of Raktaja yoni, Arajaska, Putraghni
|}

==Dose==
* 20-30 gm of drug for decoction<ref name="API1986"/>

==Important formulation==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API1986"/>
* Dashamularishta
* Dashamulaharitaki
* Dashamula ghrita

== Current availability==
Available
* India – hilly regions of south India, Himalayan regions

== Current researches ==
https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Gmelina%20arborea

== Phytoconstituents ==
Phytochemical studies report several classes of compounds from different parts of ''Gmelina arborea''. Only constituents supported by a checked primary reference are listed below (one reference per class).

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Phytoconstituents of ''Gmelina arborea''
! Class !! Reported constituents !! Plant part !! Reference
|-
| Acylated iridoid glycosides || Gmelinosides A–L || Not confirmed in source checked || <ref name="Hosny1998">Hosny M, Rosazza JP. Gmelinosides A-L, twelve acylated iridoid glycosides from Gmelina arborea. J Nat Prod. 1998;61(6):734–742. doi:10.1021/np970447u</ref>
|-
| Lignans, neolignans and phenolics || Gmelinol, (+)-balanophonin, tyrosol, a phenylethanoid glycoside, 2,6-dimethoxy-p-benzoquinone, 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenol || Bark || <ref name="Falah2008">Falah S, Katayama T, Suzuki T. Chemical constituents from Gmelina arborea bark and their antioxidant activity. J Wood Sci. 2008;54(6):483–489.</ref>
|-
| Coumarin glycoside || Apiose-containing coumarin glycoside || Root || <ref name="Satya1985">Satyanarayana P, Subrahmanyam P, Kasai R, Tanaka O. An apiose-containing coumarin glycoside from Gmelina arborea root. Phytochemistry. 1985;24(8):1862–1863.</ref>
|}

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
All findings below are from animal or ''in vitro'' experiments; no controlled human clinical trial was identified during reference checking.

=== Hepatoprotective Activity ===
Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the stem bark were tested in rats given paracetamol (hepatic injury) or cisplatin (renal injury). The extracts significantly lowered serum SGOT and SGPT activities and serum creatinine and urea levels, indicating a protective effect on liver and kidney in these models.<ref name="Anthony2012">Anthony OE, Francis MA, Philippe EM. Phytochemical screening, and assessment of ameliorating effect of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Gmelina arborea on drug induced hepatic and renal insufficiency in rats. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2012;25(2):457–461.</ref>

=== Antioxidant Activity ===
Bark and fruit extracts protected liver cells from oxidative stress in an ''in vitro'' liver-slice culture model.<ref name="Sinha2006">Sinha S, Dixit P, Bhargava S, Devasagayam TP, Ghaskadbi S. Bark and fruit extracts of Gmelina arborea protect liver cells from oxidative stress. Pharm Biol. 2006;44(4):237–243.</ref>

=== Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Activity ===
Aqueous and methanol extracts of the stem bark (500 mg/kg) showed maximum inhibition of carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema of 30.15% and 31.21% respectively. In mice, both extracts prolonged hot-plate latency, and the aqueous extract inhibited acetic-acid-induced writhing by 84.3% (methanol extract 77.9%) at 500 mg/kg. The authors suggest inhibition of prostaglandins and other autacoids as a possible mechanism; this was not directly tested.<ref name="Kulkarni2013">Kulkarni YA, Panjabi R, Patel V, Tawade A, Gokhale A. Effect of Gmelina arborea Roxb in experimentally induced inflammation and nociception. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2013;4(3):152–157. doi:10.4103/0975-9476.118697</ref>

=== Wound Healing ===
An alcoholic extract of the dried leaf powder (200 mg/kg) was studied in incision, excision and dead-space wound models in rats. It increased wound contraction rate, skin and granuloma breaking strength, hydroxyproline content and dry granuloma weight, and shortened the epithelization period, consistent with increased collagen deposition.<ref name="Shirwaikar2003">Shirwaikar A, Ghosh S, Padma GM Rao. Effect of Gmelina arborea Roxb. leaves on wound healing in rats. J Nat Remedies. 2003;3(1):45–48. doi:10.18311/jnr/2003/362</ref>

=== Antiulcer Activity ===
Leaves of ''Gmelina arborea'' have been evaluated for anti-ulcer activity in experimentally induced ulcer in Wistar rats.<ref name="Giri2009">Giri M, Divakar K, Goli D, Dighe SB. Anti ulcer activity of leaves of Gmelina arborea plant in experimentally induced ulcer in Wistar rats. Pharmacologyonline. 2009;1:102–110.</ref>

=== Antidiabetic Activity ===
Aqueous bark extract (1.00 g/kg, 30 days) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats lowered fasting blood glucose by 37%, reduced HbA1c and fructosamine, raised serum insulin (57%) and C-peptide (39%), improved serum lipids, and histology and immunohistochemistry showed β-cell regeneration in the pancreas.<ref name="Attanayake2016">Attanayake AP, Jayatilaka KAPW, Pathirana C, Mudduwa LKB. ''Gmelina arborea'' Roxb. (Family: Verbenaceae) extract upregulates the β-cell regeneration in STZ induced diabetic rats. 2016 (published 6 Jan 2016), article 4513871. doi:10.1155/2016/4513871. PMCID: PMC4736759</ref>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Acute and repeated-dose toxicity:''' Methanol extract of stem bark given orally to mice (300–5000 mg/kg) caused no mortality or significant clinical signs. In a 28-day study in rats (300, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg/day) there were no significant changes in body and organ weights, haematology, clinical chemistry or histology; the reported NOAEL was 5000 mg/kg.<ref name="Kulkarni2012">Kulkarni YA, Veeranjaneyulu A. Toxicological evaluation of the methanol extract of Gmelina arborea Roxb. bark in mice and rats. Toxicol Int. 2012;19(2):125–131. doi:10.4103/0971-6580.97203</ref>
* '''Precautions:''' Reproductive and human safety data were not found in the sources checked; use under clinical supervision, particularly in pregnancy and lactation.
* '''Classical dose:''' 20–30 g of crude drug for decoction (see Dose above).

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Experimental evidence for ''Gmelina arborea'' (see sections above for references)
! Indication / Model !! Part and extract !! Principal finding
|-
| '''Paracetamol / cisplatin-induced hepatic and renal injury (rat)''' || Stem bark, aqueous and ethanolic || Lower SGOT, SGPT, creatinine, urea
|-
| '''Oxidative stress in liver cells (''in vitro'')''' || Bark and fruit || Protection of liver cells
|-
| '''Inflammation and pain (Sotha) (rat, mouse)''' || Stem bark, aqueous and methanol || Reduced paw oedema, hot-plate and writhing responses
|-
| '''Wound healing (rat)''' || Leaf, alcoholic || Faster contraction and epithelization, higher breaking strength
|-
| '''Ulcer (rat)''' || Leaf || Anti-ulcer activity reported
|-
| '''Diabetes (STZ rat)''' || Bark, aqueous || Lower glucose, higher insulin, β-cell regeneration
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :24</ref>
<ref name="Chunekar2020">Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, guduchyadi varga, verse no.-14,15</ref>
}}

[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]

Talk:Eranda

2026-10-08T05:36:48Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= Eranda, Ricinus communis L, Castor oil plant, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Eranda (Ricinus communis L.) is traditionally classified as a premier vatahara (pacifying vata) and virechaka (purgative) herb, widely utilized in Ayurveda for managing vataraka (gout), abdominal colic, backache, and inflammatory joint disorders.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

{{Infobox
|title = Eranda
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Eranda
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricinus_communis Ricinus communis L.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Euphorbiaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricinus_communis Ricinus communis L.]''', popularly known as '''Eranda''' or the '''Castor Oil Plant''', is a large, annual or perennial shrub distributed widely throughout tropical and subtropical regions. In [[Ayurveda]], it is highly revered as the prime drug for managing Vata disorders (''Vatavyadhi''), especially rheumatoid arthritis (''Amavata''), abdominal conditions, and as an ideal agent for therapeutic purgation (''Virechana'') and enema therapies.<ref name="API" />

== English Name ==
Castor oil plant

== Therapeutic Uses ==
Sotha (swelling), Jwara (fever), Udararoga (disease of abdomen), Amavata (rheumatoid arthritis), Bastisula (pain in urinary bladder)<ref name="API" />

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
* Urubuka
* Vardhamana
* Urubaka
* Panchagula
* Chitra

== Synonyms in Bhavaprakasa Nighantu ==
* Amana – The flowers when blossomed, plant appears very attractive.
* Chitra
* Gandharvahasta – Resembling the palm of Gandharva.
* Panchangula – Leaves of Eranda are palmately lobed.
* Vardhamana
* Dirghadanda – Leaves of Eranda have a long petiole.
* Vyadambaka – When wind blows, the inflorescence of Eranda appears like dancing.
* Vatari – Best drug for Vatavyadhi.
* Taruna
* Rubuka

== Varieties ==
=== Bhavaprakasa Nighantu ===
* Sukla eranda
* Rakta eranda

=== Raja Nighantu ===
* Rakta eranda
* Sthula eranda

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Eranda has the following properties:<ref name="API" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
| 1 || Taste (''[[Rasa]]'') || Sweet (''Madhura''), Pungent (''Katu''), Astringent (''Kashaya'')
|-
| 2 || Potency (''[[Veerya]]'') || Hot (''Ushna'')
|-
| 3 || Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'') || Sweet (''Madhura'')
|-
| 4 || Qualities (''[[Guna]]'') || Unctuous (''Snigdha''), Sharp (''Tikshna''), Subtleness (''Sukshma'')
|-
| 5 || Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'') || Pacifies Kapha and Vata
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its Actions ==
Eranda is prominently documented across multiple therapeutic chapters of the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/12 || Asthapana (Therapeutic Enema)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(4) || Bhedaniya mahakashaya (group of herbs breaking mass/solid lesions)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(22) || Svedopag mahakashaya (helping diaphoresis/sudation)
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(44) || Angamardaprashamana mahakashaya (relieving body-ache)
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 13/10 || Sthavara Sneha Yoni (Vegetable origin of lipids)
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 14/31 || Dravya for Nadi Sweda (tubular fomentation)
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 14/42 || Dravya for Prastara Sweda (bed-fomentation)
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 13/12 || Ideal for Virechana (purgation)
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40 || Agrya Sangraha (best food articles, factors, and drugs)
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/84 || Viruddha ahara (unwholesome diet)
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/108, 27/109 || Shaka Varga (group of vegetables)
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/289 || Krutanna Varga (Class on food articles)
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/139 || Madhur skanda (group of sweet drugs)
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/50 || Pathyadi modaka
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 11/11 || Saptala Shankhini Yoga
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/235 || Used as Ksheerapaka where Jwara is associated with Parikartika (fissure)
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267 || As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/108 || Ingredient in Tiktekshvadi Taila for Abhyanga in Vata-Kaphaj Kushtha
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/112 || Ingredient in Kanakakshiri Taila
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/65 || In treatment of Vatodara for Anuvasana basti (unctuous enema)
|-
| 21 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/69 || In treatment of Pittodara for Anuvasana basti
|-
| 22 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/173 || Eranda taila is used in Avarana avastha of Udararoga
|-
| 23 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/44 || Used in Avasechana in Arsha roga (hemorrhoids)
|-
| 24 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/79 || Used for Virechana in treatment of Vataja grahani
|-
| 25 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/77, 17/80 || Used for Shodhanottara dhumpana (post-purification smoking)
|-
| 26 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/171 || As a yoga dravya
|-
| 27 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/48 || Used as medicine with Paya (milk)
|-
| 28 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/85 || Eranda taila with milk is used in Vata vyadhi with other doshas involved
|-
| 29 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/114 || As an ingredient of Utkarikadi lepa
|-
| 30 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/161 || As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila
|-
| 31 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/197 || Eranda taila is used in the treatment of Purishavrita vata
|-
| 32 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/61 || As an ingredient of Jeevaniya Ghrita
|-
| 33 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/81 || Used as Ksheerapaka for pain management
|-
| 34 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/83 || Eranda taila & ksheera used for Virechana in Bahudosha
|-
| 35 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/103 || As an ingredient of Amrutadhya taila
|-
| 36 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/140 || Used in Ksheerapishti form for Shoolanivrutti (pain relief)
|-
| 37 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/141 || Used in formulation of Erandamuladi pralepa
|-
| 38 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/198 || Used in treatment of Klaibya (impotency) for Asthapana basti
|}

== Dose ==
* '''Decoction (''Kwatha''):''' 20 – 30 ml of the drug.<ref name="API" />

== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API" />
* Gandharvahastadi kwatha churna
* Vatari guggulu
* Gandharvahastadi taila

== Current Availability ==
Available
* '''In India:''' Widely cultivated and found growing wild throughout tropical and subtropical regions.

== Major Phytoconstituents ==
''Ricinus communis'' contains several classes of bioactive constituents.<ref name="Pandey2025" />
* '''Fatty acids (castor oil):''' Ricinoleic acid, a hydroxylated fatty acid that is the principal component of castor oil.
* '''Toxic proteins and alkaloids:''' Ricin (a toxic lectin) and ricinine (an alkaloid); ''Ricinus'' agglutinin is also present.
* '''Phytosterols:''' Sitosterol, fucosterol and stigmasterol.

== Therapeutic Efficacy & Modern Scientific Research ==
Modern pharmacological investigations have examined several traditional claims associated with ''Ricinus communis''. Each activity below is supported by one primary study. Most of the evidence is preclinical (animal and ''in vitro'' models).

=== 1. Purgative and Gastrointestinal Action (''Virechana'') ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Widely used as an effective purgative and in managing abdominal conditions (''Udararoga'').
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Ricinoleic acid, released from castor oil by intestinal lipases, selectively activates EP3 prostanoid receptors on intestinal smooth muscle; in mice lacking EP3 receptors on smooth-muscle cells, castor oil produced no laxative effect, establishing the mechanism of its purgative action. The same pathway mediates uterine contraction.<ref name="Tunaru2012" />

=== 2. Anti-inflammatory and Free-radical Scavenging Activity (''Sotha'' / ''Amavata'') ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' ''Amavata'' (rheumatoid arthritis), ''Sotha'' (swelling) and localized pain; the root is used in ''Vatavyadhi''.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Root extract showed anti-inflammatory activity in rats together with free-radical scavenging activity, supporting the traditional use of the root in inflammatory conditions.<ref name="Ilavarasan2006" />

=== 3. Antimicrobial Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Leaves applied as poultice or fomentation on sores, boils and swellings; used for wound and skin infections.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Aqueous, methanol, ethanol, petroleum ether and ethyl acetate extracts of the leaves inhibited ''Escherichia coli'', ''Staphylococcus aureus'', ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'', ''Klebsiella pneumoniae'' and ''Candida albicans'' ''in vitro'' (MIC 3.13–25.0 mg/ml); the methanol extract showed the largest zones of inhibition.<ref name="Suurbaar2017" />

=== 4. Anti-diabetic Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Not a classical indication; reported in experimental research.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' A 50% ethanolic extract of the seeds showed favourable effects on fasting blood glucose, lipid profile and liver and kidney function in diabetic rats.<ref name="Shokeen2008" />

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Ricinus communis''
! Indication
! Part / Extract studied
! Primary Pharmacological Action
! Level of evidence
|-
| '''Constipation & Bowel Cleansing (''Virechana'')'''
| Castor oil (ricinoleic acid)
| Laxative via EP3 receptor activation
| Preclinical (mouse)
|-
| '''Rheumatoid Arthritis / Swelling (''Amavata'' / ''Sotha'')'''
| Root extract
| Anti-inflammatory, free-radical scavenging
| Preclinical (animal, ''in vitro'')
|-
| '''Wounds & Skin Infections'''
| Leaf extracts
| Antibacterial, antifungal
| ''In vitro''
|-
| '''Diabetes'''
| Seed ethanolic extract
| Anti-hyperglycemic
| Preclinical (animal)
|}

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Precautions:''' Raw seeds contain the toxic protein ricin and must not be consumed unprocessed; ricin poisoning has no specific antidote, and castor oil itself is not a source of ricin. Standard therapeutic use relies on processed castor oil or purified root decoctions under professional guidance.<ref name="Audi2005" />
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Root Decoction (''Kwatha''):'' 20–30 ml.<ref name="API" />
** ''Castor Oil (''Taila''):'' 5–15 ml as directed for purgation.

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1:23</ref>
<ref name="Pandey2025">Pandey SN, Kumar P, Verma H, Durgapal S, Singh B. Phytopharmacological insights into ''Ricinus communis'': a comprehensive overview. Pharmacogn Res. 2025;17(2):348-57. doi:10.5530/pres.20251940.</ref>
<ref name="Tunaru2012">Tunaru S, Althoff TF, Nüsing RM, Diener M, Offermanns S. Castor oil induces laxation and uterus contraction via ricinoleic acid activating prostaglandin EP3 receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109(23):9179-84. doi:10.1073/pnas.1201627109.</ref>
<ref name="Ilavarasan2006">Ilavarasan R, Mallika M, Venkataraman S. Anti-inflammatory and free radical scavenging activity of ''Ricinus communis'' root extract. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006;103(3):478-80.</ref>
<ref name="Suurbaar2017">Suurbaar J, Mosobil R, Donkor AM. Antibacterial and antifungal activities and phytochemical profile of leaf extract from different extractants of ''Ricinus communis'' against selected pathogens. BMC Res Notes. 2017;10:660. doi:10.1186/s13104-017-3001-2.</ref>
<ref name="Shokeen2008">Shokeen P, Anand P, Murali YK, Tandon V. Antidiabetic activity of 50% ethanolic extract of ''Ricinus communis'' and its purified fractions. Food Chem Toxicol. 2008;46(11):3458-66.</ref>
<ref name="Audi2005">Audi J, Belson M, Patel M, Schier J, Osterloh J. Ricin poisoning: a comprehensive review. JAMA. 2005;294(18):2342-51. doi:10.1001/jama.294.18.2342.</ref>
}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

''This article is under development ..''

Talk:Bijaka

2026-10-08T05:32:27Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= Bijaka, Pterocarpus marsupium, Malabar kino, Indian kino, Vijaysar, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Bijaka (Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.) is traditionally classified as a premier pramehaghna (anti-diabetic) and kusthaghna herb, widely utilized in Ayurveda for managing diabetes mellitus, skin disorders, obesity, and bleeding disorders.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

{{Infobox
|title = Bijaka
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Bijaka
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterocarpus_marsupium Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Fabaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterocarpus_marsupium Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.]''', popularly known as '''Bijaka''', '''Malabar Kino''', or '''Indian Kino Tree''', is a large, deciduous tree native to India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka. In [[Ayurveda]], it is highly revered for its anti-diabetic (''Prameha''), skin-protective (''Kustha''), and Kapha-Vata pacifying properties.<ref name="API" />

== English Name ==
Malabar kino, Indian kino

== Therapeutic Use ==
Worms infestation (Krimiroga), Psoriasis (Kustha), Diabetes mellitus (Prameha), Anaemia (Pandu), Obesity (Medodosa)<ref name="API" />

== Other Varieties / Other Botanical names ==
* Pterocarpus marsupium f. acuminata (Prain)
* Pterocarpus marsupium f. acuta Prain
* Pterocarpus marsupium f. biloba (Roxb. ex G. Don)

== Identification Characters ==
* '''Pivara''' – Trunk of Bijaka is very large.
* '''Mahasarja''' – Bijaka is big tree like that of Sarja (Vateria indica).
* '''Tishya''' – Bijaka blossoms in Pushya masa (Late winter).
* '''Sugandhi''' – Flowers are aromatic.
* '''Pitasara''' – Heart wood of Bijaka is yellow in colour.
* '''Pitashalaka''' – Heart wood is yellow in colour and resemble heart wood of Sala (Shorea robusta).

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
* Pitasara – Heart wood of Bijaka is yellow in colour.
* Pitashaalaka – Heart wood is yellow in colour and resemble heart wood of saala (Shorea robusta).
* Bandhukpushpa
* Priyaka
* Sarjaka
* Asana

== Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu ==
* Bijaka
* Pitasara
* Pitashalaka
* Bandhukapushpa
* Priyaka
* Sarjaka
* Asana<ref name="Bhavaprakash" />

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Bijaka has the following properties:<ref name="API" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
| 1 || Taste (''[[Rasa]]'') || Astringent (''Kasaya'')
|-
| 2 || Potency (''[[Veerya]]'') || Hot (''Ushna'')
|-
| 3 || Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'') || Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 4 || Qualities (''[[Guna]]'') || Dry (''Ruksa''), Light (''Laghu'')
|-
| 5 || Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'') || Pacifies Kapha and Vata dosha
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its Actions ==
Bijaka is documented across therapeutic chapters of the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/106 || As an ingredient of Bijakarishta
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/56 || As an ingredient of Shyonakadi Parisheka and Pralepa
|}

== Dose ==
* '''Decoction (''Kwatha''):''' 50 – 100 gm of the drug.<ref name="API" />

== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API" />
* Nyagrodhadi Churna
* Asanabilvadi Taila

== Current Availability ==
Available
* '''In India:''' Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha.
* '''Out of India:''' Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, Taiwan.

== Major Phytoconstituents ==
The heartwood and bark of ''Pterocarpus marsupium'' are rich in phenolic constituents.<ref name="Maurya2004" />
* '''Stilbenes and benzofuran derivatives (heartwood):''' Pterostilbene, marsupsin and pterosupin.
* '''Flavan-3-ols (bark):''' (−)-Epicatechin.
* '''C-glycosides:''' Phenolic C-glycosides have also been isolated from the heartwood.

== Therapeutic Efficacy & Modern Scientific Research ==
Modern pharmacological and clinical investigations have examined several traditional claims associated with ''Pterocarpus marsupium''. Each activity below is supported by one primary study. Most of the evidence is preclinical (animal models); human evidence is limited to an open-label trial in diabetes.

=== 1. Anti-diabetic and Hypoglycemic Activity (''Prameha'') ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Highly indicated in ''Prameha'' (diabetes mellitus) and metabolic disorders.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Three phenolic constituents of the heartwood – marsupsin, pterosupin and pterostilbene – were tested intraperitoneally in streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemic rats; marsupsin and pterostilbene significantly lowered blood glucose, with an effect comparable to metformin.<ref name="Manickam1997" />

=== 2. Pancreatic Beta-cell Regeneration ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Bark and heartwood preparations used for ''Madhumeha''.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' (−)-Epicatechin (30 mg/kg, i.p., twice daily for 4–5 days) restored normal blood glucose in alloxan-diabetic albino rats; histology showed regeneration of the islet beta-cells destroyed by alloxan, and immunoreactive insulin studies indicated the regenerated cells were functional.<ref name="Chakravarthy1982" />

=== 3. Clinical Evidence in Type 2 Diabetes ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' ''Prameha'' (diabetes mellitus); the heartwood (''Vijaysar'') is the part commonly used.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In a flexible-dose, open-label ICMR trial in 97 newly diagnosed or untreated type 2 diabetes patients, 69% achieved blood glucose control by 12 weeks (mostly with 2 g of the extract); fasting and postprandial glucose fell by 32 and 45 mg/dl, HbA1c fell from 9.8% to 9.4%, lipids did not change significantly, and no side effects were reported.<ref name="ICMR1998" />

=== 4. Antihyperlipidemic Activity (''Medodosa'') ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' ''Medodosa'' (obesity and lipid dysregulation).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Flavonoids isolated from the plant showed an antihyperlipidemic effect in experimental animals.<ref name="Jahromi1993" />

=== 5. Cardiotonic Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Not a classical indication; reported in experimental research only.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Aqueous extract of the heartwood showed cardiotonic activity in experimental models.<ref name="Mohire2007" />

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Pterocarpus marsupium''
! Indication
! Compound / Extract studied
! Primary Pharmacological Action
! Level of evidence
|-
| '''Diabetes (''Prameha'')'''
| Marsupsin, Pterostilbene
| Hypoglycemic action
| Preclinical (animal)
|-
| '''Diabetes (''Prameha'')'''
| (−)-Epicatechin
| Beta-cell regeneration
| Preclinical (animal)
|-
| '''Newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes'''
| Heartwood extract (Vijayasar)
| Lowering of fasting and postprandial glucose, HbA1c
| Human, open-label trial
|-
| '''Lipid Disorders (''Medodosa'')'''
| Flavonoids
| Antihyperlipidemic
| Preclinical (animal)
|-
| '''Cardiac function'''
| Aqueous heartwood extract
| Cardiotonic
| Preclinical (animal)
|}

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Precautions:''' Use within therapeutic limits; avoid excessive dosages without professional supervision. Patients taking anti-diabetic medicines should be monitored for hypoglycemia.
* '''Clinical tolerability:''' No side effects were reported in the 12-week open-label trial in type 2 diabetes.<ref name="ICMR1998" />
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Decoction (''Kwatha''):'' 50–100 gm.<ref name="API" />

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:8</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Vatadi Varga, Verse no. 25 - 26, Edited by Padmashree Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015.</ref>
<ref name="Maurya2004">Maurya R, Singh R, Deepak M, Handa SS, Yadav PP, Mishra PK. Constituents of ''Pterocarpus marsupium'': an ayurvedic crude drug. Phytochemistry. 2004;65(7):915-20.</ref>
<ref name="Manickam1997">Manickam M, Ramanathan M, Jahromi MAF, Chansouria JPN, Ray AB. Antihyperglycemic activity of phenolics from ''Pterocarpus marsupium''. J Nat Prod. 1997;60(6):609-10. doi:10.1021/np9607013.</ref>
<ref name="Chakravarthy1982">Chakravarthy BK, Gupta S, Gode KD. Functional beta cell regeneration in the islets of pancreas in alloxan induced diabetic rats by (-)-epicatechin. Life Sci. 1982;31(24):2693-7.</ref>
<ref name="ICMR1998">Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) Collaborating Centres, New Delhi. Flexible dose open trial of Vijayasar in cases of newly-diagnosed non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Indian J Med Res. 1998;108:24-9.</ref>
<ref name="Jahromi1993">Jahromi MAF, Ray AB, Chansouria JPN. Antihyperlipidemic effect of flavonoids from ''Pterocarpus marsupium''. J Nat Prod. 1993;56(7):989-94.</ref>
<ref name="Mohire2007">Mohire NC, Salunkhe VR, Bhise SB, Yadav AV. Cardiotonic activity of aqueous extract of heartwood of ''Pterocarpus marsupium''. Indian J Exp Biol. 2007;45(6):532-7.</ref>
}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

''This article is under development ..''

Talk:Ashoka

2026-10-08T05:19:05Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= Ashoka, Saraca indica Linn., Saraca asoca, Asok Tree, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Ashoka (Saraca indica Linn.) is traditionally classified as a premier garbhasthapana and rakta-stambhaka herb, widely utilized in Ayurveda for managing gynecological disorders, excessive uterine bleeding, dysmenorrhea, and abdominal pain.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

{{Infobox
|title = Ashoka
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Ashoka
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraca_asoca Saraca indica Linn.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Fabaceae (subfamily Caesalpinioideae)
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraca_asoca Saraca indica Linn.]''', popularly known as '''Ashoka''' or the '''Asok Tree''', is a small, evergreen, ornamental tree native to the Indian subcontinent and Sri Lanka. In [[Ayurveda]], it is highly revered as the premier uterine tonic, analgesic, and Pitta-Kapha pacifying medicine, traditionally indicated for bleeding disorders and gynecological complications.<ref name="API" />

== English Name ==
Asok Tree

== Therapeutic Use ==
Swelling (Sotha), Burning sensation (Daha), Menorrhagia (Asrugdara), Apachi, Bleeding disorders (Raktadosha)<ref name="API" />

== Other Varieties / Other Botanical names ==
* Saraca asoca (Roxb.) de Wilde (currently accepted name)
* Jonesia asoca Roxb.
* Jonesia confusa Hassk.
* Jonesia pinnata Willd.
* Saraca confusa (Hassk.) Backer
* Saraca indica sensu Bedd., non L.

== Identification Characters ==
* '''Gandhapushpa''' – Flowers of Asoka are aromatic.
* '''Tamrapallava''' – Tender leaves are coppery red in colour.
* '''Pindapushpa''' – Inflorescence is globose.
* '''Madhupushpa''' – Plant flowers in Vasanta Ritu (Spring).
* '''Hemapushpa''' – Flowers are golden coloured.

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
* Madhupushpa
* Raktapallavaka
* Hemapushpa
* Pindipushpa
* Nata
* Pallavadru

== Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu ==
* Ashoka – That which relieves shock or suffering.
* Hemapushpa – Golden yellow flower.
* Vanjula
* Tamrapallava – The tender leaves are coppery reddish in colour.
* Kankeli – The plant bears a pleasant look.
* Pindapushpa – Flowers occur in clusters.
* Gandhapushpa – Flowers have pleasant smell.
* Nata<ref name="Bhavaprakash" />

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Ashoka has the following properties:<ref name="API" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
| 1 || Taste (''[[Rasa]]'') || Bitter (''Tikta''), Astringent (''Kashaya'')
|-
| 2 || Potency (''[[Veerya]]'') || Cold (''Sheeta'')
|-
| 3 || Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'') || Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 4 || Qualities (''[[Guna]]'') || Light (''Laghu''), Rough (''Ruksha'')
|-
| 5 || Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'') || Pacifies Kapha and Pitta
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its Actions ==
Ashoka is prominently documented across multiple therapeutic chapters of the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(47) || Vedanasthapana mahakashaya (group of herbs to control pain)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/144 || Kashaya-skandha (astringent group)
|}

== Dose ==
* '''Decoction (''Kwatha''):''' 20 – 30 ml of the drug.<ref name="API" />

== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API" />
* Ashokarishta
* Ashoka Ghrita

== Current Availability ==
Available
* '''In India:''' West Bengal, Assam, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Meghalaya, Maharashtra, Western Ghats (both south and central), the Sahyadri region, and throughout the Himalayas.
* '''Out of India:''' Eastern Pakistan, Myanmar, Sri Lanka

== Major Phytoconstituents ==
The pharmacological activity of ''Saraca indica'' (syn. ''S. asoca'') bark is associated with the following classes of secondary metabolites:
* '''Phenolic compounds and tannins:''' Proanthocyanidins and flavan-3-ols such as (−)-epicatechin and procyanidin B2.
* '''Lignan glycosides:''' Lyoniside, nudiposide, schizandriside and related compounds.
* '''Sterols and glycosides:''' β-Sitosterol glucoside, a ketosterol and a crystalline glycosidic constituent have been reported from the bark.

== Therapeutic Efficacy & Modern Scientific Research ==
Modern pharmacological studies have examined several traditional indications of ''Saraca indica''. Each activity below is supported by one primary study. Most of the evidence is preclinical (animal and ''in vitro'' models); controlled human clinical trials are lacking.

=== 1. Uterine Activity (''Asrugdara'' / ''Garbhashaya Roga'') ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Menorrhagia, dysmenorrhea and other uterine disorders.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Pharmacological studies of Ashoka bark preparations and a purified glycoside fraction on uterine preparations of laboratory animals were carried out to understand its use in gynecological conditions.<ref name="Satyavati1970" />

=== 2. Anti-estrogenic Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Excessive uterine bleeding and hormone-related menstrual disorders.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Methanolic bark extract (600 mg/kg) of ''Saraca asoca'' significantly reduced the elevated estrogen levels induced by exogenous estrogen in female Wistar rats.<ref name="Suhail2022" />

=== 3. Anti-inflammatory and Anti-arthritic Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' ''Sotha'' (swelling) and ''Daha'' (burning sensation); a member of the ''Vedanasthapana'' group.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Acetone extract of the seeds (300 and 500 mg/kg, orally for 21 days) reduced paw and ankle-joint oedema, ESR and blood prostaglandin levels in Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats, with effect at the higher dose comparable to indomethacin and without gastric damage on histology.<ref name="Gupta2014" />

=== 4. Antipyretic Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' ''Jwara'' (fever), as a ''Vedanasthapana'' drug.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' The seeds were evaluated pharmacognostically, phytochemically and pharmacologically and showed an antipyretic effect in experimental animals.<ref name="Sasmal2012" />

=== 5. Antimicrobial Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Wound management and localized infections.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Methanolic and aqueous extracts of the stem bark were active against a panel of bacteria and fungi (including ''Staphylococcus aureus'', ''Escherichia coli'', ''Candida albicans''), with MIC ranging from 0.5–2% and 1–3% respectively; the methanolic extract was the most active.<ref name="Sainath2009" />

=== 6. Antioxidant Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' General health protection and tissue rejuvenation (extrapolated use).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Lignan glycosides and flavonoids isolated from the methanol extract of the bark showed free-radical scavenging activity in the DPPH assay.<ref name="Sadhu2007" />

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Saraca indica''
! Indication
! Extract / Part studied
! Primary Pharmacological Action
! Level of evidence
|-
| '''Uterine disorders (''Asrugdara'')'''
| Bark preparations, purified glycoside
| Uterine activity; anti-estrogenic effect
| Preclinical (animal)
|-
| '''Pain, inflammation and fever (''Sotha'' / ''Daha'' / ''Jwara'')'''
| Seed acetone extract
| Anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, antipyretic
| Preclinical (animal)
|-
| '''Microbial infections'''
| Stem bark extracts
| Antibacterial, antifungal
| ''In vitro''
|-
| '''Oxidative stress'''
| Bark lignans and flavonoids
| Free-radical scavenging
| ''In vitro''
|}

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Precautions:''' Use within therapeutic dosage limits; overuse or unregulated consumption during non-indicated conditions should be avoided.
* '''Toxicity data (animal):''' Methanolic bark extract (0.3 and 1.2 g/kg) was well tolerated for 30 days in mice, with an acute oral LD50 of 6.526 g/kg and no significant change in body or organ weights.<ref name="Mukhopadhyay2011" />
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Bark Decoction (''Kwatha''):'' 20–30 ml.<ref name="API" />

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:9</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Pushpa Varga, Verse no. 47, Edited by Padmashree Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015.</ref>
<ref name="Satyavati1970">Satyavati GV, Prasad DN, Sen SP, Das PK. Further studies on the uterine activity of ''Saraca indica'' Linn. Indian J Med Res. 1970;58(7):947-60.</ref>
<ref name="Suhail2022">Suhail PT, Joseph S, Ajeesh V, Sreelakshmi SS, Anil K. Antiestrogenic and toxicological evaluation of methanolic extract of ''Saraca asoca'' and ''Cynometra travancorica''. J Res Pharm. 2022;26(5):1261-71. doi:10.29228/jrp.218.</ref>
<ref name="Gupta2014">Gupta M, Sasmal S, Mukherjee A. Therapeutic effects of acetone extract of ''Saraca asoca'' seeds on rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis via attenuating inflammatory responses. ISRN Rheumatol. 2014;2014:959687. doi:10.1155/2014/959687.</ref>
<ref name="Sasmal2012">Sasmal S, Majumdar S, Gupta M, Mukherjee A, Mukherjee PK. Pharmacognostical, phytochemical and pharmacological evaluation for the antipyretic effect of the seeds of ''Saraca asoca'' Roxb. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2012;2(10):782-6. doi:10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60229-9.</ref>
<ref name="Sainath2009">Sainath RS, Prathiba J, Malathi R. Antimicrobial properties of the stem bark of ''Saraca indica'' (Caesalpiniaceae). Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2009;13(5):371-4.</ref>
<ref name="Sadhu2007">Sadhu SK, Khatun A, Phattanawasin P, Ohtsuki T, Ishibashi M. Lignan glycosides and flavonoids from ''Saraca asoca'' with antioxidant activity. J Nat Med. 2007;61(4):480-2. doi:10.1007/s11418-007-0182-3. </ref>
<ref name="Mukhopadhyay2011">Mukhopadhyay MK, Nath D. Phytochemical screening and toxicity study of ''Saraca asoca'' bark methanolic extract. Int J Phytomedicine. 2011;3:498-505.</ref>
}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

''This article is under development ..''

Talk:Apamarga

2026-10-08T05:01:51Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= Apamarga, Achyranthes aspera L., Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Apamarga (Achyranthes aspera L.) is traditionally classified as a vishaghna (anti-toxic), deepana, and vatanulomaka herb, widely utilized in Ayurveda for managing obesity, skin disorders, dental ailments, renal calculi, and inflammatory conditions.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

{{Infobox
|title = Apamarga
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Apamarga
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achyranthes_aspera Achyranthes aspera L.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Amaranthaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achyranthes_aspera Achyranthes aspera L.]''', popularly known as '''Apamarga''' or '''Prickly Chaff Flower''', is a rigid, erect annual or perennial herb distributed widely throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of India. In [[Ayurveda]], it is highly valued for its scraping (''Lekhana''), purgative support, and Kapha-Vata pacifying properties.<ref name="API" />

== English Name ==
Prickly Chaff Flower

== Therapeutic Use ==
Sula (pain), Udararoga (abdominal disorders), Apachi (cervical lymphadenitis), Arsha (hemorrhoids), Kandu (pruritus), Medoroga (disorders of fat metabolism)<ref name="API" />

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
* Pratyakpushpi – Deflexed flowers.
* Kharapushpa
* Shikhari – Bears terminal spike inflorescence.
* Durgraha – Difficult to hold.
* Adhashalya – Spinous bracteols and pointed perianth.
* Karmanjri

== Synonyms in Bhavaprakasa Nighantu ==
* Mayuraka – Anti-poisonous or cures many diseases.
* Markati
* Kinihi
* Kharamanjari – Inflorescence has spinous bracteols and pointed perianth, hence prickly to touch.<ref name="Bhavaprakash" />

== Varieties ==
=== Bhavaprakasa Nighantu, Dhanvantari Nighantu, Raja Nighantu ===
* Sweta
* Rakta

=== Kaiyadeva Nighantu ===
* Apamarga
* Vasira
* Ramatha

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Apamarga has the following properties:<ref name="API" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
| 1 || Taste (''[[Rasa]]'') || Pungent (''Katu''), Bitter (''Tikta'')
|-
| 2 || Potency (''[[Veerya]]'') || Hot (''Ushna'')
|-
| 3 || Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'') || Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 4 || Qualities (''[[Guna]]'') || Light (''Laghu''), Rough (''Ruksha''), Sharp (''Tikshna'')
|-
| 5 || Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'') || Pacifies Kapha and Vata, Purification of Kapha and Pitta
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its Actions ==
Apamarga is prominently documented across multiple therapeutic chapters of the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/82, 2/3, 2/33 || Phalini (Nasya) (Errhine therapy)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(23) || Vamanopag mahakashaya (group of herbs helping emesis)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40 || Agrya Sangraha (collections of best food articles, factors, and drugs)
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/17 || Abhyantar Krimi Chikitsa (treatment of internal worm infestation)
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135 || Vaman dravyani (emetic drugs)
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/19 || Punsavan Karma
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/14 || Vamanarth (for therapeutic emesis)
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/176 || As a Utsadan dravya Bahyaprayogarth (external application)
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/66 || Used as Nasya and Anjana prayogarth
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/18 || Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrita
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/44 || As a Nasya dravya
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/171 || In formulation of Kshara
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/126 || As an ingredient of Muktadhya churna
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/57 || As an ingredient of Agastya haritaki leha
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/184 || Used in Kaphaja Siroroga for Pradhamana nasya
|}

== Dose ==
* '''Decoction (''Kwatha''):''' 20 – 50 ml of the drug.<ref name="API" />

== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API" />
* Apamargakshara
* Apamargakshara taila
* Abhaya lavana
* Gudapippali
* Jyotishmati taila

== Current Availability ==
Available
* '''In India:''' Found abundantly as a weed throughout India up to 900 meters altitude.

== Major Phytoconstituents ==
The pharmacological profile of ''Achyranthes aspera'' is associated with several classes of secondary metabolites:
* '''Triterpenoid saponins:''' Oleanolic acid glycosides (saponins A and B), mainly from the seeds.
* '''Alkaloids:''' Achyranthine and betaine.
* '''Sterols:''' Ecdysterone (a phytoecdysteroid, the insect moulting hormone analogue) and sitosterol.
* '''Minerals:''' High potassium content, which forms the core of its alkaline ash (''Kshara'') preparation.

== Therapeutic Efficacy & Modern Scientific Research ==
Modern pharmacological studies have examined several traditional indications of ''Achyranthes aspera''. Each activity below is supported by one representative primary study. Most of the evidence is preclinical (animal and ''in vitro'' models); controlled human clinical trials are lacking.

=== 1. Anti-inflammatory and Anti-arthritic Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' ''Sula'' (pain) and inflammatory swellings.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Ethanolic extract of ''A. aspera'' (100–200 mg/kg, orally) inhibited paw oedema induced by carrageenan and Freund's complete adjuvant in rodents, and reduced inflammatory cell accumulation in carrageenan-induced peritonitis, supporting its use in inflammatory conditions.<ref name="Gokhale2002" />

=== 2. Analgesic (Antinociceptive) Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' ''Sula'' (pain).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Ethanol extract of the leaves showed both central and peripheral antinociceptive effects in the formalin, hot-plate and tail-flick models in animals.<ref name="Bhosale2010" />

=== 3. Diuretic and Renal Support ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' ''Udararoga'' (abdominal swelling), urinary disorders and calculi.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Crude aqueous extract (10, 30 and 50 mg/kg, i.p.) produced dose-dependent diuretic, natriuretic and kaliuretic effects in albino rats without changing urinary pH; at 50 mg/kg the diuretic activity was about 46% of that of furosemide, and no toxicity was seen in mice up to 3000 mg/kg.<ref name="Asif2014" />

=== 4. Wound Healing Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' External application in skin disorders, wounds and ''Kandu'' (pruritus).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Methanolic leaf extract applied topically produced complete excision-wound healing by day 21 (controls: 82.23% contraction), increased tensile strength in the incision-wound model comparable to the standard drug, and enhanced angiogenesis in the chorioallantoic membrane model.<ref name="Barua2010" />

=== 5. Hypolipidemic Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' ''Medoroga'' (disorders of fat metabolism).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Alcoholic extract (100 mg/kg) lowered serum total cholesterol, phospholipids, triglycerides and total lipids by 60%, 51%, 33% and 53% respectively in Triton-induced hyperlipidemic rats; 30-day administration to normal rats also lowered serum and hepatic lipids and increased faecal bile acid excretion, suggesting reduced cholesterol absorption as a possible mechanism.<ref name="Khanna1992" />

=== 6. Anti-obesity Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' ''Sthaulya / Medoroga'' (obesity), ''Lekhana'' action.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' The seed, which contains oleanolic acid saponins, has been assessed experimentally for anti-obesity potential, with reported reduction of body weight and favourable change in the lipid profile in animal models.<ref name="Rani2012" />

=== 7. Antioxidant and Thyroid-modulating Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' General ''Rasayana''-type and metabolic support (extrapolated use).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In male rats, ''A. aspera'' extract increased circulating thyroid hormone levels and decreased hepatic lipid peroxidation, indicating antioxidant activity and an effect on thyroid function.<ref name="Tahiliani2000" />

=== 8. Cancer Chemopreventive Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Not a classical indication; reported in experimental research only.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Leaf extract showed cancer chemopreventive activity in an Epstein-Barr virus early antigen activation assay and in two-stage mouse skin carcinogenesis.<ref name="Chakraborty2002" />

=== 9. Central Nervous System Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Not a classical indication; reported in experimental research only.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Ethanol extract of ''A. aspera'' (Agadha) showed CNS depressant and behavioural effects in different animal models.<ref name="Bhosale2011" />

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Achyranthes aspera''
! Indication
! Extract / Part studied
! Primary Pharmacological Action
! Level of evidence
|-
| '''Pain & Inflammation (''Sula'')'''
| Ethanolic extracts
| Anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, antinociceptive
| Preclinical (animal)
|-
| '''Renal & Urinary Conditions (''Udararoga'')'''
| Crude aqueous extract
| Diuretic, natriuretic, kaliuretic
| Preclinical (animal)
|-
| '''Wounds & Skin Irritation (''Kandu'')'''
| Methanolic leaf extract
| Wound contraction, tensile strength, angiogenesis
| Preclinical (animal, ''in vitro'')
|-
| '''Metabolic Disorders (''Medoroga'')'''
| Alcoholic extract; seed saponins
| Hypolipidemic, anti-obesity
| Preclinical (animal)
|}

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Precautions:''' Due to its sharp (''Tikshna'') and hot (''Ushna'') properties, high doses should be avoided during pregnancy or by individuals with severe Pitta disorders.
* '''Acute toxicity:''' No toxic effects were observed in mice at oral doses up to 3000 mg/kg of the crude aqueous extract.<ref name="Asif2014" />
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Decoction (''Kwatha''):'' 20–50 ml.<ref name="API" />

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2:04</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Guduchyadi varga, verse no. 219-221.</ref>
<ref name="Gokhale2002">Gokhale AB, Damre AS, Kulkarni KR, Saraf MN. Preliminary evaluation of anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity of ''S. lappa'', ''A. speciosa'' and ''A. aspera''. Phytomedicine. 2002;9(5):433-7. doi:10.1078/09447110260571689.</ref>
<ref name="Bhosale2010">Bhosale U, Yegnanarayan R, Pophale P, Zambare M, Somani RS. Antinociceptive evaluation of an ethanol extract of ''Achyranthes aspera'' (Agadha) in animal models of nociception. Int J Phytomedicine. 2010;2:440-5.</ref>
<ref name="Asif2014">Asif M, Jabeen Q, Atif M, Majid AMSA, Qamar-Uz-Zaman M. Diuretic activity of ''Achyranthes aspera'' Linn crude aqueous extract in albino rats. Trop J Pharm Res. 2014;13(12):2039-45. doi:10.4314/tjpr.v13i12.14.</ref>
<ref name="Barua2010">Barua CC, Begum SA, Talukdar A, Pathak DC, Sarma DK, Bora RS. Wound healing activity of methanolic extract of leaves of ''Achyranthes aspera'' Linn using in vivo and in vitro model - a preliminary study. Indian J Anim Sci. 2010;80(10):969-72.</ref>
<ref name="Khanna1992">Khanna AK, Chander R, Singh C, Srivastava AK, Kapoor NK. Hypolipidemic activity of ''Achyranthes aspera'' Linn in normal and triton induced hyperlipemic rats. Indian J Exp Biol. 1992;30(2):128-30.</ref>
<ref name="Rani2012">Rani N, Sharma SK, Vasudeva N. Assessment of antiobesity potential of ''Achyranthes aspera'' Linn. seed. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:715912. doi:10.1155/2012/715912.</ref>
<ref name="Tahiliani2000">Tahiliani P, Kar A. ''Achyranthes aspera'' elevates thyroid hormone levels and decreases hepatic lipid peroxidation in male rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000;71(3):527-32. doi:10.1016/s0378-8741(00)00170-7.</ref>
<ref name="Chakraborty2002">Chakraborty A, Brantner A, Mukainaka T, et al. Cancer chemopreventive activity of ''Achyranthes aspera'' leaves on Epstein-Barr virus activation and two-stage mouse skin carcinogenesis. Cancer Lett. 2002;177(1):1-5. doi:10.1016/s0304-3835(01)00766-2.</ref>
<ref name="Bhosale2011">Bhosale UA, Yegnanarayan R, Pophale PD, Zambare MR, Somani RS. Study of central nervous system depressant and behavioral activity of an ethanol extract of ''Achyranthes aspera'' (Agadha) in different animal models. Int J Appl Basic Med Res. 2011;1(2):104-8. doi:10.4103/2229-516X.91154.</ref>
}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

''This article is under development ..''

Talk:Ativisha

2026-10-06T09:30:11Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
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|keywords= Ativisha, Aconitum heterophyllum WALL., Indian Atees, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
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{{Infobox
|title = Ativisha
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Ativisha
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aconitum_heterophyllum Aconitum heterophyllum WALL.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Ranunculaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aconitum_heterophyllum Aconitum heterophyllum WALL.]''', popularly known as '''Ativisha''' or '''Indian Atees''', is a perennial herb native to the alpine and sub-alpine regions of the Himalayas.<ref name="Wani2022" /> In [[Ayurveda]], it is highly valued as a prominent drug for managing fevers (''Jvara''), digestive ailments, and pediatric disorders, acting as an ''Ama''-pachana and Kapha-Pitta pacifying medicine.<ref name="API" /><ref name="Mathew2023" />

== English Name ==
Indian Atees

== Therapeutic Use ==
Worms (Krimiroga), Fever (Jvara), Cough (Kasa), Vomiting (Chhardi), Amatisara<ref name="API" />

== Other Varieties / Other Botanical names ==
* Aconitum heterophyllum Wallich
* Aconitum palmatum
* Aconitum kashmiricum

== Identification Characters ==
* '''Shuklakanda''' – Root tubers are white in colour.
* '''Shrungi''' – Root tubers are horn shaped.<ref name="Bhavaprakash" />

== Types ==
Based on colours of root tubers as per '''Raja Nighantu''':<ref name="RajaNighantu" />
* Rakta – Red tubers
* Sweta – White tubers
* Krisna – Black tubers

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==

* Ativisha
* Shrungi – Root tubers are horn-shaped.
* Virupa
* Pittadivallabha – Efficacious in Pittaja roga.
* Shwetvaca
* Visha
* Maadri – Plant grows in Maadra desh.

== Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu ==
<ref name="Bhavaprakash" />
* Visha – It assimilates quickly.
* Ativisha
* Vishva
* Shrungi – Root tubers are horn-shaped.
* Prativisha
* Aruna
* Shuklakanda – Root tubers are white in colour.
* Upavisha
* Bhangura
* Dhunavallabha – Root tubers are quickly infested.

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Ativisha has the following properties:<ref name="API" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
| 1 || Taste (''[[Rasa]]'') || Bitter (''Tikta''), Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 2 || Potency (''[[Veerya]]'') || Hot (''Ushna'')
|-
| 3 || Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'') || Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 4 || Qualities (''[[Guna]]'') || Light (''Laghu''), Rough (''Ruksha'')
|-
| 5 || Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'') || Reduces Vata, Pitta, and Kapha
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its Actions ==
Ativisha is prominently documented across multiple therapeutic chapters of the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(3) || Lekhaniya mahakashaya (ingredient of group of herbs for treatment of emaciation)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(12) || Arshoghna mahakashay (ingredient of group of herbs for treatment of piles)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/19 || Santarpanajanya vikar chikitsa (management of over-nutrition disease)
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40 || Agrya Sangraha
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/139 || Madhur skanda (group of sweet drugs)
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/143 || Tiktaskandha (group of bitter drugs)
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/204 || As an ingredient of Vatsakadi kashaya
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/219 || As an ingredient of Pippalyadi Ghrita
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/38 || Trikantakadhya Tail/Ghrit in Vata-kaphaj prameha
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/42 || Ingredient in Madhvasava
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/16 || As a diet and drinks in treatment of Kshatakshina
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/44 || Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/159 || In formulation of Pippalyadi lavana
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/187 || Used for raktastambhana
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/230 || As an ingredient of Hriberadi ghrita
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/236 || As an ingredient of Sunishanak changeri ghrita
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/98 || Kalka of this drug is used for Aampachan (with usnodaka)
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/99 || Churna of this drug with combination of vaca, musta, etc. is given in aam and shoola yukta mala
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/101 || Churna with hingu, abhaya, vaca etc. used in Sama and Vatakapha adhika grahani with kostha shola
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/105 || Used in Kaphapittaja grahani
|-
| 21 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/129 || As an ingredient of Nagaradhya churna
|-
| 22 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/134, 15/138 || As an ingredient of Kiratadhya churna (Pittaja Grahani chikitsa)
|-
| 23 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/165 || As an ingredient of Madhvarista
|-
| 24 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/173 || As an ingredient of Pipallimuladhya Kshara
|-
| 25 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/186 || Used in preparation of Chaturtha Kshara
|-
| 26 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/61 || As an ingredient of Vishaladi Phanta
|-
| 27 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/115 || As an ingredient of Nagaradi yoga
|-
| 28 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/22 || As an ama pachak dravya
|-
| 29 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/51 || As an ingredient of Ativishadi yoga
|-
| 30 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/105 || As a kwatha dravya
|-
| 31 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/108 || As an ingredient of Rasanjanadi yoga
|-
| 32 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/21 || As an ingredient of Vachadi churna
|-
| 33 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/97 || As an ingredient of Katphaladi kashaya
|-
| 34 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/101 || Used in Hrudshoola
|-
| 35 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/201 || As an ingredient of Katukadi kashaya
|-
| 36 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/35 || As an ingredient of Murvadi Choorna
|-
| 37 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/36 || As an ingredient of Swarnakshiradi Choorna
|-
| 38 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/151 || As an ingredient of Bala taila
|-
| 39 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/168 || As an ingredient of Mulakadhya taila
|}

== Purification (Shodhana) ==
Ativisha tuberous roots are cut into pieces and kept in Gomutra kvatha for 3 hours and then dried in sunlight.<ref name="Shodhana" />

== Dose ==
* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 0.6 – 2 g daily.<ref name="API" />

== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API" />
* Mahavisagarbha Taila
* Rodhrasava
* Siva gulika
* Laksmi narayana rasa
* Rasnaerandadi kvatha Churna
* Sudarshana Churna
* Panchatikta Guggulu Ghrita
* Bala Chaturbhadra Churna

== Current Availability ==
Available
* '''In India:''' Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand
* '''Out of India:''' Northern Pakistan, Nepal

Conservation status: the species is reported as critically endangered because of over-harvesting.<ref name="Wani2022" />

== Major Phytoconstituents ==
The pharmacological properties of ''Aconitum heterophyllum'' are primarily attributed to its diterpenoid alkaloids, which are concentrated in the root tubers:<ref name="Mathew2023" />
* '''Diterpenoid Alkaloids:''' Atisine,<ref name="Malhotra2014" /><ref name="Jowett1896" /> atidine,<ref name="Jowett1896" /> heteratisine and benzoylheteratisine, and aconitine (used as the HPLC marker compound for standardisation).<ref name="Prasad2014" /> Heterophylline, heterophylloidine, fischimine and aconine derivatives [citation needed]
* '''Lactones & Flavonoids:''' Bitter principles and phenolic compounds contributing to digestive and anti-inflammatory actions

== Therapeutic Efficacy & Modern Scientific Research ==
Modern pharmacological evaluations and experimental research support some of the traditional therapeutic indications of ''Aconitum heterophyllum'':

=== 1. Anti-diarrheal Action (''Atisara'') ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Widely used for ''Amatisara'' (diarrhea associated with toxic metabolic wastes) and pediatric gastrointestinal disturbances.<ref name="API" /><ref name="Mathew2023" />
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' In rat models, an ethanol extract of the roots showed anti-diarrheal activity in castor oil-induced diarrhea and fecal excretion tests. Further tests showed reduced small intestinal transit, reduced intestinal fluid accumulation and inhibition of PGE2-induced enteropooling, indicating antisecretory and antimotility effects that appear to be mediated through the nitric oxide pathway.<ref name="Prasad2014" />

=== 2. Antipyretic and Anti-inflammatory Properties (''Jvara'') ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Root tubers are commonly used in pediatric medicine for fever management and have been used as an antipyretic and anti-inflammatory agent.<ref name="Mathew2023" />
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' A network pharmacology and docking study, validated in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages, found that a root extract reduced nitric oxide release and iNOS expression, and suppressed EGFR/AKT1 and EGFR/JAK2/STAT3 signalling.<ref name="Meng2025" /> These findings are preclinical (in silico and in vitro); direct experimental evidence for the antipyretic effect was not identified in the sources reviewed.

=== 3. Antimicrobial Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Used to combat infections and normalize bodily humors.<ref name="Mathew2023" />
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' An aconitine-standardised root extract (0.0833% w/w aconitine) showed antibacterial activity against microbes implicated in diarrhea.<ref name="Prasad2014" />

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Aconitum heterophyllum''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Diarrhea & Dysentery (''Atisara'')'''
| Diterpenoid alkaloids (aconitine used as marker)
| Anti-motility, anti-secretory, antibacterial<ref name="Prasad2014" />
|-
| '''Fever & Inflammation (''Jvara'')'''
| Diterpenoid alkaloids
| Traditional antipyretic use;<ref name="Mathew2023" /> inhibition of NO release and EGFR/JAK2/STAT3 signalling in vitro<ref name="Meng2025" />
|-
| '''Microbial Infections'''
| Aconitine-standardised extract
| Antibacterial activity in vitro<ref name="Prasad2014" />
|}

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Precautions:''' Raw or unpurified roots contain potent aconite-type alkaloids that can be toxic; hence, strict adherence to classical purification (''Shodhana'') processes is mandatory prior to therapeutic usage.<ref name="Shodhana" />
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Root Powder (Churna):'' 0.6–2 g daily.<ref name="API" />

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Part I, Vol. I. New Delhi: Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare; 1986. p. 14.</ref>

<ref name="RajaNighantu">Tripathi I, editor. Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, Pippalyadi Varga, verse 136. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy. </ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Bhavamishra. Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, verses 186–187. Chunekar KC, editor. Reprint ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Bharati Academy; 2015.</ref>
<ref name="Shodhana">Tripathi I, editor. Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, Pippalyadi Varga, verse 137. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy.</ref>
<ref name="Prasad2014">Prasad SK, Jain D, Patel DK, Sahu AN, Hemalatha S. Antisecretory and antimotility activity of ''Aconitum heterophyllum'' and its significance in treatment of diarrhea. ''Indian J Pharmacol''. 2014;46(1):82–87. [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3912813/ PMC3912813]</ref>
<ref name="Mathew2023">Mathew A, Chandrashekar KS, Kishore A, Pai V, Aswatha Ram HN, Pemmereddy R. Therapeutic potential of ''Aconitum heterophyllum'': a review on phyto-pharmacological properties. ''Res J Pharm Technol''. 2023;16(1):470–476.</ref>
<ref name="Meng2025">Meng X, Xu X, Shi L, Liu Y, Deng J, Huang X. Network pharmacology combining molecular docking to unveil the anti-inflammatory mechanism of ''Aconitum heterophyllum''. ''Food Nutr Health''. 2025;2:7. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s44403-025-00016-1 doi:10.1007/s44403-025-00016-1]</ref>
<ref name="Wani2022">Wani TA, Kaloo ZA, Dangroo NA. ''Aconitum heterophyllum'' Wall. ex Royle: a critically endangered medicinal herb with rich potential for use in medicine. ''J Integr Med''. 2022;20(2):104–113. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joim.2021.12.004 doi:10.1016/j.joim.2021.12.004]</ref>
<ref name="Malhotra2014">Malhotra N, Kumar V, Sood H, Singh TR, Chauhan RS. Multiple genes of mevalonate and non-mevalonate pathways contribute to high aconites content in an endangered medicinal herb, ''Aconitum heterophyllum'' Wall. ''Phytochemistry''. 2014;108:26–34. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.08.025 doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.08.025]</ref>
<ref name="Jowett1896">Jowett HAD. Contributions to our knowledge of the aconite alkaloids. Part XIII. On atisine, the alkaloid of ''Aconitum heterophyllum''. ''J Chem Soc Trans''. 1896;69:1518–1526. [https://doi.org/10.1039/CT8966901518 doi:10.1039/CT8966901518]</ref>
}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

''This article is under development ..''

Talk:Ativisha

2026-10-06T09:10:30Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= Ativisha, Aconitum heterophyllum WALL., Indian Atees, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
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{{Infobox
|title = Ativisha
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Ativisha
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aconitum_heterophyllum Aconitum heterophyllum WALL.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Ranunculaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aconitum_heterophyllum Aconitum heterophyllum WALL.]''', popularly known as '''Ativisha''' or '''Indian Atees''', is a perennial herb native to the alpine and sub-alpine regions of the Himalayas.<ref name="Wani2022" /> In [[Ayurveda]], it is highly valued as a prominent drug for managing fevers (''Jvara''), digestive ailments, and pediatric disorders, acting as an ''Ama''-pachana and Kapha-Pitta pacifying medicine.<ref name="API" /><ref name="Mathew2023" />

== English Name ==
Indian Atees

== Therapeutic Use ==
Worms (Krimiroga), Fever (Jvara), Cough (Kasa), Vomiting (Chhardi), Amatisara<ref name="API" />

== Other Varieties / Other Botanical names ==
* Aconitum heterophyllum Wallich
* Aconitum palmatum
* Aconitum kashmiricum

== Identification Characters ==
* '''Shuklakanda''' – Root tubers are white in colour.
* '''Shrungi''' – Root tubers are horn shaped.<ref name="Bhavaprakash" />

== Types ==
Based on colours of root tubers as per '''Raja Nighantu''':<ref name="RajaNighantu" />
* Rakta – Red tubers
* Sweta – White tubers
* Krisna – Black tubers

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==

* Ativisha
* Shrungi – Root tubers are horn-shaped.
* Virupa
* Pittadivallabha – Efficacious in Pittaja roga.
* Shwetvaca
* Visha
* Maadri – Plant grows in Maadra desh.

== Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu ==
<ref name="Bhavaprakash" />
* Visha – It assimilates quickly.
* Ativisha
* Vishva
* Shrungi – Root tubers are horn-shaped.
* Prativisha
* Aruna
* Shuklakanda – Root tubers are white in colour.
* Upavisha
* Bhangura
* Dhunavallabha – Root tubers are quickly infested.

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Ativisha has the following properties:<ref name="API" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
| 1 || Taste (''[[Rasa]]'') || Bitter (''Tikta''), Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 2 || Potency (''[[Veerya]]'') || Hot (''Ushna'')
|-
| 3 || Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'') || Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 4 || Qualities (''[[Guna]]'') || Light (''Laghu''), Rough (''Ruksha'')
|-
| 5 || Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'') || Reduces Vata, Pitta, and Kapha
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its Actions ==
Ativisha is prominently documented across multiple therapeutic chapters of the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(3) || Lekhaniya mahakashaya (ingredient of group of herbs for treatment of emaciation)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(12) || Arshoghna mahakashay (ingredient of group of herbs for treatment of piles)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/19 || Santarpanajanya vikar chikitsa (management of over-nutrition disease)
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40 || Agrya Sangraha
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/139 || Madhur skanda (group of sweet drugs)
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/143 || Tiktaskandha (group of bitter drugs)
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/204 || As an ingredient of Vatsakadi kashaya
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/219 || As an ingredient of Pippalyadi Ghrita
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/38 || Trikantakadhya Tail/Ghrit in Vata-kaphaj prameha
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/42 || Ingredient in Madhvasava
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/16 || As a diet and drinks in treatment of Kshatakshina
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/44 || Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/159 || In formulation of Pippalyadi lavana
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/187 || Used for raktastambhana
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/230 || As an ingredient of Hriberadi ghrita
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/236 || As an ingredient of Sunishanak changeri ghrita
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/98 || Kalka of this drug is used for Aampachan (with usnodaka)
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/99 || Churna of this drug with combination of vaca, musta, etc. is given in aam and shoola yukta mala
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/101 || Churna with hingu, abhaya, vaca etc. used in Sama and Vatakapha adhika grahani with kostha shola
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/105 || Used in Kaphapittaja grahani
|-
| 21 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/129 || As an ingredient of Nagaradhya churna
|-
| 22 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/134, 15/138 || As an ingredient of Kiratadhya churna (Pittaja Grahani chikitsa)
|-
| 23 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/165 || As an ingredient of Madhvarista
|-
| 24 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/173 || As an ingredient of Pipallimuladhya Kshara
|-
| 25 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/186 || Used in preparation of Chaturtha Kshara
|-
| 26 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/61 || As an ingredient of Vishaladi Phanta
|-
| 27 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/115 || As an ingredient of Nagaradi yoga
|-
| 28 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/22 || As an ama pachak dravya
|-
| 29 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/51 || As an ingredient of Ativishadi yoga
|-
| 30 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/105 || As a kwatha dravya
|-
| 31 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/108 || As an ingredient of Rasanjanadi yoga
|-
| 32 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/21 || As an ingredient of Vachadi churna
|-
| 33 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/97 || As an ingredient of Katphaladi kashaya
|-
| 34 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/101 || Used in Hrudshoola
|-
| 35 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/201 || As an ingredient of Katukadi kashaya
|-
| 36 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/35 || As an ingredient of Murvadi Choorna
|-
| 37 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/36 || As an ingredient of Swarnakshiradi Choorna
|-
| 38 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/151 || As an ingredient of Bala taila
|-
| 39 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/168 || As an ingredient of Mulakadhya taila
|}

== Purification (Shodhana) ==
Ativisha tuberous roots are cut into pieces and kept in Gomutra kvatha for 3 hours and then dried in sunlight.<ref name="Shodhana" />

== Dose ==
* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 0.6 – 2 g daily.<ref name="API" />

== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API" />
* Mahavisagarbha Taila
* Rodhrasava
* Siva gulika
* Laksmi narayana rasa
* Rasnaerandadi kvatha Churna
* Sudarshana Churna
* Panchatikta Guggulu Ghrita
* Bala Chaturbhadra Churna

== Current Availability ==
Available
* '''In India:''' Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand
* '''Out of India:''' Northern Pakistan, Nepal

Conservation status: the species is reported as critically endangered because of over-harvesting.<ref name="Wani2022" />

== Major Phytoconstituents ==
The pharmacological properties of ''Aconitum heterophyllum'' are primarily attributed to its diterpenoid alkaloids, which are concentrated in the root tubers:<ref name="Mathew2023" />
* '''Diterpenoid Alkaloids:''' Atisine,<ref name="Malhotra2014" /><ref name="Jowett1896" /> atidine,<ref name="Jowett1896" /> heteratisine and benzoylheteratisine,<ref name="Jacobs1942" /> and aconitine (used as the HPLC marker compound for standardisation).<ref name="Prasad2014" /> Heterophylline, heterophylloidine, fischimine and aconine derivatives [citation needed]
* '''Lactones & Flavonoids:''' Bitter principles and phenolic compounds contributing to digestive and anti-inflammatory actions

== Therapeutic Efficacy & Modern Scientific Research ==
Modern pharmacological evaluations and experimental research support some of the traditional therapeutic indications of ''Aconitum heterophyllum'':

=== 1. Anti-diarrheal Action (''Atisara'') ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Widely used for ''Amatisara'' (diarrhea associated with toxic metabolic wastes) and pediatric gastrointestinal disturbances.<ref name="API" /><ref name="Mathew2023" />
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' In rat models, an ethanol extract of the roots showed anti-diarrheal activity in castor oil-induced diarrhea and fecal excretion tests. Further tests showed reduced small intestinal transit, reduced intestinal fluid accumulation and inhibition of PGE2-induced enteropooling, indicating antisecretory and antimotility effects that appear to be mediated through the nitric oxide pathway.<ref name="Prasad2014" />

=== 2. Antipyretic and Anti-inflammatory Properties (''Jvara'') ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Root tubers are commonly used in pediatric medicine for fever management and have been used as an antipyretic and anti-inflammatory agent.<ref name="Mathew2023" />
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' A network pharmacology and docking study, validated in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages, found that a root extract reduced nitric oxide release and iNOS expression, and suppressed EGFR/AKT1 and EGFR/JAK2/STAT3 signalling.<ref name="Meng2025" /> These findings are preclinical (in silico and in vitro); direct experimental evidence for the antipyretic effect was not identified in the sources reviewed.

=== 3. Antimicrobial Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Used to combat infections and normalize bodily humors.<ref name="Mathew2023" />
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' An aconitine-standardised root extract (0.0833% w/w aconitine) showed antibacterial activity against microbes implicated in diarrhea.<ref name="Prasad2014" />

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Aconitum heterophyllum''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Diarrhea & Dysentery (''Atisara'')'''
| Diterpenoid alkaloids (aconitine used as marker)
| Anti-motility, anti-secretory, antibacterial<ref name="Prasad2014" />
|-
| '''Fever & Inflammation (''Jvara'')'''
| Diterpenoid alkaloids
| Traditional antipyretic use;<ref name="Mathew2023" /> inhibition of NO release and EGFR/JAK2/STAT3 signalling in vitro<ref name="Meng2025" />
|-
| '''Microbial Infections'''
| Aconitine-standardised extract
| Antibacterial activity in vitro<ref name="Prasad2014" />
|}

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Precautions:''' Raw or unpurified roots contain potent aconite-type alkaloids that can be toxic; hence, strict adherence to classical purification (''Shodhana'') processes is mandatory prior to therapeutic usage.<ref name="Shodhana" />
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Root Powder (Churna):'' 0.6–2 g daily.<ref name="API" />

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Part I, Vol. I. New Delhi: Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare; 1986. p. 14.</ref>

<ref name="RajaNighantu">Tripathi I, editor. Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, Pippalyadi Varga, verse 136. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy. </ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Bhavamishra. Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, verses 186–187. Chunekar KC, editor. Reprint ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Bharati Academy; 2015.</ref>
<ref name="Shodhana">Tripathi I, editor. Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, Pippalyadi Varga, verse 137. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy.</ref>
<ref name="Prasad2014">Prasad SK, Jain D, Patel DK, Sahu AN, Hemalatha S. Antisecretory and antimotility activity of ''Aconitum heterophyllum'' and its significance in treatment of diarrhea. ''Indian J Pharmacol''. 2014;46(1):82–87. [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3912813/ PMC3912813]</ref>
<ref name="Mathew2023">Mathew A, Chandrashekar KS, Kishore A, Pai V, Aswatha Ram HN, Pemmereddy R. Therapeutic potential of ''Aconitum heterophyllum'': a review on phyto-pharmacological properties. ''Res J Pharm Technol''. 2023;16(1):470–476.</ref>
<ref name="Meng2025">Meng X, Xu X, Shi L, Liu Y, Deng J, Huang X. Network pharmacology combining molecular docking to unveil the anti-inflammatory mechanism of ''Aconitum heterophyllum''. ''Food Nutr Health''. 2025;2:7. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s44403-025-00016-1 doi:10.1007/s44403-025-00016-1]</ref>
<ref name="Wani2022">Wani TA, Kaloo ZA, Dangroo NA. ''Aconitum heterophyllum'' Wall. ex Royle: a critically endangered medicinal herb with rich potential for use in medicine. ''J Integr Med''. 2022;20(2):104–113. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joim.2021.12.004 doi:10.1016/j.joim.2021.12.004]</ref>
<ref name="Malhotra2014">Malhotra N, Kumar V, Sood H, Singh TR, Chauhan RS. Multiple genes of mevalonate and non-mevalonate pathways contribute to high aconites content in an endangered medicinal herb, ''Aconitum heterophyllum'' Wall. ''Phytochemistry''. 2014;108:26–34. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.08.025 doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.08.025]</ref>
<ref name="Jacobs1942">Jacobs WA, Craig LC. The aconite alkaloids. ''J Biol Chem''. 1942;143(3):589–603. [https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(18)72589-1 doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)72589-1]</ref>
<ref name="Jowett1896">Jowett HAD. Contributions to our knowledge of the aconite alkaloids. Part XIII. On atisine, the alkaloid of ''Aconitum heterophyllum''. ''J Chem Soc Trans''. 1896;69:1518–1526. [https://doi.org/10.1039/CT8966901518 doi:10.1039/CT8966901518]</ref>
}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

''This article is under development ..''

Talk:Ativisha

2026-10-06T08:46:42Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= Ativisha, Aconitum heterophyllum WALL., Indian Atees, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

{{Infobox
|title = Ativisha
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Ativisha
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aconitum_heterophyllum Aconitum heterophyllum WALL.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Ranunculaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aconitum_heterophyllum Aconitum heterophyllum WALL.]''', popularly known as '''Ativisha''' or '''Indian Atees''', is a perennial herb native to the alpine and sub-alpine regions of the Himalayas.<ref name="Wani2022" /> In [[Ayurveda]], it is highly valued as a prominent drug for managing fevers (''Jvara''), digestive ailments, and pediatric disorders, acting as an ''Ama''-pachana and Kapha-Pitta pacifying medicine.<ref name="API" /><ref name="Mathew2023" />

== English Name ==
Indian Atees

== Therapeutic Use ==
Worms (Krimiroga), Fever (Jvara), Cough (Kasa), Vomiting (Chhardi), Amatisara<ref name="API" />

== Other Varieties / Other Botanical names ==
* Aconitum heterophyllum Wallich
* Aconitum palmatum
* Aconitum kashmiricum

== Identification Characters ==
* '''Shuklakanda''' – Root tubers are white in colour.
* '''Shrungi''' – Root tubers are horn shaped.<ref name="Bhavaprakash" />

== Types ==
Based on colours of root tubers as per '''Raja Nighantu''':<ref name="RajaNighantu" />
* Rakta – Red tubers
* Sweta – White tubers
* Krisna – Black tubers

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==

* Ativisha
* Shrungi – Root tubers are horn-shaped.
* Virupa
* Pittadivallabha – Efficacious in Pittaja roga.
* Shwetvaca
* Visha
* Maadri – Plant grows in Maadra desh.

== Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu ==
<ref name="Bhavaprakash" />
* Visha – It assimilates quickly.
* Ativisha
* Vishva
* Shrungi – Root tubers are horn-shaped.
* Prativisha
* Aruna
* Shuklakanda – Root tubers are white in colour.
* Upavisha
* Bhangura
* Dhunavallabha – Root tubers are quickly infested.

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Ativisha has the following properties:<ref name="API" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
| 1 || Taste (''[[Rasa]]'') || Bitter (''Tikta''), Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 2 || Potency (''[[Veerya]]'') || Hot (''Ushna'')
|-
| 3 || Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'') || Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 4 || Qualities (''[[Guna]]'') || Light (''Laghu''), Rough (''Ruksha'')
|-
| 5 || Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'') || Reduces Vata, Pitta, and Kapha
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its Actions ==
Ativisha is prominently documented across multiple therapeutic chapters of the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(3) || Lekhaniya mahakashaya (ingredient of group of herbs for treatment of emaciation)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(12) || Arshoghna mahakashay (ingredient of group of herbs for treatment of piles)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/19 || Santarpanajanya vikar chikitsa (management of over-nutrition disease)
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40 || Agrya Sangraha
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/139 || Madhur skanda (group of sweet drugs)
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/143 || Tiktaskandha (group of bitter drugs)
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/204 || As an ingredient of Vatsakadi kashaya
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/219 || As an ingredient of Pippalyadi Ghrita
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/38 || Trikantakadhya Tail/Ghrit in Vata-kaphaj prameha
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/42 || Ingredient in Madhvasava
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/16 || As a diet and drinks in treatment of Kshatakshina
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/44 || Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/159 || In formulation of Pippalyadi lavana
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/187 || Used for raktastambhana
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/230 || As an ingredient of Hriberadi ghrita
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/236 || As an ingredient of Sunishanak changeri ghrita
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/98 || Kalka of this drug is used for Aampachan (with usnodaka)
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/99 || Churna of this drug with combination of vaca, musta, etc. is given in aam and shoola yukta mala
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/101 || Churna with hingu, abhaya, vaca etc. used in Sama and Vatakapha adhika grahani with kostha shola
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/105 || Used in Kaphapittaja grahani
|-
| 21 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/129 || As an ingredient of Nagaradhya churna
|-
| 22 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/134, 15/138 || As an ingredient of Kiratadhya churna (Pittaja Grahani chikitsa)
|-
| 23 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/165 || As an ingredient of Madhvarista
|-
| 24 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/173 || As an ingredient of Pipallimuladhya Kshara
|-
| 25 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/186 || Used in preparation of Chaturtha Kshara
|-
| 26 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/61 || As an ingredient of Vishaladi Phanta
|-
| 27 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/115 || As an ingredient of Nagaradi yoga
|-
| 28 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/22 || As an ama pachak dravya
|-
| 29 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/51 || As an ingredient of Ativishadi yoga
|-
| 30 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/105 || As a kwatha dravya
|-
| 31 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/108 || As an ingredient of Rasanjanadi yoga
|-
| 32 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/21 || As an ingredient of Vachadi churna
|-
| 33 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/97 || As an ingredient of Katphaladi kashaya
|-
| 34 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/101 || Used in Hrudshoola
|-
| 35 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/201 || As an ingredient of Katukadi kashaya
|-
| 36 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/35 || As an ingredient of Murvadi Choorna
|-
| 37 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/36 || As an ingredient of Swarnakshiradi Choorna
|-
| 38 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/151 || As an ingredient of Bala taila
|-
| 39 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/168 || As an ingredient of Mulakadhya taila
|}

== Purification (Shodhana) ==
Ativisha tuberous roots are cut into pieces and kept in Gomutra kvatha for 3 hours and then dried in sunlight.<ref name="Shodhana" />

== Dose ==
* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 0.6 – 2 g daily.<ref name="API" />

== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API" />
* Mahavisagarbha Taila
* Rodhrasava
* Siva gulika
* Laksmi narayana rasa
* Rasnaerandadi kvatha Churna
* Sudarshana Churna
* Panchatikta Guggulu Ghrita
* Bala Chaturbhadra Churna

== Current Availability ==
Available
* '''In India:''' Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand [citation needed]
* '''Out of India:''' Northern Pakistan, Nepal [citation needed]

Conservation status: the species is reported as critically endangered because of over-harvesting.<ref name="Wani2022" />

== Major Phytoconstituents ==
The pharmacological properties of ''Aconitum heterophyllum'' are primarily attributed to its diterpenoid alkaloids, which are concentrated in the root tubers:<ref name="Mathew2023" />
* '''Diterpenoid Alkaloids:''' Atisine,<ref name="Malhotra2014" /><ref name="Jowett1896" /> atidine,<ref name="Jowett1896" /> heteratisine and benzoylheteratisine,<ref name="Jacobs1942" /> and aconitine (used as the HPLC marker compound for standardisation).<ref name="Prasad2014" /> Heterophylline, heterophylloidine, fischimine and aconine derivatives [citation needed]
* '''Lactones & Flavonoids:''' Bitter principles and phenolic compounds contributing to digestive and anti-inflammatory actions [citation needed]

== Therapeutic Efficacy & Modern Scientific Research ==
Modern pharmacological evaluations and experimental research support some of the traditional therapeutic indications of ''Aconitum heterophyllum'':

=== 1. Anti-diarrheal Action (''Atisara'') ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Widely used for ''Amatisara'' (diarrhea associated with toxic metabolic wastes) and pediatric gastrointestinal disturbances.<ref name="API" /><ref name="Mathew2023" />
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' In rat models, an ethanol extract of the roots showed anti-diarrheal activity in castor oil-induced diarrhea and fecal excretion tests. Further tests showed reduced small intestinal transit, reduced intestinal fluid accumulation and inhibition of PGE2-induced enteropooling, indicating antisecretory and antimotility effects that appear to be mediated through the nitric oxide pathway.<ref name="Prasad2014" />

=== 2. Antipyretic and Anti-inflammatory Properties (''Jvara'') ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Root tubers are commonly used in pediatric medicine for fever management and have been used as an antipyretic and anti-inflammatory agent.<ref name="Mathew2023" />
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' A network pharmacology and docking study, validated in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages, found that a root extract reduced nitric oxide release and iNOS expression, and suppressed EGFR/AKT1 and EGFR/JAK2/STAT3 signalling.<ref name="Meng2025" /> These findings are preclinical (in silico and in vitro); direct experimental evidence for the antipyretic effect was not identified in the sources reviewed.

=== 3. Antimicrobial Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Used to combat infections and normalize bodily humors.<ref name="Mathew2023" />
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' An aconitine-standardised root extract (0.0833% w/w aconitine) showed antibacterial activity against microbes implicated in diarrhea.<ref name="Prasad2014" />

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Aconitum heterophyllum''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Diarrhea & Dysentery (''Atisara'')'''
| Diterpenoid alkaloids (aconitine used as marker)
| Anti-motility, anti-secretory, antibacterial<ref name="Prasad2014" />
|-
| '''Fever & Inflammation (''Jvara'')'''
| Diterpenoid alkaloids
| Traditional antipyretic use;<ref name="Mathew2023" /> inhibition of NO release and EGFR/JAK2/STAT3 signalling in vitro<ref name="Meng2025" />
|-
| '''Microbial Infections'''
| Aconitine-standardised extract
| Antibacterial activity in vitro<ref name="Prasad2014" />
|}

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Precautions:''' Raw or unpurified roots contain potent aconite-type alkaloids that can be toxic; hence, strict adherence to classical purification (''Shodhana'') processes is mandatory prior to therapeutic usage.<ref name="Shodhana" /> [citation needed]
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Root Powder (Churna):'' 0.6–2 g daily.<ref name="API" />

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Part I, Vol. I. New Delhi: Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare; 1986. p. 14.</ref>
<ref name="CS">Agnivesha. Charaka Samhita, revised by Charaka and Dridhabala. [Editor/translator, publisher, place, year and edition to be added].</ref>
<ref name="RajaNighantu">Tripathi I, editor. Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, Pippalyadi Varga, verse 136. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy. </ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Bhavamishra. Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, verses 186–187. Chunekar KC, editor. Reprint ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Bharati Academy; 2015.</ref>
<ref name="Shodhana">Tripathi I, editor. Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, Pippalyadi Varga, verse 137. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy.</ref>
<ref name="Prasad2014">Prasad SK, Jain D, Patel DK, Sahu AN, Hemalatha S. Antisecretory and antimotility activity of ''Aconitum heterophyllum'' and its significance in treatment of diarrhea. ''Indian J Pharmacol''. 2014;46(1):82–87. [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3912813/ PMC3912813]</ref>
<ref name="Mathew2023">Mathew A, Chandrashekar KS, Kishore A, Pai V, Aswatha Ram HN, Pemmereddy R. Therapeutic potential of ''Aconitum heterophyllum'': a review on phyto-pharmacological properties. ''Res J Pharm Technol''. 2023;16(1):470–476.</ref>
<ref name="Meng2025">Meng X, Xu X, Shi L, Liu Y, Deng J, Huang X. Network pharmacology combining molecular docking to unveil the anti-inflammatory mechanism of ''Aconitum heterophyllum''. ''Food Nutr Health''. 2025;2:7. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s44403-025-00016-1 doi:10.1007/s44403-025-00016-1]</ref>
<ref name="Wani2022">Wani TA, Kaloo ZA, Dangroo NA. ''Aconitum heterophyllum'' Wall. ex Royle: a critically endangered medicinal herb with rich potential for use in medicine. ''J Integr Med''. 2022;20(2):104–113. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joim.2021.12.004 doi:10.1016/j.joim.2021.12.004]</ref>
<ref name="Malhotra2014">Malhotra N, Kumar V, Sood H, Singh TR, Chauhan RS. Multiple genes of mevalonate and non-mevalonate pathways contribute to high aconites content in an endangered medicinal herb, ''Aconitum heterophyllum'' Wall. ''Phytochemistry''. 2014;108:26–34. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.08.025 doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.08.025]</ref>
<ref name="Jacobs1942">Jacobs WA, Craig LC. The aconite alkaloids. ''J Biol Chem''. 1942;143(3):589–603. [https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(18)72589-1 doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)72589-1]</ref>
<ref name="Jowett1896">Jowett HAD. Contributions to our knowledge of the aconite alkaloids. Part XIII. On atisine, the alkaloid of ''Aconitum heterophyllum''. ''J Chem Soc Trans''. 1896;69:1518–1526. [https://doi.org/10.1039/CT8966901518 doi:10.1039/CT8966901518]</ref>
}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

''This article is under development ..''

Talk:Atibala

2026-10-06T06:56:09Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Atibala, Atibala, Indian mallow* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Atibala (Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet) is traditionally classified as a premier balya (tonic), rasayana, and vatahara herb, widely utilized in Ayurveda for managing general debility, joint disorders, urinary complaints, and inflammatory conditions.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
{{Infobox
|title = Atibala
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Atibala
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abutilon_indicum Abutilon indicum L.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Malvaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abutilon_indicum Abutilon indicum L.]''', popularly known as '''Atibala''', is a shrub of the Malvaceae family distributed throughout India.<ref name="Kaushik2009" /> In [[Ayurveda]], it is highly revered as a potent tonic (''Balya''), rejuvenative (''Rasayana''), and Vata-Pitta pacifying medicine.<ref name="API" />

== English Name ==
Indian mallow

== Therapeutic Use ==
Raktapitta (bleeding disorder), Vatarakta (gout), Meha (obstinate urinary disorders)<ref name="API" />

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
* Atibala
* Rishyaprokta – Grows wild, so liked by sages and animals.
* Kankatika – Fruits resemble a comb.
* Balika
* Vatyapushpa – Flowers of atibala resemble flowers of bala.
* Bhuribala

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Atibala has the following properties:<ref name="API" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
| 1 || Taste (''[[Rasa]]'') || Sweet (''Madhura'')
|-
| 2 || Potency (''[[Veerya]]'') || Cold (''Sheeta'')
|-
| 3 || Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'') || Sweet (''Madhura'')
|-
| 4 || Qualities (''[[Guna]]'') || Light (''Laghu''), Unctuous (''Snigdha''), Slimy (''Pichhila'')
|-
| 5 || Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'') || Pacifies Vata and Pitta
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its Actions ==
Atibala is prominently documented across multiple therapeutic chapters of the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(7) || Balya mahakashaya (group of tonics)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/139 || Madhur skanda (group of sweet drugs)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/24 || Garbhini paricharya (antenatal care)
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/2/4 || In formulation of Amalaka ghrita
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267 || As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/50 || As a yavagu (gruel) dravya
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87 || As an ingredient of Trushanadi Ghrita
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/159 || As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/56 || As an ingredient of Baladi Ghrita
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/62 || As an ingredient of Jeevaniya Ghrita
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/72 || As an ingredient of Jeevakadi mahasneha
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/76 || As an ingredient of Sthiradi Ghrita/Taila
|}

== Dose ==
* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 3 – 6 g daily.<ref name="API" />

== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API" />
* Bala taila
* Narayana taila
* Mahanarayana taila

== Current Availability ==
Available
* '''In India:''' Distributed throughout India.<ref name="Kaushik2009" />

== Major Phytoconstituents ==
The ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacology of ''Abutilon indicum'' have been reviewed.<ref name="Kaushik2009" /> Across the genus ''Abutilon'', reported secondary metabolites include flavonoids, phenolic acids, sterols, triterpenes, coumarins and alkaloids.<ref name="Gomaa2018" />

== Therapeutic Efficacy & Modern Scientific Research ==
Reviews of the literature report antibacterial, antipyretic, antimalarial, antifertility, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic and wound healing activities of ''Abutilon indicum''.<ref name="Kaushik2009" /> The following sections summarise the studies that support the traditional uses.

=== 1. Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Indicated in ''Vatarakta'' (gout) and inflammatory joint discomforts.<ref name="API" />
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' The analgesic effect of petroleum ether, methanol, ethanol and aqueous extracts of ''A. indicum'' root was evaluated in mice using the acetic acid-induced writhing, tail flick and tail immersion methods.<ref name="Goyal2009" /> The analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of ''A. indicum'' whole-plant extracts have also been evaluated experimentally.<ref name="Saraswathi2011" /> Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities are reported across the genus ''Abutilon''.<ref name="Gomaa2018" />

=== 2. Hepatoprotective Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Used in tissue rejuvenation and general debility.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Hepatoprotective activity of ''Abutilon indicum'' has been reported in experimental studies.<ref name="Kaushik2009" />

=== 3. Antimicrobial and Wound Healing Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Applied locally for skin ulcers, boils, and infections.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Antibacterial and wound healing activities of ''Abutilon indicum'' have been reported in the literature.<ref name="Kaushik2009" />

=== 4. Hypoglycemic and Antidiabetic Effects ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Traditionally managed under ''Meha'' conditions.<ref name="API" />
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Alcohol and water extracts of ''A. indicum'' leaves (400 mg/kg, orally) produced a significant hypoglycemic effect in normal rats 4 hours after administration (23.10% and 26.95% respectively).<ref name="Seetharam2002" /> The aqueous extract reduced plasma glucose in diabetic rats during an oral glucose tolerance test (0.5 and 1 g/kg), by inhibiting glucose absorption and stimulating insulin secretion.<ref name="Krisanapun2009" /> In cell studies, the butanol fraction bound to PPARγ and promoted adipocyte differentiation, and the crude extract activated the GLUT1 promoter.<ref name="Krisanapun2011" />

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Abutilon indicum''
! Indication
! Reported Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Inflammation & Gout (''Vatarakta'')'''
| Analgesic, anti-inflammatory<ref name="Goyal2009" /><ref name="Saraswathi2011" />
|-
| '''Liver Health'''
| Hepatoprotective<ref name="Kaushik2009" />
|-
| '''Wound Healing & Infections'''
| Antibacterial, wound healing<ref name="Kaushik2009" />
|-
| '''Metabolic Support (''Meha'')'''
| Hypoglycemic, antidiabetic<ref name="Seetharam2002" /><ref name="Krisanapun2009" />
|}

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Precautions:''' Antifertility activity has been reported for ''Abutilon indicum'' in the literature,<ref name="Kaushik2009" /> so use during pregnancy should be under the guidance of an Ayurvedic physician. Clinical safety data in humans are lacking.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Root/Plant Powder (Churna):'' 3–6 g daily.<ref name="API" />

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |location=New Delhi |edition=Part I |volume=I |pages=13}}</ref>
<ref name="Kaushik2009">{{cite journal |last1=Kaushik |first1=P. |last2=Kaushik |first2=D. |last3=Khokra |first3=S. |last4=Chaudhary |first4=B. |year=2009 |title=Abutilon indicum (Atibala): ethno-botany, phytochemistry and pharmacology – a review |journal=International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=4–9 |url=https://www.lavierebelle.org/IMG/pdf/abutilon_indicum_atibala_ethno-botany_phytochemistry_and_pharmacology-_a_review.pdf}}</ref>
<ref name="Gomaa2018">{{cite journal |last1=Gomaa |first1=A. A.-R. |last2=Samy |first2=M. N. |display-authors=etal |year=2018 |title=Phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of genus Abutilon: a review (1972–2015) |journal=Journal of Advanced Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=56–74 |doi=10.21608/jabps.2018.3333.1000 |url=https://journals.ekb.eg/article_14982.html}}</ref>
<ref name="Goyal2009">{{cite journal |last1=Goyal |first1=N. |last2=Singh |first2=S. |last3=Sharma |first3=S. K. |year=2009 |title=Analgesic effects of various extracts of the root of Abutilon indicum Linn |journal=Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=43–46 |doi=10.4103/0975-7406.62686 |url=https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-7406.62686}}</ref>
<ref name="Saraswathi2011">{{cite journal |last1=Saraswathi |first1=R. |last2=Upadhyay |first2=L. |last3=Venkatakrishnan |first3=R. |last4=Meera |first4=R. |last5=Devi |first5=P. |year=2011 |title=Phytochemical investigation, analgesic and anti inflammatory activity of Abutilon indicum Linn |journal=International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume=3 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=154–156 |url=https://innovareacademics.in/journal/ijpps/Vol3Suppl2/1147.pdf}}</ref>
<ref name="Seetharam2002">{{cite journal |last1=Seetharam |first1=Y. N. |last2=Chalageri |first2=G. |last3=Setty |first3=S. R. |last4=Bheemachar |year=2002 |title=Hypoglycemic activity of Abutilon indicum leaf extracts in rats |journal=Fitoterapia |volume=73 |issue=2 |pages=156–159 |doi=10.1016/S0367-326X(02)00015-1 |pmid=11978431 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11978431/}}</ref>
<ref name="Krisanapun2009">{{cite journal |last1=Krisanapun |first1=C. |last2=Peungvicha |first2=P. |last3=Temsiririrkkul |first3=R. |last4=Wongkrajang |first4=Y. |year=2009 |title=Aqueous extract of Abutilon indicum Sweet inhibits glucose absorption and stimulates insulin secretion in rodents |journal=Nutrition Research |volume=29 |issue=8 |pages=579–587 |doi=10.1016/j.nutres.2009.07.006 |pmid=19761892 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19761892/}}</ref>
<ref name="Krisanapun2011">{{cite journal |last1=Krisanapun |first1=C. |last2=Lee |first2=S.-H. |last3=Peungvicha |first3=P. |last4=Temsiririrkkul |first4=R. |last5=Baek |first5=S. J. |year=2011 |title=Antidiabetic activities of Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet are mediated by enhancement of adipocyte differentiation and activation of the GLUT1 promoter |journal=Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine |volume=2011 |doi=10.1093/ecam/neq004 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3094712}}</ref>
}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

''This article is under development ..''

Talk:Atibala

2026-10-06T06:48:54Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Atibala, Atibala, Indian mallow* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Atibala (Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet) is traditionally classified as a premier balya (tonic), rasayana, and vatahara herb, widely utilized in Ayurveda for managing general debility, joint disorders, urinary complaints, and inflammatory conditions.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
{{Infobox
|title = Atibala
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Atibala
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abutilon_indicum Abutilon indicum L.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Malvaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abutilon_indicum Abutilon indicum L.]''', popularly known as '''Atibala''', is a shrub of the Malvaceae family distributed throughout India.<ref name="Kaushik2009" /> In [[Ayurveda]], it is highly revered as a potent tonic (''Balya''), rejuvenative (''Rasayana''), and Vata-Pitta pacifying medicine.<ref name="API" />

== English Name ==
Indian mallow

== Therapeutic Use ==
Raktapitta (bleeding disorder), Vatarakta (gout), Meha (obstinate urinary disorders)<ref name="API" />

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
* Atibala
* Rishyaprokta – Grows wild, so liked by sages and animals.
* Kankatika – Fruits resemble a comb.
* Balika
* Vatyapushpa – Flowers of atibala resemble flowers of bala.
* Bhuribala

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Atibala has the following properties:<ref name="API" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
| 1 || Taste (''[[Rasa]]'') || Sweet (''Madhura'')
|-
| 2 || Potency (''[[Veerya]]'') || Cold (''Sheeta'')
|-
| 3 || Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'') || Sweet (''Madhura'')
|-
| 4 || Qualities (''[[Guna]]'') || Light (''Laghu''), Unctuous (''Snigdha''), Slimy (''Pichhila'')
|-
| 5 || Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'') || Pacifies Vata and Pitta
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its Actions ==
Atibala is prominently documented across multiple therapeutic chapters of the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(7) || Balya mahakashaya (group of tonics)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/139 || Madhur skanda (group of sweet drugs)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/24 || Garbhini paricharya (antenatal care)
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/2/4 || In formulation of Amalaka ghrita
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267 || As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/50 || As a yavagu (gruel) dravya
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87 || As an ingredient of Trushanadi Ghrita
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/159 || As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/56 || As an ingredient of Baladi Ghrita
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/62 || As an ingredient of Jeevaniya Ghrita
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/72 || As an ingredient of Jeevakadi mahasneha
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/76 || As an ingredient of Sthiradi Ghrita/Taila
|}

== Dose ==
* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 3 – 6 g daily.<ref name="API" />

== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API" />
* Bala taila
* Narayana taila
* Mahanarayana taila

== Current Availability ==
Available
* '''In India:''' Distributed throughout India.<ref name="Kaushik2009" />

== Major Phytoconstituents ==
The ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacology of ''Abutilon indicum'' have been reviewed.<ref name="Kaushik2009" /> Across the genus ''Abutilon'', reported secondary metabolites include flavonoids, phenolic acids, sterols, triterpenes, coumarins and alkaloids.<ref name="Gomaa2018" />

== Therapeutic Efficacy & Modern Scientific Research ==
Reviews of the literature report antibacterial, antipyretic, antimalarial, antifertility, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic and wound healing activities of ''Abutilon indicum''.<ref name="Kaushik2009" /> The following sections summarise the studies that support the traditional uses.

=== 1. Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Indicated in ''Vatarakta'' (gout) and inflammatory joint discomforts.<ref name="API" />
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity has been reported for ''Abutilon indicum'' extracts in the literature,<ref name="Kaushik2009" /> and for the genus ''Abutilon'' in general.<ref name="Gomaa2018" />

=== 2. Hepatoprotective Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Used in tissue rejuvenation and general debility.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Hepatoprotective activity of ''Abutilon indicum'' has been reported in experimental studies.<ref name="Kaushik2009" />

=== 3. Antimicrobial and Wound Healing Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Applied locally for skin ulcers, boils, and infections.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Antibacterial and wound healing activities of ''Abutilon indicum'' have been reported in the literature.<ref name="Kaushik2009" />

=== 4. Hypoglycemic and Antidiabetic Effects ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Traditionally managed under ''Meha'' conditions.<ref name="API" />
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Leaf extracts of ''A. indicum'' showed hypoglycemic activity in rats.<ref name="Seetharam2002" /> The aqueous extract reduced plasma glucose in diabetic rats during an oral glucose tolerance test (0.5 and 1 g/kg), by inhibiting glucose absorption and stimulating insulin secretion.<ref name="Krisanapun2009" /> In cell studies, the butanol fraction bound to PPARγ and promoted adipocyte differentiation, and the crude extract activated the GLUT1 promoter.<ref name="Krisanapun2011" />

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Abutilon indicum''
! Indication
! Reported Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Inflammation & Gout (''Vatarakta'')'''
| Anti-inflammatory, analgesic<ref name="Kaushik2009" />
|-
| '''Liver Health'''
| Hepatoprotective<ref name="Kaushik2009" />
|-
| '''Wound Healing & Infections'''
| Antibacterial, wound healing<ref name="Kaushik2009" />
|-
| '''Metabolic Support (''Meha'')'''
| Hypoglycemic, antidiabetic<ref name="Seetharam2002" /><ref name="Krisanapun2009" />
|}

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Precautions:''' Antifertility activity has been reported for ''Abutilon indicum'' in the literature,<ref name="Kaushik2009" /> so use during pregnancy should be under the guidance of an Ayurvedic physician. Clinical safety data in humans are lacking.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Root/Plant Powder (Churna):'' 3–6 g daily.<ref name="API" />

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |location=New Delhi |edition=Part I |volume=I |pages=13}}</ref>
<ref name="Kaushik2009">{{cite journal |last1=Kaushik |first1=P. |last2=Kaushik |first2=D. |last3=Khokra |first3=S. |last4=Chaudhary |first4=B. |year=2009 |title=Abutilon indicum (Atibala): ethno-botany, phytochemistry and pharmacology – a review |journal=International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=4–9 |url=https://www.lavierebelle.org/IMG/pdf/abutilon_indicum_atibala_ethno-botany_phytochemistry_and_pharmacology-_a_review.pdf}}</ref>
<ref name="Gomaa2018">{{cite journal |last1=Gomaa |first1=A. A.-R. |last2=Samy |first2=M. N. |last3=Desoukey |first3=S. Y. |last4=Kamel |first4=M. S. |year=2018 |title=Phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of genus Abutilon: a review (1972–2015) |journal=Journal of Advanced Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=56–74 |doi=10.21608/jabps.2018.3333.1000 |url=https://journals.ekb.eg/article_14982.html}}</ref>
<ref name="Seetharam2002">{{cite journal |last1=Seetharam |first1=Y. N. |last2=Chalageri |first2=G. |last3=Setty |first3=S. R. |last4=Bheemachar |year=2002 |title=Hypoglycemic activity of Abutilon indicum leaf extracts in rats |journal=Fitoterapia |volume=73 |issue=2 |pages=156–159 |url=https://indianmedicine.eldoc.ub.rug.nl/11572/}}</ref>
<ref name="Krisanapun2009">{{cite journal |last1=Krisanapun |first1=C. |last2=Peungvicha |first2=P. |last3=Temsiririrkkul |first3=R. |last4=Wongkrajang |first4=Y. |year=2009 |title=Aqueous extract of Abutilon indicum Sweet inhibits glucose absorption and stimulates insulin secretion in rodents |journal=Nutrition Research |volume=29 |issue=8 |pages=579–587 |url=https://repository.li.mahidol.ac.th/handle/123456789/27166}}</ref>
<ref name="Krisanapun2011">{{cite journal |last1=Krisanapun |first1=C. |last2=Lee |first2=S.-H. |last3=Peungvicha |first3=P. |last4=Temsiririrkkul |first4=R. |last5=Baek |first5=S. J. |year=2011 |title=Antidiabetic activities of Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet are mediated by enhancement of adipocyte differentiation and activation of the GLUT1 promoter |journal=Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine |volume=2011 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3094712}}</ref>
}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

''This article is under development ..''

Talk:Dipyaka

2026-10-06T06:15:36Z

Dridhabala:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Dipyaka, Carum copticum Benth. & Hook, Ajowan* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Dipyaka (Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague / Carum copticum) is traditionally classified as a deepana (digestive stimulant), pachana, and anulomaka herb, widely utilized in Ayurveda for managing gastrointestinal disorders, abdominal colic, indigestion, and respiratory ailments.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

{{Infobox
|title = Dipyaka
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Dipyaka
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachyspermum_ammi Carum copticum Benth. & Hook]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Umbelliferae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachyspermum_ammi Carum copticum Benth. & Hook.]''', commonly known as '''Dipyaka''' or '''Ajowan''', is an annual herbaceous plant widely cultivated for its aromatic fruits. In [[Ayurveda]], it is highly valued as a carminative, digestive stimulant, and Kapha-Vata pacifying medicine.<ref name="API" /> ''Trachyspermum ammi'' (L.) Sprague is regarded as a synonym of ''Carum copticum''.<ref name="Boskabady2014" />

== English Name ==
Ajowan

== Therapeutic Use ==
Gulma (abdominal lump), Aruchi (anorexia), Adhmana (abdominal distention), Hikka, Chardi (vomiting), Krumi roga (worms), Sula (pain)<ref name="API" />

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
* ''Dipyaka'' – Increases appetite.
* ''Yavani''
* ''Bhutik''
* ''Dipya''
* ''Ajamodika''

== Synonyms in Bhavaprakasa Nighantu ==
* ''Ajamoda''
* ''Kharashva'' – Fruits of ajamoda have an odor similar to a donkey.
* ''Maayuro''
* ''Brahmakusha''
* ''Kaaravi''
* ''Lochamastaka''<ref name="Bhavaprakash" />

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Dipyaka has the following properties:<ref name="API" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
| 1 || Taste (''[[Rasa]]'') || Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 2 || Potency (''[[Veerya]]'') || Hot (''Ushna'')
|-
| 3 || Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'') || Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 4 || Qualities (''[[Guna]]'') || Light (''Laghu''), Rough (''Ruksha''), Sharp (''Tikshna'')
|-
| 5 || Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'') || Pacifies Kapha and Vata
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its Actions ==
Dipyaka is prominently documented across multiple therapeutic chapters of the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/20 || Santarpanajanya vikar chikitsa (management of over-nutrition disorder)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/170 || Harita Varga (Class of green herbs)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/307 || Krutanna Varga (Class on food articles)
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/69 || Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya ghrita
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/71 || Ingredient of Hapushadya ghrita
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/86 || Ingredient of Shatyadi Churna
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/165 || Pathya Diet in Gulma (wholesome food in treatment of abdominal lump)
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/168 || Vata, Kapha and Mala Anulomanarth
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/27 || Used for making decoction in Kaphaj prameha (diabetes)
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/29 || Used for making decoction in Kaphaj prameha (diabetes)
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/38 || Trikantakadhya Tail/Ghrit in Vata-kaphaj prameha (diabetes)
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/41 || Ingredient in Madhvasava
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/54 || Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrita
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/55 || Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrita
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/36 || Ingredient in Triphaladhyarishta
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43 || Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/55 || Ingredient in Chitrakadi Ghrita
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/103 || In treatment of Kaphaja uadara roga
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/125 || As an ingredient of narayan churna
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/63 || As an ingredient of traushnadi churna
|}

== Dose ==
* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 1 – 3 g daily.<ref name="API" />

== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API" />
* ''Ajamodarka''
* ''Ajmodadi churna''

== Current Availability ==
Available

== Major Phytoconstituents ==
The pharmacological activity of ''Trachyspermum ammi'' (''Carum copticum'') is mainly attributed to its essential oil. The oil composition varies with geographical origin: thymol is the main component of oil from south Indian plants (reported up to 97.9%), whereas carvacrol, γ-terpinene and ''p''-cymene are the main components of oil from other regions.<ref name="Boskabady2014" />

== Therapeutic Efficacy & Modern Scientific Research ==
Modern pharmacological studies support several of the traditional uses of ''Trachyspermum ammi'' (''Carum copticum''):

=== 1. Gastrointestinal and Antispasmodic Activity (''Deepana'' & ''Pachana'') ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Used for ''Gulma'' (abdominal lump), ''Adhmana'' (abdominal distention), ''Aruchi'' (anorexia) and ''Sula'' (colic pain).<ref name="API" />
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' The aqueous-methanolic seed extract inhibited K+-induced contractions in isolated rabbit jejunum and shifted Ca2+ dose-response curves to the right, similar to verapamil, indicating a calcium channel blocking (antispasmodic) effect.<ref name="Gilani2005" />

=== 2. Antimicrobial Efficacy (''Krumiroga'') ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Employed in ''Krumi roga'' (worms / microbial infections).<ref name="API" />
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' The essential oil of ''Carum copticum'' and its main compounds have been reported to have antibacterial and antifungal activity, assessed by MIC and MBC methods.<ref name="Kazemi2015" />

=== 3. Respiratory Support (''Swasa'' & Bronchodilation) ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Used in asthma and dyspnea (''Swasa'') and cough; the plant is described in traditional medicine as anti-asthmatic and anti-dyspneic.<ref name="Boskabady2014" />
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' The seed extract inhibited carbachol- and K+-induced contractions in isolated guinea-pig trachea and shifted the carbachol and histamine dose-response curves to the right, suggesting a non-specific bronchodilator effect possibly mediated through calcium channel blockade.<ref name="Gilani2005" /> Bronchodilator effects of ''C. copticum'' have also been reviewed.<ref name="Boskabady2014" />

=== 4. Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Properties ===
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' The essential oil of ''Carum copticum'' showed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in laboratory evaluation.<ref name="Kazemi2015" />

=== 5. Hepatoprotective and Antihypertensive Activity ===
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In rats, pretreatment with the seed extract (500 mg/kg orally) prevented the rise in serum ALP and aminotransferases induced by paracetamol and carbon tetrachloride, and the extract caused a dose-dependent fall in arterial blood pressure in anaesthetized rats (3–100 mg/kg).<ref name="Gilani2005" />

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Trachyspermum ammi''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Gastrointestinal Colic / Flatulence'''
| Seed extract (calcium antagonist constituents)
| Antispasmodic (calcium channel blockade)<ref name="Gilani2005" />
|-
| '''Microbial / Fungal Infections'''
| Essential oil
| Antibacterial, antifungal<ref name="Kazemi2015" />
|-
| '''Respiratory Disorders / Asthma'''
| Seed extract
| Bronchodilation, tracheal smooth muscle relaxation<ref name="Gilani2005" />
|-
| '''Inflammation / Oxidative Stress'''
| Essential oil
| Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory<ref name="Kazemi2015" />
|}

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Precautions:''' Due to the hot potency (''Ushna veerya'') and sharp qualities (''Tikshna guna''), it should be used cautiously in individuals with high Pitta aggravation or severe gastritis. This is a classical rationale rather than a clinical finding.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Fruit Powder (Churna):'' 1 – 3 g daily.<ref name="API" />

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |location=New Delhi |edition=Part I |volume=I |pages=02}}</ref> 
<ref name="Bhavaprakash">{{cite book |last=Bhavamishra |first=Shri |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |others=Edited by Padmashree Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar |edition=Reprint |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |year=2020 |pages=Haritakyadi Varga, verse 77}}</ref>
<ref name="Boskabady2014">{{cite journal |last1=Boskabady |first1=M. H. |last2=Alitaneh |first2=S. |last3=Alavinezhad |first3=A. |year=2014 |title=Carum copticum L.: a herbal medicine with various pharmacological effects |journal=BioMed Research International |volume=2014 |pages=569087 |doi=10.1155/2014/569087 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4096002}}</ref>
<ref name="Gilani2005">{{cite journal |last1=Gilani |first1=A. H. |last2=Jabeen |first2=Q. |last3=Ghayur |first3=M. N. |last4=Janbaz |first4=K. H. |last5=Akhtar |first5=M. S. |year=2005 |title=Studies on the antihypertensive, antispasmodic, bronchodilator and hepatoprotective activities of the Carum copticum seed extract |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=98 |issue=1–2 |pages=127–135 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2005.01.017 |pmid=15763373 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15763373/}}</ref>
<ref name="Kazemi2015">{{cite journal |last=Kazemi |first=M. |year=2015 |title=Phenolic profile, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity of Carum copticum L. essential oil |journal=Bulgarian Chemical Communications |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=149–155 |url=https://hero.epa.gov/hero/index.cfm/reference/details/reference_id/3440018}}</ref>
}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

''This article is under development ..''