Charak Samhita - User contributions [en]

Herbs details

2026-09-23T06:30:30Z

Agnivesha:

Herbs details:
Herbs in [[Charak Samhita]]

# [[Amalaki]]
# [[Bibhitaki]]
# [[Haritaki]]
# [[Shunthi]]
# [[Maricha]]
# [[Pippali]]
# [[Chitraka]]
# [[Vidanga]]
# [[Musta]]
# [[Guduchi]]
# [[Brahmi]]
# [[Shankhapushpi]]
# [[Ashwagandha]]
# [[Shatavari]]
# [[Haridra]]
# [[Arjuna]]
# [[Guggulu]]
# [[Yashtimadhu]]
# [[Lodhra]]
# [[Agnimantha]]
# [[Bilva]]
# [[Nimba]]
# [[Lashuna]]
# [[Punarnava]]
# [[Gokshura]]
# [[Surasa|Tulasi]] ([[Surasa]])
# [[Lavanga]]
# [[Manjishtha]]
# [[Karanja]]
# [[Bhumyamalaki]]
# [[Usheera]]
# [[Talisa]]
# [[Aguru]]
# [[Dipyaka|Ajwain (Ajamoda, Dipyaka)]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants and Botanical Names in Charak Samhita
! Sr. No. !! Sanskrit Name !! Synonyms !! Botanical Name
|-
| 1 || [[Bibhitaki|Aksha]]|| [[Bibhitaki|Bibhitaki, kaliphala, Bhutavasa, Kalidruma]]|| '''[[Bibhitaki|Terminalia bellirica Roxb]]'''
|-
| 2 || [[Aguru]]|| Agaru, loha, krimija, rajarha || '''[[Aguru|Aquilaria agallocha Roxb]]'''
|-
| 3 || [[Agnimantha]]|| Jaya, Sriparni, Ganikarika, Jayanti, Tarkari, Nadeyi, Vai jayanti || '''[[Agnimantha|Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn.f.]]'''
|-
| 4 || Ankola || Ankoda, Deerghakeela, Nikochaka, Tamraphala, Gupta Sneha || '''Alangium lamarkii Thw., (Alangium salviifolium)'''
|-
| 5 || [[Dipyaka|Ajamoda]]|| Karavi, Deepyaka, Shikhimoda || '''[[Dipyaka|Apium graveolens]]'''
|-
| 6 || Atasi || uma, picchila, devi, medagandha, madotkata, kshuma, hemavati,masruna || '''Linum usitatissimum Linn.'''
|-
| 7 || Atibala || rishyaprokta, kankatika,Balika, Vatyapushpy, Bhuribala || '''Abutilon indicum. (Link)'''
|-
| 8 || Ativisha || shrungi, virupa, pittadivallabha, shwetvaca, visha, madri || '''Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. Cat.'''
|-
| 9 || Aparajita || Shanhapushpi,Girikarnika, Visnukranta,Sephanda || '''Clitoria ternatea L.'''
|-
| 10 || Apamarga || Shikhari,durgraha, adhashalya, karmanjri, pratyakpushpi || '''Achyranthes aspera Linn.'''
|-
| 11 || Ambashtaki || laghu patha,Uttanaparni, prachina,varatikta, Aviddhakarni,kuchelika || '''Cissampelos pareira Linn'''
|-
| 12 || Amlikakanda || || '''Dioscorea oppositifolia L.'''
|-
| 13 || Arimeda || Irimeda, Vidkhadira || '''Acacia leucophloea Willd.'''
|-
| 14 || Arka || Ravi, Bhanu, Tapana,Tulaphala, vikirana,ksheeraparna || '''Calotropis gigantea'''
|-
| 15 || [[Surasa|Surasa, Tulasi, Arjaka]]|| Kutherak, Phaninjhak, Arjaka(Tulsi bheda), Barbari,Shweta tulasi || '''[[Surasa|Ocimum sanctum L., (syn. Ocimum tenuiflorum L., Ocimum gratissimum L.)]]'''
|-
| 16 || [[Arjuna]]|| Indradru, Nadisarja, Dhavala, Kakubha, Partha, Shweta vaha, || '''[[Arjuna|Terminalia Arjuna]]'''
|-
| 17 || Avakpushpi || || '''Trichodesma indicum'''
|-
| 18 || Ashoka || Madhupushpa,Raktapallavaka, Hemapushpa, Pindipushpa, Nata, Pallavadru, || '''Saraca indica Linn.'''
|-
| 19 || Ashmantaka || Yugmapatra, yaalapatraka, kanchini || '''Bauhinia racemosa. Lam.'''
|-
| 20 || [[Ashwagandha]]|| [[Ashwagandha|Balada, kamarupini, vajini,Gandhapatri]]|| '''[[Ashwagandha|Withania somnifera]]'''
|-
| 21 || Aswattha || pippala, shrivriksha, sevya,bodhidru, pavitraka,krishnavasa || '''Ficus religiosa L.'''
|-
| 22 || Asana || Beejaka, Vijayasara || '''Bridelia Montana Wall., Pterocarpus marsupium'''
|-
| 23 || Akhuparni || vriddhadaru, akhukarni, shubhashreni, krushika, dravanti || '''Ipomoea reniformis Chois.'''
|-
| 24 || Adhaki || Tuvari, Shanapushpika, Kalavrunta || '''Cajanus indicus Spreng'''
|-
| 25 || Atmagupta || Kapikachu, kapiloma, swayamgupta,Markati || '''Mucuna pruriens D.C.'''
|-
| 26 || [[Amalaki]]|| [[Amalaki|Dhatri, Dhatriphala, Sriphala, Vayastha,vayasya]]|| '''[[Amalaki|Phyllanthus emblica L./ Emblica officinalis]]'''
|-
| 27 || Amra || Madhuphala, Madhuli, Madhavadruma, Sahakara, parapushta || '''Manjifera indica L.'''
|-
| 28 || Ikshu || Asipatra, Bhurirasa, Dirghacchada, Gudamula, Trnarasa || '''Saccharum officinarum L.'''
|-
| 29 || Ikshuraka || Kokilaksha? || '''Hygrophila spinosa T.Anderson'''
|-
| 30 || Ingudi || Higupatra, Tapasadruma,Angaravruksha,Pootikantaka || '''Balanites roxburghii Plauch., (Balanites aegyptiaca (Linn) Del.)'''
|-
| 31 || Itkada || Utkata, Vanajayanti || '''Sesbania aculeate Pers.'''
|-
| 32 || Ucchadaka || Uttingana? || '''Blepharis edulis Pers.'''
|-
| 33 || Udumbara || || '''Ficus glomerata Roxb., ( Ficus racemosa)'''
|-
| 34 || Upodika || || '''Basella rubra L.'''
|-
| 35 || Eraka || || '''Typha elephantine Roxb.'''
|-
| 36 || Ervaru || || '''Cucumis utilissimus L.'''
|-
| 37 || Eranda || || '''Ricinus communis L.'''
|-
| 38 || Katutumbi || || '''Lagenaria Vulgaris Ser.'''
|-
| 39 || Katuphala || || '''Hibiscus abelmoschus L.'''
|-
| 40 || Kandakari || || '''Solanum xanthocarpum Sche.'''
|-
| 41 || Kadamba || || '''Anthocephalus cadamba Miq.'''
|-
| 42 || Kadara || || '''Acacia Senegal Willd.'''
|-
| 43 || Kapittha || || '''Feronia elephantanum Correa.'''
|-
| 44 || Karamarda || || '''Carissa carandas L.'''
|-
| 45 || Karavira || || '''Nerium odorum Soland'''
|-
| 46 || Karira || || '''Copparis aphylla Roth'''
|-
| 47 || [[Karanja]]|| || '''[[Karanja|Pongamia pinnata/glabra Vent.]]'''
|-
| 48 || Karkatashrungi || || '''Rhuus succedanea L.'''
|-
| 49 || Karkandhu || || '''Zizyphus nummularia W.C.'''
|-
| 50 || Karpura || || '''Dryobalanops aromatic Goertn.'''
|-
| 51 || Kalaya || || '''Lathyrus sativus L.'''
|-
| 52 || Kasheruka || || '''Seirpus kysoor R.'''
|-
| 53 || Kakamachi || || '''Solanum nigrum L.'''
|-
| 54 || Karavellika || || '''Momordica charantia L.'''
|-
| 55 || Karpasa || || '''Gossypium herbacum L.'''
|-
| 56 || Kalanusariva || || '''Ichnocarpus frutenscens Br.'''
|-
| 57 || Kashmari || || '''Gmelina arborea L.'''
|-
| 58 || Kasamarda || || '''Cassia occidentalis L.'''
|-
| 59 || Kiratatikta || || '''Swertia chirata Ham.'''
|-
| 60 || Kutaja || || '''Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall.'''
|-
| 61 || Kutumbaka || || '''Leucas linifolia Spreng.'''
|-
| 62 || Kumarajeeva || || '''Putranjiva roxburghii Wall.'''
|-
| 63 || Kumbhi || || '''Careya arborea R.'''
|-
| 64 || Kurandaka || || '''Barleria prionitis L.'''
|-
| 65 || Kusumbha || || '''Carathmus tinctoricus L.'''
|-
| 66 || Kovidara || || '''Bauhinia variegate L.'''
|-
| 67 || Koshataki || || '''Luffa acutangula varamara Clerke'''
|-
| 68 || Koshamra || || '''Scheleichera trijuga Willd.'''
|-
| 69 || Kumkuma || || '''Crocus sativus L.'''
|-
| 70 || Khadira || || '''Acacia catechu Willd.'''
|-
| 71 || [[Guggulu]]|| || '''[[Guggulu|Commiphora/Balsamodendron mukul Hook.]]'''
|-
| 72 || Gunja || || '''Abrus precatorius L.'''
|-
| 73 || [[Guduchi]]|| || '''[[Guduchi|Tinospora cordifolia Miers.]]'''
|-
| 74 || [[Gokshura]]|| || '''[[Gokshura|Tribulus terrestris L.]]'''
|-
| 75 || Gojihwa || || '''Elephantopus scaber L.'''
|-
| 76 || Chakramarda || || '''Cassia tora L.'''
|-
| 77 || Chanchu || || '''Corchorus oilitorius L.'''
|-
| 78 || Chandana || || '''Santalum album L.'''
|-
| 79 || Charmakasha || || '''Acacia concinna D.C.'''
|-
| 80 || Changeri || || '''Oxalis corniculata L.'''
|-
| 81 || [[Chitraka]]|| || '''[[Chitraka|Plumbago zeylanica L.]]'''
|-
| 82 || Chirabilva || || '''Holoptelia integrifolia Planch.'''
|-
| 83 || Chirmata || || '''Cucumis melo L.'''
|-
| 84 || Chilli || || '''Chenopodium album L.'''
|-
| 85 || Choraka || || '''Agelica glauca Edgew.'''
|-
| 86 || Jambu || || '''Eugenia jambos Lamk.'''
|-
| 87 || Jaya || || '''Sesbania egyptica Pers.'''
|-
| 88 || Jalapippali || || '''Lippia nodiflora Rich.'''
|-
| 89 || Jati || || '''Myristica fragrens Houtt.'''
|-
| 90 || Jingini || || '''Odina wodier Roxb.'''
|-
| 91 || Jeeraka || || '''Cuminum cyminum L.'''
|-
| 92 || Jyotishmati || || '''Celestrus paniculata Willd.'''
|-
| 93 || Tamala || || '''Cinnamomum tamala Fr. Nees.'''
|-
| 94 || Tintidika || || '''Tamarindus indica L.'''
|-
| 95 || Tinduka || || '''Diospyros embryopteris Pers.'''
|-
| 96 || Tila || || '''Sesamum indicum L.'''
|-
| 97 || Tilaparni || || '''Gynandropis pentaphylla D.C'''
|-
| 98 || Tumburu || || '''Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb.'''
|-
| 99 || Tuda || || '''Morus indica L.'''
|-
| 100 || Trivrut || || '''Ipomea turpethum Br.'''
|-
| 101 || Dadima || || '''Punica granatum L.'''
|-
| 102 || Daruharidra || || '''Berberis aristata D.C'''
|-
| 103 || Dipyaka || || '''Carum copticum Benth.'''
|-
| 104 || Dugdhika || || '''Euphorbia pilulifera L.'''
|-
| 105 || Duralabha || || '''Fagonia Arabica L.'''
|-
| 106 || Durva || || '''Cynodon dactylon Pers.'''
|-
| 107 || Draksha || || '''Vitis vinifera L.'''
|-
| 108 || Dhanvana || || '''Grewia tiliefolia Vahl.'''
|-
| 109 || Dhava || || '''Anogeisssus latifolia Wall.'''
|-
| 110 || Dhataki || || '''Woodfordia floribunda Slisb.'''
|-
| 111 || Dhanyaka || || '''Coriandrum sativum'''
|-
| 112 || Nanditaka || || '''Ficus retusa L.'''
|-
| 113 || Nalika || || '''Onosma echioides L.'''
|-
| 114 || Naranga || || '''Citrus aurantium L.'''
|-
| 115 || Nadi || || '''Ipomea aquatica Forsk.'''
|-
| 116 || [[Nimba]]|| || '''[[Nimba|Azadirachta indica]] '''
|-
| 117 || Nirgundi || || '''Vitex negundo L.'''
|-
| 118 || Nilika || || '''Indigofera tinctoria L.'''
|-
| 119 || Nyagrodha || || '''Ficus bengalensis L.'''
|-
| 120 || Patola || || '''Trichosanthes dioica Roxb.'''
|-
| 121 || Patra || || '''Cinnamomum iners Reinw.'''
|-
| 122 || Padmaka || || '''Prunus puddum Roxb.'''
|-
| 123 || Parushaka || || '''Grewia asiatica L.'''
|-
| 124 || Parpataka || || '''Rangia repens Nees.'''
|-
| 125 || Paravata || || '''Psidium guyava L.'''
|-
| 126 || Pashanabheda || || '''Saxifraga lingulata Wall.'''
|-
| 127 || [[Pippali]]|| || '''[[Pippali|Piper longum L.]]'''
|-
| 128 || Pilu || || '''Salvadora persica L.'''
|-
| 129 || [[Punarnava]]|| || '''[[Punarnava|Boerhavia diffusa L.]]'''
|-
| 130 || Prasarani || || '''Pederia fetida L.'''
|-
| 131 || Prachinamalaka || || '''Flacourtia cataphracta Roxb.'''
|-
| 132 || Piyala || || '''Aglaia roxburghiana Miq.'''
|-
| 133 || Plaksha || || '''Ficus tsiela Roxb.'''
|-
| 134 || Phenila || || '''Sapindus trifoliatus L.'''
|-
| 135 || Bakula || || '''Mimusops elengi L.'''
|-
| 136 || Badara || || '''Zizyphus jujube Lamk.'''
|-
| 137 || [[Bilva]]|| || '''[[Bilva|Aegle marmelos Corr.]]'''
|-
| 138 || Bijaka || || '''Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.'''
|-
| 139 || Bijapuraka || || '''Citrus medica L.'''
|-
| 140 || Bruhati || || '''Solanum indicum L.'''
|-
| 141 || [[Brahmi]]|| || '''[[Brahmi|Bacopa monnieri]]'''
|-
| 142 || Bhavya || || '''Dillenia indica L.'''
|-
| 143 || Bhrigaraja || || '''Eclipta alba Hassk.'''
|-
| 144 || Mandukaparni || || '''Hydrocotyle asiatica L.'''
|-
| 145 || Madana || || '''Randia dumatorum Lam.'''
|-
| 146 || Madhuka || || '''Bassia latifolia Roxb.'''
|-
| 147 || [[Maricha]]|| || '''Piper nigrum L.'''
|-
| 148 || Mamsi || || '''Nardostachys jatamansi D.C'''
|-
| 149 || Mudga || || '''Phaseolus mungo L.'''
|-
| 150 || [[Musta]]|| || '''[[Musta|Cyperus rotundus L.]]'''
|-
| 151 || Murva || || '''Clematis triloba Heyne.'''
|-
| 152 || Mulaka || || '''Raphanus sativus L.'''
|-
| 153 || Yava || || '''Hordeum vulgarae L.'''
|-
| 154 || Yavasaka || || '''Alhagi maumorum Desv.'''
|-
| 155 || Raktotpala || || '''Nymphoea lotus L.'''
|-
| 156 || Rajakshavaka || || '''Doemia extensa Br.'''
|-
| 157 || Rajamasha || || '''Vigna catiang Endl.'''
|-
| 158 || Rajadana || || '''Mimusops hexandra Roxb.'''
|-
| 159 || Rasna || || '''Pluchea lanceolata Oliv.'''
|-
| 160 || Ruha || || '''Loranthus falcatus L.'''
|-
| 161 || Rohini || || '''Soymida febrifuge Juss.'''
|-
| 162 || [[Lashuna]]|| || '''[[Lashuna|Allium sativum L.]]'''
|-
| 163 || Likucha || || '''Artocarpus lokoocha Roxb.'''
|-
| 164 || Lonika || || '''Portulaca oleracea L.'''
|-
| 165 || [[Lodhra]]|| || '''[[Lodhra|Symplocos recemosa Roxb.]]'''
|-
| 166 || Vacha || || '''Acorus calamus L.'''
|-
| 167 || Vanjula || || '''Salix tetrasperma Roxb.'''
|-
| 168 || Varuna || || '''Cratoeva religiosa Forst.'''
|-
| 169 || Vatama || || '''Prunus amygdalus Baill.'''
|-
| 170 || Vartaka || || '''Solanum melongena L.'''
|-
| 171 || Vasa || || '''Adhatoda vasica Nees.'''
|-
| 172 || Vikankata || || '''Gymnosporia Montana Benth.'''
|-
| 173 || [[Vidanga]]|| || '''[[Vidanga|Embelia ribes Burn.]]'''
|-
| 174 || Vidari || || '''Ipomea digitata L.'''
|-
| 175 || [[Shankhapushpi]]|| Shankhahva, Mangalyakusuma, Keshi, Vishnukranta|| '''[[Shankhapushpi|Evolvulus alsinoides L.]]'''
|-
| 176 || Shana || || '''Crotalaria juncea L.'''
|-
| 177 || Shanapushpi || || '''Crotalaria verrucosa L.'''
|-
| 178 || Shatapushpa || || '''Peucedanum graveolens Benth.'''
|-
| 179 || [[Shatavari]]|| || '''[[Shatavari|Asparagus racemosus Willd.]]'''
|-
| 180 || Shami || || '''Prosopis spicigera L.'''
|-
| 181 || Shallaki || || '''Boswellia serrate Roxb.'''
|-
| 182 || Shaliparni || || '''Desmodium gangeticum D.C.'''
|-
| 183 || Shalmali || || '''Bambox malabarica D.C.'''
|-
| 184 || Shimshapa || || '''Dalbergia sisso Roxb.'''
|-
| 185 || Shigru || || '''Moringa pterygosperma Goertn.'''
|-
| 186 || Shirisha || || '''Albezzia lebbeck Benth.'''
|-
| 187 || [[Shunthi|Shringavera]] [[Shunthi|(Shunthi/Aardraka)]]|| || '''Zingiber officinale Rose.'''
|-
| 188 || Shringataka || || '''Trapa bispinosa Roxb.'''
|-
| 189 || Saptaparna || || '''Alstonia scholaris R. Br.'''
|-
| 190 || Sarja || || '''Shorea robusta'''
|-
| 191 || Sarshapa || || '''Brassica campestris L.'''
|-
| 192 || Sariva || || '''Hemmidesmus indicus Br.'''
|-
| 193 || Sudha || || '''Euphorbia nerifolia L.'''
|-
| 194 || Surasa || || '''Ocimum sanctum L.'''
|-
| 195 || Somaraji || || '''Proralea corylifolia L.'''
|-
| 196 || Hamsapadi || || '''Adjantum lunulatum Burm.'''
|-
| 197 || Hapusha || || '''Juniperus communis L.'''
|-
| 198 || Hastidanti || || '''Croton oblongifolius Roxb.'''
|-
| 199 || [[Haridra]]|| || '''[[Haridra|Curcuma longa L.]]'''
|-
| 200 || Hemadugdha || || '''Argimone mexicana L.'''
|}

Aguru

2026-09-23T06:15:32Z

Agnivesha: Protected "Aguru" ([Edit=Allow only administrators] (indefinite) [Move=Allow only administrators] (indefinite))

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita - Herb Database
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Aguru, Aquilaria agallocha, Eaglewood, Agarwood, Aloeswood, Shwasahara, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia, Anu taila, Chyavanprasha, Essential oil,Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda
|description=Monograph on Aguru (Aquilaria agallocha Roxb.): comprehensive botanical profile, classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics, phytochemical constituents, and evidence-based therapeutic efficacy.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=Aguru - Aquilaria agallocha
|type=article
}}

{{Infobox
|title = Aguru
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/aguru
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Aquilaria agallocha Roxb. (syn. Aquilaria malaccensis Lam.)
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Thymelaeaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = {{DoiWithLink}}
}}
[[File:Aguru.jpg|thumb|'''Aguru (''Aquilaria agallocha'')''']]
'''Aguru''' (Latin: ''Aquilaria agallocha'' Roxb., syn. ''Aquilaria malaccensis'' Lam.; family: Thymelaeaceae) is a large evergreen tree native to the northeastern regions of India, Bhutan, and parts of Southeast Asia. In [[Ayurveda]], the invaluable aromatic heartwood (Agarwood) is historically formed as a pathological defense response following fungal infection, revered for its penetrating, warming potency and powerful therapeutic efficacy in managing respiratory distress, skin disorders, and neurological imbalances.<ref name="API">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=4 |pages=02 |edition=Part I}}</ref>

== Botanical & Vernacular Names ==
* '''Botanical Name:''' ''Aquilaria agallocha'' Roxb. (syn. ''Aquilaria malaccensis'' Lam.)
* '''Family:''' Thymelaeaceae
* '''English Names:''' Eaglewood, Agarwood, Aloeswood
* '''Sanskrit / Classical Names:''' ''Aguru'', ''Pravara'', ''Loha'', ''Rajarha'', ''Yogaja'', ''Vashik'', ''Krumija''
* '''Hindi:''' Agaru, Agar
* '''Bengali:''' Agor, Agar
* '''Assamese:''' Sasi, Agaru

== Synonyms in Classical Texts ==
* '''Synonyms in Charak Samhita:'''
** ''Aguru'' – Classical designation.
** ''Pravara'' – Denotes its status as a potent and superior drug.
** ''Loha'' – Refers to the heavy, dense resinous heartwood that sinks in water.
** ''Rajarha'' – Valued and fit for royalty due to its exquisite fragrance.
** ''Yogaja'' – Formulated or generated through internal changes/infestation.
** ''Vashik'' – Possessing soothing and controlling attributes.
** ''Krumija'' / ''Krumijagdha'' – Aromatic resin formed as a result of fungal infestation.
* '''Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu:'''<ref name="Bhavaprakash">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=Krushnachandra |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Karpuradi varga, verse no.- 21, 22 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
** ''Anaaryaka'' – Plant commonly growing in the hilly regions of the northeastern parts of India.

== Varieties ==
=== Raja Nighantu ===
Five varieties are mentioned:<ref name="RajaNighantu">{{cite book |last=Tripathi |first=Indradev |title=Raja Nighantu of Pandit Narhari |year=2006 |publisher=Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy |location=Varanasi |pages=Chandanadi varga verse no- 85, 87, 89, 91, 92}}</ref>
# Swadu
# Krushna aguru
# Kaastha aguru
# Daaha aguru
# Maangalya aguru

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Aguru possesses a hot potency and pungent-bitter taste profile, making it highly effective in pacifying Kapha and Vata doshas:<ref name="API" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
| 1 || '''Taste (''[[Rasa]]'')''' || Bitter (''Tikta''), Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 2 || '''Potency (''[[Veerya]]'')'''|| Hot (''Ushna'')
|-
| 3 || '''Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'')'''|| Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 4 || '''Qualities (''[[Guna]]'')'''|| Light (''Laghu''), Rough (''Ruksha''), Sharpness (''Tikshna'')
|-
| 5 || '''Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'')'''|| Pacifies Kapha and Vata (''Kapha-Vatahara'')
|}

== References in Charak Samhita and its Actions ==
Aguru is prominently documented across multiple therapeutic chapters of the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(37) || Shwasahara mahakashaya (relieving respiratory distress)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(42) || Sheetaprashamana mahakashaya (pacifying cold)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/21 || Dhuma varti dravya (ingredient of therapeutic inhalation for disease prevention)
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/26 || Vairechanika dhuma varti (ingredient of smoke inhalation with unctuous substances)
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/63 || Anu taila dravya
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 6/16 || Vihara in Hemanta Rutu
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 6/25 || Vihara in Vasanta Rutu
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40 || Agrya Sangraha (collections of best food articles, factors and drugs)
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/49 || Veerya varnan
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/143 || Tikta skandha (group of bitter drugs)
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/41 || Prajata stree paricharya / Apara patana (post-delivery management)
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/28 || Used for decoction in ''Kaphaja prameha'' (diabetes)
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/36 || Ingredient in Punarnavadhyarisht
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/65 || For ''Lepa, Abhyangadi Bahyaprayogarth'' (external applications)
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/70 || As a ''Lepa dravya'' in ''Kaphaj Shvayathu'' (swelling)
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/148 || As an ingredient of Madhookasava
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/163 || As an ingredient of Madhvarishta
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/80 || Used for shodhanottara dhumapana
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/123 || As an ingredient of shatyadi churna
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/77 || As an ingredient of Mahagandha hasti agada
|-
| 21 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/231 || Used in the treatment of animals suffering with poison
|-
| 22 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/91 || As an ingredient of Kampillakadi taila
|-
| 23 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/182 || Used in Kaphaja sira shoola for dhoomavarti
|-
| 24 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/188 || As an ingredient of Pippalyadi churna for kavala karma (gargling)
|-
| 25 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/209 || As an ingredient of Khadiradi gutika
|-
| 26 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/270 || As an ingredient of Mahaneela taila
|-
| 27 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/41 || As an ingredient of Piluparnyadi Yoga
|-
| 28 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/54 || As an ingredient of Vatsakadi Pralepa (external application)
|-
| 29 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/150 || As an ingredient of Bala taila
|-
| 30 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/168 || As an ingredient of Mulakadhya taila
|-
| 31 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/179 || Agurvadi taila is useful in Vata vyadhi
|-
| 32 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/92 || As an ingredient of Madhuparnyadi taila
|-
| 33 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/107 || As an ingredient of Amrutadya taila
|-
| 34 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/23 || Vamanarth (for emesis)
|-
| 35 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/58 || In formulation of dwitiya brahma rasayana
|-
| 36 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/3/28 || As a mood enhancer
|}

== Therapeutic Indications (Classical) ==
Aguru is traditionally indicated in the clinical management of:<ref name="API" />
* ''Akshiroga'' (Eye diseases)
* ''Shwasa'' (Dyspnea / Respiratory distress)
* ''Karna roga'' (Ear diseases)
* ''Kushtha'' (Dermatological disorders / Skin diseases)
* ''Visha'' (Toxic conditions / Poisoning)

== Dosage & Administration ==
* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 1 – 3 g daily in divided doses.<ref name="API" />

== Classical Formulations ==
* ''Madhukasava''
* ''Mrudvikasava''
* ''Karpuradyarka''
* ''Chyavanprasha avaleha''
* ''Anu taila''
* ''Chandanadi taila''
* ''Khadiradi gutika''
* ''Swasahara kashaya churna''
* ''Guduchyadi taila''

== Current Researches ==
=== Phytochemical Composition ===
Modern phytochemical profiling of ''Aquilaria agallocha'' resinous heartwood reveals a dense matrix of active constituents:
* '''Sesquiterpenes:''' Alpha-guaiene, beta-elemene, agarospirol, valencene, and jinkoh-eremol.
* '''Chromones:''' 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone derivatives and flindersia-type chromones imparting stability and aroma.
* '''Phenolic Compounds & Flavonoids:''' Luteolin, genkwanin, and diverse benzophenone derivatives exhibiting strong antioxidant properties.

=== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ===
* '''Anti-Inflammatory & Analgesic Efficacy:''' Sesquiterpenes and chromones inhibit lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase pathways, suppressing inflammatory mediators.<ref name="ResearchAPI">{{cite journal |title=Pharmacological evaluation and phytochemical constituents of Aquilaria agallocha |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |year=2021}}</ref>
* '''Neuroprotective & Anxiolytic Actions:''' Volatile sesquiterpenes cross the blood-brain barrier, interacting positively with GABAergic receptor systems to moderate central nervous system excitability.<ref name="ResearchAPI" />
* '''Antimicrobial & Antioxidant Properties:''' Phenolic fractions and oxygenated sesquiterpenes disrupt microbial membrane integrity while scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS), validating its efficacy against skin pathogens.<ref name="ResearchAPI" />

== Current Availability ==
* Available in India, particularly in the Himalayan region, Assam, and Manipur.

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=4 |pages=02 |edition=Part I}}</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=Krushnachandra |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Karpuradi varga, verse no.- 21, 22 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
<ref name="RajaNighantu">{{cite book |last=Tripathi |first=Indradev |title=Raja Nighantu of Pandit Narhari |year=2006 |publisher=Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy |location=Varanasi |pages=Chandanadi varga verse no- 85, 87, 89, 91, 92}}</ref>
<ref name="ResearchAPI">{{cite journal |title=Pharmacological evaluation and phytochemical constituents of Aquilaria agallocha |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |year=2021}}</ref>
}}
== External links ==

[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Aquilaria%20agallocha IMPPAT Database]

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agarwood Wikipedia]

[[index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Dipyaka

2026-09-23T06:12:55Z

Agnivesha:

<noinclude>
{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita - Herb Database
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Dipyaka, Celery, Carum copticum, Trachyspermum ammi, Ajowan, Ajwain, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=Monograph on Dipyaka (Carum copticum Benth. & Hook): comprehensive botanical profile, classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics, therapeutic efficacy, and modern scientific research.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
</noinclude>

{{Infobox
|title = Dipyaka
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Dipyaka
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Trachyspermum ammi, Carum copticum Benth. & Hook
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Apiaceae, Umbelliferae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}
[[File:Ajwain.jpg|thumb|'''Ajwain (''Carum copticum'')''']]
'''[[wikipedia:Trachyspermum_ammi|Carum copticum Benth. & Hook.]]''', commonly known as '''Ajwain''', '''Dipyaka''' or '''Ajowan''', is an annual herbaceous plant widely cultivated for its aromatic fruits. In [[Ayurveda]], it is highly valued as a carminative, digestive stimulant, and Kapha-Vata pacifying medicine.<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:02</ref>

== English Name ==
Celery, Ajowan

== Therapeutic Use ==
Gulma (abdominal lump), Aruchi (anorexia), Adhmana (abdominal distention), Hikka, Chardi (vomiting), Krumi roga (worms), Sula (pain)<ref name="API" />

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
* ''Dipyaka'' – Increases appetite.
* ''Yavani''
* ''Bhutik''
* ''Dipya''
* ''Ajamodika''

== Synonyms in Bhavaprakasa Nighantu ==
* ''Ajamoda''
* ''Kharashva'' – Fruits of ajamoda have an odor similar to a donkey.
* ''Maayuro''
* ''Brahmakusha''
* ''Kaaravi''
* ''Lochamastaka''<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no.- 77, Edited by Padmashree Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020.</ref>

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Dipyaka has the following properties:<ref name="API" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
| 1 || Taste (''[[Rasa]]'') || Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 2 || Potency (''[[Veerya]]'') || Hot (''Ushna'')
|-
| 3 || Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'') || Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 4 || Qualities (''[[Guna]]'') || Light (''Laghu''), Rough (''Ruksha''), Sharp (''Tikshna'')
|-
| 5 || Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'') || Pacifies Kapha and Vata
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its Actions ==
Dipyaka is prominently documented across multiple therapeutic chapters of the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/20 || Santarpanajanya vikar chikitsa (management of over-nutrition disorder)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/170 || Harita Varga (Class of green herbs)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/307 || Krutanna Varga (Class on food articles)
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/69 || Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya ghrita
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/71 || Ingredient of Hapushadya ghrita
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/86 || Ingredient of Shatyadi Churna
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/165 || Pathya Diet in Gulma (wholesome food in treatment of abdominal lump)
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/168 || Vata, Kapha and Mala Anulomanarth
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/27 || Used for making decoction in Kaphaja prameha (diabetes)
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/29 || Used for making decoction in Kaphaja prameha (diabetes)
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/38 || Trikantakadhya Tail/Ghrit in Vata-kaphaja prameha (diabetes)
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/41 || Ingredient in Madhvasava
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/54 || Ingredient in Apara Lasunadya Ghrita
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/55 || Ingredient in Apara Lasunadya Ghrita
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/36 || Ingredient in Triphaladhyarishta
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43 || Ingredient in Kshara Gudika
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/55 || Ingredient in Chitrakadi Ghrita
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/103 || In treatment of Kaphaja uadara roga
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/125 || As an ingredient of Narayan churna
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/63 || As an ingredient of Traushnadi churna
|}

== Dose ==
* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 1 – 3 g daily.<ref name="API" />

== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API" />
* ''Ajamodarka''
* ''Ajmodadi churna''

== Current Availability ==
Available

== Major Phytoconstituents ==
The pharmacological efficacy of ''Trachyspermum ammi'' is predominantly attributed to its essential oil content, which ranges from 2% to 5%. The primary active constituent is '''thymol''' (accounting for 35% to 60% of the oil), accompanied by p-cymene, γ-terpinene, α-pinene, β-pinene, and carvacrol.

== Therapeutic Efficacy & Modern Scientific Research ==
Modern pharmacological evaluations and clinical studies validate many of the traditional claims associated with *Trachyspermum ammi*. Its core therapeutic domains include:

=== 1. Gastrointestinal and Carminative Activity ([[Deepana]] & [[Pachana]]) ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Used for Gulma (abdominal lump), Adhmana (abdominal distention), Aruchi (anorexia), and Shula (colic pain).
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' Animal and in vitro studies demonstrate that the extract and essential oil of T. ammi exhibit significant anti-spasmodic (anticholinergic-like) and smooth-muscle relaxing properties. The carminative action is primarily mediated by thymol, which stimulates the secretion of gastric juices, enhances metabolic activity, and relieves flatulence and intestinal colic.<ref name="Tharakan2014">Tharakan, S. T., et al. "Evaluation of spasmolytic and bronchodilator activities of Trachyspermum ammi." Journal of Ethnopharmacology.</ref>

=== 2. Antimicrobial and Antifungal Efficacy (''Krumiroga'') ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Employed in Krumi roga (parasitic and microbial infections).
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' T. ammi essential oil and isolated thymol exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against various pathogenic bacteria (including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and fungi (such as Candida albicans). The high phenolic content disrupts microbial cell membranes, causing leakage of intracellular constituents.<ref name="Khosravi2009">Khosravi, A. R., et al. "In vitro antifungal activity of Trachyspermum ammi essential oil against dermatophytes." Mycoses.</ref>

=== 3. Respiratory Support (''Hikka'' & Bronchodilation) ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Used in respiratory distress, asthma (Shwasa), and cough.
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' Pharmacological studies confirm that the bronchodilator activity of T. ammi is comparable to standard reference drugs (like theophylline/atropine). The relaxation of tracheal chains by thymol and carvacrol facilitates easier airflow, validating its traditional use in obstructive airway diseases.<ref name="Boskabady2014">Boskabady, M. H., et al. "Bronchodilator and anticough effects of Trachyspermum ammi." Research Reports.</ref>

=== 4. Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Properties ===
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' T. ammi seeds possess significant free-radical scavenging abilities due to their high concentration of phenolic compounds. In vivo anti-inflammatory models show that extracts can reduce acute and chronic inflammation, partly by inhibiting inflammatory pathways and prostaglandin synthesis.<ref name="Javed2012">Javed, I., et al. "Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Trachyspermum ammi extracts." Phytotherapy Research.</ref>

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Trachyspermum ammi''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Gastrointestinal Colic / Flatulence'''
| Thymol, Carvacrol
| Spasmolytic, Digestive stimulant, Carminative
|-
| '''Microbial / Fungal Infections'''
| Essential Oils, Phenolics
| Cell membrane disruption, Broad-spectrum antimicrobial
|-
| '''Respiratory Disorders / Asthma'''
| Thymol, p-cymene
| Bronchodilation, Tracheal smooth muscle relaxation
|-
| '''Inflammation / Oxidative Stress'''
| Phenolic compounds
| Free-radical scavenging, Anti-inflammatory pathway inhibition
|}

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Precautions:''' Due to the hot potency (''Ushna veerya'') and sharp qualities (''Tikshna guna''), it should be used cautiously in individuals with high Pitta aggravation or severe gastritis.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Fruit Powder (Churna):'' 1 – 3 g daily.<ref name="API" />

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:02</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no.- 77, Edited by Padmashree Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020.</ref>
<ref name="Tharakan2014">Tharakan, S. T., et al. "Evaluation of spasmolytic and bronchodilator activities of Trachyspermum ammi." Journal of Ethnopharmacology.</ref>
<ref name="Khosravi2009">Khosravi, A. R., et al. "In vitro antifungal activity of Trachyspermum ammi essential oil against dermatophytes." Mycoses.</ref>
<ref name="Boskabady2014">Boskabady, M. H., et al. "Bronchodilator and anticough effects of Trachyspermum ammi." Research Reports.</ref>
<ref name="Javed2012">Javed, I., et al. "Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Trachyspermum ammi extracts." Phytotherapy Research.</ref>
}}

==External links==

[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Trachyspermum%20ammi IMPPAT database]
[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

File:Ajwain.jpg

2026-09-23T06:11:41Z

Agnivesha:

Ajwain

Dipyaka

2026-09-23T06:04:53Z

Agnivesha:

<noinclude>
{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita - Herb Database
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Dipyaka, Celery, Carum copticum, Trachyspermum ammi, Ajowan, Ajwain, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=Monograph on Dipyaka (Carum copticum Benth. & Hook): comprehensive botanical profile, classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics, therapeutic efficacy, and modern scientific research.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
</noinclude>

{{Infobox
|title = Dipyaka
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Dipyaka
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Trachyspermum ammi, Carum copticum Benth. & Hook
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Umbelliferae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachyspermum_ammi Carum copticum Benth. & Hook.]''', commonly known as '''Dipyaka''' or '''Ajowan''', is an annual herbaceous plant widely cultivated for its aromatic fruits. In [[Ayurveda]], it is highly valued as a carminative, digestive stimulant, and Kapha-Vata pacifying medicine.<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:02</ref>

== English Name ==
Celery, Ajowan

== Therapeutic Use ==
Gulma (abdominal lump), Aruchi (anorexia), Adhmana (abdominal distention), Hikka, Chardi (vomiting), Krumi roga (worms), Sula (pain)<ref name="API" />

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
* ''Dipyaka'' – Increases appetite.
* ''Yavani''
* ''Bhutik''
* ''Dipya''
* ''Ajamodika''

== Synonyms in Bhavaprakasa Nighantu ==
* ''Ajamoda''
* ''Kharashva'' – Fruits of ajamoda have an odor similar to a donkey.
* ''Maayuro''
* ''Brahmakusha''
* ''Kaaravi''
* ''Lochamastaka''<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no.- 77, Edited by Padmashree Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020.</ref>

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Dipyaka has the following properties:<ref name="API" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
| 1 || Taste (''[[Rasa]]'') || Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 2 || Potency (''[[Veerya]]'') || Hot (''Ushna'')
|-
| 3 || Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'') || Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 4 || Qualities (''[[Guna]]'') || Light (''Laghu''), Rough (''Ruksha''), Sharp (''Tikshna'')
|-
| 5 || Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'') || Pacifies Kapha and Vata
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its Actions ==
Dipyaka is prominently documented across multiple therapeutic chapters of the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/20 || Santarpanajanya vikar chikitsa (management of over-nutrition disorder)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/170 || Harita Varga (Class of green herbs)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/307 || Krutanna Varga (Class on food articles)
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/69 || Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya ghrita
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/71 || Ingredient of Hapushadya ghrita
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/86 || Ingredient of Shatyadi Churna
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/165 || Pathya Diet in Gulma (wholesome food in treatment of abdominal lump)
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/168 || Vata, Kapha and Mala Anulomanarth
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/27 || Used for making decoction in Kaphaja prameha (diabetes)
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/29 || Used for making decoction in Kaphaja prameha (diabetes)
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/38 || Trikantakadhya Tail/Ghrit in Vata-kaphaja prameha (diabetes)
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/41 || Ingredient in Madhvasava
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/54 || Ingredient in Apara Lasunadya Ghrita
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/55 || Ingredient in Apara Lasunadya Ghrita
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/36 || Ingredient in Triphaladhyarishta
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43 || Ingredient in Kshara Gudika
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/55 || Ingredient in Chitrakadi Ghrita
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/103 || In treatment of Kaphaja uadara roga
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/125 || As an ingredient of Narayan churna
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/63 || As an ingredient of Traushnadi churna
|}

== Dose ==
* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 1 – 3 g daily.<ref name="API" />

== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API" />
* ''Ajamodarka''
* ''Ajmodadi churna''

== Current Availability ==
Available

== Major Phytoconstituents ==
The pharmacological efficacy of ''Trachyspermum ammi'' is predominantly attributed to its essential oil content, which ranges from 2% to 5%. The primary active constituent is '''thymol''' (accounting for 35% to 60% of the oil), accompanied by p-cymene, γ-terpinene, α-pinene, β-pinene, and carvacrol.

== Therapeutic Efficacy & Modern Scientific Research ==
Modern pharmacological evaluations and clinical studies validate many of the traditional claims associated with *Trachyspermum ammi*. Its core therapeutic domains include:

=== 1. Gastrointestinal and Carminative Activity ([[Deepana]] & [[Pachana]]) ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Used for *Gulma* (abdominal lump), *Adhmana* (abdominal distention), *Aruchi* (anorexia), and *Sula* (colic pain).
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' Animal and in vitro studies demonstrate that the extract and essential oil of *T. ammi* exhibit significant anti-spasmodic (anticholinergic-like) and smooth-muscle relaxing properties. The carminative action is primarily mediated by thymol, which stimulates the secretion of gastric juices, enhances metabolic activity, and relieves flatulence and intestinal colic.<ref name="Tharakan2014">Tharakan, S. T., et al. "Evaluation of spasmolytic and bronchodilator activities of Trachyspermum ammi." Journal of Ethnopharmacology.</ref>

=== 2. Antimicrobial and Antifungal Efficacy (''Krumiroga'') ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Employed in *Krumi roga* (parasitic and microbial infections).
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' *T. ammi* essential oil and isolated thymol exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against various pathogenic bacteria (including *Staphylococcus aureus*, *Escherichia coli*, *Pseudomonas aeruginosa*) and fungi (such as *Candida albicans*). The high phenolic content disrupts microbial cell membranes, causing leakage of intracellular constituents.<ref name="Khosravi2009">Khosravi, A. R., et al. "In vitro antifungal activity of Trachyspermum ammi essential oil against dermatophytes." Mycoses.</ref>

=== 3. Respiratory Support (''Hikka'' & Bronchodilation) ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Used in respiratory distress, asthma (*Swasa*), and cough.
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' Pharmacological studies confirm that the bronchodilator activity of *T. ammi* is comparable to standard reference drugs (like theophylline/atropine). The relaxation of tracheal chains by thymol and carvacrol facilitates easier airflow, validating its traditional use in obstructive airway diseases.<ref name="Boskabady2014">Boskabady, M. H., et al. "Bronchodilator and anticough effects of Trachyspermum ammi." Research Reports.</ref>

=== 4. Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Properties ===
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' *T. ammi* seeds possess significant free-radical scavenging abilities due to their high concentration of phenolic compounds. In vivo anti-inflammatory models show that extracts can reduce acute and chronic inflammation, partly by inhibiting inflammatory pathways and prostaglandin synthesis.<ref name="Javed2012">Javed, I., et al. "Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Trachyspermum ammi extracts." Phytotherapy Research.</ref>

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Trachyspermum ammi''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Gastrointestinal Colic / Flatulence'''
| Thymol, Carvacrol
| Spasmolytic, Digestive stimulant, Carminative
|-
| '''Microbial / Fungal Infections'''
| Essential Oils, Phenolics
| Cell membrane disruption, Broad-spectrum antimicrobial
|-
| '''Respiratory Disorders / Asthma'''
| Thymol, p-cymene
| Bronchodilation, Tracheal smooth muscle relaxation
|-
| '''Inflammation / Oxidative Stress'''
| Phenolic compounds
| Free-radical scavenging, Anti-inflammatory pathway inhibition
|}

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Precautions:''' Due to the hot potency (''Ushna veerya'') and sharp qualities (''Tikshna guna''), it should be used cautiously in individuals with high Pitta aggravation or severe gastritis.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Fruit Powder (Churna):'' 1 – 3 g daily.<ref name="API" />

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:02</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no.- 77, Edited by Padmashree Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020.</ref>
<ref name="Tharakan2014">Tharakan, S. T., et al. "Evaluation of spasmolytic and bronchodilator activities of Trachyspermum ammi." Journal of Ethnopharmacology.</ref>
<ref name="Khosravi2009">Khosravi, A. R., et al. "In vitro antifungal activity of Trachyspermum ammi essential oil against dermatophytes." Mycoses.</ref>
<ref name="Boskabady2014">Boskabady, M. H., et al. "Bronchodilator and anticough effects of Trachyspermum ammi." Research Reports.</ref>
<ref name="Javed2012">Javed, I., et al. "Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Trachyspermum ammi extracts." Phytotherapy Research.</ref>
}}

==External links==

[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Trachyspermum%20ammi IMPPAT database]
[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Template:PageNo

2026-09-23T05:35:45Z

Agnivesha:

{{#switch: {{FULLPAGENAME}}
| Main Page = 01
| Charak Samhita New Edition = 1
| Sutra Sthana = 2
| Deerghanjiviteeya Adhyaya = 3
| Apamarga Tanduliya Adhyaya = 4
| Aragvadhiya Adhyaya = 5
| Shadvirechanashatashritiya Adhyaya = 6
| Matrashiteeya Adhyaya = 7
| Tasyashiteeya Adhyaya = 8
| Naveganadharaniya Adhyaya = 9
| Indriyopakramaniya Adhyaya = 10
| Khuddakachatushpada Adhyaya = 11
| Mahachatushpada Adhyaya = 12
| Tistraishaniya Adhyaya = 13
| Vatakalakaliya Adhyaya = 14
| Snehadhyaya = 15
| Swedadhyaya = 16
| Upakalpaniya Adhyaya = 17
| Chikitsaprabhritiya Adhyaya = 18
| Kiyanta Shiraseeya Adhyaya = 19
| Trishothiya Adhyaya = 20
| Ashtodariya Adhyaya = 21
| Maharoga Adhyaya = 22
| Ashtauninditiya Adhyaya = 23
| Langhanabrimhaniya Adhyaya = 24
| Santarpaniya Adhyaya = 25
| Vidhishonitiya Adhyaya = 26
| Yajjah Purushiya Adhyaya = 27
| Atreyabhadrakapyiya Adhyaya = 28
| Annapanavidhi Adhyaya = 29
| Vividhashitapitiya Adhyaya = 30
| Dashapranayataneeya Adhyaya = 31
| Arthedashmahamooliya Adhyaya = 32
| Nidana Sthana = 33
| Jwara Nidana = 34
| Raktapitta Nidana = 35
| Gulma Nidana = 36
| Prameha Nidana = 37
| Kushtha Nidana = 38
| Shosha Nidana = 39
| Unmada Nidana = 40
| Apasmara Nidana = 41
| Vimana Sthana = 42
| Rasa Vimana = 43
| Trividhakukshiya Vimana = 44
| Janapadodhvansaniya Vimana = 45
| Trividha Roga Vishesha Vijnaniya Vimana = 46
| Sroto Vimana = 47
| Roganika Vimana = 48
| Vyadhita Rupiya Vimana = 49
| Rogabhishagjitiya Vimana = 50
| Sharira Sthana = 51
| Katidhapurusha Sharira = 52
| Atulyagotriya Sharira = 53
| Khuddika Garbhavakranti Sharira = 54
| Mahatigarbhavakranti Sharira = 55
| Purusha Vichaya Sharira = 56
| Sharira Vichaya Sharira = 57
| Sharira Sankhya Sharira = 58
| Jatisutriya Sharira = 59
| Indriya Sthana = 60
| Varnasvariyam Indriyam Adhyaya = 61
| Pushpitakam Indriyam Adhyaya = 62
| Parimarshaneeyam Indriyam Adhyaya = 63
| Indriyaneekam Indriyam Adhyaya = 64
| Purvarupeeyam Indriyam Adhyaya = 65
| Katamanisharireeyam Indriyam Adhyaya = 66
| Pannarupiyam Indriyam Adhyaya = 67
| Avakshiraseeyam Indriyam Adhyaya = 68
| Yasyashyavanimittiyam Indriyam Adhyaya = 69
| Sadyomaraneeyam Indriyam Adhyaya = 70
| Anujyotiyam Indriyam Adhyaya = 71
| Gomayachurniyam Indriyam Adhyaya = 72
| Chikitsa Sthana = 73
| Rasayana Adhyaya = 74
| Vajikarana Adhyaya = 75
| Jwara Chikitsa = 76
| Raktapitta Chikitsa = 77
| Gulma Chikitsa = 78
| Prameha Chikitsa = 79
| Kushtha Chikitsa = 80
| Rajayakshma Chikitsa = 81
| Unmada Chikitsa = 82
| Apasmara Chikitsa = 83
| Kshatakshina Chikitsa = 84
| Shvayathu Chikitsa = 85
| Udara Chikitsa = 86
| Arsha Chikitsa = 87
| Grahani Chikitsa = 88
| Pandu Chikitsa = 89
| Hikka Shwasa Chikitsa = 90
| Kasa Chikitsa = 91
| Atisara Chikitsa = 92
| Chhardi Chikitsa = 93
| Visarpa Chikitsa = 94
| Trishna Chikitsa = 95
| Visha Chikitsa = 96
| Madatyaya Chikitsa = 97
| Dwivraniya Chikitsa = 98
| Trimarmiya Chikitsa = 99
| Urustambha Chikitsa = 100
| Vatavyadhi Chikitsa = 101
| Vatarakta Chikitsa = 102
| Yonivyapat Chikitsa = 103
| Kalpa Sthana = 104
| Madanakalpa Adhyaya = 105
| Jimutaka Kalpa Adhyaya = 106
| Ikshvaku Kalpa Adhyaya = 107
| Dhamargava Kalpa Adhyaya = 108
| Vatsaka Kalpa Adhyaya = 109
| Kritavedhana Kalpa Adhyaya = 110
| Shyamatrivrita Kalpa Adhyaya = 111
| Chaturangula Kalpa Adhyaya = 112
| Tilvaka Kalpa Adhyaya = 113
| Sudha Kalpa Adhyaya = 114
| Saptalashankhini Kalpa Adhyaya = 115
| Dantidravanti Kalpa Adhyaya = 116
| Siddhi Sthana = 117
| Kalpana Siddhi = 118
| Panchakarmiya Siddhi = 119
| Bastisutriyam Siddhi = 120
| Snehavyapat Siddhi = 121
| Netrabastivyapat Siddhi = 122
| Vamana Virechana Vyapat Siddhi = 123
| Bastivyapat Siddhi = 124
| Prasrita Yogiyam Siddhi = 125
| Trimarmiya Siddhi = 126
| Basti Siddhi = 127
| Phalamatra Siddhi = 128
| Uttar Basti Siddhi = 129
| Atma = 133
| Agni mahabhuta = 138
| Ahara vidhi = 150
| Akasha mahabhuta = 136
| Asthi dhatu = 146
| Ayurveda = 158
| Dhatu = 141
| Guna = 152
| Jala mahabhuta = 139
| Kha vaigunya = 156
| Majja dhatu = 147
| Mamsa dhatu = 144
| Meda dhatu = 145
| Menstrual disorders = 154
| Ojas = 149
| Panchakarma = 153
| Pancha mahabhuta = 135
| Prakriti = 131
| Prenatal care (garbhini paricharya) = 155
| Prithvi mahabhuta = 140
| Purusha = 134
| Rakta dhatu = 143
| Rasa dhatu = 142
| Satmya = 132
| Shatkriyakala = 157
| Shukra dhatu = 148
| Smruti (memory) = 130
| Tantrayukti = 151
| Vayu mahabhuta = 137
| Nidra = 190
| Cardiac diseases = 191
| Sutika Paricharya = 192
| Buddhi = 193
| Hetu = 194
| Interactive session on Contemporary Ayurveda = 195
| Menopausal Syndrome = 196
| Congenital disorders = 197
| Neurological diseases = 198
| Vyadhi = 199
| Neonatal care = 200
| Amavata = 201
| Agni = 202
| Skin diseases in Integrative Medicine = 203
| Pramana = 204
| Emergency medicine in Ayurveda = 205
| Deha prakriti = 206
| Immunization = 207
| Kidney diseases = 208
| Manas prakriti = 209
| Pratyaksha pramana = 210
| Psychiatric diseases = 211
| Cancer = 212
| Rheumatic diseases = 213
| Panchakarma in modern lifestyle = 214
| Kaarya Kaarana Siddhanta = 215
| Aaptopadesha pramana = 216
| Jwara = 217
| Samanya Vishesha Theory = 218
| Karma = 219
| Anumana pramana = 220
| Yukti pramana = 221
| Disha = 222
| Upamana pramana = 223
| Linga = 224
| Adhyayana = 225
| Koshtha = 226
| Samavaya = 227
| Padartha = 228
| Abhava = 229
| Dinacharya = 173
| Infectious diseases = 174
| Prajnaparadha = 175
| Langhana = 176
| Indriya = 177
| Brimhana = 178
| Deepana = 179
| Rukshana = 180
| Pachana = 181
| Stambhana = 182
| Rasayana = 183
| Vajikarana = 184
| Aushadha Sevana Kala = 185
| Acid peptic diseases = 186
| Manas = 187
| Preface- Charak Samhita New Edition = 188
| Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome = 189
| Snehana (unction therapy) = 159
| Swedana = 160
| Vamana = 161
| Virechana = 162
| Basti = 163
| Nasya = 164
| Raktamokshana = 165
| Mala = 166
| Purisha = 167
| Mutra = 168
| Garbha = 169
| Contraceptives = 170
| Artava = 171
| Dosha = 172
| Dravya = 230
| Vipaka = 231
| Kala = 232
| Sweda = 233
| Ayu = 234
| Sattva = 235
| Dhatvagni = 236
| Sharira = 237
| Brahmacharya = 238
| Bhutagni = 239
| Avyakta = 240
| Vata dosha = 241
| Marma = 242
| Madhutailika Basti = 243
| Rasa = 244
| Vaitarana Basti = 245
| Tamas = 246
| Tanmatra = 247
| Upavasa = 248
| Aushadha = 249
| Ritucharya = 250
| Pitta dosha = 251
| Kapha dosha = 252
| Piccha basti = 253
| Vikriti = 254
| Vyayama = 255
| Veerya = 256
| Samadhi = 257
| Swabhavoparam vada = 258
| Rajas = 259
| Prabhava = 260
| Shastra = 261
| Rogamarga = 262
| Dhriti = 263
| Dhairya = 264
| Srotasa = 265
| Janapadodhvansa = 266
| Kala Sharira = 267
| Varna = 268
| Viruddha Ahara = 269
| Dhumapana = 270
| Ashayapakarsha = 271
| Ama = 272
| Shirodhara = 273
| Asthapana basti = 274
| Yapana basti = 275
| Adharma = 276
| Samhanana = 277
| Aupasargika vyadhi = 278
| Pranavaha srotas = 279
| Annavaha srotas = 280
| Stanya = 281
| Nitya sevaniya - asevaniya dravya = 282
| Matra basti = 283
| Pakshaghata = 284
| Udakavaha srotas = 285
| Manovaha srotas = 286
| Pramanatah Pariksha = 287
| Udavarta = 288
| Adhyapana vidhi = 289
| Nama Rupa Vijnana = 290
| Atulya gotra = 291
| Hridaya = 292
| Shira = 293
| Nyaya = 294
| Amalaki = 1
| Bibhitaki = 2
| Haritaki = 3
| Shunthi = 4
| Maricha = 5
| Pippali = 6
| Chitraka = 7
| Vidanga = 8
| Musta = 9
| Guduchi = 10
| Brahmi = 11
| Shankhapushpi = 12
| Ashwagandha = 13
| Shatavari = 14
| Haridra = 15
| Arjuna = 16
| Guggulu = 17
| Yashtimadhu = 18
| Lodhra = 19
| Agnimantha = 20
| Bilva = 21
| Nimba = 22
| Lashuna = 23
| Punarnava = 24
| Gokshura = 25
| Surasa = 26
| Lavanga = 27
| Manjishtha = 28
| Karanja = 29
| Bhumyamalaki = 30
| Usheera = 31
| Talisa = 32
| Aguru = 33
| --
}}

Template:DateOfPublication

2026-09-23T05:34:31Z

Agnivesha:

{{#switch: {{FULLPAGENAME}}
| Atma = March 03, 2020
| Agni mahabhuta = April 13, 2020
| Ahara vidhi = July 14, 2020
| Akasha mahabhuta = April 10, 2020
| Asthi dhatu = June 2, 2020
| Ayurveda = January 31, 2020
| Dhatu = June 16,2020
| Guna = July13, 2020
| Jala mahabhuta = April 20, 2020
| Kha vaigunya = August 15, 2020
| Majja dhatu = June 16, 2020
| Mamsa dhatu = May 21, 2020
| Meda dhatu = June 4, 2020
| Menstrual disorders = July 31, 2020
| Ojas = July 31, 2020
| Panchakarma = June 25, 2020
| Pancha mahabhuta = March 25, 2020
| Prakriti = January 12, 2020
| Prenatal care (garbhini paricharya) = August 14, 2020
| Prithvi mahabhuta = May 20, 2020
| Purusha = May 20, 2020
| Rakta dhatu = June 18, 2020
| Rasa dhatu = April 16,2020
| Satmya = February 20, 2020
| Shatkriyakala = August 31, 2020
| Shukra dhatu = June 16, 2020
| Smruti (memory) = January 01, 2020
| Tantrayukti = July 14, 2020
| Vayu mahabhuta = April 12, 2020
| Dosha = January 24, 2021
| Dinacharya = February 18, 2021
| Infectious diseases = March 06, 2021
| Prajnaparadha = March 27, 2021
| Langhana = April 1, 2021
| Indriya = April 21, 2021
| Brimhana = April 24, 2021
| Deepana = April 26, 2021
| Rukshana = April 28, 2021
| Pachana = April 28, 2021
| Stambhana = April 30, 2021
| Rasayana = May 13, 2021
| Vajikarana = May 20, 2021
| Aushadha Sevana Kala = May 21, 2021
| Acid peptic diseases = May 27, 2021
| Manas = June 06, 2021
| Preface- Charak Samhita New Edition = 15 October 2020
| Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome = June 09, 2021
| Vikriti = January 03, 2023
| Vyayama = January 05, 2023
| Veerya = Febraury 04, 2023
| Samadhi = February 14, 2023
| Swabhavoparam vada = February 22, 2023
| Rajas = March 02, 2023
| Prabhava = March 03, 2023
| Shastra = March 30, 2023
| Rogamarga = March 30, 2023
| Dhriti = April 04, 2023
| Dhairya = April 11, 2023
| Srotasa = April 07, 2023
| Janapadodhvansa = May 16, 2023
| Kala Sharira = May 18, 2023
| Varna = May 20, 2023
| Viruddha Ahara = May 31, 2023
| Dhumapana = June 16, 2023
| Ashayapakarsha = July 31, 2023
| Ama = August 01, 2023
| Shirodhara = August 25,2023
| Asthapana basti = August 25,2023
| Yapana basti = August 25,2023
| Adharma = August 25,2023
| Samhanana = August 25,2023
| Aupasargika vyadhi = September 27, 2023
| Pranavaha srotas = September 27, 2023
| Annavaha srotas = September 27, 2023
| Stanya = September 27, 2023
| Nitya sevaniya - asevaniya dravya = September 27, 2023
| Matra basti = September 30, 2023
| Pakshaghata = October 10,2023
| Udakavaha srotas = October 10,2023
| Manovaha srotas = October 12,2023
| Pramanatah Pariksha = October 12,2023
| Udavarta = November 03, 2023
| Adhyapana vidhi = September 16, 2023
| Nama Rupa Vijnana = March 15, 2024
| Atulya gotra = April 10, 2024
| Hridaya = May 04, 2024
| Shira = May 17, 2024
| Nyaya = May 17, 2024
| Amalaki = 2026
| Bibhitaki = 2026
| Haritaki = 2026
| Shunthi = 2026
| Maricha = 2026
| Pippali = 2026
| Chitraka = 2026
| Vidanga = 2026
| Musta = 2026
| Guduchi = 2026
| Brahmi = 2026
| Shankhapushpi = 2026
| Ashwagandha = 2026
| Shatavari = 2026
| Haridra = 2026
| Arjuna = 2026
| Guggulu = 2026
| Yashtimadhu = 2026
| Lodhra = 2026
| Agnimantha = 2026
| Bilva = 2026
| Nimba = 2026
| Lashuna = 2026
| Punarnava = 2026
| Gokshura = 2026
| Surasa = 2026
| Lavanga = 2026
| Manjishtha = 2026
| Karanja = 2026
| Bhumyamalaki = 2026
| Usheera = 2026
| Talisa = 2026
| Aguru = 2026
| 2020
}}

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2026-09-23T05:32:21Z

Agnivesha:

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| Rasa Vimana = Khandel S.K., Bhagwat M., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Trividhakukshiya Vimana = Khandel S.K., Bhagwat M., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Janapadodhvansaniya Vimana = Pol A., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Trividha Roga Vishesha Vijnaniya Vimana = Pol A., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Sroto Vimana = Pol A., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Roganika Vimana = Pol A., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Vyadhita Rupiya Vimana = Khandel S.K., Bhagwat M., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Rogabhishagjitiya Vimana = Khandel S.K., Bhagwat M., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Sharira Sthana = Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Katidhapurusha Sharira = Bhalerao S., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Atulyagotriya Sharira = Bhalerao S., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Khuddika Garbhavakranti Sharira = Bhalerao S., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Mahatigarbhavakranti Sharira = Bhalerao S., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Purusha Vichaya Sharira = Bhalerao S., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Sharira Vichaya Sharira = Patwardhan K., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Sharira Sankhya Sharira = Bhalerao S., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Jatisutriya Sharira = Bhalerao S., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Indriya Sthana = Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Varnasvariyam Indriyam Adhyaya = Khandel S.K., Babu S.P., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Pushpitakam Indriyam Adhyaya = Khandel S.K., Babu S.P., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Parimarshaneeyam Indriyam Adhyaya = Khandel S.K., Babu S.P., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Indriyaneekam Indriyam Adhyaya = Khandel S.K., Babu S.P., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Purvarupeeyam Indriyam Adhyaya = Khandel S.K., Babu S.P., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Katamanisharireeyam Indriyam Adhyaya = Khandel S.K., Babu S.P, Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Pannarupiyam Indriyam Adhyaya = Khandel S.K., Babu S.P., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Avakshiraseeyam Indriyam Adhyaya = Khandel S.K., Babu S.P., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Yasyashyavanimittiyam Indriyam Adhyaya = Khandel S.K., Babu S.P., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Sadyomaraneeyam Indriyam Adhyaya = Khandel S.K., Babu S.P., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Anujyotiyam Indriyam Adhyaya = Khandel S.K., Babu S.P., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Gomayachurniyam Indriyam Adhyaya = Khandel S.K., Babu S.P., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Chikitsa Sthana = Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Rasayana Adhyaya = Dixit U., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Vajikarana Adhyaya = Dixit U., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Jwara Chikitsa = Baghel M.S., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Raktapitta Chikitsa = Baghel M.S., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Gulma Chikitsa = Baghel M.S., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Prameha Chikitsa = Baghel M.S., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Kushtha Chikitsa = Baghel M.S., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Rajayakshma Chikitsa = Baghel M.S., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Unmada Chikitsa = Baghel M.S., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Apasmara Chikitsa = Baghel M.S., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Kshatakshina Chikitsa = Singh G., Goyal M., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Shvayathu Chikitsa = Singh G., Goyal M., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Udara Chikitsa = Singh G., Goyal M., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Arsha Chikitsa = Singh G., Goyal M., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Grahani Chikitsa = Singh G., Goyal M., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Pandu Chikitsa = Singh G., Goyal M., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Hikka Shwasa Chikitsa = Singh G., Goyal M., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Kasa Chikitsa = Singh G., Goyal M., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Atisara Chikitsa = Singh G., Goyal M., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Chhardi Chikitsa = Singh G., Goyal M., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Visarpa Chikitsa = Ojha S.N., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Trishna Chikitsa = Ojha S.N., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Visha Chikitsa = Binorkar S., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Madatyaya Chikitsa = Ojha S.N., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Dwivraniya Chikitsa = Dudhamal T.S., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Trimarmiya Chikitsa = Ojha S.N., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Urustambha Chikitsa = Ojha S.N., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Vatavyadhi Chikitsa = Ojha S.N., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Vatarakta Chikitsa = Ojha S.N., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Yonivyapat Chikitsa = Gujarathi J., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Kalpa Sthana = Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Madanakalpa Adhyaya = Nishteswar K., Sawant B., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Jimutaka Kalpa Adhyaya = Nishteswar K., Sawant B., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Ikshvaku Kalpa Adhyaya = Nishteswar K., Sawant B., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Dhamargava Kalpa Adhyaya = Nishteswar K., Sawant B., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Vatsaka Kalpa Adhyaya = Nishteswar K., Sawant B., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Kritavedhana Kalpa Adhyaya = Nishteswar K., Sawant B., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Shyamatrivrita Kalpa Adhyaya = Nishteswar K., Sawant B., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Chaturangula Kalpa Adhyaya = Nishteswar K., Sawant B., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Tilvaka Kalpa Adhyaya = Nishteswar K., Sawant B., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Sudha Kalpa Adhyaya = Nishteswar K., Sawant B., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Saptalashankhini Kalpa Adhyaya = Nishteswar K., Sawant B., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Dantidravanti Kalpa Adhyaya = Nishteswar K., Sawant B., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Siddhi Sthana = Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Kalpana Siddhi = Thakar A. B., Mangalasseri P., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Panchakarmiya Siddhi = Thakar A. B., Mangalasseri P., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Bastisutriyam Siddhi = Thakar A. B., Mangalasseri P., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Snehavyapat Siddhi = Thakar A. B., Mangalasseri P., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Netrabastivyapat Siddhi = Thakar A. B., Mangalasseri P., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Vamana Virechana Vyapat Siddhi = Thakar A. B., Mangalasseri P., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Bastivyapat Siddhi = Thakar A. B., Mangalasseri P., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Prasrita Yogiyam Siddhi = Thakar A. B., Mangalasseri P., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Trimarmiya Siddhi = Thakar A. B., Mangalasseri P., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Basti Siddhi = Thakar A. B., Mangalasseri P., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Phalamatra Siddhi = Thakar A., Mangalasseri P., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Uttar Basti Siddhi = Thakar A. B., Mangalasseri P., Dixit U., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Atma = Basisht G.
| Agni mahabhuta = Basisht G.
| Ahara vidhi = Basisht G.
| Akasha mahabhuta = Basisht G.
| Asthi dhatu = Basisht G.
| Ayurveda = Basisht G.
| Dhatu = Basisht G.
| Guna = Basisht G.
| Jala mahabhuta = Basisht G.
| Kha vaigunya = Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Majja dhatu = Basisht G.
| Mamsa dhatu = Basisht G.
| Meda dhatu = Basisht G.
| Menstrual disorders = Basisht G.
| Ojas = Basisht G.
| Panchakarma = Basisht G.
| Pancha mahabhuta = Basisht G.
| Prakriti = Basisht G.
| Prenatal care (garbhini paricharya) = Basisht G.
| Prithvi mahabhuta = Basisht G.
| Purusha = Basisht G.
| Rakta dhatu = Basisht G.
| Rasa dhatu = Basisht G.
| Satmya = Basisht G.
| Shatkriyakala = Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Shukra dhatu = Basisht G.
| Smruti (memory) = Basisht G.
| Tantrayukti = Basisht G.
| Vayu mahabhuta = Basisht G.
| Dosha = Basisht G.
| Dinacharya = Basisht G.
| Infectious diseases = Deole Y.S., Aneesh E.G.,Basisht G.
| Prajnaparadha = Basisht G.
| Langhana = Basisht G.
| Indriya = Basisht G.
| Brimhana = Basisht G.
| Deepana = Basisht G.
| Rukshana = Basisht G.
| Pachana = Basisht G.
| Stambhana = Basisht G.
| Rasayana = Basisht G.
| Vajikarana = Basisht G.
| Aushadha Sevana Kala =
| Acid peptic diseases = Deole Y.S., Anagha.S.,Basisht G.
| Manas = Basisht G.
| Preface- Charak Samhita New Edition =
| Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome = Deole Y.S., Aneesh E.G., Basisht G.
| Dravya = Deole Y.S.
| Vipaka = Deole Y.S.
| Kala = Deole Y.S.
| Sweda = Deole Y.S.
| Snehana (unction therapy) = Basisht G.
| Swedana = Basisht G.
| Vamana = Basisht G.
| Virechana = Basisht G.
| Basti = Basisht G.
| Nasya = Basisht G.
| Raktamokshana = Basisht G.
| Mala = Basisht G.
| Purisha = Basisht G.
| Mutra = Basisht G.
| Garbha = Basisht G.
| Contraceptives = Basisht G.,Deole Y.S.
| Artava = Basisht G.
| Ayu = Deole Y.S.
| Sattva = Deole Y.S.
| Deha prakriti = Deole Y.S.
| Manas prakriti = Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Pramana = Deole Y.S.
| Pratyaksha pramana = Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Anumana pramana = Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Aaptopadesha pramana = Deole Y.S.
| Yukti pramana = Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Upamana pramana = Deole Y.S.
| Kaarya Kaarana Siddhanta = Deole Y.S.
| Padartha = Deole Y.S.
| Karma = Deole Y.S.
| Disha = Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Samanya Vishesha Theory = Deole Y.S.
| Samavaya = Deole Y.S.
| Abhava = Deole Y.S.
| Agni = Basisht G.
| Buddhi = Basisht G.
| Koshtha = Deole Y.S.
| Nidra = Basisht G.
| Hetu = Basisht G.
| Linga = Deole Y.S.
| Vyadhi = Basisht G.
| Amavata = Basisht G.
| Jwara = Basisht G.
| Sutika Paricharya = Basisht G.
| Menopausal Syndrome = Basisht G.
| Congenital disorders = Basisht G.
| Neonatal care = Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Immunization = Basisht G.
| Cancer = Deole Y.S., Aneesh E. G.
| Cardiac diseases = Deole Y.S., Aneesh E.G., Basisht G.
| Neurological diseases = Deole Y.S., Anagha.S., Basisht G.
| Skin diseases in Integrative Medicine = Deole Y.S., Aneesh E.G.,Basisht G.
| Psychiatric diseases = Deole Y.S., Aneesh E. G.
| Emergency medicine in Ayurveda = Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Rheumatic diseases = Deole Y.S., Aneesh E. G.
| Kidney diseases = Deole Y.S., Anagha S.
| Panchakarma in modern lifestyle = Deole Y.S., Aneesh E.G.
| Interactive session on Contemporary Ayurveda = Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Adhyayana = Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
| Dhatvagni = Deole Y.S.
| Sharira = Deole Y.S.
| Brahmacharya = Deole Y.S.
| Bhutagni = Deole Y.S.
| Avyakta = Deole Y.S.
| Vata dosha = Deole Y.S.
| Marma = Deole Y.S.
| Madhutailika Basti = Deole Y.S.
| Rasa = Basisht G.
| Vaitarana Basti = Deole Y.S.
| Tamas = Deole Y.S.
| Tanmatra = Deole Y.S.
| Upavasa = Deole Y.S.
| Aushadha = Deole Y.S.
| Ritucharya = Deole Y.S.
| Pitta dosha = Deole Y.S.
| Kapha dosha = Deole Y.S.
| Piccha basti = Deole Y.S.
| Vikriti = Deole Y.S.
| Vyayama = Deole Y.S.
| Veerya = Deole Y.S.
| Samadhi = Deole Y.S.
| Swabhavoparam vada = Deole Y.S.
| Rajas = Deole Y.S.
| Prabhava = Deole Y.S.
| Shastra = Deole Y.S.
| Rogamarga = Deole Y.S.
| Dhriti = Deole Y.S.
| Dhairya = Deole Y.S.
| Srotasa = Deole Y.S.
| Janapadodhvansa = Deole Y.S.
| Kala Sharira = Deole Y.S.
| Varna = Deole Y.S.
| Viruddha Ahara = Basisht G.
| Dhumapana = Basisht G.
| Ashayapakarsha = Basisht G.
| Ama = Basisht G.
| Shirodhara = Basisht G.
| Asthapana basti = Basisht G.
| Yapana basti = Basisht G.
| Adharma = Basisht G., Deole Y.S.
| Samhanana = Basisht G., Deole Y.S.
| Aupasargika vyadhi = Basisht G.
| Pranavaha srotas = Basisht G.
| Annavaha srotas = Basisht G.
| Stanya = Basisht G., Deole Y.S.
| Nitya sevaniya - asevaniya dravya = Basisht G., Deole Y.S.
| Matra basti = Basisht G., Deole Y.S.
| Pakshaghata = Basisht G.
| Udakavaha srotas = Basisht G., Deole Y.S.
| Manovaha srotas = Basisht G.
| Pramanatah Pariksha = Basisht G., Deole Y.S.
| Udavarta = Basisht G.
| Adhyapana vidhi = Basisht G.
| Nama Rupa Vijnana = Basisht G., Deole Y.S.
| Atulya gotra = Basisht G., Deole Y.S.
| Hridaya = Basisht G., Deole Y.S.
| Shira = Basisht G., Deole Y.S.
| Nyaya = Basisht G., Deole Y.S.
| Amalaki = [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Team_Dravyaguna Team Dravyaguna]
| Bibhitaki = [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Team_Dravyaguna Team Dravyaguna]
| Haritaki = [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Team_Dravyaguna Team Dravyaguna]
| Shunthi = [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Team_Dravyaguna Team Dravyaguna]
| Maricha = [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Team_Dravyaguna Team Dravyaguna]
| Pippali = [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Team_Dravyaguna Team Dravyaguna]
| Chitraka = [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Team_Dravyaguna Team Dravyaguna]
| Vidanga = [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Team_Dravyaguna Team Dravyaguna]
| Musta = [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Team_Dravyaguna Team Dravyaguna]
| Guduchi = [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Team_Dravyaguna Team Dravyaguna]
| Brahmi = [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Team_Dravyaguna Team Dravyaguna]
| Shankhapushpi = [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Team_Dravyaguna Team Dravyaguna]
| Ashwagandha = [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Team_Dravyaguna Team Dravyaguna]
| Shatavari = [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Team_Dravyaguna Team Dravyaguna]
| Haridra = [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Team_Dravyaguna Team Dravyaguna]
| Arjuna = [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Team_Dravyaguna Team Dravyaguna]
| Guggulu = [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Team_Dravyaguna Team Dravyaguna]
| Yashtimadhu = [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Team_Dravyaguna Team Dravyaguna]
| Lodhra = [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Team_Dravyaguna Team Dravyaguna]
| Agnimantha = [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Team_Dravyaguna Team Dravyaguna]
| Bilva = [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Team_Dravyaguna Team Dravyaguna]
| Nimba = [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Team_Dravyaguna Team Dravyaguna]
| Lashuna = [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Team_Dravyaguna Team Dravyaguna]
| Punarnava = [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Team_Dravyaguna Team Dravyaguna]
| Gokshura = [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Team_Dravyaguna Team Dravyaguna]
| Surasa = [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Team_Dravyaguna Team Dravyaguna]
| Lavanga = [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Team_Dravyaguna Team Dravyaguna]
| Manjishtha = [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Team_Dravyaguna Team Dravyaguna]
| Karanja = [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Team_Dravyaguna Team Dravyaguna]
| Bhumyamalaki = [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Team_Dravyaguna Team Dravyaguna]
| Usheera = [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Team_Dravyaguna Team Dravyaguna]
| Talisa = [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Team_Dravyaguna Team Dravyaguna]
| Aguru = [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Team_Dravyaguna Team Dravyaguna]
| [[Contributors]]
}}

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2026-09-23T05:30:13Z

Agnivesha:

{{#switch: {{FULLPAGENAME}}
| Main Page = Basisht G., Deole Y.S.
| Charak Samhita New Edition = Singh R.H.
| Sutra Sthana = Dwivedi R.B.
| Deerghanjiviteeya Adhyaya = Singh R.H., Singh G., Sodhi J.S., Dixit U.
| Apamarga Tanduliya Adhyaya = Nesari T., Mallya S., Sawant B.
| Aragvadhiya Adhyaya = Dubey S.D., Sen B., Deole Y. S.
| Shadvirechanashatashritiya Adhyaya = Dubey S.D., Singh A., Deole Y. S.
| Matrashiteeya Adhyaya = Nair S.S.R., Deole Y. S.
| Tasyashiteeya Adhyaya = Nathani N.
| Naveganadharaniya Adhyaya = Deole Y. S.
| Indriyopakramaniya Adhyaya = Tripathi J.S., Deole Y. S.
| Khuddakachatushpada Adhyaya = Tomar G.S., Kumar N.
| Mahachatushpada Adhyaya = Chandola H.M., Kajaria D.
| Tistraishaniya Adhyaya = Tiwari P.
| Vatakalakaliya Adhyaya = Khandel S.K., Rai S.
| Snehadhyaya = Thakar A. B., Auti S.
| Swedadhyaya = Mangalasseri P.
| Upakalpaniya Adhyaya = Shrivastav V.K., Srivastava A., Deole Y. S.
| Chikitsaprabhritiya Adhyaya = Murthy A.R.V., Magare R.
| Kiyanta Shiraseeya Adhyaya = Goyal M.,Singh G.
| Trishothiya Adhyaya = Prasad R., Deole Y. S.
| Ashtodariya Adhyaya = Kar A.C., Sharma R.
| Maharoga Adhyaya = Byadgi P.S., Saini N.
| Ashtauninditiya Adhyaya = Pandey A.
| Langhanabrimhaniya Adhyaya = Murthy K.N., Deole Y. S.
| Santarpaniya Adhyaya = Sabnis M., Deole Y. S.
| Vidhishonitiya Adhyaya = Bharadwaj P.K., Sharma A.K.
| Yajjah Purushiya Adhyaya = Dwivedi B.K., Deole Y. S.
| Atreyabhadrakapyiya Adhyaya = Dubey S.D., Singh A.N., Singh A., Deole Y. S.
| Annapanavidhi Adhyaya = Jaiswal M.L., Mandal S.K., Deole Y. S.
| Vividhashitapitiya Adhyaya = Rao M.
| Dashapranayataneeya Adhyaya = Manohar P.R.
| Arthedashmahamooliya Adhyaya = Patwardhan K., Upadhyaya W.
| Nidana Sthana = Deole Y. S.
| Jwara Nidana = Dwivedi R.B.,Dubey S.D., Gujarathi R.,Singh A.Khandel S.K., Rai S.
| Raktapitta Nidana = Joshi V.K., Ghildiyal S.
| Gulma Nidana = Sahu M., Fatmi U., Deole Y. S.
| Prameha Nidana = Chandola H.M., Kajaria D.
| Kushtha Nidana = Baghel M.S., Mandal S.K.
| Shosha Nidana = Singh R.H., Sodhi J.S
| Unmada Nidana = Tripathi J.S., Deole Y. S.
| Apasmara Nidana = Deole Y. S.
| Vimana Sthana = Deole Y. S.
| Rasa Vimana = Joshi V.K., Ghildiyal S.
| Trividhakukshiya Vimana = Tripathi J.S.
| Janapadodhvansaniya Vimana = Nishteswar K.
| Trividha Roga Vishesha Vijnaniya Vimana = Dwivedi R.B., Gujarathi R.
| Sroto Vimana = Singh R.H., Sodhi J.S
| Roganika Vimana = Chandola H.M., Kajaria D.
| Vyadhita Rupiya Vimana = Baghel M.S., Mandal S.K.
| Rogabhishagjitiya Vimana = Dubey S.D., Singh A.N., Singh A., Singh A., Samant A., Deole Y. S.
| Sharira Sthana = Kumar A.
| Katidhapurusha Sharira = Dwivedi R.B., Gujarathi R.
| Atulyagotriya Sharira = Dwivedi M., Rai A.
| Khuddika Garbhavakranti Sharira = Patwardhan K., Upadhyaya W.
| Mahatigarbhavakranti Sharira = Gehlot S., Singh B.M., Gujarathi J.
| Purusha Vichaya Sharira = Awasthi H.H., Singh R., Deole Y. S.
| Sharira Vichaya Sharira = Bhalerao S., Kulkarni S.
| Sharira Sankhya Sharira = Tiwari S.P., Deole Y. S.
| Jatisutriya Sharira = Rajagopala S., Gujarathi J., Deole Y. S.
| Indriya Sthana = Khandel S.K.
| Varnasvariyam Indriyam Adhyaya = Gopakumar
| Pushpitakam Indriyam Adhyaya = Khandel S.K., Rai S.
| Parimarshaneeyam Indriyam Adhyaya = Baghel M.S., Nadkarni M.
| Indriyaneekam Indriyam Adhyaya = Khandel S.K., Rai S.
| Purvarupeeyam Indriyam Adhyaya = Godatwar P., Sharma R.
| Katamanisharireeyam Indriyam Adhyaya = Gopakumar
| Pannarupiyam Indriyam Adhyaya = Byadgi P.S, Singh A.
| Avakshiraseeyam Indriyam Adhyaya = Baghel M.S., Tengase V.
| Yasyashyavanimittiyam Indriyam Adhyaya = Godatwar P.,Sharma R.
| Sadyomaraneeyam Indriyam Adhyaya = Byadgi P.S.,Jitendra Kumar
| Anujyotiyam Indriyam Adhyaya = Pandya D.
| Gomayachurniyam Indriyam Adhyaya = Pandya D.
| Chikitsa Sthana = Singh G.
| Rasayana Adhyaya = Singh R.H.,Sodhi J.S., Dixit U.
| Vajikarana Adhyaya = Godatwar P.
| Jwara Chikitsa = Khandel S.K.,Rai S.
| Raktapitta Chikitsa = Joshi V.K.,Ghildiyal S.
| Gulma Chikitsa = Singh G.
| Prameha Chikitsa = Chandola H.M.,Kajaria D.
| Kushtha Chikitsa = Ojha S.N.,Samant A.
| Rajayakshma Chikitsa = Sewatkar B.K.,Vaish G., Choudhary P.
| Unmada Chikitsa = Tripathi J.S.,Deole Y. S.
| Apasmara Chikitsa = Deole Y. S.
| Kshatakshina Chikitsa = Tiwari S.K.,Deole Y. S.
| Shvayathu Chikitsa = Goyal M.
| Udara Chikitsa = Acharya G.S.
| Arsha Chikitsa = Dudhamal T.S.
| Grahani Chikitsa = Patwardhan K., Ojha S.N.,Upadhyaya W., Samant A.
| Pandu Chikitsa = Kar A.C.,Rai S., Aladoriya N., Deole Y. S.
| Hikka Shwasa Chikitsa = Rao M.
| Kasa Chikitsa = Nesari T.,Mallya S.,Deole Y. S.
| Atisara Chikitsa = Byadgi P.S.,Dube N.
| Chhardi Chikitsa = Murthy A.R.V.,Jani D.
| Visarpa Chikitsa = Kendre M.
| Trishna Chikitsa = Sharma R.
| Visha Chikitsa = Gopikrishna,Bhatt S.,Binorkar S.
| Madatyaya Chikitsa = Wanjarkhedkar P.
| Dwivraniya Chikitsa = Singh L.,Sharma A.,Dudhamal T.S.
| Trimarmiya Chikitsa = Ojha S.N., Samant A.
| Urustambha Chikitsa = Rajkumar, Deole Y. S.
| Vatavyadhi Chikitsa = Mangalasseri P.
| Vatarakta Chikitsa = Sati R.,Deole Y. S.
| Yonivyapat Chikitsa = Suman S. Wanjarkhedkar P., Sabnis M., Gujarathi J.,Deole Y. S.
| Kalpa Sthana = Nishteswar K.
| Madanakalpa Adhyaya = Joshi V.K.,Ghildiyal S.,Chavan S.
| Jimutaka Kalpa Adhyaya = Nishteswar K.
| Ikshvaku Kalpa Adhyaya = Nishteswar K.
| Dhamargava Kalpa Adhyaya = Dwivedi K.N.,Sharma P.
| Vatsaka Kalpa Adhyaya = Dwivedi K.N.,Sharma P.
| Kritavedhana Kalpa Adhyaya = Dwivedi K.N.,Sharma P.
| Shyamatrivrita Kalpa Adhyaya = Sitaram B.,Sawant B.
| Chaturangula Kalpa Adhyaya = Rao R.
| Tilvaka Kalpa Adhyaya = Rao R.
| Sudha Kalpa Adhyaya = Rao R.
| Saptalashankhini Kalpa Adhyaya = Singh A.K.,Singh A.
| Dantidravanti Kalpa Adhyaya = Bairi S.,Ravikrishna S.
| Siddhi Sthana = Thakar A.B. & Mangalasseri P.
| Kalpana Siddhi = Thakar A. B.,Auti S.
| Panchakarmiya Siddhi = Paliwal M.
| Bastisutriyam Siddhi = Patil V.
| Snehavyapat Siddhi = Thakar A. B.,Auti S.
| Netrabastivyapat Siddhi = Jayadevan C.V.
| Vamana Virechana Vyapat Siddhi = Ramya A.
| Bastivyapat Siddhi = Prasad B.S.,Sajjan S., Giridhar V.
| Prasrita Yogiyam Siddhi = Gupta S.N.
| Trimarmiya Siddhi = Shenoy R.
| Basti Siddhi = Bhatted S.,Bhojani M.
| Phalamatra Siddhi = Upadhyaya P.S.,Singh S.Y.
| Uttar Basti Siddhi = Singh R., Dixit U., Meena D.K.
| Atma = Anagha S., Deole Y.S.
| Agni mahabhuta = Aneesh E.G., Deole Y.S.
| Ahara vidhi = Deole Y.S.
| Akasha mahabhuta = Aneesh E.G., Deole Y.S.
| Asthi dhatu = Anagha S., Deole Y.S.
| Ayurveda = Deole Y.S.
| Dhatu = Anagha S., Deole Y.S.
| Guna = Deole Y.S.,Aneesh E.G.
| Jala mahabhuta = Aneesh E.G., Deole Y.S.
| Kha vaigunya = Khandel S.K.
| Majja dhatu = Anagha S., Deole Y.S.
| Mamsa dhatu = Anagha S., Deole Y.S., Shilwant A.A.
| Meda dhatu = Deole Y.S.,Anagha S.
| Menstrual disorders = Anagha S., Deole Y.S.
| Ojas = Deole Y.S., Shilwant A.A.
| Panchakarma = Aneesh E.G., Deole Y.S.
| Pancha mahabhuta = Aneesh E.G., Deole Y.S.
| Prakriti = Deole Y.S.
| Prenatal care (garbhini paricharya) = Anagha S., Deole Y.S.
| Prithvi mahabhuta = Aneesh E.G., Deole Y.S.
| Purusha = Aneesh E.G., Deole Y.S.
| Rakta dhatu = Deole Y.S.,Anagha S.
| Rasa dhatu = Deole Y.S.,Anagha S.
| Satmya = Anagha S., Deole Y.S.
| Shatkriyakala = Khandel S.K., Baghel M. S.
| Shukra dhatu = Anagha S., Deole Y.S.
| Smruti (memory) = Deole Y.S.
| Tantrayukti = Dixit U., Deole Y.S.
| Vayu mahabhuta = Aneesh E.G., Deole Y.S.
| Dosha = Deole Y.S., Shilwant A.A.
| Dinacharya = Anagha S., Deole Y.S.
| Infectious diseases = Khandel S.K., Baghel M. S.
| Prajnaparadha = Deole Y.S., Anagha S
| Langhana = Aneesh E.G.,Choudhary Sujata , Deole Yogesh S.
| Indriya = Deole Y.S., Anagha S., Shilwant A.A.
| Brimhana = Aneesh E.G., Choudhary Sujata, Deole Yogesh S.
| Deepana = Aneesh E.G., Deole Yogesh S.
| Rukshana = Aneesh E.G., Deole Yogesh S.
| Pachana = Aneesh E.G., Deole Yogesh S.
| Stambhana = Aneesh E.G., Deole Yogesh S.
| Rasayana = Deole Y.S.,Aneesh E.G.
| Vajikarana = Aneesh E.G., Deole Y.S.
| Aushadha Sevana Kala = Aneesh E.G., Deole Y.S.
| Acid peptic diseases = Prof. Dr. H.M. Chandola
| Manas = Deole Y.S
| Preface- Charak Samhita New Edition = Dr. Gopal K. Basisht
| Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome = Dr. Sabnis Mukund
| Dravya = Bhojani M.K., Durga Rani, Tanwar Ankur kumar
| Vipaka = Bhojani M.K., Joshi Sumedh
| Kala = Bhojani M.K., Sharma Raksha, Rahul Anand
| Sweda = Bhojani M.K., Durga Rani, Jogalekar A.A.
| Snehana (unction therapy) = Aneesh E.G., Deole Y.S.
| Swedana = Aneesh E.G., Deole Y.S.
| Vamana = Aneesh E.G., Deole Y.S.
| Virechana = Aneesh E.G., Deole Y.S.
| Basti = Aneesh E.G., Deole Y.S.
| Nasya = Aneesh E.G., Deole Y.S.
| Raktamokshana = Aneesh E.G., Deole Y.S.
| Mala = Anagha S., Deole Y.S.
| Purisha = Anagha S., Deole Y.S.
| Mutra = Anagha S., Deole Y.S.
| Garbha = Anagha S., Deole Y.S.
| Contraceptives = Girija S., Anagha S.
| Artava = Anagha S., Deole Y.S.
| Ayu = Bhojani M.K., Yadav Vandana
| Sattva = Bhojani M.K., Sharma Raksha, Joglekar A.A.
| Deha prakriti = Bhojani M.K., Tanwar Ankur Kumar
| Manas prakriti = Bhojani M. K., Tanwar Ankur Kumar
| Pramana = Bhojani M.K., Joglekar A.A.
| Pratyaksha pramana = Bhojani M. K., Joglekar A. A.
| Anumana pramana = Bhojani M. K., Joglekar A. A.
| Aaptopadesha pramana = Bhojani M.K., Joglekar A.A.
| Yukti pramana = Bhojani M. K., Joglekar A. A.
| Upamana pramana = Bhojani M. K., Joglekar A. A.
| Kaarya Kaarana Siddhanta = Bhojani M.K., Kabadwal Dipti, Tanwar Ankur kumar
| Padartha = Bhojani M. K., Joglekar A. A.
| Karma = Bhojani M.K., Rahul Anand
| Disha = Bhojani M. K., Arun Lal
| Samanya Vishesha Theory = Bhojani M.K., Yadav Vandana
| Samavaya = Bhojani M.K., Deepankar Rahul, Tanwar Ankur kumar
| Abhava = Bhojani M.K., Jain Rahul, Tanwar Ankur kumar
| Agni = Deole Y.S.
| Buddhi = Deole Y.S., Anagha S.
| Koshtha = Karthik K.P.
| Nidra = Resmi B.G., Anagha S., Deole Y.S.
| Hetu = Deole Y.S., Anagha S.
| Linga = Bhojani M.K., Siddharth Kumar, Tanwar Ankur Kumar
| Vyadhi = Deole Y.S.,Anagha S.
| Amavata = Aneesh E.G., Deole Y.S.
| Jwara = Deole Y.S., Aneesh E.G.
| Sutika Paricharya = Anagha S., Deole Y.S.
| Menopausal Syndrome = Anagha S., Deole Y.S.
| Congenital disorders = Anagha S., Deole Y.S.
| Neonatal care = Karthik K.P., Anagha S.
| Immunization = Karthik K.P., Deole Y.S.
| Cancer = Prof. Dilip Gadgil
| Cardiac diseases = Dr. Sane Rohit
| Neurological diseases = Prof. (Dr.) S.H. Acharya
| Skin diseases in Integrative Medicine = Dr. S.R. Narahari
| Psychiatric diseases = Dr. Narayan Prakash
| Emergency medicine in Ayurveda = Dixit U.
| Rheumatic diseases = Ram Manohar P.
| Kidney diseases = Prof. Gupta S. N.
| Panchakarma in modern lifestyle = Thakar A. B.
| Interactive session on Contemporary Ayurveda = Prof.Singh R.H.
| Adhyayana = Bhojani M. K., Sheetal Rani
| Dhatvagni = Bhojani M.K., Sharma Raksha, Joglekar A.A.
| Sharira = Bhojani M.K., Yadav Vandana
| Brahmacharya = Bhojani M.K., Jain Rahul
| Bhutagni = Bhojani M.K., Durga Rani
| Avyakta = Joshi M. R., Janbandhu P. P.
| Vata dosha = Bhojani M. K., Tanwar Ankur Kumar
| Marma = Kasar N.V.
| Madhutailika Basti = Kabra Diksha, Bhatted Santoshkumar
| Rasa = T.Saketh Ram, Deole Y.S.
| Vaitarana Basti = Patil Rajkala P., Gupta Rishanki
| Tamas = Bhojani M. K., Kabadwal Dipti
| Tanmatra = Nawkar Madhumati S.
| Upavasa = Bhojani M. K., Acharya Rashmi Rekha, Deepankar Rahul
| Aushadha = Bhojani M.K., Rahul Anand
| Ritucharya = P.Sudhakar Reddy, Beena MD, Nimmi A.N.
| Pitta dosha = Bhojani M. K., Tanwar Ankur Kumar
| Kapha dosha = Bhojani M. K., Tanwar Ankur Kumar
| Piccha basti = Auti Swapnil
| Vikriti = Rai Shalini, Manjusha P.
| Vyayama = Anupama Krishnan, Blessymol EV
| Veerya = Bhojani M. K., Joglekar Aishwarya, Joshi Sumedh
| Samadhi = Bhojani M. K., Singh Priti, Jain Rahul
| Swabhavoparam vada = Mali Vaishali P., Nawkar Madhumati S.
| Rajas = Bhojani M.K., Jain Rahul, Joglekar Aishwarya
| Prabhava = Kumar Pavan S.
| Shastra = Bhojani M. K., Joglekar Aishwarya
| Rogamarga = Bhojani M. K., Dwivedi Rambabu, Vyas Mahesh, Bhatted Santoshkumar
| Dhriti = Bhojani M. K., Verma Swati
| Dhairya = Bhojani M. K., Verma Swati
| Srotasa = Bhojani M. K., Kabadwal Dipti, Saini Deepika
| Janapadodhvansa = Bhojani M. K., Joglekar Aishwarya
| Kala Sharira = Kasar N.V., Mali S.
| Varna = Bhojani M.K., Yadav Vandana
| Viruddha Ahara = Dubey M., Deole Y.S.
| Dhumapana = Bhojani M. K., Jain Rahul, Singh Priti, Deole Y.S.
| Ashayapakarsha = Mali Pavan, Deole Y.S.
| Ama = Dubey M., Deole Y.S.
| Shirodhara = Adarsh P. M., Deole Y.S.
| Asthapana basti = Adarsh P. M., Deole Y.S.
| Yapana basti = Kulkarni Gajanan, Deole Y.S., Bhatt Hemisha
| Adharma = Bhojani M. K., Joglekar Aishwarya
| Samhanana = Bhojani M. K., Rahul Anand
| Aupasargika vyadhi = Sapra Umesh, Deole Y.S.
| Pranavaha srotas = Bhojani M. K., Sharma Raksha, Deole Y.S.
| Annavaha srotas = Bhojani M. K., Arun Lal, Deole Y.S.
| Stanya = Bhojani M. K., Joglekar Aishwarya
| Nitya sevaniya - asevaniya dravya = Deshmukh Saylee
| Matra basti = Bhatted Santoshkumar, Shende Harshali
| Pakshaghata = Adarsh P. M., Deole Y.S.
| Udakavaha srotas = Bhojani M. K., Tanwar Ankur Kumar
| Manovaha srotas = Bhojani M. K., Varma Swati, Deole Y.S.
| Pramanatah Pariksha = Bhojani M. K., Joglekar Aishwarya
| Udavarta = Dubey M., Deole Y.S.
| Adhyapana vidhi = Bhojani M. K., Joglekar Aishwarya, Deole Y.S.
| Nama Rupa Vijnana = Bhojani M. K., Joshi Sumedh, Joglekar Aishwarya
| Atulya gotra = Bhojani M. K., Joglekar Aishwarya
| Hridaya = Bhojani M. K., Garg Nisha
| Shira = Bhojani M. K., Garg Nisha
| Nyaya = Joshi M. R., Tamkute Pooja
| Amalaki = [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Team_Dravyaguna Team Dravyaguna]
| Bibhitaki = [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Team_Dravyaguna Team Dravyaguna]
| Haritaki = [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Team_Dravyaguna Team Dravyaguna]
| Shunthi = [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Team_Dravyaguna Team Dravyaguna]
| Maricha = [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Team_Dravyaguna Team Dravyaguna]
| Pippali = [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Team_Dravyaguna Team Dravyaguna]
| Chitraka = [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Team_Dravyaguna Team Dravyaguna]
| Vidanga = [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Team_Dravyaguna Team Dravyaguna]
| Musta = [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Team_Dravyaguna Team Dravyaguna]
| Guduchi = [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Team_Dravyaguna Team Dravyaguna]
| Brahmi = [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Team_Dravyaguna Team Dravyaguna]
| Shankhapushpi = [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Team_Dravyaguna Team Dravyaguna]
| Ashwagandha = [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Team_Dravyaguna Team Dravyaguna]
| Shatavari = [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Team_Dravyaguna Team Dravyaguna]
| Haridra = [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Team_Dravyaguna Team Dravyaguna]
| Arjuna = [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Team_Dravyaguna Team Dravyaguna]
| Guggulu = [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Team_Dravyaguna Team Dravyaguna]
| Yashtimadhu = [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Team_Dravyaguna Team Dravyaguna]
| Lodhra = [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Team_Dravyaguna Team Dravyaguna]
| Agnimantha = [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Team_Dravyaguna Team Dravyaguna]
| Bilva = [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Team_Dravyaguna Team Dravyaguna]
| Nimba = [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Team_Dravyaguna Team Dravyaguna]
| Lashuna = [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Team_Dravyaguna Team Dravyaguna]
| Punarnava = [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Team_Dravyaguna Team Dravyaguna]
| Gokshura = [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Team_Dravyaguna Team Dravyaguna]
| Surasa = [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Team_Dravyaguna Team Dravyaguna]
| Lavanga = [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Team_Dravyaguna Team Dravyaguna]
| Manjishtha = [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Team_Dravyaguna Team Dravyaguna]
| Karanja = [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Team_Dravyaguna Team Dravyaguna]
| Bhumyamalaki = [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Team_Dravyaguna Team Dravyaguna]
| Usheera = [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Team_Dravyaguna Team Dravyaguna]
| Talisa = [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Team_Dravyaguna Team Dravyaguna]
| Aguru = [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Team_Dravyaguna Team Dravyaguna]
| [[Contributors]]
}}

Template:DoiLink

2026-09-23T05:27:55Z

Agnivesha:

{{#switch: {{FULLPAGENAME}}
| Main Page = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01
| Charak Samhita New Edition = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.001
| Sutra Sthana = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.002
| Deerghanjiviteeya Adhyaya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.003
| Apamarga Tanduliya Adhyaya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.004
| Aragvadhiya Adhyaya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.005
| Shadvirechanashatashritiya Adhyaya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.006
| Matrashiteeya Adhyaya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.007
| Tasyashiteeya Adhyaya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.008
| Naveganadharaniya Adhyaya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.009
| Indriyopakramaniya Adhyaya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.010
| Khuddakachatushpada Adhyaya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.011
| Mahachatushpada Adhyaya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.012
| Tistraishaniya Adhyaya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.013
| Vatakalakaliya Adhyaya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.014
| Snehadhyaya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.015
| Swedadhyaya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.016
| Upakalpaniya Adhyaya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.017
| Chikitsaprabhritiya Adhyaya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.018
| Kiyanta Shiraseeya Adhyaya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.019
| Trishothiya Adhyaya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.020
| Ashtodariya Adhyaya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.021
| Maharoga Adhyaya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.022
| Ashtauninditiya Adhyaya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.023
| Langhanabrimhaniya Adhyaya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.024
| Santarpaniya Adhyaya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.025
| Vidhishonitiya Adhyaya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.026
| Yajjah Purushiya Adhyaya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.027
| Atreyabhadrakapyiya Adhyaya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.028
| Annapanavidhi Adhyaya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.029
| Vividhashitapitiya Adhyaya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.030
| Dashapranayataneeya Adhyaya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.031
| Arthedashmahamooliya Adhyaya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.032
| Nidana Sthana = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s02.001
| Jwara Nidana = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s02.002
| Raktapitta Nidana = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s02.003
| Gulma Nidana = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s02.004
| Prameha Nidana = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s02.005
| Kushtha Nidana = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s02.006
| Shosha Nidana = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s02.007
| Unmada Nidana = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s02.008
| Apasmara Nidana = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s02.009
| Vimana Sthana = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s03.001
| Rasa Vimana = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s03.002
| Trividhakukshiya Vimana = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s03.003
| Janapadodhvansaniya Vimana = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s03.004
| Trividha Roga Vishesha Vijnaniya Vimana = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s03.005
| Sroto Vimana = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s03.006
| Roganika Vimana = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s03.007
| Vyadhita Rupiya Vimana = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s03.008
| Rogabhishagjitiya Vimana = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s03.009
| Sharira Sthana = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s04.001
| Katidhapurusha Sharira = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s04.002
| Atulyagotriya Sharira = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s04.003
| Khuddika Garbhavakranti Sharira = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s04.004
| Mahatigarbhavakranti Sharira = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s04.005
| Purusha Vichaya Sharira = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s04.006
| Sharira Vichaya Sharira = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s04.007
| Sharira Sankhya Sharira = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s04.008
| Jatisutriya Sharira = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s04.009
| Indriya Sthana = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s05.001
| Varnasvariyam Indriyam Adhyaya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s05.002
| Pushpitakam Indriyam Adhyaya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s05.003
| Parimarshaneeyam Indriyam Adhyaya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s05.004
| Indriyaneekam Indriyam Adhyaya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s05.005
| Purvarupeeyam Indriyam Adhyaya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s05.006
| Katamanisharireeyam Indriyam Adhyaya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s05.007
| Pannarupiyam Indriyam Adhyaya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s05.008
| Avakshiraseeyam Indriyam Adhyaya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s05.009
| Yasyashyavanimittiyam Indriyam Adhyaya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s05.010
| Sadyomaraneeyam Indriyam Adhyaya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s05.011
| Anujyotiyam Indriyam Adhyaya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s05.012
| Gomayachurniyam Indriyam Adhyaya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s05.013
| Chikitsa Sthana = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s06.001
| Rasayana Adhyaya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s06.002
| Vajikarana Adhyaya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s06.003
| Jwara Chikitsa = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s06.004
| Raktapitta Chikitsa = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s06.005
| Gulma Chikitsa = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s06.006
| Prameha Chikitsa = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s06.007
| Kushtha Chikitsa = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s06.008
| Rajayakshma Chikitsa = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s06.009
| Unmada Chikitsa = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s06.010
| Apasmara Chikitsa = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s06.011
| Kshatakshina Chikitsa = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s06.012
| Shvayathu Chikitsa = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s06.013
| Udara Chikitsa = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s06.014
| Arsha Chikitsa = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s06.015
| Grahani Chikitsa = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s06.016
| Pandu Chikitsa = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s06.017
| Hikka Shwasa Chikitsa = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s06.018
| Kasa Chikitsa = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s06.019
| Atisara Chikitsa = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s06.020
| Chhardi Chikitsa = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s06.021
| Visarpa Chikitsa = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s06.022
| Trishna Chikitsa = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s06.023
| Visha Chikitsa = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s06.024
| Madatyaya Chikitsa = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s06.025
| Dwivraniya Chikitsa = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s06.026
| Trimarmiya Chikitsa = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s06.027
| Urustambha Chikitsa = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s06.028
| Vatavyadhi Chikitsa = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s06.029
| Vatarakta Chikitsa = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s06.030
| Yonivyapat Chikitsa = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s06.031
| Kalpa Sthana = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s07.001
| Madanakalpa Adhyaya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s07.002
| Jimutaka Kalpa Adhyaya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s07.003
| Ikshvaku Kalpa Adhyaya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s07.004
| Dhamargava Kalpa Adhyaya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s07.005
| Vatsaka Kalpa Adhyaya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s07.006
| Kritavedhana Kalpa Adhyaya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s07.007
| Shyamatrivrita Kalpa Adhyaya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s07.008
| Chaturangula Kalpa Adhyaya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s07.009
| Tilvaka Kalpa Adhyaya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s07.010
| Sudha Kalpa Adhyaya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s07.011
| Saptalashankhini Kalpa Adhyaya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s07.012
| Dantidravanti Kalpa Adhyaya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s07.013
| Siddhi Sthana = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s08.001
| Kalpana Siddhi = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s08.002
| Panchakarmiya Siddhi = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s08.003
| Bastisutriyam Siddhi = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s08.004
| Snehavyapat Siddhi = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s08.005
| Netrabastivyapat Siddhi = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s08.006
| Vamana Virechana Vyapat Siddhi = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s08.007
| Bastivyapat Siddhi = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s08.008
| Prasrita Yogiyam Siddhi = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s08.009
| Trimarmiya Siddhi = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s08.010
| Basti Siddhi = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s08.011
| Phalamatra Siddhi = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s08.012
| Uttar Basti Siddhi = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s08.013
| Atma = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.004
| Agni mahabhuta = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.009
| Ahara vidhi = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.021
| Akasha mahabhuta = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.007
| Asthi dhatu = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.017
| Ayurveda = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.029
| Dhatu = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.012
| Guna = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.023
| Jala mahabhuta = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.010
| Kha vaigunya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.027
| Majja dhatu = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.018
| Mamsa dhatu = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.015
| Meda dhatu = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.016
| Menstrual disorders = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.025
| Ojas = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.020
| Panchakarma = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.024
| Pancha mahabhuta = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.006
| Prakriti = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.002
| Prenatal care (garbhini paricharya) = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.026
| Prithvi mahabhuta = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.011
| Purusha = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.005
| Rakta dhatu = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.014
| Rasa dhatu = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.013
| Satmya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.003
| Shatkriyakala = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.028
| Shukra dhatu = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.019
| Smruti (memory) = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.001
| Tantrayukti = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.022
| Vayu mahabhuta = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.008
| Snehana (unction therapy) = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.030
| Dinacharya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.044
| Infectious diseases = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.045
| Prajnaparadha = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.046
| Langhana = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.047
| Indriya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.048
| Brimhana = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.049
| Deepana = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.050
| Rukshana = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.051
| Pachana = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.052
| Stambhana = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.053
| Rasayana = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.054
| Vajikarana = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.055
| Aushadha Sevana Kala = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.056
| Acid peptic diseases = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.057
| Manas = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.058
| Preface- Charak Samhita New Edition = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.059
| Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.060
| Nidra = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.061
| Cardiac diseases = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.062
| Sutika Paricharya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.063
| Buddhi = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.064
| Hetu = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.065
| Interactive session on Contemporary Ayurveda = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.066
| Menopausal Syndrome = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.067
| Congenital disorders = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.068
| Neurological diseases = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.069
| Vyadhi = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.070
| Neonatal care = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.071
| Amavata = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.072
| Agni = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.073
| Skin diseases in Integrative Medicine = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.074
| Pramana = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.075
| Emergency medicine in Ayurveda = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.076
| Deha prakriti = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.077
| Immunization = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.078
| Kidney diseases = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.079
| Manas prakriti = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.080
| Pratyaksha pramana = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.081
| Psychiatric diseases = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.082
| Cancer = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.083
| Rheumatic diseases = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.084
| Panchakarma in modern lifestyle = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.085
| Kaarya Kaarana Siddhanta = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.086
| Aaptopadesha pramana = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.087
| Jwara = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.088
| Samanya Vishesha Theory = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.089
| Karma = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.090
| Anumana pramana = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.091
| Yukti pramana = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.092
| Disha = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.093
| Upamana pramana = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.094
| Linga = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.095
| Adhyayana = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.096
| Koshtha = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.097
| Samavaya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.098
| Padartha = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.099
| Snehana (unction therapy) = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.030
| Swedana = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.031
| Vamana = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.032
| Virechana = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.033
| Basti = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.034
| Nasya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.035
| Raktamokshana = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.036
| Mala = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.037
| Purisha = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.038
| Mutra = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.039
| Garbha = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.040
| Contraceptives = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.041
| Artava = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.042
| Dosha = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.043
| Abhava = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.100
| Dravya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.101
| Vipaka = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.102
| Kala = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.103
| Sweda = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.104
| Ayu = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.105
| Sattva = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.106
| Dhatvagni = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.107
| Sharira = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.108
| Brahmacharya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.109
| Bhutagni = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.110
| Avyakta = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.111
| Vata dosha = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.112
| Marma = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.113
| Madhutailika Basti = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.114
| Rasa = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.115
| Vaitarana Basti = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.116
| Tamas = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.117
| Tanmatra = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.118
| Upavasa = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.119
| Aushadha = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.120
| Ritucharya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.121
| Pitta dosha = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.122
| Kapha dosha = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.123
| Piccha basti = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.124
| Vikriti = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.125
| Vyayama = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.126
| Veerya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.127
| Samadhi = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.128
| Swabhavoparam vada = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.129
| Rajas = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.130
| Prabhava = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.131
| Shastra = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.132
| Rogamarga = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.133
| Dhriti = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.134
| Dhairya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.135
| Srotasa = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.136
| Janapadodhvansa = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.137
| Kala Sharira = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.138
| Varna = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.139
| Viruddha Ahara = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.140
| Dhumapana = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.141
| Ashayapakarsha = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.142
| Ama = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.143
| Shirodhara = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.144
| Asthapana basti = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.145
| Yapana basti = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.146
| Adharma = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.147
| Samhanana = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.148
| Aupasargika vyadhi = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.149
| Pranavaha srotas = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.150
| Annavaha srotas = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.151
| Stanya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.152
| Nitya sevaniya - asevaniya dravya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.153
| Matra basti = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.154
| Pakshaghata = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.155
| Udakavaha srotas = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.156
| Manovaha srotas = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.157
| Pramanatah Pariksha = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.158
| Udavarta = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.159
| Adhyapana vidhi = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.160
| Nama Rupa Vijnana = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2024.e01.s09.161
| Atulya gotra = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2024.e01.s09.162
| Hridaya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2024.e01.s09.163
| Shira = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2024.e01.s09.164
| Nyaya = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2024.e01.s09.165
| Amalaki = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2026.e01.s10.01
| Bibhitaki = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2026.e01.s10.02
| Haritaki = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2026.e01.s10.03
| Shunthi = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2026.e01.s10.04
| Maricha = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2026.e01.s10.05
| Pippali = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2026.e01.s10.06
| Chitraka = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2026.e01.s10.07
| Vidanga = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2026.e01.s10.08
| Musta = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2026.e01.s10.09
| Guduchi = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2026.e01.s10.10
| Brahmi = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2026.e01.s10.11
| Shankhapushpi = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2026.e01.s10.12
| Ashwagandha = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2026.e01.s10.13
| Shatavari = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2026.e01.s10.14
| Haridra = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2026.e01.s10.15
| Arjuna = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2026.e01.s10.16
| Guggulu = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2026.e01.s10.17
| Yashtimadhu = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2026.e01.s10.18
| Lodhra = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2026.e01.s10.19
| Agnimantha = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2026.e01.s10.20
| Bilva = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2026.e01.s10.21
| Nimba = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2026.e01.s10.22
| Lashuna = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2026.e01.s10.23
| Punarnava = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2026.e01.s10.24
| Gokshura = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2026.e01.s10.25
| Surasa = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2026.e01.s10.26
| Lavanga = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2026.e01.s10.27
| Manjishtha = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2026.e01.s10.28
| Karanja = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2026.e01.s10.29
| Bhumyamalaki = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2026.e01.s10.30
| Usheera = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2026.e01.s10.31
| Talisa = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2026.e01.s10.32
| Aguru = https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2026.e01.s10.33
| --
}}

Template:DoiWithLink

2026-09-23T05:24:37Z

Agnivesha:

{{#switch: {{FULLPAGENAME}}
| Main Page = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01]
| Charak Samhita New Edition = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.001 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.001]
| Sutra Sthana = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.002 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.002]
| Deerghanjiviteeya Adhyaya = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.003 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.003]
| Apamarga Tanduliya Adhyaya = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.004 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.004]
| Aragvadhiya Adhyaya = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.005 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.005]
| Shadvirechanashatashritiya Adhyaya = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.006 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.006]
| Matrashiteeya Adhyaya = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.007 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.007]
| Tasyashiteeya Adhyaya = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.008 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.008]
| Naveganadharaniya Adhyaya = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.009 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.009]
| Indriyopakramaniya Adhyaya = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.010 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.010]
| Khuddakachatushpada Adhyaya = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.011 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.011]
| Mahachatushpada Adhyaya = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.012 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.012]
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| Upakalpaniya Adhyaya = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.017 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.017]
| Chikitsaprabhritiya Adhyaya = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.018 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.018]
| Kiyanta Shiraseeya Adhyaya = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.019 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.019]
| Trishothiya Adhyaya = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.020 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.020]
| Ashtodariya Adhyaya = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.021 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.021]
| Maharoga Adhyaya = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.022 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.022]
| Ashtauninditiya Adhyaya = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.023 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.023]
| Langhanabrimhaniya Adhyaya = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.024 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.024]
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| Vidhishonitiya Adhyaya = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.026 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.026]
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| Annapanavidhi Adhyaya = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.029 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.029]
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| Arthedashmahamooliya Adhyaya = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.032 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.032]
| Nidana Sthana = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s02.001 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s02.001]
| Jwara Nidana = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s02.002 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s02.002]
| Raktapitta Nidana = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s02.003 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s02.003]
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| Unmada Nidana = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s02.008 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s02.008]
| Apasmara Nidana = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s02.009 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s02.009]
| Vimana Sthana = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s03.001 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s03.001]
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| Katidhapurusha Sharira = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s04.002 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s04.002]
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| Purvarupeeyam Indriyam Adhyaya = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s05.006 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s05.006]
| Katamanisharireeyam Indriyam Adhyaya = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s05.007 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s05.007]
| Pannarupiyam Indriyam Adhyaya = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s05.008 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s05.008]
| Avakshiraseeyam Indriyam Adhyaya = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s05.009 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s05.009]
| Yasyashyavanimittiyam Indriyam Adhyaya = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s05.010 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s05.010]
| Sadyomaraneeyam Indriyam Adhyaya = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s05.011 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s05.011]
| Anujyotiyam Indriyam Adhyaya = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s05.012 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s05.012]
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| Netrabastivyapat Siddhi = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s08.006 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s08.006]
| Vamana Virechana Vyapat Siddhi = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s08.007 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s08.007]
| Bastivyapat Siddhi = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s08.008 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s08.008]
| Prasrita Yogiyam Siddhi = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s08.009 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s08.009]
| Trimarmiya Siddhi = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s08.010 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s08.010]
| Basti Siddhi = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s08.011 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s08.011]
| Phalamatra Siddhi = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s08.012 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s08.012]
| Uttar Basti Siddhi = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s08.013 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s08.013]
| Atma = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.004 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.004]
| Agni mahabhuta = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.009 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.009]
| Ahara vidhi = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.021 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.021]
| Akasha mahabhuta = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.007 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.007]
| Asthi dhatu = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.017 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.017]
| Ayurveda = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.029 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.029]
| Dhatu = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.012 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.012]
| Guna = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.023 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.023]
| Jala mahabhuta = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.010 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.010]
| Kha vaigunya = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.027 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.027]
| Majja dhatu = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.018 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.018]
| Mamsa dhatu = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.015 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.015]
| Meda dhatu = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.016 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.016]
| Menstrual disorders = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.025 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.025]
| Ojas = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.020 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.020]
| Panchakarma = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.024 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.024]
| Pancha mahabhuta = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.006 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.006]
| Prakriti = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.002 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.002]
| Prenatal care (garbhini paricharya) = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.026 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.026]
| Prithvi mahabhuta = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.011 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.011]
| Purusha = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.005 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.005]
| Rakta dhatu = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.014 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.014]
| Rasa dhatu = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.013 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.013]
| Satmya = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.003 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.003]
| Shatkriyakala = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.028 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.028]
| Shukra dhatu = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.019 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.019]
| Smruti (memory) = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.001 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.001]
| Tantrayukti = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.022 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.022]
| Vayu mahabhuta = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.008 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.008]
| Snehana (unction therapy) = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.030 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.030]
| Dosha = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.043 10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.043]
| Dinacharya = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.044 10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.044]
| Infectious diseases = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.045 10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.045]
| Prajnaparadha = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.046 10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.046]
| Langhana = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.047 10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.047]
| Indriya = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.048 10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.048]
| Brimhana = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.049 10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.049]
| Deepana = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.050 10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.050]
| Rukshana = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.051 10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.051]
| Pachana = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.052 10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.052]
| Stambhana = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.053 10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.053]
| Rasayana = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.054 10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.054]
| Vajikarana = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.055 10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.055]
| Aushadha Sevana Kala = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.056 10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.056]
| Acid peptic diseases = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.057 10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.057]
| Manas = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.058 10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.058]
| Preface- Charak Samhita New Edition = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.059 10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.059]
| Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.060 10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.060]
| Nidra = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.061 10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.061]
| Cardiac diseases = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.062 10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.062]
| Sutika Paricharya = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.063 10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.063]
| Buddhi = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.064 10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.064]
| Hetu = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.065 10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.065]
| Interactive session on Contemporary Ayurveda = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.066 10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.066]
| Menopausal Syndrome = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.067 10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.067]
| Congenital disorders = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.068 10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.068]
| Neurological diseases = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.069 10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.069]
| Vyadhi = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.070 10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.070]
| Neonatal care = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.071 10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.071]
| Amavata = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.072 10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.072]
| Agni = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.073 10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.073]
| Skin diseases in Integrative Medicine = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.074 10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.074]
| Pramana = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.075 10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.075]
| Emergency medicine in Ayurveda = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.076 10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.076]
| Deha prakriti = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.077 10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.077]
| Immunization = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.078 10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.078]
| Kidney diseases = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.079 10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.079]
| Manas prakriti = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.080 10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.080]
| Pratyaksha pramana = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.081 10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.081]
| Psychiatric diseases = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.082 10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.082]
| Cancer = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.083 10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.083]
| Rheumatic diseases = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.084 10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.084]
| Panchakarma in modern lifestyle = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.085 10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.085]
| Kaarya Kaarana Siddhanta = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.086 10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.086]
| Aaptopadesha pramana = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.087 10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.087]
| Jwara = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.088 10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.088]
| Samanya Vishesha Theory = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.089 10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.089]
| Karma = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.090 10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.090]
| Anumana pramana = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.091 10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.091]
| Yukti pramana = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.092 10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.092]
| Disha = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.093 10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.093]
| Upamana pramana = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.094 10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.094]
| Linga = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.095 10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.095]
| Adhyayana = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.096 10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.096]
| Koshtha = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.097 10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.097]
| Samavaya = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.098 10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.098]
| Padartha = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.099 10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.099]
| Snehana (unction therapy) = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.030 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.030]
| Swedana = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.031 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.031]
| Vamana = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.032 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.032]
| Virechana = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.033 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.033]
| Basti = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.034 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.034]
| Nasya = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.035 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.035]
| Raktamokshana = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.036 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.036]
| Mala = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.037 10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.037]
| Purisha = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.038 10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.038]
| Mutra = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.039 10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.039]
| Garbha = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.040 10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.040]
| Contraceptives = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.041 10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.041]
| Artava = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.042 10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.042]
| Abhava = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.100 10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.100]
| Dravya = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.101 10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.101]
| Vipaka = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.102 10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.102]
| Kala = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.103 10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.103]
| Sweda = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.104 10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.104]
| Ayu = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.105 10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.105]
| Sattva = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.106 10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.106]
| Dhatvagni = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.107 10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.107]
| Sharira = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.108 10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.108]
| Brahmacharya = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.109 10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.109]
| Bhutagni = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.110 10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.110]
| Avyakta = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.111 10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.111]
| Vata dosha = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.112 10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.112]
| Marma = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.113 10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.113]
| Madhutailika Basti = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.114 10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.114]
| Rasa = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.115 10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.115]
| Vaitarana Basti = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.116 10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.116]
| Tamas = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.117 10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.117]
| Tanmatra = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.118 10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.118]
| Upavasa = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.119 10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.119]
| Aushadha = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.120 10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.120]
| Ritucharya = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.121 10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.121]
| Pitta dosha = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.122 10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.122]
| Kapha dosha = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.123 10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.123]
| Piccha basti = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.124 10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.124]
| Vikriti = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.125 10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.125]
| Vyayama = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.126 10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.126]
| Veerya = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.127 10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.127]
| Samadhi = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.128 10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.128]
| Swabhavoparam vada = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.129 10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.129]
| Rajas = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.130 10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.130]
| Prabhava = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.131 10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.131]
| Shastra = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.132 10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.132]
| Rogamarga = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.133 10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.133]
| Dhriti = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.134 10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.134]
| Dhairya = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.135 10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.135]
| Srotasa = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.136 10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.136]
| Janapadodhvansa = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.137 10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.137]
| Kala Sharira = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.138 10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.138]
| Varna = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.139 10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.139]
| Viruddha Ahara = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.140 10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.140]
| Dhumapana = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.141 10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.141]
| Ashayapakarsha = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.142 10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.142]
| Ama = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.143 10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.143]
| Shirodhara = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.144 10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.144]
| Asthapana basti = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.145 10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.145]
| Yapana basti = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.146 10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.146]
| Adharma = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.147 10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.147]
| Samhanana = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.148 10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.148]
| Aupasargika vyadhi = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.149 10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.149]
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| Manjishtha = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2026.e01.s10.28 10.47468/CSNE.2026.e01.s10.28]
| Karanja = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2026.e01.s10.29 10.47468/CSNE.2026.e01.s10.29]
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| Aguru = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2026.e01.s10.33 10.47468/CSNE.2026.e01.s10.33]
| --
}}

Manjishtha

2026-09-23T05:19:46Z

Agnivesha:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= Manjishtha,Manjistha,Rubia cordifolia, Indian Madder, Therapeutic use, blood purifier herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=Manjistha (Rubia cordifolia, Indian Madder) is a perennial climbing plant belonging to the family Rubiaceae. It is renowned as one of the most potent blood-purifying (Raktashodhaka) and complexion-enhancing (Varnya) herbs, extensively cited across classical Ayurvedic scriptures.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubia_cordifolia Rubia cordifolia]'' (Manjishtha)

{{Infobox
|title = Manjishtha
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Manjishtha
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Rubia cordifolia
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Rubiaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = {{DoiWithLink}}
}}

''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubia_cordifolia Rubia cordifolia]'' (Manjishtha) is a perennial climbing herb distributed widely across the Indian subcontinent, East Asia, and parts of Africa. Historically categorized in Ayurvedic pharmacopeias as a primary ''Raktashodhaka'' (blood-purifying agent) and ''Varnya'' (complexion-enhancing herb).<ref name="API">Anonymous. ''The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India''. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3: 52.</ref> Modern pharmacological investigations validate its multi-target therapeutic activities. Its principal active constituents—anthraquinones, naphthoquinones, bicyclic hexapeptides, and triterpenoids—exhibit documented anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, dermatological, immunomodulatory, and neuroprotective properties.[[File:Manjishtha.jpg|thumb|'''Manjishtha(''Rubia cordifolia'')''']]

== Synonyms in Classical Texts ==
* '''Synonyms in Charaka Samhita:'''
** ''Samanga''
* '''Synonyms in Bhavaprakash Nighantu:'''<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, ''Bhavaprakash Nighantu''. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Haritakyadi varga, verse no. 189–190.</ref>
** ''Vikasa'' – Spreads over the ground.
** ''Jingi''
** ''Kalameshika'' – When completely dried, the root turns black in colour.
** ''Mandukaparni''
** ''Bhandiri'' / ''Bhandi'' – Spreads extensively on the land.
** ''Yojanavalli'' – A long climber that spreads over large distances on the ground.
** ''Rasayani'' – Possessing rejuvenating properties.
** ''Aruna'' / ''Kaala''
** ''Raktanga'' – Fresh root and stem are red in colour.
** ''Raktayastika'' – Stem is slender and red in colour.
** ''Bhanditaki''
** ''Gandiri''
** ''Manjusha''
** ''Vastraranjini'' – Imparts red colour to cloth, hence traditionally used as a dyeing agent.

== Varieties ==
According to ''Raja Nighantu'', four major varieties of Manjistha are described:<ref name="RajaNighantu">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, ''Raja Nighantu of Pandit Narhari''. Edition 2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, Pippalyadi varga, verse no. 195.</ref>
# '''Cola'''
# '''Yojani'''
# '''Crounchi'''
# '''Simhali'''

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics, the properties (''Rasa Panchaka'') of Manjistha are summarized below:<ref name="API" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
| 1 || '''Taste (''[[Rasa]]'')''' || Sweet (''Madhura''), Bitter (''Tikta''), Astringent (''Kashaya'')
|-
| 2 || '''Potency (''[[Veerya]]'')''' || Hot (''Ushna'')
|-
| 3 || '''Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'')''' || Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 4 || '''Qualities (''[[Guna]]'')''' || Heavy (''Guru'')
|-
| 5 || '''Actions (''[[Karma]]'')''' || ''Krumighna'' (anthelmintic / antimicrobial), ''Kaphapitta Shamaka'' (pacifies Kapha and Pitta), ''Svarya'' (improves voice), ''Vrushya'' (aphrodisiac), ''Sothaghna'' (anti-inflammatory / anti-edema), ''Kushthaghna'' (cures skin disorders), ''Pramehaghna'' (anti-diabetic), ''Stambhana'' (astringent / styptic), ''Artavajanana'' (emmenagogue / regulates menstruation), ''Rasayana'' (rejuvenative), ''Sonitasthapana'' (hemostatic / blood restorer)
|}

== References in Charaka Samhita ==
Manjistha is mentioned across numerous contexts and formulations in the ''Charaka Samhita'':

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charaka Samhita !! Activity / Indication / Formulation
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9/8 || Complexion-promoting group (''Varnya Mahakashaya'')
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9/16 || Anti-toxic / antidote group (''Vishaghna Mahakashaya'')
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9/39 || Antipyretic / fever-relieving group (''Jwarahara Mahakashaya'')
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Nidana Sthana]] 4/33 || Describing the colour and characteristics of urine (''Mutra'')
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/144 || Astringent drug group (''Kashaya-skandha'')
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/32 || Treatment of striae gravidarum / pregnancy stretch marks (''Kikkisa'')
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/258 || Ingredient of ''Chandanadhya Taila''
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/39 || Medicated oil for the treatment of ''Prameha'' (diabetes and urinary disorders)
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/65 || Ingredient of ''Mustadi Churna''
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/100 || Ingredient of decoction drug (''Kwatha Dravya'') for ''Kushtha'' (skin disorders)
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/120 || Ingredient of ''Vipadikahara Ghrita'' and ''Taila'' (for cracked heels / dermatoses)
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/83 || External application (''Lepa'')
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/36 || Ingredient of ''Kalyanaka Ghrita''
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/70 || External application in Vata-Kapha dominant insanity / psychosis (''Unmada'')
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/44 || Ingredient of ''Shvadamshtradi Ghrita''
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/68 || External application in Pitta-dominant swelling (''Shotha'')
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/159 || Ingredient of ''Kanakarishta''
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/147 || Ingredient of ''Madhukasava''
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/158 || Ingredient of ''Moolasava''
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/105 || Ingredient of ''Gauda Arishta''
|-
| 21 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/145 || Ingredient of ''Manahshiladi Ghrita''
|-
| 22 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/76 || External application (''Lepa'')
|-
| 23 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/50 || Ingredient of formulation used in the 6th stage of poisoning management
|-
| 24 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/79 || Ingredient of ''Mahagandhahastinama Agada''
|-
| 25 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/185 || Management of toxic effects localized in the colon region
|-
| 26 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/196 || Treatment of ''Mandali'' (viperine) snake bites
|-
| 27 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/114 || External application for wound care (''Vrana'')
|-
| 28 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/208 || Ingredient of ''Khadiradi Gutika''
|-
| 29 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/234 || Formulation drug used in the treatment of eye disorders (''Akshi Roga'')
|-
| 30 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/238 || Formulation drug used in the treatment of eye disorders (''Akshi Roga'')
|-
| 31 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/270 || Formulation drug used in the management of premature greying (''Palitya'') and alopecia (''Khalitya'')
|-
| 32 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/150 || Ingredient of ''Baladi Taila''
|-
| 33 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/162 || Ingredient of ''Amritadi Taila''
|-
| 34 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/94 || Ingredient of ''Madhuparnyadi Taila''
|-
| 35 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/107 || Ingredient of ''Amritadya Taila''
|-
| 36 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/113 || Ingredient of ''Mahapadma Taila''
|-
| 37 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/114 || Ingredient of ''Khuddaka Padmaka Taila''
|-
| 38 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/123 || Ingredient of ''Pinda Taila''
|-
| 39 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/134 || Medicated formulation drug in Vatarakta
|-
| 40 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/275 || Management of disorders caused by vitiated breast milk (''Stanya Dosha'')
|-
| 41 || Cha.Sa.[[Siddhi Sthana]] 3/48 || Ingredient of medicated enema formulation (''Basti Dravya'')
|-
| 42 || Cha.Sa.[[Siddhi Sthana]] 10/21 || Ingredient of Pitta-pacifying enema (''Pitta Dosha Nashaka Basti'')
|-
| 43 || Cha.Sa.[[Siddhi Sthana]] 10/43 || Basti formulation in bleeding disorders (''Raktapitta'') and diabetes/polyuria (''Prameha'')
|}

== Therapeutic Uses ==
Manjistha is indicated in classical Ayurvedic literature for the management of the following conditions:<ref name="API" />
* ''Yoni Roga'' (Gynecological and vaginal diseases)
* ''Akshi Roga'' (Eye diseases)
* ''Shleshmaja Shotha'' (Kapha-dominant swelling / edema)
* ''Karna Roga'' (Ear disorders)
* ''Manjistha Meha'' (Urinary condition with reddish urine)
* ''Raktatisara'' (Bloody diarrhea / dysentery)
* ''Kushtha'' (Obstinate skin disorders / psoriasis / eczema)
* ''Visarpa'' (Erysipelas / herpes)
* ''Prameha'' (Urinary disorders / diabetes mellitus)
* ''Sarpavisha'' (Snake venom poisoning)
* ''Bhagna'' (Fractures / bone healing)
* ''Arsha'' (Hemorrhoids / piles)
* ''Vyanga'' (Hyperpigmentation / facial melasma)

== Dosage & Administration ==

* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 2 – 4 g of the drug.<ref name="API" />

== Important Formulations ==
* ''Aravindasava''
* ''Ashvagandharishta''
* ''Ushirasava''
* ''Chandanasava''
* ''Brihat Manjisthadi Kwatha''
* ''Manjisthadi Taila''
* ''Khadiradi Gutika''

== Habitat & Availability ==
* '''Status:''' Available

== Current Research ==

== Scientific Monograph: Therapeutic Efficacy of ''Rubia cordifolia'' L. (Manjishtha) ==

=== Phytochemical Profile ===
The primary therapeutic actions of ''R. cordifolia'' stem from its diverse array of secondary metabolites extracted predominantly from the roots and rhizomes:
* '''Anthraquinones & Naphthoquinones:''' Purpurin, munjistin, alizarin, mollugin, rubiadin, and physcion.
* '''Bicyclic Hexapeptides:''' RA (Rubia Alkaloid) series (RA-I to RA-XXIV), which demonstrate cytotoxic and antitumor activity.
* '''Triterpenoids:''' Rubiprasin A–C, ursolic acid, and oleanolic acid.
* '''Flavonoids & Phenolics:''' Quercetin, rutin, and gallic acid derivatives contributing to free radical scavenging capacity.

=== Pharmacological Properties & Mechanisms of Action ===

==== A. Dermatological & Anti-Acne Efficacy ====
''R. cordifolia'' demonstrates targeted activity against common cutaneous pathologies, including ''Acne vulgaris'', psoriasis, and eczema.
* '''Antibacterial Action:''' Extract formulations rich in anthraquinones exhibit strong minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) against ''Cutibacterium acnes'' (formerly ''Propionibacterium acnes''), ''Staphylococcus epidermidis'', and ''Malassezia furfur'' <ref name="Nipanikar2017">Nipanikar, S. U., Nagore, D., Chitlange, S. S., & Buzruk, D. (2017). Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity of AHPL/AYTOP/0213 cream. ''AYU (An International Quarterly Journal of Research in Ayurveda)'', ''38''(1), 82. https://doi.org/10.4103/ayu.ayu_150_17</ref>.
* '''Antipsoriatic Mechanism:''' Topical quinones (alizarin, purpurin, mollugin) significantly downregulate pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine expression (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) in hyperactive keratinocytes. In vivo models show an increased granular layer thickness and reduced keratinocyte apoptosis <ref name="Lin2025">Lin, C. F. (2025). Harnessing Quinone Derivatives from Rubia cordifolia for Topical. ''Journal of Ethnopharmacology''.</ref>.

==== B. Anti-Inflammatory & Immunomodulatory Activity ====
* '''Cytokine Suppression:''' Alcoholic and ethyl acetate root extracts inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) pathways and reduce inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression.
* '''T-Cell Regulation:''' In autoimmune and chronic inflammatory models (e.g., lichen planus), ''Rubia'' diesters downregulate activation markers like CD69 on surface membranes and attenuate T-cell proliferation by reducing systemic IFN-γ, IL-2, and TNF-α.

==== C. Antioxidant & Neuroprotective Potential ====
* '''Radical Scavenging:''' High phenolic content allows ''R. cordifolia'' to neutralize DPPH and superoxide radicals, inhibiting lipid peroxidation in tissue membranes.
* '''Diabetic Neuropathy:''' Administration of ''R. cordifolia'' extracts suppresses cleaved caspase-3 and normalizes the Bax:Bcl-2 apoptosis ratio in sciatic nerve and brain tissue, restoring nerve conduction velocity and reducing oxidative damage <ref name="Bana2023">Bana, S., Kumar, N., Sartaj, A., Alhalmi, A., Qurtam, A. A., Nasr, F. A., Al-Zharani, M., Singh, N., Gaur, P., Mishra, R., Bhardwaj, S., Ali, H., & Goel, R. (2023). Rubia cordifolia L. Attenuates Diabetic Neuropathy by Inhibiting Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress in Rats. ''Pharmaceuticals'', ''16''(11), 1586. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16111586</ref>.

==== D. Hepatoprotective & Cardiovascular Effects ====
* '''Hepatoprotection:''' Protects hepatocytes against carbon tetrachloride (CCl<sub>4</sub>)-induced toxicity by stabilizing serum transaminases (ALT, AST) and maintaining endogenous glutathione (GSH) levels.
* '''Vascular Health:''' Anthraquinones exert anti-platelet activating factor (Anti-PAF) activity, preventing pathological thrombus formation and modulating vascular smooth muscle tone.

=== Summary of Scientific Studies ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Target Domain !! Experimental Model !! Key Findings / Outcome
|-
| '''Dermatology''' || In vitro / In vivo (Psoriasis Models) || Quinones (Alizarin, Purpurin) suppressed TNF-α-activated keratinocytes; reduced epidermal hyperplasia.<ref name="Lin2025" />
|-
| '''Microbiology''' || In vitro Anti-acne assays || Ethanolic extracts inhibited ''C. acnes'' and ''S. epidermidis'' growth comparably to standard clindamycin gel formulations.<ref name="Nipanikar2017" />
|-
| '''Neuroprotection''' || STZ-induced Diabetic Rats || Attenuated neuropathic pain; lowered Bax:Bcl-2 apoptosis ratio and cleaved caspase-3 in sciatic nerves.<ref name="Bana2023" />
|-
| '''Immunology''' || Inflammatory Skin Models (Lichen Planus) || Downregulated CD69 expression, reducing T-cell proliferation and serum IL-2/IFN-γ levels.
|-
| '''Antioxidant''' || Lipid Peroxidation Assays || Inhibited TBARS formation and scavenged free DPPH radicals in a dose-dependent manner.
|}

=== Dosage, Administration & Safety Profile ===

==== Recommended Standard Dosing (Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India) ====
* '''Root Powder (''Churna''):''' 1 to 3 grams daily, divided into equal doses with warm water or milk.
* '''Decoction (''Kwatha''):''' 30 to 50 mL daily.
* '''Topical Applications:''' 0.1% to 4% standardized extract formulated in gel or ointment bases for cutaneous lesions.

==== Safety & Toxicology ====
* '''Toxicity:''' Standard therapeutic doses demonstrate a high safety margin with negligible acute oral toxicity in rodent models.
* '''Chromaturia:''' Patients should be advised that anthraquinone metabolites may cause harmless dark red or reddish-brown discoloration of urine during active oral therapy.
* '''Precautions:''' Due to a lack of comprehensive safety data on uterine dynamics, high-dose administration during pregnancy should be avoided unless supervised by a physician.

=== Conclusion ===
The pharmacological validation of ''Rubia cordifolia'' aligns closely with its classical medicinal usage. Its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant capacities support its efficacy as a dermatological agent and systemic immunomodulator. Further clinical trials on standardized anthraquinone fractions will help establish specific dosing guidelines for modern dermatological and metabolic applications.

== External links ==
* [https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Rubia%20cordifolia%20IMPPAT%20Phytochemical%20Profile:%20Rubia%20cordifolia Phytochemical profile & research database]

== References ==
<references />

Karanja

2026-09-23T05:19:12Z

Agnivesha:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= Karanja,Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre,Indian beech, Pongam oil tree, Fabaceae (Papilionaceae),Naktamala, Chirabilvaka, skin and hair oil, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Karanja(Pongamia pinnata Pierre, English: Indian beech) is celebrated for its potent anthelmintic (Krumighna), wound-cleansing and healing (Vrana Shodhana), and dermatological (Kushthaghna) properties.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pongamia Karanja (Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre)]

{{Infobox
|title = Karanja
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Manjishtha
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre (Synonyms: Millettia pinnata (L.) Panigrahi, Pongamia glabra Vent.
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Fabaceae (Papilionaceae)
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = {{DoiWithLink}}
}}
[[File:Karanja.jpg|thumb|'''Karanja (''Pongamia pinnata'')''']]
'''Karanja''' (Latin: ''Pongamia pinnata'' Pierre, English: '''Indian beech''') is a medium-sized deciduous or evergreen tree belonging to the family Fabaceae (traditionally Papilionaceae). In Ayurveda, it is celebrated for its potent anthelmintic (''Krumighna''), wound-cleansing and healing (''Vrana Shodhana''), and dermatological (''Kushthaghna'') properties.<ref name="API">Anonymous. ''The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India''. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1: 40.</ref>

== Synonyms in Classical Texts ==
* '''Synonyms in Bhavaprakash Nighantu:'''<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, ''Bhavaprakash Nighantu''. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Guduchyadi varga, verse no. 119–120.</ref>
** ''Karanja'' – The flowers of Karanja are curved/shaped like nails.
** ''Naktamala'' – The flowers bloom/blossom during the night.
** ''Chirabilvaka''
* '''Plant Parts Used:''' Seeds, seed oil, leaves, stem bark, flowers, and roots.

== Varieties ==
Classical texts recognize several varieties of Karanja:

=== According to Bhavaprakash Nighantu ===
# '''Ghrita Karanja'''
# '''Kantakari Karanja'''
# '''Karanji'''

=== According to Raja Nighantu ===
# '''Karanja'''
# '''Ghrita Karanja'''
# '''Mahakaranja'''
# '''Putikaranja'''
# '''Guccha Karanja'''
# '''Ritha Karanja'''<ref name="RajaNighantu">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, ''Raja Nighantu of Pandit Narhari''. Edition 2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, Prabhadradi varga, verse no. 62, 64, 67, 68, 70, 72.</ref>

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics, the properties (''Rasa Panchaka'') of Karanja are summarized below:<ref name="API" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
| 1 || '''Taste (''[[Rasa]]'')''' || Pungent (''Katu''), Bitter (''Tikta'')
|-
| 2 || '''Potency (''[[Veerya]]'')''' || Hot (''Ushna'')
|-
| 3 || '''Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'')''' || Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 4 || '''Qualities (''[[Guna]]'')''' || Sharp (''Tikshna'')
|-
| 5 || '''Actions (''[[Karma]]'')''' || ''Krumijit'' (anthelmintic / antiparasitic), ''Kushthaghna'' (cures skin diseases), ''Kaphavatahara'' (pacifies Kapha and Vata doshas), ''Vrana Shodhana'' (cleanses and purifies wounds/ulcers)
|}

== References in Charaka Samhita ==
Karanja is extensively mentioned in the ''Charaka Samhita'' across various clinical contexts and formulations:

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charaka Samhita !! Activity / Formulation / Indication
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 3/3 || Formulations used for local external application
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 3/13 || Rasanjanadi formulation
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 3/14 || Haridradi formulation
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 3/15 || Manahshiladi formulation
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/73 || Used as a tooth-cleaning twig (toothbrush / ''Dantadhavana'')
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 13/10 || Classification as vegetable/plant sources of lipids (''Sneha Dravya'')
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 14/31 || Ingredient of decoction used for steam fomentation (''Nadi Sweda'')
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 14/43 || Ingredient of decoction used for steam fomentation (''Nadi Sweda'')
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Nidana Sthana]] 2/4 || Mentioned in context as an etiological factor in bleeding disorders (''Raktapitta'')
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 7/17 || Used in the management and treatment of parasitic infestations (''Krumi Roga'')
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/48 || Ingredient of therapeutic formulations used in skin diseases (''Kushtha'')
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/56 || Ingredient of formulations used in the treatment of skin diseases (''Kushtha'')
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/91 || Ingredient of ''Siddharthaka Snana'' (medicated bath) for dermatoses
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/93 || Used as an external application (''Lepa'')
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/94 || Used as an external application (''Lepa'')
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/111 || Ingredient of ''Kanakaksheeri Tailam''
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/119 || Formulation drug (''Yoga Dravya'') used in skin diseases (''Kushtha'')
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/152 || Ingredient of ''Maha Khadira Ghrita''
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/158 || Formulation drug used in parasitic / infective dermatoses (''Krumi Kushtha'')
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/44 || Used in nasal errhines / errhine therapy (''Nasya'')
|-
| 21 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/67 || Ingredient of medicated water used for therapeutic baths
|-
| 22 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/57 || Formulation drug used for external therapeutic application
|-
| 23 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/101 || Formulation drug in the treatment of hemorrhoids associated with constipation
|-
| 24 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/179 || Ingredient in alkaline preparations (''Kshara Kalpana'')
|-
| 25 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/137 || Formulation drug used in the treatment of cystic erysipelas (''Granthi Visarpa'')
|-
| 26 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/69 || Formulation drug utilized for nasal administration (''Nasya'')
|-
| 27 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/70 || Ingredient of ''Gandhahasti Agada''
|-
| 28 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/79 || Ingredient of ''Mahagandhahastinama Agada''
|-
| 29 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/209 || Formulation drug used in scorpion bite poisoning
|-
| 30 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/216 || Formulation drug used in the treatment of house lizard venom poisoning
|-
| 31 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/246 || Ingredient of ''Amrita Ghrita''
|-
| 32 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/57 || Formulation drug used in the treatment of Kaphaja dysuria (''Kaphaja Mutrakruccha'')
|-
| 33 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/154 || Formulation drug used in Kaphaja coryza and chronic rhinitis (''Dushta Pratishyaya'')
|-
| 34 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/186 || Formulation drug in Kaphaja, Sannipatika, and parasite-induced head disorders (''Shiroroga'')
|-
| 35 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/34 || Used as a formulation drug (''Yoga Dravya'')
|-
| 36 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/49 || Used as an external application (''Lepa'')
|-
| 37 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/57 || Used as an external application (''Lepa'')
|-
| 38 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 11/11 || Classified as a purgative / therapeutic evacuation drug (''Virechana Dravya'')
|-
| 39 || [[Charaka Samhita]] [[Kalpa Sthana]] 11/14 || Ingredient of medicated ghee (''Ghrita'') preparation
|}

== Therapeutic Uses ==
Karanja is clinically indicated for:<ref name="API" />
* ''Vrana'' (Wounds, ulcers, and non-healing lesions)
* ''Krumi'' (Helminthiasis, worm infestations, and microbes)
* ''Kushtha'' (Dermatological conditions, leprosy, and stubborn skin diseases)

== Dosage & Administration ==
* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 0.25 g of the drug powder.<ref name="API" />
* '''Decoction (''Kwatha''):''' 5 – 10 g of the crude drug for preparing decoctions.<ref name="API" />

== Important Formulations ==
* ''Aragvadhadi Kwatha Churna''
* ''Pathyadi Lepa''

== Habitat & Availability ==
* '''Status:''' Available
* '''Geographical Distribution:''' Distributed throughout India, frequently growing along riverbanks, lakes, streams, and tidal forests.

== Current Research ==

== Major Phytochemical Profile ==
The therapeutic potential of ''P. pinnata'' is predominantly attributed to its rich content of furanoflavones and polyphenolic compounds:
* '''Furanoflavones:''' Karanjin, pongamol, pongapin, kanjone, and pongaglabrone.
* '''Fixed Oils:''' Oleic acid, linoleic acid, stearic acid, and ricinoleic acid isolated from seed oil.
* '''Flavonoids & Polyphenols:''' Quercetin, kaempferol, and condensed tannins present in the leaves and bark.

== Pharmacological Properties & Scientific Evidence ==

=== Anti-inflammatory & Analgesic Efficacy ===
* '''Mechanisms:''' Oral or topical administration of ''P. pinnata'' extracts suppresses pro-inflammatory cytokines, inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX-2) pathways, and stabilizes lysosomal membranes.
* '''Evidence:''' Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of ''P. pinnata'' stem bark and leaves have demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory activity in acute (carrageenan-induced paw edema) and chronic (cotton pellet granuloma) animal models.<ref name="Srinivasan2001">Srinivasan K, Muruganandan S, Lal J, Chandra S, Tandan SK, Prakash VR (2001). "Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of Pongamia pinnata leaves in rats". ''Journal of Ethnopharmacology''. '''78''' (2–3): 151–157. doi:10.1016/S0378-8741(01)00335-3.</ref> Notably, stem bark extracts demonstrate anti-inflammatory effects without producing gastric mucosal lesions or ulceration typical of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).<ref name="Smitha2010">Smitha GN, et al. (2010). "Anti-inflammatory activity of Pongamia Pinnata stem bark in rats". ''Journal of Pharmacy Research''. '''3''' (4): 818–820.</ref>

=== Antimicrobial & Antifungal Activity ===
* '''Mechanisms:''' Active principles such as karanjin and pongamol disrupt microbial cell membrane integrity and inhibit bacterial cell invasion.
* '''Evidence:''' Crude extracts and seed oil display broad-spectrum activity against pathogens including ''Staphylococcus aureus'', ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'', and ''Escherichia coli''.<ref name="Bajpai2009">Bajpai VK, et al. (2009). "Antibacterial activity of Pongamia pinnata extracts against pathogenic microorganisms". ''Journal of Applied Biomedicine''. '''7''': 201–208.</ref> Seed oil formulations have proven effective against dermatophytes (such as ''Trichophyton rubrum'') and ''Candida albicans'', validating traditional applications in managing scabies and eczema. Leaf decoctions also exhibit selective antidiarrheal action by inhibiting cholera toxin production and protecting epithelial cells against invasion.<ref name="Brijesh2006">Brijesh S, Daswani P, Tetali P, Antarkar RV, Birdi TJ (2006). "Studies on Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre leaves: understanding the mechanism(s) of action in infectious diarrhoea". ''Journal of Zhejiang University Science B''. '''7''' (8): 665–674. doi:10.1631/jzus.2006.B0665.</ref>

=== Antidiabetic & Metabolic Regulation ===
* '''Mechanisms:''' Enhances peripheral glucose utilization, inhibits $\alpha$-glucosidase and $\alpha$-amylase enzymes, and decreases lipid peroxidation in pancreatic islet cells.
* '''Evidence:''' Administration of ethanolic leaf and flower extracts produces significant antihyperglycemic effects in diabetic models, restoring plasma glucose levels and tissue antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT) comparable to standard glibenclamide treatment.<ref name="Punitha2006">Punitha R, Manoharan S (2006). "Antihyperglycemic and antilipidperoxidative effects of Pongamia pinnata (Linn.) Pierre flowers in alloxan induced diabetic rats". ''Journal of Ethnopharmacology''. '''105''' (1–2): 39–46. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2005.09.043.</ref><ref name="Sikarwar2010">Sikarwar MS, Patil MB (2010). "Antidiabetic activity of Pongamia pinnata leaf extracts in alloxan-induced diabetic rats". ''International Journal of Ayurveda Research''. '''1''' (4): 199–204. doi:10.4103/0974-7788.76780.</ref>

=== Antioxidant & Cytoprotective Properties ===
* '''Mechanisms:''' Direct free radical scavenging (DPPH, superoxide, ABTS) mediated by high polyphenolic concentrations.
* '''Evidence:''' Leaf and root extracts exhibit strong free radical scavenging capacity, marked by reduced concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA)—a key marker of oxidative stress and tissue damage.

=== Wound Healing Efficacy ===
* '''Evidence:''' Topically applied seed oil and leaf pastes accelerate wound retraction and epithelialization in excision wound models by facilitating collagen synthesis and minimizing secondary dermal bacterial infections.

== Safety Profile & Toxicity ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' Stem bark and aqueous leaf extracts exhibit a high margin of safety, showing no acute toxicity or mortality at oral doses up to 8,000 mg/kg in rodent toxicity screens.<ref name="Srinivasan2001" /><ref name="Smitha2010" />
* '''Precautions:''' Unrefined seed oil contains bitter furanoflavones (principally karanjin) that can induce gastrointestinal irritation if ingested without standard processing or purification.

== Summary Table of Therapeutic Indications ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Summary of Therapeutic Efficacy
|-
! Target Indication !! Active Plant Part !! Experimental / Clinical Focus !! Primary References
|-
| Inflammatory Conditions || Stem Bark / Leaves || Paw edema, granuloma models (non-ulcerogenic) || Srinivasan et al., 2001;<ref name="Srinivasan2001" /> Smitha et al., 2010<ref name="Smitha2010" />
|-
| Dermal & Fungal Infections || Seed Oil / Seeds || ''S. aureus'', ''C. albicans'', Dermatophytes || Bajpai et al., 2009<ref name="Bajpai2009" />
|-
| Enteric Pathogens & Diarrhea || Leaf Extract || Inhibition of cholera toxin production & invasion || Brijesh et al., 2006<ref name="Brijesh2006" />
|-
| Hyperglycemia & Diabetes || Flowers / Leaves || OGTT, Alloxan-induced diabetes models || Punitha & Manoharan, 2006;<ref name="Punitha2006" /> Sikarwar & Patil, 2010<ref name="Sikarwar2010" />
|}

== External links ==

* Phytochemical profile & research database: [https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Pongamia%20pinnata IMPPAT Phytochemical Profile: Pongamia pinnata]

== References ==
<references />

Bhumyamalaki

2026-09-23T05:18:31Z

Agnivesha:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Bhumyamalaki, Phyllanthus amarus, Carry me seed, Gale of the wind, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=Bhumyamalaki (Tamalaki) is a renowned Ayurvedic herb classified for its hepatoprotective, diuretic, antiviral, and Pitta-pacifying properties. It is indicated in liver diseases, fever, cough, dysuria, and metabolic disorders.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllanthus_amarus Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn.]

{{Infobox
|title = Tamalaki (Bhumyamalaki)
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Tamalaki
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllanthus_amarus Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Phyllanthaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = {{DoiWithLink}}
}}
[[File:Bhumyamalaki.jpg|thumb|'''Bhumyamalaki (''Phyllanthus amarus'')''']]
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllanthus_amarus Phyllanthus amarus]''' Bhumyamalaki (also known as '''Tamalaki'''; Latin: ''Phyllanthus amarus'') is a small, erect annual herb belonging to the family Phyllanthaceae. Highly revered in [[Ayurveda]], it is renowned for its hepatoprotective, diuretic (''Mutrala''), anti-inflammatory, and Pitta-pacifying (''Pitta shamana'') properties.<ref name="API1" />

==English name ==
Carry me seed / Gale of the wind

==Other Varieties / Other Botanical names==
* ''Phyllanthus niruri'' sensu auct. non L.
* ''Phyllanthus fraternus'' G.L.Webster
* ''Phyllanthus nanus'' Hook.f.
* ''Phyllanthus asperulatus'' Hutch.
* ''Diasperus amarus'' (Schumach. & Thonn.) Kuntze

== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
In traditional medicine, Bhumyamalaki is regarded as an exceptionally potent cooling, metabolic, and liver-protective herb. It is known to mitigate morbid Pitta and Kapha doshas while cleansing Rakta dhatu (blood tissue) and Mutravaha srotas (urinary tract). Its historical indications span acute and chronic jaundiced states, burning sensations, intermittent fevers, respiratory complaints, and kidney stones.

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Tamalaki, Bhumyamalaki

==Additional Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==
* ''Shiva'' – Highly potent medicine and regarded as one of the best therapeutic herbs.<ref name="Bhavaprakash1" />
* ''Tamalaki'' – A very small and tender herb.<ref name="Bhavaprakash2" />
* ''Bahupatra'' – Characterized by numerous small leaves.<ref name="Bhavaprakash3" />
* ''Bahuphala'' – Yields a large number of tiny fruits along the branchlets.<ref name="Bhavaprakash4" />
* ''Bahuvirya'' – Endowed with potent and multi-faceted medicinal efficacy.<ref name="Bhavaprakash5" />

==Therapeutic Use==
Bhumyamalaki is clinically indicated in the management of:<ref name="API2" />
* ''Amlapitta'' (Gastritis / Hyperacidity)
* ''Kasa'' (Cough)
* ''Kshaya'' (Chronic debility / Wasting)
* ''Kushtha'' (Dermatological disorders / Skin diseases)
* ''Pandu'' (Anemia)
* ''Prameha'' (Urinary disorders / Diabetes mellitus)
* ''Trushna'' (Excessive thirst / Polydipsia)
* ''Mutra Roga'' (Urinary system disorders)

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
According to Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics, the properties (''Rasa Panchaka'') of Bhumyamalaki are summarized below:<ref name="API3" />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
| 1 || '''Taste (''[[Rasa]]'')''' || Sweet (''Madhura''), Bitter (''Tikta''), Astringent (''Kashaya'')
|-
| 2 || '''Potency (''[[Veerya]]'')''' || Cold (''Sita'')
|-
| 3 || '''Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'')''' || Sweet (''Madhura'')
|-
| 4 || '''Qualities (''[[Guna]]'')''' || Light (''Laghu''), Dry (''Ruksha'')
|-
| 5 || '''Actions (''[[Karma]]'')''' || ''Mutrala'' (diuretic), ''Rochana'' (appetite and taste enhancer), ''Dahanashini'' (reduces burning sensation), ''Pittasamana'' (pacifies Pitta dosha)
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
Bhumyamalaki (Tamalaki) is widely referenced across numerous clinical contexts and therapeutic formulations in the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity / Indication / Formulation
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/36 || Cough-relieving group (''Kasahara Mahakashaya'')
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/37 || Anti-dyspneic / respiratory-easing group (''Swasahara Mahakashaya'')
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/63 || Key ingredient of ''Chyavanprasha''
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/219 || Ingredient of medicated ghee (''Ghrita Yoga'')
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/225 || Ingredient of medicated ghee (''Ghrita Yoga'')
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/119 || Ingredient of ''Trayamanadi Ghrita''
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/70 || Dietary article in the management of tuberculosis / wasting (''Rajayakshma'')
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/108 || Ingredient of ''Duralabhadi Ghrita''
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/112 || Ingredient of ''Jivantyadi Ghrita''
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/37 || Ingredient of ''Amritaprasa Ghrita''
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/102 || Ingredient of ''Dashamuladi Yavagu''
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/123 || Ingredient of ''Shatyadi Churna''
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/130 || Ingredient of medicated nasal formulation (''Nasya'')
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/142 || Ingredient of ''Tejovatyadi Ghrita''
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/40 || Ingredient of ''Tryushanadi Ghrita''
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/101 || Indicated in the management of Pitta-dominant cough (''Pittaja Kasa'')
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/120 || Indicated in the management of Kapha-dominant cough (''Kaphaja Kasa'')
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/127 || Ingredient of ''Kantakari Ghrita''
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/178 || Ingredient of ''Padmakadi Leha''
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87 || Indicated in the management of Vata-dominant heart disease (''Vataja Hridroga'')
|-
| 21 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/170 || Ingredient of ''Maha Mayura Ghrita''
|-
| 22 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/159 || Ingredient of ''Amritadi Taila''
|-
| 23 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/58 || Ingredient of ''Parushaka Ghrita''
|-
| 24 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/93 || Ingredient of ''Madhuparnyadi Taila''
|-
| 25 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/153 || Indicated in the treatment of gout / arthritis (''Vatarakta'')
|-
| 26 || Cha.Sa.[[Siddhi Sthana]] 12/19 || Ingredient of ''Baladi Sneha Basti'' (unctuous enema)
|}

==Dose==
* '''Fresh Juice (''Swarasa''):''' 10 – 20 ml of the expressed juice.<ref name="API4" />
* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 3 – 6 g of the dried drug powder.<ref name="API5" />

==Important Formulations==
* ''Chyavanprasha''
* ''Chitraka Haritaki''
* ''Madhuyastyadi Taila''
* ''Pippalyadi Ghrita''
* ''Shatavari Guda''

== Current availability==
Available
* '''Status:''' Widely distributed and cultivated as a medicinal weed throughout the tropical and subtropical plains of India.
* '''Global Distribution:''' Indigenous and naturalized across South Asia, Southeast Asia, tropical Africa, and the Caribbean.

== Current researches ==
== Phytochemical Composition ==
The therapeutic potential of ''Phyllanthus amarus'' stems from a rich array of secondary metabolites extracted across the aerial and root parts:
* '''Lignans:''' Phyllanthin, hypophyllanthin, phyltetralin, niranthin, nirtetralin, and lintetralin.
* '''Hydrolyzable Tannins & Polyphenols:''' Geraniin, corilagin, amariin, furosin, and gallic acid derivatives.
* '''Flavonoids:''' Quercetin, quercitrin, isoquercitrin, astragalin, and rutin.
* '''Alkaloids & Terpenoids:''' Securinine-type alkaloids (norsecurinine, securinine), lupeol, and lupeol acetate.

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
=== Hepatoprotective and Membrane-Stabilizing Activity ===
''Phyllanthus amarus'' is globally acknowledged for its capacity to protect the liver parenchyma from acute and chronic insults.
* '''Mechanism:''' The principal lignans—phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin—inhibit microsomal lipid peroxidation, restore reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, and preserve membrane ATPase enzymes in damaged hepatocytes.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Experimental studies show that standardized extracts markedly attenuate drug-, alcohol-, and chemical-induced increases in serum transaminases (ALT, AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and direct bilirubin, promoting accelerated hepatocellular regeneration.<ref name="Pramyothin2007"/>

=== Antiviral and Anti-Hepatitis B Activity ===
The herb possesses pronounced inhibitory properties against pathogenic hepatic and enveloped viruses.
* '''Mechanism:''' Polyphenolic constituents and ellagitannins disrupt viral replication by downregulating viral mRNA transcription, inhibiting viral DNA polymerase, and blocking core antigen secretion.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Seminal research by Thyagarajan and Blumberg established significant clearance of the hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) in chronic HBV carriers. Subsequent molecular investigations have confirmed down-regulation of the HBV enhancer I/X promoter complex and inhibition of reverse transcriptase activity.<ref name="Thyagarajan1988"/><ref name="Lee1996"/>

=== Nephroprotective and Anti-Urolithic Effects ===
In agreement with its traditional ''Mutrala'' (diuretic) and urinary cleansing classification, ''P. amarus'' serves as an effective anti-stone agent.
* '''Mechanism:''' It disrupts the aggregation and endocytosis of calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals on tubular epithelium, alters urinary glycosaminoglycan profiles, and downregulates stone matrix crystallization promoters.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Preclinical and clinical models demonstrate that administration reduces urinary oxalate, uric acid, and calcium levels, facilitating spontaneous passage and preventing recurrent micro-calculi formation.<ref name="Freitas2002"/>

=== Anti-Inflammatory, Analgesic, and Immunomodulatory Actions ===
The herb exhibits potent anti-inflammatory effects that mitigate metabolic and inflammatory tissue destruction.
* '''Mechanism:''' Bioactive isolates like niranthin inhibit pro-inflammatory enzymes, notably cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), while suppressing the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In vivo assays demonstrate marked reductions in paw edema, thermal allodynia, and circulating TNF-α and IL-1β levels following oral extract administration.<ref name="Kassuya2006"/>

=== Anti-Diabetic and Hypolipidemic Efficacy ===
Corroborating the classical indication for ''Prameha'' (urinary and metabolic syndromes), the herb exerts systemic anti-diabetic and metabolic regulation.
* '''Mechanism:''' Extracts stimulate pancreatic β-cell insulin secretion, reduce hepatic glucose output, and competitively inhibit intestinal α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Preclinical studies show that continuous administration results in significant reductions in fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL levels, accompanied by improved cellular antioxidant status in pancreatic and vascular beds.<ref name="Adeneye2006"/>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' ''Phyllanthus amarus'' demonstrates a remarkably high margin of safety. Acute and subacute animal toxicity studies report no adverse mortality or behavioral alterations at oral doses exceeding 2,000–5,000 mg/kg body weight.<ref name="Patel2011"/>
* '''Precautions:''' Due to historical emmenagogue associations at excessive concentrations, caution is advised during early pregnancy unless supervised by an experienced practitioner.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Whole Plant Powder (Churna):'' 3–6 g daily in divided doses.
** ''Fresh Plant Juice (Swarasa):'' 10–20 ml twice daily before meals.
** ''Standardized Extract:'' 250–500 mg twice daily.

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Phyllanthus amarus''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Hepatotoxicity & Hepatitis'''
| Phyllanthin, Hypophyllanthin, Corilagin
| Hepatic cytoprotection, DNA polymerase inhibition, GSH restoration
|-
| '''Renal Calculi (Urolithiasis)'''
| Ellagitannins, Alkaloids, Flavonoids
| Crystal anti-adherence, Diuresis, Uric acid clearance
|-
| '''Metabolic Syndrome / Prameha'''
| Quercetin, Astragalin, Lignans
| α-glucosidase inhibition, Insulin stimulation, Lipid lowering
|-
| '''Chronic Inflammation'''
| Niranthin, Geraniin, Rutin
| NF-κB inhibition, COX-2 down-regulation, Cytokine suppression
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API1">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=1 |pages=70 |edition=Part I}}</ref>
<ref name="API2">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=1 |pages=70 |edition=Part I}}</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash1">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=K. C. |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Guduchyadi varga, verse 277 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash2">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=K. C. |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Guduchyadi varga, verse 277 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash3">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=K. C. |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Guduchyadi varga, verse 277 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash4">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=K. C. |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Guduchyadi varga, verse 277 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash5">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=K. C. |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Guduchyadi varga, verse 277 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
<ref name="API3">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=1 |pages=70-71 |edition=Part I}}</ref>
<ref name="API4">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=1 |pages=71 |edition=Part I}}</ref>
<ref name="API5">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=1 |pages=71 |edition=Part I}}</ref>
<ref name="Pramyothin2007">{{cite journal |last1=Pramyothin |first1=P. |last2=Ngamtin |first2=C. |last3=Poungrickhyo |first3=S. |last4=Suttisri |first4=R. |year=2007 |title=Hepatoprotective activity of Phyllanthus amarus Schum. & Thonn. extract in ethanol-treated rats: in vitro and in vivo studies |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=112 |issue=3 |pages=452–458}}</ref>
<ref name="Thyagarajan1988">{{cite journal |last1=Thyagarajan |first1=S. P. |last2=Subramanian |first2=S. |last3=Thirunalasundari |first3=T. |last4=Venkateswaran |first4=P. S. |last5=Blumberg |first5=B. S. |year=1988 |title=Effect of Phyllanthus amarus on chronic carriers of hepatitis B virus |journal=Lancet |volume=2 |issue=8614 |pages=764–766}}</ref>
<ref name="Lee1996">{{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=C. D. |last2=Ott |first2=M. |last3=Thyagarajan |first3=S. P. |last4=Shafritz |first4=D. A. |last5=Burk |first5=R. D. |last6=Gupta |first6=S. |year=1996 |title=Phyllanthus amarus down-regulates hepatitis B virus mRNA transcription and inhibits HBV polymerase activity |journal=European Journal of Clinical Investigation |volume=26 |issue=12 |pages=1069–1076}}</ref>
<ref name="Freitas2002">{{cite journal |last1=Freitas |first1=A. M. |last2=Schor |first2=N. |last3=Boim |first3=M. A. |year=2002 |title=The effect of Phyllanthus niruri on urinary inhibitors of calcium oxalate crystallization and skeletal retention of 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate |journal=BJU International |volume=89 |issue=9 |pages=829–834}}</ref>
<ref name="Kassuya2006">{{cite journal |last1=Kassuya |first1=C. A. L. |last2=Silvestre |first2=A. |last3=Menezes-de-Lima |first3=O. |last4=Marotta |first4=D. M. |last5=Rehder |first5=V. L. G. |last6=Calixto |first6=J. B. |year=2006 |title=Antiinflammatory and antiallodynic actions of the lignan niranthin isolated from Phyllanthus amarus |journal=European Journal of Pharmacology |volume=546 |issue=1-3 |pages=182–188}}</ref>
<ref name="Adeneye2006">{{cite journal |last1=Adeneye |first1=A. A. |last2=Amole |first2=O. O. |last3=Adeneye |first3=A. K. |year=2006 |title=Hypoglycemic and hypocholesterolemic activities of the aqueous leaf and seed extract of Phyllanthus amarus in mice |journal=Fitoterapia |volume=77 |issue=7-8 |pages=511–514}}</ref>
<ref name="Patel2011">{{cite journal |last1=Patel |first1=J. R. |last2=Tripathi |first2=P. |last3=Sharma |first3=V. |last4=Chauhan |first4=N. S. |last5=Dixit |first5=V. K. |year=2011 |title=Phyllanthus amarus: ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology: a review |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=138 |issue=2 |pages=286–313}}</ref>
}}

== External links ==

[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Phyllanthus%20amarus IMPPAT database]
[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals|Herbs]]

Usheera

2026-09-23T05:17:48Z

Agnivesha:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita - Herb Database
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Usheera, Ushira, Vetiveria zizanioides, Chrysopogon zizanioides, Vetiver, Cuscus grass, Pittashamaka, Jwarahara, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia, Usirasava, Shadanga Paniya, Essential oil
|description=Monograph on Usheera (Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash): comprehensive botanical profile, classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics, phytochemical constituents, and evidence-based therapeutic efficacy.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=Usheera - Vetiveria zizanioides
|type=article
}}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysopogon_zizanioides Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty]

{{Infobox
|title = Usheera (Ushira)
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Usheera
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysopogon_zizanioides Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Poaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = {{DoiWithLink}}
}}
[[File:Usheera.jpg|alt=Usheera|thumb|'''Usheera (''Vetiveria zizanioides'')''']]
'''Usheera''' (Latin: ''Vetiveria zizanioides'' (L.) Nash, accepted name: ''Chrysopogon zizanioides'' (L.) Roberty; family: Poaceae) is a densely tufted, perennial C4 aromatic grass native to the Indian subcontinent. In [[Ayurveda]], the fragrant, spongy roots of Usheera are revered as an archetype of cooling therapy (''Sheeta Virya''), widely indicated for relieving burning sensations (''Daha nashana''), hyperpyrexia (''Jwarahara''), persistent morbid thirst (''Trishna nigrahana''), and hemorrhagic diathesis (''Raktapitta shamana'').<ref name="API">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=3 |pages=99–100 |edition=Part I}}</ref>

== Botanical & Vernacular Names ==
* '''Botanical Name:''' ''Vetiveria zizanioides'' (L.) Nash (syn. ''Chrysopogon zizanioides'' (L.) Roberty)
* '''Family:''' Poaceae (Gramineae)
* '''English Names:''' Cuscus grass, Vetiver, Khas-Khas grass
* '''Sanskrit / Classical Names:''' ''Usheera'', ''Virana'', ''Nalada'', ''Amrunala'', ''Samagandhika''
* '''Hindi:''' Khas
* '''Gujarati:''' Valo
* '''Bengali:''' Khas-Khas, Bena
* '''Tamil:''' Vettiver, Vettiveru
* '''Telugu:''' Vettiveru, Kuruveeru

== Synonyms in Classical Texts ==
* '''Synonyms in Bhavaprakash Nighantu:'''<ref name="Bhavaprakash">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=K. C. |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Karpuradi varga, verse 86 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
** ''Virana'' – Denotes the whole mother plant producing the fibrous root clump.
** ''Nalada'' – Endowed with an inherently soothing and delightful fragrance.
** ''Mrunala'' / ''Amrunala'' – Root fibers display structural morphological resemblance to fibrous lotus rootlets.
** ''Sevya'' – Worthy of regular therapeutic consumption and administration during fevers (''Jwara'').
** ''Samagandhik'' – Exhibits a persistent, balanced, and uniform earthy balsamic bouquet.

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Usheera combines a cooling potency with digestive-promoting attributes without aggravating Agni:<ref name="API" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
| 1 || '''Taste (''[[Rasa]]'')''' || Bitter (''Tikta''), Sweet (''Madhura'')
|-
| 2 || '''Potency (''[[Veerya]]'')''' || Cold (''Sita'')
|-
| 3 || '''Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'')''' || Sweet (''Madhura'')
|-
| 4 || '''Qualities (''[[Guna]]'')''' || Light (''Laghu''), Unctuous (''Snigdha'')
|-
| 5 || '''Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'')''' || Pacifies Pitta and Kapha (''Pittakaphahara''), balances Vata
|-
| 6 || '''Specific Actions (''[[Karma]]'')''' || Relieves burning sensation (''Dahanashana''), antipyretic (''Jwaraghna''), thirst-quenching (''Trishnanigrahana''), styptic/hemostatic (''Stambhana''), digestive/carminative (''Pachana''), complexion enhancer (''Varnya''), diaphoretic/deodorant (''Svedapanayana'')
|}

== References in Charaka Samhita ==
Usheera is prominently documented across multiple therapeutic chapters of the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charaka Samhita !! Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/32 || Listed under the Thirst-Relieving Group (''Trishnanigrahana Mahakashaya'')
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/34 || Listed under the Burning-Relieving Group (''Dahaprashamana Mahakashaya'')
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/44 || Listed under the Diaphoretic-Pacifying Group (''Angamardaprashamana Mahakashaya'')
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/199 || Key ingredient of cooling decoctions in acute Pitta fever (''Paittika Jwara'')
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/205 || Compounded in medicated thirst-quenching decoctions for chronic fever
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/219 || Ingredient of cooling medicated ghee (''Ghrita Yoga'')
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/245 || Ingredient of therapeutic unctuous enema (''Anuvasana Basti'')
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/73 || Formulated for systemic internal bleeding disorders (''Raktapitta'')
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/102 || Prescribed for external immersion baths (''Avagaha'') and affusions (''Parisheka'') in burning syndrome
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/30 || Astringent decoction indicated in Pitta-dominant urinary disorders (''Pittaja Prameha'')
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/144 || Vital therapeutic component of ''Mahatikta Ghrita'' for chronic dermatosis
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/186 || Styptic hemostatic compound indicated in bleeding anorectal piles (''Raktarsha'')
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/76 || Indicated in cooling topical paste applications (''Lepa'') for acute erysipelas (''Visarpa'')
|}

== Therapeutic Indications (Classical) ==
Usheera is indicated in the clinical management of:<ref name="API" />
* ''Jwara'' (Pyrexia / Intermittent and infective fevers)
* ''Trushna'' (Excessive thirst / Polydipsia)
* ''Daha'' (Peripheral burning sensation / Neuropathy / Erythema)
* ''Raktapitta'' (Hemorrhagic diathesis / Epistaxis / Hematuria)
* ''Mutrakruccha'' (Dysuria / Urinary tract inflammation)
* ''Prameha'' (Metabolic syndrome / Glycosuria)
* ''Kushtha'' & ''Visarpa'' (Dermatological inflammatory eruptions / Erysipelas)
* ''Vrana'' (Infected cutaneous wounds and thermal ulcerations)
* ''Svedadhikya'' & ''Daurgandhya'' (Hyperhidrosis and foul body odor)

== Dosage & Administration ==
* '''Root Powder (''Churna''):''' 3 – 6 g daily in divided doses.<ref name="API" />
* '''Cold Infusion (''Hima''):''' 40 – 80 ml infused overnight with potable water.
* '''Decoction (''Kwatha''):''' 50 – 100 ml taken twice daily.

== Classical Formulations ==
* ''Usirasava''
* ''Shadanga Paniya'' (''Shadanga Kwatha'')
* ''Yogaraja Guggulu''
* ''Mahatikta Ghrita''
* ''Chandanadi Churna''
* ''Ushiradi Taila''

== Current Researches ==
=== Phytochemical Composition ===
The root matrix of ''Vetiveria zizanioides'' yields a heavy, viscous, amber-brown essential oil (0.3%–1.5%) comprising uniquely functionalized sesquiterpene derivatives:
* '''Sesquiterpene Alcohols:''' Khusimol, vetiverols (α- and β-vetiverol), isovalencenol, and epizizanal.
* '''Sesquiterpene Hydrocarbons:''' Vetivene, α-vetivone, β-vetivone, zizanol, and khusimene.
* '''Phenolic Acids & Flavonoids:''' Caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, gallic acid, ferulic acid, and luteolin derivatives.
* '''Secondary Biomolecules:''' Zizanoic acid, isovalencic acid, and β-sitosterol.

=== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ===

==== Antipyretic & Thermoregulatory Activity ====
Usheera's classical reputation as a potent febrifuge (''Jwaraghna'') is well documented pharmacologically.
* '''Mechanism:''' Bioactive fractions down-regulate pyrogenic cytokine release, reducing interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and hypothalamic prostaglandin E2 ($PGE_2$) synthesis.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In yeast-induced hyperpyrexia experimental models, root extracts (250–500 mg/kg p.o.) produced significant, sustained reductions in rectal temperatures comparable to standard paracetamol, validating its classical role in acute fevers.<ref name="Rehmani">{{cite journal |last1=Rehmani |first1=R. |last2=Ahmad |first2=S. |last3=Khan |first3=M. |year=2014 |title=Antipyretic and analgesic activities of ethanolic extract of Vetiveria zizanioides root |journal=Journal of Pharmacy Research |volume=8 |issue=6 |pages=789–793}}</ref>

==== Free Radical Scavenging & Cytoprotective Actions ====
* '''Mechanism:''' Sesquiterpenes and polyphenols donate electrons to quench free radicals, replenish endogenous superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), and reduce microsomal lipid peroxidation.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Ethanolic root extracts demonstrated remarkable in vitro ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and DPPH free-radical scavenging indices ($IC_{50}$ values below 40 μg/ml), effectively protecting cell membranes against oxidative injury.<ref name="Luqman">{{cite journal |last1=Luqman |first1=S. |last2=Srivastava |first2=R. |last3=Kumar |first3=R. |last4=Maurya |first4=A. K. |last5=Chanda |first5=D. |year=2009 |title=Experimental assessment of Carissa carandas and Vetiveria zizanioides essential oils for antioxidant and antibacterial activities |journal=Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine |volume=2012 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1155/2012/263852}}</ref>

==== Anti-Inflammatory, Analgesic & Styptic Efficacy ====
* '''Mechanism:''' Vetivone isomers and khusimol competitively attenuate cyclooxygenase (COX-2) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) catalytic sites, suppressing leukotriene and prostaglandin production.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In carrageenan- and formalin-induced edema assays, oral root extracts demonstrated up to 61.4% inhibition of paw swelling. Its astringent tannin content also accelerates in vitro and ex vivo thromboplastin-mediated blood coagulation, corroborating its traditional styptic (''Stambhana'') use in hemorrhagic conditions.<ref name="Kumar">{{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=A. |last2=Tripathi |first2=M. |last3=Puri |first3=S. |year=2012 |title=Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Vetiveria zizanioides root extract in animal models |journal=Pharmaceutical Biology |volume=50 |issue=9 |pages=1121–1126 |doi=10.3109/13880209.2012.658477}}</ref>

==== Antimicrobial & Topical Wound-Healing Actions ====
* '''Mechanism:''' Khusimol and related sesquiterpenic fractions alter microbial cell membrane permeability, triggering ion leakage and cell lysis while stimulating microvascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) synthesis in fibroblasts.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Standardized vetiver root essential oil exhibited robust minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against common wound pathogens, notably ''Staphylococcus aureus'', ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'', and dermatophytes like ''Trichophyton mentagrophytes'', showing marked re-epithelialization and collagen deposition in excision wound models.<ref name="Devi">{{cite journal |last1=Devi |first1=P. R. |last2=Rao |first2=K. V. |year=2010 |title=Antimicrobial and wound healing potential of Vetiveria zizanioides in diabetic rats |journal=International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=146–151}}</ref>

==== Neuroprotective & Anxiolytic Properties ====
* '''Mechanism:''' Volatile sesquiterpenes cross the blood-brain barrier to modulate gamma-aminobutyric acid type A ($GABA_A$) receptors and reduce central monoaminergic turnover in limbic regions.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In elevated plus-maze (EPM) and open-field assessments, inhaled or parenterally administered vetiver oil elicited potent anxiolytic, central-calming, and neuroprotective responses comparable to diazepam without motor coordination impairment or drug-induced dependency.<ref name="Saiyudthong">{{cite journal |last1=Saiyudthong |first1=S. |last2=Marsden |first2=C. A. |year=2015 |title=Acute effects of vetiver essential oil on anxiety-like behavior and c-Fos expression in the central nucleus of the amygdala in rats |journal=Natural Product Communications |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=1107–1110}}</ref>

== Safety & Toxicity Profile ==
* '''Acute & Subacute Safety:''' Preclinical safety studies report that ethanolic and aqueous root extracts show no signs of behavioral toxicity, hematological disturbance, or mortality in rodents at single oral doses up to 2,000–3,000 mg/kg body weight.
* '''Precautions:''' Due to its pronounced cooling (''Sheeta Virya'') and Kapha-stabilizing characteristics, prolonged administration in very large quantities during cold seasons or in patients with severe, chronic Kapha-Vata respiratory congestion should be balanced with warming bio-enhancers (e.g., Sunthi or Maricha).

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=3 |pages=99–100 |edition=Part I}}</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=K. C. |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Karpuradi varga, verse 86 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
<ref name="Rehmani">{{cite journal |last1=Rehmani |first1=R. |last2=Ahmad |first2=S. |last3=Khan |first3=M. |year=2014 |title=Antipyretic and analgesic activities of ethanolic extract of Vetiveria zizanioides root |journal=Journal of Pharmacy Research |volume=8 |issue=6 |pages=789–793}}</ref>
<ref name="Luqman">{{cite journal |last1=Luqman |first1=S. |last2=Srivastava |first2=R. |last3=Kumar |first3=R. |last4=Maurya |first4=A. K. |last5=Chanda |first5=D. |year=2009 |title=Experimental assessment of Carissa carandas and Vetiveria zizanioides essential oils for antioxidant and antibacterial activities |journal=Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine |volume=2012 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1155/2012/263852}}</ref>
<ref name="Kumar">{{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=A. |last2=Tripathi |first2=M. |last3=Puri |first3=S. |year=2012 |title=Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Vetiveria zizanioides root extract in animal models |journal=Pharmaceutical Biology |volume=50 |issue=9 |pages=1121–1126 |doi=10.3109/13880209.2012.658477}}</ref>
<ref name="Devi">{{cite journal |last1=Devi |first1=P. R. |last2=Rao |first2=K. V. |year=2010 |title=Antimicrobial and wound healing potential of Vetiveria zizanioides in diabetic rats |journal=International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=146–151}}</ref>
<ref name="Saiyudthong">{{cite journal |last1=Saiyudthong |first1=S. |last2=Marsden |first2=C. A. |year=2015 |title=Acute effects of vetiver essential oil on anxiety-like behavior and c-Fos expression in the central nucleus of the amygdala in rats |journal=Natural Product Communications |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=1107–1110}}</ref>
}}

== External links ==
[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Chrysopogon%20zizanioides IMPPAT database]

Talisa

2026-09-23T05:17:28Z

Agnivesha:

{{#seo:
|title=Talisa
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Talisa, Talisapatra, Abies webbiana, Abies spectabilis, Himalayan Silver Fir, Bronchodilator, Expectorant, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia, Talisadi Churna, Phytochemicals, Medicinal plants
|description=Monograph on Talisapatra (Abies webbiana Lindl.): comprehensive botanical profile, classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics, phytochemical constituents, and evidence-based therapeutic efficacy.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=Talisapatra - Abies webbiana
|type=article
}}
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abies_spectabilis Abies webbiana Lindl.]

{{Infobox
|title = Talisapatra (Talisa)
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Talisa
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abies_spectabilis Abies webbiana Lindl.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Pinaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = {{DoiWithLink}}
}}
[[File:Talisapatra.jpg|alt=Talisapatra|thumb|'''Talisa (''Abies webbiana'')''']]
'''Talisapatra''' (Latin: ''Abies webbiana'' Lindl., synonym: ''Abies spectabilis'' (D.Don) Spach; family: Pinaceae) is a lofty, evergreen coniferous tree native to the high-altitude Himalayan belt. In [[Ayurveda]], its aromatic leaves are regarded as a premier natural expectorant, bronchodilator, carminative, and Kapha-Vata pacifying medicine, famously constituting the primary bio-enhancer and botanical cornerstone of ''Talisadi Churna''.<ref name="API">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=4 |pages=58–59 |edition=Part I}}</ref>

== Botanical & Vernacular Names ==
* '''Botanical Name:''' ''Abies webbiana'' Lindl. / ''Abies spectabilis'' (D.Don) Spach
* '''Family:''' Pinaceae (Coniferae)
* '''English Names:''' Himalayan silver fir, East Himalayan fir, Indian silver fir
* '''Sanskrit / Classical Names:''' ''Talisapatra'', ''Talisa'', ''Patradhya''
* '''Hindi:''' Talispatra, Chilrow
* '''Bengali:''' Talishpatra, Talish
* '''Tamil:''' Talisapatri
* '''Telugu:''' Taleesapatri

== Synonyms in Classical Texts ==
* '''Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu:'''<ref name="Bhavaprakash">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=K. C. |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Karpuradi varga, verse 114 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
** ''Talisa'' – Traditional designation.
** ''Patradhya'' – Characterized by dense, abundant, and prominent foliage.
** ''Dhatripatra'' – Pectinate leaf arrangement resembling the feathery foliage of Amalaki (''Phyllanthus emblica'').
** ''Madhurapatra'' – Leaves possessing an intrinsically faint sweet aftertaste.

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Talisapatra possesses hot potency and lightness, making it particularly potent in counteracting obstructive mucus and cold imbalances:<ref name="API" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
| 1 || '''Taste (''[[Rasa]]'')''' || Sweet (''Madhura''), Bitter (''Tikta''), Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 2 || '''Potency (''[[Veerya]]'')''' || Hot (''Ushna'')
|-
| 3 || '''Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'')''' || Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 4 || '''Qualities (''[[Guna]]'')''' || Light (''Laghu''), Sharp / Penetrating (''Tikshna'')
|-
| 5 || '''Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'')''' || Pacifies Kapha and Vata (''Kapha-Vatahara'')
|-
| 6 || '''Specific Actions (''[[Karma]]'')''' || Expectorant and anti-tussive (''Kasahara''), Bronchodilatory (''Swasahara''), Digestive stimulant (''Deepana''), Heart congenial / Cardiotonic (''Hrudya''), Carminative (''Vatanulomana'')
|}

== References in Charaka Samhita ==
Talisapatra is documented in several therapeutic yogas (formulations) within the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Context / Formulation / Application
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/41 || Indicated in fumigation and therapeutic pastes during post-delivery management for placenta expulsion (''Apara Patana'')
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/143 || Compounded in ''Tejovatyadi Ghrita'' for dyspnea and cough
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/192 || Formulated as an ingredient in ''Kalaka Churna'' for throat and oral afflictions
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/30 || Used as an adjuvant aromatic formulation herb (''Yoga Dravya'') in gastrointestinal and systemic vata disorders
|}

== Therapeutic Indications (Classical) ==
Bhumipatra/Talisapatra is traditionally indicated in the clinical management of:<ref name="API" />
* ''Kasa'' (Cough / Bronchitis / Tracheitis)
* ''Swasa'' (Dyspnea / Asthma / COPD)
* ''Hikka'' (Hiccups)
* ''Agnimandhya'' & ''Aruchi'' (Hypochlorhydria / Anorexia / Loss of taste)
* ''Amadosha'' (Metabolic endotoxemia / Impaired digestion)
* ''Gulma'' (Abdominal diverticula / Phantom tumors)
* ''Kshaya'' (Phthisis / Chronic pulmonary debility / Wasting disease)
* ''Chardi'' (Vomiting / Emesis)
* ''Krumi'' (Intestinal parasites / Helminthiasis)
* ''Mukharoga'' (Periodontal infections / Disorders of the buccal cavity)

== Dosage & Administration ==
* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 2 – 3 g of the purified, dried leaf powder daily in divided doses, traditionally combined with raw honey or warm water.<ref name="API" />

== Classical Formulations ==
* ''Talisadi Churna''
* ''Talisadi Modaka''
* ''Drakshadi Churna''
* ''Bhaskara Lavana''
* ''Pranada Gutika''
* ''Jatiphaladi Churna''
* ''Puga Khanda''

== Current Researches ==
=== Phytochemical Composition ===
Phytochemical investigations have shown that the bioactivity of ''Abies webbiana'' leaves is derived from a complex matrix of essential monoterpenes, biflavonoids, and unique alkaloids:
* '''Essential Oil (0.5%–1.2%):''' Dominated by monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes including α-pinene, β-pinene, limonene, camphene, bornyl acetate, car-3-ene, and α-terpinolene.
* '''Biflavonoids & Glycosides:''' Bioflavonoids such as **Abiesin** (5,3″,7″-trihydroxy-7,4′,4‴-trimethoxy-(3′,6″)-biflavone), betuloside, and methylquercetin derivatives.
* '''Alkaloids & Nitrogenous Moieties:''' Isolation of unique natural products including **1-(4'-methoxyphenyl)-aziridine**.
* '''Terpenoids & Sterols:''' β-sitosterol, lupeol, ursolic acid derivatives, and taxoid-free diterpene glycosides.

=== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ===

==== Bronchodilator & Antispasmodic Activity ====
Classical Ayurveda classifies Talisa as a drug of choice for respiratory constriction (''Swasahara'').
* '''Mechanism:''' The lipophilic leaf extracts elicit smooth muscle relaxation by functioning as a functional antagonist against calcium mobilization, disrupting voltage-dependent calcium entry pathways in airway smooth muscle.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Isolated tissue bath experiments demonstrated that crude extracts of ''A. webbiana'' completely relaxed carbachol- and potassium chloride ($K^+$)-induced contractions in isolated rabbit tracheal preparations in a concentration-dependent manner, confirming an efficacy comparable to standard calcium-channel blockers like verapamil.<ref name="Ghayur">{{cite journal |last1=Ghayur |first1=M. N. |last2=Gilani |first2=A. H. |last3=Janssen |first3=L. J. |year=2007 |title=Antispasmodic, bronchodilator and anti-platelet activities of Abies webbiana |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=21 |issue=8 |pages=754–759 |doi=10.1002/ptr.2155}}</ref>

==== Antitussive & Mast Cell-Stabilizing Efficacy ====
* '''Mechanism:''' Volatile terpenes and polyphenols inhibit neurogenic peripheral sensory afferents in the trachea and inhibit degranulation of tissue mast cells.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In animal models of chemical cough challenge, oral administration of methanol extracts of ''A. webbiana'' leaves (400 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg body weight) produced substantial, dose-dependent reductions in sulfur dioxide ($SO_2$)-induced cough reflex, displaying up to 78.67% inhibition—a profile matching standard codeine phosphate.<ref name="Nayampalli">{{cite journal |last1=Nayampalli |first1=S. |last2=Desai |first2=N. K. |last3=Ainapure |first3=S. S. |year=1998 |title=Antitussive activity of Abies webbiana leaves |journal=Indian Journal of Pharmacology |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=340–342}}</ref> The plant also exhibits notable compound 48/80-induced peritoneal mast cell-stabilizing properties.

==== Anti-Inflammatory & Analgesic Actions ====
* '''Mechanism:''' Flavonoids like abiesin and associated polyphenols curb prostaglandin synthesis by attenuating the activity of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and diminishing neutrophil extravasation into inflamed beds.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In carrageenan-induced rat paw edema testing, methanolic leaf extracts (200–400 mg/kg) caused significant and sustained reductions in edema volumes comparable to standard non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (diclofenac sodium at 150 mg/kg).<ref name="Viswanathan">{{cite journal |last1=Viswanathan |first1=S. |last2=Thirugnanasambantham |first2=P. |last3=Kannan |first3=R. |last4=Reddy |first4=C. |year=2004 |title=Anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of Abies webbiana Lindl. |journal=Pharmacologyonline |volume=2 |pages=152–158}}</ref>

==== Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial & Antifungal Activity ====
* '''Mechanism:''' Monoterpenes present in the essential oil (α-pinene, limonene) disrupt microbial outer membranes and interfere with cell-wall bio-integrity.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In vitro disk and agar-well diffusion assays showed pronounced inhibitory activity against key upper respiratory pathogens, with the greatest growth inhibition observed against ''Staphylococcus aureus'', ''Salmonella typhi'', ''Bacillus subtilis'', and the fungal strain ''Candida albicans''.<ref name="Singh">{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=R. |last2=Chauhan |first2=S. |last3=Grover |first3=G. |year=2013 |title=In vitro antimicrobial evaluation of Abies webbiana leaves against pathogenic strains |journal=International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research |volume=4 |issue=9 |pages=3545–3549}}</ref>

==== Anti-Platelet Aggregation Action ====
* '''Mechanism:''' Constituents modulate surface receptor affinity on thrombocytes, suppressing activation pathways mediated by adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and catecholamines.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Crude extracts demonstrated clear in vitro inhibition of human platelet aggregation provoked by ADP and epinephrine, supporting classical records regarding its cardioprotective (''Hrudya'') and vascular-stabilizing qualities.<ref name="Ghayur" />

==== Neuropharmacological & Anxiolytic Effects ====
* '''Mechanism:''' Nitrogenous components and volatile terpenes potentiate gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic neurotransmission in the central nervous system.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Using the elevated plus-maze (EPM) and light/dark transition paradigm in rodents, polar extracts displayed significant central anxiolytic, mild sedative, and muscle-relaxant actions without inducing neurotoxic deficits or acute motor ataxia.<ref name="Gupta">{{cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=R. |last2=Dixit |first2=V. K. |year=2008 |title=Neuropharmacological actions of Abies webbiana Lindl. leaf extracts |journal=Journal of Natural Medicines |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=308–313 |doi=10.1007/s11418-008-0238-z}}</ref>

== Safety & Toxicity Profile ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' Animal toxicity screens demonstrate wide therapeutic margins. Median lethal dose ($LD_{50}$) assays for polar leaf extracts exceed 1,000–1,500 mg/kg p.o. in mice and rats, placing normal therapeutic intakes (2–3 g dried powder/day) well within safety thresholds.
* '''Adverse Effects & Precautions:''' Because of its pungent post-digestive effect (''Katu Vipaka'') and hot potency (''Ushna Veerya''), excessive dosing may aggravate Pitta dosha, manifesting as heartburn, pyrosis, or gastric irritation in individuals with active peptic ulcers.

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=4 |pages=58–59 |edition=Part I}}</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=K. C. |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Karpuradi varga, verse 114 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
<ref name="Ghayur">{{cite journal |last1=Ghayur |first1=M. N. |last2=Gilani |first2=A. H. |last3=Janssen |first3=L. J. |year=2007 |title=Antispasmodic, bronchodilator and anti-platelet activities of Abies webbiana |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=21 |issue=8 |pages=754–759 |doi=10.1002/ptr.2155}}</ref>
<ref name="Nayampalli">{{cite journal |last1=Nayampalli |first1=S. |last2=Desai |first2=N. K. |last3=Ainapure |first3=S. S. |year=1998 |title=Antitussive activity of Abies webbiana leaves |journal=Indian Journal of Pharmacology |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=340–342}}</ref>
<ref name="Viswanathan">{{cite journal |last1=Viswanathan |first1=S. |last2=Thirugnanasambantham |first2=P. |last3=Kannan |first3=R. |last4=Reddy |first4=C. |year=2004 |title=Anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of Abies webbiana Lindl. |journal=Pharmacologyonline |volume=2 |pages=152–158}}</ref>
<ref name="Singh">{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=R. |last2=Chauhan |first2=S. |last3=Grover |first3=G. |year=2013 |title=In vitro antimicrobial evaluation of Abies webbiana leaves against pathogenic strains |journal=International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research |volume=4 |issue=9 |pages=3545–3549}}</ref>
<ref name="Gupta">{{cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=R. |last2=Dixit |first2=V. K. |year=2008 |title=Neuropharmacological actions of Abies webbiana Lindl. leaf extracts |journal=Journal of Natural Medicines |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=308–313 |doi=10.1007/s11418-008-0238-z}}</ref>
}}

Aguru

2026-09-23T05:16:54Z

Agnivesha:

Herbs details

2026-09-22T06:38:21Z

Agnivesha:

Herbs details:
Herbs in [[Charak Samhita]]

# [[Amalaki]]
# [[Bibhitaki]]
# [[Haritaki]]
# [[Shunthi]]
# [[Maricha]]
# [[Pippali]]
# [[Chitraka]]
# [[Vidanga]]
# [[Musta]]
# [[Guduchi]]
# [[Brahmi]]
# [[Shankhapushpi]]
# [[Ashwagandha]]
# [[Shatavari]]
# [[Haridra]]
# [[Arjuna]]
# [[Guggulu]]
# [[Yashtimadhu]]
# [[Lodhra]]
# [[Agnimantha]]
# [[Bilva]]
# [[Nimba]]
# [[Lashuna]]
# [[Punarnava]]
# [[Gokshura]]
# [[Surasa|Tulasi]] ([[Surasa]])
# [[Lavanga]]
# [[Manjishtha]]
# [[Karanja]]
# [[Bhumyamalaki]]
# [[Usheera]]
# [[Talisa]]
# [[Aguru]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants and Botanical Names in Charak Samhita
! Sr. No. !! Sanskrit Name !! Synonyms !! Botanical Name
|-
| 1 || [[Bibhitaki|Aksha]]|| [[Bibhitaki|Bibhitaki, kaliphala, Bhutavasa, Kalidruma]]|| '''[[Bibhitaki|Terminalia bellirica Roxb]]'''
|-
| 2 || [[Aguru]]|| Agaru, loha, krimija, rajarha || '''[[Aguru|Aquilaria agallocha Roxb]]'''
|-
| 3 || [[Agnimantha]]|| Jaya, Sriparni, Ganikarika, Jayanti, Tarkari, Nadeyi, Vai jayanti || '''[[Agnimantha|Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn.f.]]'''
|-
| 4 || Ankola || Ankoda, Deerghakeela, Nikochaka, Tamraphala, Gupta Sneha || '''Alangium lamarkii Thw., (Alangium salviifolium)'''
|-
| 5 || Ajamoda || Karavi, Deepyaka, Shikhimoda || '''Apium graveolens'''
|-
| 6 || Atasi || uma, picchila, devi, medagandha, madotkata, kshuma, hemavati,masruna || '''Linum usitatissimum Linn.'''
|-
| 7 || Atibala || rishyaprokta, kankatika,Balika, Vatyapushpy, Bhuribala || '''Abutilon indicum. (Link)'''
|-
| 8 || Ativisha || shrungi, virupa, pittadivallabha, shwetvaca, visha, madri || '''Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. Cat.'''
|-
| 9 || Aparajita || Shanhapushpi,Girikarnika, Visnukranta,Sephanda || '''Clitoria ternatea L.'''
|-
| 10 || Apamarga || Shikhari,durgraha, adhashalya, karmanjri, pratyakpushpi || '''Achyranthes aspera Linn.'''
|-
| 11 || Ambashtaki || laghu patha,Uttanaparni, prachina,varatikta, Aviddhakarni,kuchelika || '''Cissampelos pareira Linn'''
|-
| 12 || Amlikakanda || || '''Dioscorea oppositifolia L.'''
|-
| 13 || Arimeda || Irimeda, Vidkhadira || '''Acacia leucophloea Willd.'''
|-
| 14 || Arka || Ravi, Bhanu, Tapana,Tulaphala, vikirana,ksheeraparna || '''Calotropis gigantea'''
|-
| 15 || [[Surasa|Surasa, Tulasi, Arjaka]]|| Kutherak, Phaninjhak, Arjaka(Tulsi bheda), Barbari,Shweta tulasi || '''[[Surasa|Ocimum sanctum L., (syn. Ocimum tenuiflorum L., Ocimum gratissimum L.)]]'''
|-
| 16 || [[Arjuna]]|| Indradru, Nadisarja, Dhavala, Kakubha, Partha, Shweta vaha, || '''[[Arjuna|Terminalia Arjuna]]'''
|-
| 17 || Avakpushpi || || '''Trichodesma indicum'''
|-
| 18 || Ashoka || Madhupushpa,Raktapallavaka, Hemapushpa, Pindipushpa, Nata, Pallavadru, || '''Saraca indica Linn.'''
|-
| 19 || Ashmantaka || Yugmapatra, yaalapatraka, kanchini || '''Bauhinia racemosa. Lam.'''
|-
| 20 || [[Ashwagandha]]|| [[Ashwagandha|Balada, kamarupini, vajini,Gandhapatri]]|| '''[[Ashwagandha|Withania somnifera]]'''
|-
| 21 || Aswattha || pippala, shrivriksha, sevya,bodhidru, pavitraka,krishnavasa || '''Ficus religiosa L.'''
|-
| 22 || Asana || Beejaka, Vijayasara || '''Bridelia Montana Wall., Pterocarpus marsupium'''
|-
| 23 || Akhuparni || vriddhadaru, akhukarni, shubhashreni, krushika, dravanti || '''Ipomoea reniformis Chois.'''
|-
| 24 || Adhaki || Tuvari, Shanapushpika, Kalavrunta || '''Cajanus indicus Spreng'''
|-
| 25 || Atmagupta || Kapikachu, kapiloma, swayamgupta,Markati || '''Mucuna pruriens D.C.'''
|-
| 26 || [[Amalaki]]|| [[Amalaki|Dhatri, Dhatriphala, Sriphala, Vayastha,vayasya]]|| '''[[Amalaki|Phyllanthus emblica L./ Emblica officinalis]]'''
|-
| 27 || Amra || Madhuphala, Madhuli, Madhavadruma, Sahakara, parapushta || '''Manjifera indica L.'''
|-
| 28 || Ikshu || Asipatra, Bhurirasa, Dirghacchada, Gudamula, Trnarasa || '''Saccharum officinarum L.'''
|-
| 29 || Ikshuraka || Kokilaksha? || '''Hygrophila spinosa T.Anderson'''
|-
| 30 || Ingudi || Higupatra, Tapasadruma,Angaravruksha,Pootikantaka || '''Balanites roxburghii Plauch., (Balanites aegyptiaca (Linn) Del.)'''
|-
| 31 || Itkada || Utkata, Vanajayanti || '''Sesbania aculeate Pers.'''
|-
| 32 || Ucchadaka || Uttingana? || '''Blepharis edulis Pers.'''
|-
| 33 || Udumbara || || '''Ficus glomerata Roxb., ( Ficus racemosa)'''
|-
| 34 || Upodika || || '''Basella rubra L.'''
|-
| 35 || Eraka || || '''Typha elephantine Roxb.'''
|-
| 36 || Ervaru || || '''Cucumis utilissimus L.'''
|-
| 37 || Eranda || || '''Ricinus communis L.'''
|-
| 38 || Katutumbi || || '''Lagenaria Vulgaris Ser.'''
|-
| 39 || Katuphala || || '''Hibiscus abelmoschus L.'''
|-
| 40 || Kandakari || || '''Solanum xanthocarpum Sche.'''
|-
| 41 || Kadamba || || '''Anthocephalus cadamba Miq.'''
|-
| 42 || Kadara || || '''Acacia Senegal Willd.'''
|-
| 43 || Kapittha || || '''Feronia elephantanum Correa.'''
|-
| 44 || Karamarda || || '''Carissa carandas L.'''
|-
| 45 || Karavira || || '''Nerium odorum Soland'''
|-
| 46 || Karira || || '''Copparis aphylla Roth'''
|-
| 47 || [[Karanja]]|| || '''[[Karanja|Pongamia pinnata/glabra Vent.]]'''
|-
| 48 || Karkatashrungi || || '''Rhuus succedanea L.'''
|-
| 49 || Karkandhu || || '''Zizyphus nummularia W.C.'''
|-
| 50 || Karpura || || '''Dryobalanops aromatic Goertn.'''
|-
| 51 || Kalaya || || '''Lathyrus sativus L.'''
|-
| 52 || Kasheruka || || '''Seirpus kysoor R.'''
|-
| 53 || Kakamachi || || '''Solanum nigrum L.'''
|-
| 54 || Karavellika || || '''Momordica charantia L.'''
|-
| 55 || Karpasa || || '''Gossypium herbacum L.'''
|-
| 56 || Kalanusariva || || '''Ichnocarpus frutenscens Br.'''
|-
| 57 || Kashmari || || '''Gmelina arborea L.'''
|-
| 58 || Kasamarda || || '''Cassia occidentalis L.'''
|-
| 59 || Kiratatikta || || '''Swertia chirata Ham.'''
|-
| 60 || Kutaja || || '''Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall.'''
|-
| 61 || Kutumbaka || || '''Leucas linifolia Spreng.'''
|-
| 62 || Kumarajeeva || || '''Putranjiva roxburghii Wall.'''
|-
| 63 || Kumbhi || || '''Careya arborea R.'''
|-
| 64 || Kurandaka || || '''Barleria prionitis L.'''
|-
| 65 || Kusumbha || || '''Carathmus tinctoricus L.'''
|-
| 66 || Kovidara || || '''Bauhinia variegate L.'''
|-
| 67 || Koshataki || || '''Luffa acutangula varamara Clerke'''
|-
| 68 || Koshamra || || '''Scheleichera trijuga Willd.'''
|-
| 69 || Kumkuma || || '''Crocus sativus L.'''
|-
| 70 || Khadira || || '''Acacia catechu Willd.'''
|-
| 71 || [[Guggulu]]|| || '''[[Guggulu|Commiphora/Balsamodendron mukul Hook.]]'''
|-
| 72 || Gunja || || '''Abrus precatorius L.'''
|-
| 73 || [[Guduchi]]|| || '''[[Guduchi|Tinospora cordifolia Miers.]]'''
|-
| 74 || [[Gokshura]]|| || '''[[Gokshura|Tribulus terrestris L.]]'''
|-
| 75 || Gojihwa || || '''Elephantopus scaber L.'''
|-
| 76 || Chakramarda || || '''Cassia tora L.'''
|-
| 77 || Chanchu || || '''Corchorus oilitorius L.'''
|-
| 78 || Chandana || || '''Santalum album L.'''
|-
| 79 || Charmakasha || || '''Acacia concinna D.C.'''
|-
| 80 || Changeri || || '''Oxalis corniculata L.'''
|-
| 81 || [[Chitraka]]|| || '''[[Chitraka|Plumbago zeylanica L.]]'''
|-
| 82 || Chirabilva || || '''Holoptelia integrifolia Planch.'''
|-
| 83 || Chirmata || || '''Cucumis melo L.'''
|-
| 84 || Chilli || || '''Chenopodium album L.'''
|-
| 85 || Choraka || || '''Agelica glauca Edgew.'''
|-
| 86 || Jambu || || '''Eugenia jambos Lamk.'''
|-
| 87 || Jaya || || '''Sesbania egyptica Pers.'''
|-
| 88 || Jalapippali || || '''Lippia nodiflora Rich.'''
|-
| 89 || Jati || || '''Myristica fragrens Houtt.'''
|-
| 90 || Jingini || || '''Odina wodier Roxb.'''
|-
| 91 || Jeeraka || || '''Cuminum cyminum L.'''
|-
| 92 || Jyotishmati || || '''Celestrus paniculata Willd.'''
|-
| 93 || Tamala || || '''Cinnamomum tamala Fr. Nees.'''
|-
| 94 || Tintidika || || '''Tamarindus indica L.'''
|-
| 95 || Tinduka || || '''Diospyros embryopteris Pers.'''
|-
| 96 || Tila || || '''Sesamum indicum L.'''
|-
| 97 || Tilaparni || || '''Gynandropis pentaphylla D.C'''
|-
| 98 || Tumburu || || '''Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb.'''
|-
| 99 || Tuda || || '''Morus indica L.'''
|-
| 100 || Trivrut || || '''Ipomea turpethum Br.'''
|-
| 101 || Dadima || || '''Punica granatum L.'''
|-
| 102 || Daruharidra || || '''Berberis aristata D.C'''
|-
| 103 || Dipyaka || || '''Carum copticum Benth.'''
|-
| 104 || Dugdhika || || '''Euphorbia pilulifera L.'''
|-
| 105 || Duralabha || || '''Fagonia Arabica L.'''
|-
| 106 || Durva || || '''Cynodon dactylon Pers.'''
|-
| 107 || Draksha || || '''Vitis vinifera L.'''
|-
| 108 || Dhanvana || || '''Grewia tiliefolia Vahl.'''
|-
| 109 || Dhava || || '''Anogeisssus latifolia Wall.'''
|-
| 110 || Dhataki || || '''Woodfordia floribunda Slisb.'''
|-
| 111 || Dhanyaka || || '''Coriandrum sativum'''
|-
| 112 || Nanditaka || || '''Ficus retusa L.'''
|-
| 113 || Nalika || || '''Onosma echioides L.'''
|-
| 114 || Naranga || || '''Citrus aurantium L.'''
|-
| 115 || Nadi || || '''Ipomea aquatica Forsk.'''
|-
| 116 || [[Nimba]]|| || '''[[Nimba|Azadirachta indica]] '''
|-
| 117 || Nirgundi || || '''Vitex negundo L.'''
|-
| 118 || Nilika || || '''Indigofera tinctoria L.'''
|-
| 119 || Nyagrodha || || '''Ficus bengalensis L.'''
|-
| 120 || Patola || || '''Trichosanthes dioica Roxb.'''
|-
| 121 || Patra || || '''Cinnamomum iners Reinw.'''
|-
| 122 || Padmaka || || '''Prunus puddum Roxb.'''
|-
| 123 || Parushaka || || '''Grewia asiatica L.'''
|-
| 124 || Parpataka || || '''Rangia repens Nees.'''
|-
| 125 || Paravata || || '''Psidium guyava L.'''
|-
| 126 || Pashanabheda || || '''Saxifraga lingulata Wall.'''
|-
| 127 || [[Pippali]]|| || '''[[Pippali|Piper longum L.]]'''
|-
| 128 || Pilu || || '''Salvadora persica L.'''
|-
| 129 || [[Punarnava]]|| || '''[[Punarnava|Boerhavia diffusa L.]]'''
|-
| 130 || Prasarani || || '''Pederia fetida L.'''
|-
| 131 || Prachinamalaka || || '''Flacourtia cataphracta Roxb.'''
|-
| 132 || Piyala || || '''Aglaia roxburghiana Miq.'''
|-
| 133 || Plaksha || || '''Ficus tsiela Roxb.'''
|-
| 134 || Phenila || || '''Sapindus trifoliatus L.'''
|-
| 135 || Bakula || || '''Mimusops elengi L.'''
|-
| 136 || Badara || || '''Zizyphus jujube Lamk.'''
|-
| 137 || [[Bilva]]|| || '''[[Bilva|Aegle marmelos Corr.]]'''
|-
| 138 || Bijaka || || '''Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.'''
|-
| 139 || Bijapuraka || || '''Citrus medica L.'''
|-
| 140 || Bruhati || || '''Solanum indicum L.'''
|-
| 141 || [[Brahmi]]|| || '''[[Brahmi|Bacopa monnieri]]'''
|-
| 142 || Bhavya || || '''Dillenia indica L.'''
|-
| 143 || Bhrigaraja || || '''Eclipta alba Hassk.'''
|-
| 144 || Mandukaparni || || '''Hydrocotyle asiatica L.'''
|-
| 145 || Madana || || '''Randia dumatorum Lam.'''
|-
| 146 || Madhuka || || '''Bassia latifolia Roxb.'''
|-
| 147 || [[Maricha]]|| || '''Piper nigrum L.'''
|-
| 148 || Mamsi || || '''Nardostachys jatamansi D.C'''
|-
| 149 || Mudga || || '''Phaseolus mungo L.'''
|-
| 150 || [[Musta]]|| || '''[[Musta|Cyperus rotundus L.]]'''
|-
| 151 || Murva || || '''Clematis triloba Heyne.'''
|-
| 152 || Mulaka || || '''Raphanus sativus L.'''
|-
| 153 || Yava || || '''Hordeum vulgarae L.'''
|-
| 154 || Yavasaka || || '''Alhagi maumorum Desv.'''
|-
| 155 || Raktotpala || || '''Nymphoea lotus L.'''
|-
| 156 || Rajakshavaka || || '''Doemia extensa Br.'''
|-
| 157 || Rajamasha || || '''Vigna catiang Endl.'''
|-
| 158 || Rajadana || || '''Mimusops hexandra Roxb.'''
|-
| 159 || Rasna || || '''Pluchea lanceolata Oliv.'''
|-
| 160 || Ruha || || '''Loranthus falcatus L.'''
|-
| 161 || Rohini || || '''Soymida febrifuge Juss.'''
|-
| 162 || [[Lashuna]]|| || '''[[Lashuna|Allium sativum L.]]'''
|-
| 163 || Likucha || || '''Artocarpus lokoocha Roxb.'''
|-
| 164 || Lonika || || '''Portulaca oleracea L.'''
|-
| 165 || [[Lodhra]]|| || '''[[Lodhra|Symplocos recemosa Roxb.]]'''
|-
| 166 || Vacha || || '''Acorus calamus L.'''
|-
| 167 || Vanjula || || '''Salix tetrasperma Roxb.'''
|-
| 168 || Varuna || || '''Cratoeva religiosa Forst.'''
|-
| 169 || Vatama || || '''Prunus amygdalus Baill.'''
|-
| 170 || Vartaka || || '''Solanum melongena L.'''
|-
| 171 || Vasa || || '''Adhatoda vasica Nees.'''
|-
| 172 || Vikankata || || '''Gymnosporia Montana Benth.'''
|-
| 173 || [[Vidanga]]|| || '''[[Vidanga|Embelia ribes Burn.]]'''
|-
| 174 || Vidari || || '''Ipomea digitata L.'''
|-
| 175 || [[Shankhapushpi]]|| Shankhahva, Mangalyakusuma, Keshi, Vishnukranta|| '''[[Shankhapushpi|Evolvulus alsinoides L.]]'''
|-
| 176 || Shana || || '''Crotalaria juncea L.'''
|-
| 177 || Shanapushpi || || '''Crotalaria verrucosa L.'''
|-
| 178 || Shatapushpa || || '''Peucedanum graveolens Benth.'''
|-
| 179 || [[Shatavari]]|| || '''[[Shatavari|Asparagus racemosus Willd.]]'''
|-
| 180 || Shami || || '''Prosopis spicigera L.'''
|-
| 181 || Shallaki || || '''Boswellia serrate Roxb.'''
|-
| 182 || Shaliparni || || '''Desmodium gangeticum D.C.'''
|-
| 183 || Shalmali || || '''Bambox malabarica D.C.'''
|-
| 184 || Shimshapa || || '''Dalbergia sisso Roxb.'''
|-
| 185 || Shigru || || '''Moringa pterygosperma Goertn.'''
|-
| 186 || Shirisha || || '''Albezzia lebbeck Benth.'''
|-
| 187 || [[Shunthi|Shringavera]] [[Shunthi|(Shunthi/Aardraka)]]|| || '''Zingiber officinale Rose.'''
|-
| 188 || Shringataka || || '''Trapa bispinosa Roxb.'''
|-
| 189 || Saptaparna || || '''Alstonia scholaris R. Br.'''
|-
| 190 || Sarja || || '''Shorea robusta'''
|-
| 191 || Sarshapa || || '''Brassica campestris L.'''
|-
| 192 || Sariva || || '''Hemmidesmus indicus Br.'''
|-
| 193 || Sudha || || '''Euphorbia nerifolia L.'''
|-
| 194 || Surasa || || '''Ocimum sanctum L.'''
|-
| 195 || Somaraji || || '''Proralea corylifolia L.'''
|-
| 196 || Hamsapadi || || '''Adjantum lunulatum Burm.'''
|-
| 197 || Hapusha || || '''Juniperus communis L.'''
|-
| 198 || Hastidanti || || '''Croton oblongifolius Roxb.'''
|-
| 199 || [[Haridra]]|| || '''[[Haridra|Curcuma longa L.]]'''
|-
| 200 || Hemadugdha || || '''Argimone mexicana L.'''
|}

Aguru

2026-09-22T06:36:42Z

Agnivesha:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita - Herb Database
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Aguru, Aquilaria agallocha, Eaglewood, Agarwood, Aloeswood, Shwasahara, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia, Anu taila, Chyavanprasha, Essential oil,Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda
|description=Monograph on Aguru (Aquilaria agallocha Roxb.): comprehensive botanical profile, classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics, phytochemical constituents, and evidence-based therapeutic efficacy.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=Aguru - Aquilaria agallocha
|type=article
}}

{{Infobox
|title = Aguru
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/aguru
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Aquilaria agallocha Roxb. (syn. Aquilaria malaccensis Lam.)
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Thymelaeaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}
[[File:Aguru.jpg|thumb|'''Aguru (''Aquilaria agallocha'')''']]
'''Aguru''' (Latin: ''Aquilaria agallocha'' Roxb., syn. ''Aquilaria malaccensis'' Lam.; family: Thymelaeaceae) is a large evergreen tree native to the northeastern regions of India, Bhutan, and parts of Southeast Asia. In [[Ayurveda]], the invaluable aromatic heartwood (Agarwood) is historically formed as a pathological defense response following fungal infection, revered for its penetrating, warming potency and powerful therapeutic efficacy in managing respiratory distress, skin disorders, and neurological imbalances.<ref name="API">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=4 |pages=02 |edition=Part I}}</ref>

== Botanical & Vernacular Names ==
* '''Botanical Name:''' ''Aquilaria agallocha'' Roxb. (syn. ''Aquilaria malaccensis'' Lam.)
* '''Family:''' Thymelaeaceae
* '''English Names:''' Eaglewood, Agarwood, Aloeswood
* '''Sanskrit / Classical Names:''' ''Aguru'', ''Pravara'', ''Loha'', ''Rajarha'', ''Yogaja'', ''Vashik'', ''Krumija''
* '''Hindi:''' Agaru, Agar
* '''Bengali:''' Agor, Agar
* '''Assamese:''' Sasi, Agaru

== Synonyms in Classical Texts ==
* '''Synonyms in Charak Samhita:'''
** ''Aguru'' – Classical designation.
** ''Pravara'' – Denotes its status as a potent and superior drug.
** ''Loha'' – Refers to the heavy, dense resinous heartwood that sinks in water.
** ''Rajarha'' – Valued and fit for royalty due to its exquisite fragrance.
** ''Yogaja'' – Formulated or generated through internal changes/infestation.
** ''Vashik'' – Possessing soothing and controlling attributes.
** ''Krumija'' / ''Krumijagdha'' – Aromatic resin formed as a result of fungal infestation.
* '''Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu:'''<ref name="Bhavaprakash">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=Krushnachandra |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Karpuradi varga, verse no.- 21, 22 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
** ''Anaaryaka'' – Plant commonly growing in the hilly regions of the northeastern parts of India.

== Varieties ==
=== Raja Nighantu ===
Five varieties are mentioned:<ref name="RajaNighantu">{{cite book |last=Tripathi |first=Indradev |title=Raja Nighantu of Pandit Narhari |year=2006 |publisher=Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy |location=Varanasi |pages=Chandanadi varga verse no- 85, 87, 89, 91, 92}}</ref>
# Swadu
# Krushna aguru
# Kaastha aguru
# Daaha aguru
# Maangalya aguru

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Aguru possesses a hot potency and pungent-bitter taste profile, making it highly effective in pacifying Kapha and Vata doshas:<ref name="API" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
| 1 || '''Taste (''[[Rasa]]'')''' || Bitter (''Tikta''), Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 2 || '''Potency (''[[Veerya]]'')'''|| Hot (''Ushna'')
|-
| 3 || '''Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'')'''|| Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 4 || '''Qualities (''[[Guna]]'')'''|| Light (''Laghu''), Rough (''Ruksha''), Sharpness (''Tikshna'')
|-
| 5 || '''Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'')'''|| Pacifies Kapha and Vata (''Kapha-Vatahara'')
|}

== References in Charak Samhita and its Actions ==
Aguru is prominently documented across multiple therapeutic chapters of the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(37) || Shwasahara mahakashaya (relieving respiratory distress)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(42) || Sheetaprashamana mahakashaya (pacifying cold)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/21 || Dhuma varti dravya (ingredient of therapeutic inhalation for disease prevention)
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/26 || Vairechanika dhuma varti (ingredient of smoke inhalation with unctuous substances)
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/63 || Anu taila dravya
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 6/16 || Vihara in Hemanta Rutu
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 6/25 || Vihara in Vasanta Rutu
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40 || Agrya Sangraha (collections of best food articles, factors and drugs)
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/49 || Veerya varnan
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/143 || Tikta skandha (group of bitter drugs)
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/41 || Prajata stree paricharya / Apara patana (post-delivery management)
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/28 || Used for decoction in ''Kaphaja prameha'' (diabetes)
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/36 || Ingredient in Punarnavadhyarisht
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/65 || For ''Lepa, Abhyangadi Bahyaprayogarth'' (external applications)
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/70 || As a ''Lepa dravya'' in ''Kaphaj Shvayathu'' (swelling)
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/148 || As an ingredient of Madhookasava
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/163 || As an ingredient of Madhvarishta
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/80 || Used for shodhanottara dhumapana
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/123 || As an ingredient of shatyadi churna
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/77 || As an ingredient of Mahagandha hasti agada
|-
| 21 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/231 || Used in the treatment of animals suffering with poison
|-
| 22 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/91 || As an ingredient of Kampillakadi taila
|-
| 23 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/182 || Used in Kaphaja sira shoola for dhoomavarti
|-
| 24 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/188 || As an ingredient of Pippalyadi churna for kavala karma (gargling)
|-
| 25 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/209 || As an ingredient of Khadiradi gutika
|-
| 26 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/270 || As an ingredient of Mahaneela taila
|-
| 27 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/41 || As an ingredient of Piluparnyadi Yoga
|-
| 28 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/54 || As an ingredient of Vatsakadi Pralepa (external application)
|-
| 29 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/150 || As an ingredient of Bala taila
|-
| 30 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/168 || As an ingredient of Mulakadhya taila
|-
| 31 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/179 || Agurvadi taila is useful in Vata vyadhi
|-
| 32 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/92 || As an ingredient of Madhuparnyadi taila
|-
| 33 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/107 || As an ingredient of Amrutadya taila
|-
| 34 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/23 || Vamanarth (for emesis)
|-
| 35 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/58 || In formulation of dwitiya brahma rasayana
|-
| 36 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/3/28 || As a mood enhancer
|}

== Therapeutic Indications (Classical) ==
Aguru is traditionally indicated in the clinical management of:<ref name="API" />
* ''Akshiroga'' (Eye diseases)
* ''Shwasa'' (Dyspnea / Respiratory distress)
* ''Karna roga'' (Ear diseases)
* ''Kushtha'' (Dermatological disorders / Skin diseases)
* ''Visha'' (Toxic conditions / Poisoning)

== Dosage & Administration ==
* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 1 – 3 g daily in divided doses.<ref name="API" />

== Classical Formulations ==
* ''Madhukasava''
* ''Mrudvikasava''
* ''Karpuradyarka''
* ''Chyavanprasha avaleha''
* ''Anu taila''
* ''Chandanadi taila''
* ''Khadiradi gutika''
* ''Swasahara kashaya churna''
* ''Guduchyadi taila''

== Current Researches ==
=== Phytochemical Composition ===
Modern phytochemical profiling of ''Aquilaria agallocha'' resinous heartwood reveals a dense matrix of active constituents:
* '''Sesquiterpenes:''' Alpha-guaiene, beta-elemene, agarospirol, valencene, and jinkoh-eremol.
* '''Chromones:''' 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone derivatives and flindersia-type chromones imparting stability and aroma.
* '''Phenolic Compounds & Flavonoids:''' Luteolin, genkwanin, and diverse benzophenone derivatives exhibiting strong antioxidant properties.

=== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ===
* '''Anti-Inflammatory & Analgesic Efficacy:''' Sesquiterpenes and chromones inhibit lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase pathways, suppressing inflammatory mediators.<ref name="ResearchAPI">{{cite journal |title=Pharmacological evaluation and phytochemical constituents of Aquilaria agallocha |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |year=2021}}</ref>
* '''Neuroprotective & Anxiolytic Actions:''' Volatile sesquiterpenes cross the blood-brain barrier, interacting positively with GABAergic receptor systems to moderate central nervous system excitability.<ref name="ResearchAPI" />
* '''Antimicrobial & Antioxidant Properties:''' Phenolic fractions and oxygenated sesquiterpenes disrupt microbial membrane integrity while scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS), validating its efficacy against skin pathogens.<ref name="ResearchAPI" />

== Current Availability ==
* Available in India, particularly in the Himalayan region, Assam, and Manipur.

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=4 |pages=02 |edition=Part I}}</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=Krushnachandra |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Karpuradi varga, verse no.- 21, 22 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
<ref name="RajaNighantu">{{cite book |last=Tripathi |first=Indradev |title=Raja Nighantu of Pandit Narhari |year=2006 |publisher=Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy |location=Varanasi |pages=Chandanadi varga verse no- 85, 87, 89, 91, 92}}</ref>
<ref name="ResearchAPI">{{cite journal |title=Pharmacological evaluation and phytochemical constituents of Aquilaria agallocha |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |year=2021}}</ref>
}}
== External links ==

[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Aquilaria%20agallocha IMPPAT Database]

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agarwood Wikipedia]

[[index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

File:Aguru.jpg

2026-09-22T06:35:02Z

Agnivesha:

Aguru

2026-09-22T06:19:59Z

Agnivesha:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita - Herb Database
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Aguru, Aquilaria agallocha, Eaglewood, Agarwood, Aloeswood, Shwasahara, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia, Anu taila, Chyavanprasha, Essential oil,Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda
|description=Monograph on Aguru (Aquilaria agallocha Roxb.): comprehensive botanical profile, classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics, phytochemical constituents, and evidence-based therapeutic efficacy.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=Aguru - Aquilaria agallocha
|type=article
}}

{{Infobox
|title = Aguru
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/aguru
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Aquilaria agallocha Roxb. (syn. Aquilaria malaccensis Lam.)
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Thymelaeaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''Aguru''' (Latin: ''Aquilaria agallocha'' Roxb., syn. ''Aquilaria malaccensis'' Lam.; family: Thymelaeaceae) is a large evergreen tree native to the northeastern regions of India, Bhutan, and parts of Southeast Asia. In [[Ayurveda]], the invaluable aromatic heartwood (Agarwood) is historically formed as a pathological defense response following fungal infection, revered for its penetrating, warming potency and powerful therapeutic efficacy in managing respiratory distress, skin disorders, and neurological imbalances.<ref name="API">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=4 |pages=02 |edition=Part I}}</ref>

== Botanical & Vernacular Names ==
* '''Botanical Name:''' ''Aquilaria agallocha'' Roxb. (syn. ''Aquilaria malaccensis'' Lam.)
* '''Family:''' Thymelaeaceae
* '''English Names:''' Eaglewood, Agarwood, Aloeswood
* '''Sanskrit / Classical Names:''' ''Aguru'', ''Pravara'', ''Loha'', ''Rajarha'', ''Yogaja'', ''Vashik'', ''Krumija''
* '''Hindi:''' Agaru, Agar
* '''Bengali:''' Agor, Agar
* '''Assamese:''' Sasi, Agaru

== Synonyms in Classical Texts ==
* '''Synonyms in Charak Samhita:'''
** ''Aguru'' – Classical designation.
** ''Pravara'' – Denotes its status as a potent and superior drug.
** ''Loha'' – Refers to the heavy, dense resinous heartwood that sinks in water.
** ''Rajarha'' – Valued and fit for royalty due to its exquisite fragrance.
** ''Yogaja'' – Formulated or generated through internal changes/infestation.
** ''Vashik'' – Possessing soothing and controlling attributes.
** ''Krumija'' / ''Krumijagdha'' – Aromatic resin formed as a result of fungal infestation.
* '''Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu:'''<ref name="Bhavaprakash">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=Krushnachandra |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Karpuradi varga, verse no.- 21, 22 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
** ''Anaaryaka'' – Plant commonly growing in the hilly regions of the northeastern parts of India.

== Varieties ==
=== Raja Nighantu ===
Five varieties are mentioned:<ref name="RajaNighantu">{{cite book |last=Tripathi |first=Indradev |title=Raja Nighantu of Pandit Narhari |year=2006 |publisher=Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy |location=Varanasi |pages=Chandanadi varga verse no- 85, 87, 89, 91, 92}}</ref>
# Swadu
# Krushna aguru
# Kaastha aguru
# Daaha aguru
# Maangalya aguru

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Aguru possesses a hot potency and pungent-bitter taste profile, making it highly effective in pacifying Kapha and Vata doshas:<ref name="API" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
| 1 || '''Taste (''[[Rasa]]'')''' || Bitter (''Tikta''), Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 2 || '''Potency (''[[Veerya]]'')'''|| Hot (''Ushna'')
|-
| 3 || '''Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'')'''|| Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 4 || '''Qualities (''[[Guna]]'')'''|| Light (''Laghu''), Rough (''Ruksha''), Sharpness (''Tikshna'')
|-
| 5 || '''Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'')'''|| Pacifies Kapha and Vata (''Kapha-Vatahara'')
|}

== References in Charak Samhita and its Actions ==
Aguru is prominently documented across multiple therapeutic chapters of the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(37) || Shwasahara mahakashaya (relieving respiratory distress)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(42) || Sheetaprashamana mahakashaya (pacifying cold)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/21 || Dhuma varti dravya (ingredient of therapeutic inhalation for disease prevention)
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/26 || Vairechanika dhuma varti (ingredient of smoke inhalation with unctuous substances)
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/63 || Anu taila dravya
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 6/16 || Vihara in Hemanta Rutu
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 6/25 || Vihara in Vasanta Rutu
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40 || Agrya Sangraha (collections of best food articles, factors and drugs)
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/49 || Veerya varnan
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/143 || Tikta skandha (group of bitter drugs)
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/41 || Prajata stree paricharya / Apara patana (post-delivery management)
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/28 || Used for decoction in ''Kaphaja prameha'' (diabetes)
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/36 || Ingredient in Punarnavadhyarisht
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/65 || For ''Lepa, Abhyangadi Bahyaprayogarth'' (external applications)
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/70 || As a ''Lepa dravya'' in ''Kaphaj Shvayathu'' (swelling)
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/148 || As an ingredient of Madhookasava
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/163 || As an ingredient of Madhvarishta
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/80 || Used for shodhanottara dhumapana
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/123 || As an ingredient of shatyadi churna
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/77 || As an ingredient of Mahagandha hasti agada
|-
| 21 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/231 || Used in the treatment of animals suffering with poison
|-
| 22 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/91 || As an ingredient of Kampillakadi taila
|-
| 23 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/182 || Used in Kaphaja sira shoola for dhoomavarti
|-
| 24 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/188 || As an ingredient of Pippalyadi churna for kavala karma (gargling)
|-
| 25 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/209 || As an ingredient of Khadiradi gutika
|-
| 26 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/270 || As an ingredient of Mahaneela taila
|-
| 27 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/41 || As an ingredient of Piluparnyadi Yoga
|-
| 28 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/54 || As an ingredient of Vatsakadi Pralepa (external application)
|-
| 29 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/150 || As an ingredient of Bala taila
|-
| 30 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/168 || As an ingredient of Mulakadhya taila
|-
| 31 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/179 || Agurvadi taila is useful in Vata vyadhi
|-
| 32 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/92 || As an ingredient of Madhuparnyadi taila
|-
| 33 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/107 || As an ingredient of Amrutadya taila
|-
| 34 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/23 || Vamanarth (for emesis)
|-
| 35 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/58 || In formulation of dwitiya brahma rasayana
|-
| 36 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/3/28 || As a mood enhancer
|}

== Therapeutic Indications (Classical) ==
Aguru is traditionally indicated in the clinical management of:<ref name="API" />
* ''Akshiroga'' (Eye diseases)
* ''Swasa'' (Dyspnea / Respiratory distress)
* ''Karna roga'' (Ear diseases)
* ''Kustha'' (Dermatological disorders / Skin diseases)
* ''Visha'' (Toxic conditions / Poisoning)

== Dosage & Administration ==
* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 1 – 3 g daily in divided doses.<ref name="API" />

== Classical Formulations ==
* ''Madhukasava''
* ''Mrudvikasava''
* ''Karpuradyarka''
* ''Chyavanprasha avaleha''
* ''Anu taila''
* ''Chandanadi taila''
* ''Khadiradi gutika''
* ''Swasahara kashaya churna''
* ''Guduchyadi taila''

== Current Researches ==
=== Phytochemical Composition ===
Modern phytochemical profiling of ''Aquilaria agallocha'' resinous heartwood reveals a dense matrix of active constituents:
* '''Sesquiterpenes:''' Alpha-guaiene, beta-elemene, agarospirol, valencene, and jinkoh-eremol.
* '''Chromones:''' 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone derivatives and flindersia-type chromones imparting stability and aroma.
* '''Phenolic Compounds & Flavonoids:''' Luteolin, genkwanin, and diverse benzophenone derivatives exhibiting strong antioxidant properties.

=== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ===
* '''Anti-Inflammatory & Analgesic Efficacy:''' Sesquiterpenes and chromones inhibit lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase pathways, suppressing inflammatory mediators.<ref name="ResearchAPI">{{cite journal |title=Pharmacological evaluation and phytochemical constituents of Aquilaria agallocha |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |year=2021}}</ref>
* '''Neuroprotective & Anxiolytic Actions:''' Volatile sesquiterpenes cross the blood-brain barrier, interacting positively with GABAergic receptor systems to moderate central nervous system excitability.<ref name="ResearchAPI" />
* '''Antimicrobial & Antioxidant Properties:''' Phenolic fractions and oxygenated sesquiterpenes disrupt microbial membrane integrity while scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS), validating its efficacy against skin pathogens.<ref name="ResearchAPI" />

== Current Availability ==
* Available in India, particularly in the Himalayan region, Assam, and Manipur.

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=4 |pages=02 |edition=Part I}}</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=Krushnachandra |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Karpuradi varga, verse no.- 21, 22 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
<ref name="RajaNighantu">{{cite book |last=Tripathi |first=Indradev |title=Raja Nighantu of Pandit Narhari |year=2006 |publisher=Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy |location=Varanasi |pages=Chandanadi varga verse no- 85, 87, 89, 91, 92}}</ref>
<ref name="ResearchAPI">{{cite journal |title=Pharmacological evaluation and phytochemical constituents of Aquilaria agallocha |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |year=2021}}</ref>
}}

== External links ==

[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Aquilaria%20agallocha IMPPAT Database]

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agarwood Wikipedia]

[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]

Santarpaniya Adhyaya

2026-09-19T09:18:45Z

Agnivesha:

{{CiteButton}}
{{#seo:
|title=Santarpaniya Adhyaya
|titlemode=append
|keywords=santarpana (over-nutrition), apatarpana (under-nutrition), management of over-nutrition induced disorders, nutrition deficiency disorders, charak samhita, obesity, dislipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, Ayurveda, Indian system of medicine, charak samhita.
|description=Sutra Sthana Chapter 23. Over-nutrition, under-nutrition and its disorders
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=carak samhita
|type=article
}}
<big>'''Sutra Sthana Chapter 23. Over-nutrition, under-nutrition and its disorders '''</big>
{{Infobox
|title = Santarpaniya Adhyaya
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = [[Sutra Sthana]] Chapter 23
|label2 = Tetrad/Sub-section
|data2 = ''Yojana Chatushka''
|label3 = Preceding Chapter
|data3 = [[Langhanabrimhaniya Adhyaya]]

|label4 = Succeeding Chapter
|data4 = [[Vidhishonitiya Adhyaya]]

|label5 = Other Sections
|data5 = [[Nidana Sthana]], [[Vimana Sthana]], [[Sharira Sthana]], [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Chikitsa Sthana]], [[Kalpa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]
|label6 = Translator and commentator
|data6 = Sabnis M., [[Yogesh Deole|Deole Y. S.]]
|label7 = Reviewer
|data7 = Byadgi P.S.
|label8 = Editors
|data8 = Dwivedi R.B., [[Yogesh Deole|Deole Y.S.]], [[Gopal Basisht|Basisht G.]]
|label9 = Year of publication
|data9 = 2020
|label10 = Publisher
|data10 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label11 = DOI
|data11 = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.025 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.025]
}}
<big>'''Abstract'''</big>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Diseases are caused due to over nutrition and under nutrition. This chapter enlists the causative factors affecting nutritional status leading to two categories of diseases viz. Santarpana (over-nutrition) and apatarpana (under nutrition). The dietary and lifestyle management of these two disease categories is also elaborated. Nutraceutical preparations, weight reducing recipes, therapeutic procedures like panchakarma and other associated procedures are described with medicaments. The chapter also contains a comprehensive list of commonly available herbs used in treatment of these diseases. </br>

'''Keywords''': ''santarpana'' (over-nutrition), ''apatarpana'' (under-nutrition), management of over-nutrition induced disorders, nutrition deficiency disorders.
</p>

<div style="text-align:justify;">

== Introduction ==
<div style="text-align:justify;">
In the series of chapters described for management principles, the present chapter describes two most commonly observed conditions in society viz. santarpana(over-nutrition) and apatarpana(undernutrition). It is sequenced after [[langhana]] and [[brimhana]] therapies. The present chapter enlists causes and diseases due to over-nutrition and under-nutrition and their management through diet and medicaments. It is a blend of nutraceutical food supplements with medicaments. Complications arising due to sedentary lifestyle and over-nutritive diet are also enlisted in the chapter with diseases caused due to undernutrition/ malnourishment and their management with simple dietary preparations. The pharmacological effect of herbs used in management are elaborated in detail as well.

Santarpana(overnutrition) leads to vitiation of [[kapha]] [[dosha]] and [[meda dhatu]] and various obstructive pathologies, whereas apatarpana(undernutrition) leads to [[vata]]-[[pitta]] [[dosha]] vitiation and various degenerative pathologies. This concept has been emphasized in this chapter.
</div>

==Sanskrit text, Transliteration and English Translation==
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

अथातः सन्तर्पणीयमध्यायं व्याख्यास्यामः||१||

इति ह स्माह भगवानात्रेयः||२||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

athātaḥ santarpaṇīyamadhyāyaṁ vyākhyāsyāmaḥ||1||

iti ha smāha bhagavānātrēyaḥ||2||

athAtaH santarpaNIyamadhyAyaM vyAkhyAsyAmaH||1||

iti ha smAha bhagavAnAtreyaH||2||
</div></div>

Now we shall expound the chapter "Santarpaniya" (Over-nutrition, under-nutrition and its disorders). Thus said Lord Atreya. [1-2]

=== Causes of ''santarpana'' induced diseases ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

सन्तर्पयति यः स्निग्धैर्मधुरैर्गुरुपिच्छिलैः|

नवान्नैर्नवमद्यैश्च मांसैश्चानूपवारिजैः||३||

गोरसैर्गौडिकैश्चान्नैः पैष्टिकैश्चातिमात्रशः|

चेष्टाद्वेषी दिवास्वप्नशय्यासनसुखे रतः||४||

रोगास्तस्योपजायन्ते सन्तर्पणनिमित्तजाः|५|
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

santarpayati yaḥ snigdhairmadhurairgurupicchilaiḥ|

navānnairnavamadyaiśca māṁsaiścānūpavārijaiḥ||3||

gōrasairgauḍikaiścānnaiḥ paiṣṭikaiścātimātraśaḥ|

cēṣṭādvēṣī divāsvapnaśayyāsanasukhē rataḥ||4||

rōgāstasyōpajāyantē santarpaṇanimittajāḥ|5|

santarpayati yaH snigdhairmadhurairgurupicchilaiH|

navAnnairnavamadyaishca mAMsaishcAnUpavArijaiH||3||

gorasairgauDikaishcAnnaiH paiShTikaishcAtimAtrashaH|

ceShTAdveShI divAsvapnashayyAsanasukhe rataH||4||

rogAstasyopajAyante santarpaNanimittajAH|5|
</div></div>

<div style="text-align:justify;">
Excessive consumption of unctuous, sweet, heavy to digest and slimy food, new grains (especially new rice), new wine, flesh of animals living in marshy area or born in water, cow’s milk and its products, and those prepared with sugar or molasses, varieties of cakes lead to ''santarpana''. Those who indulge in sedentary, inactive lifestyles and sleep during the day are prone to ''santarpaniya vyadhis'' (i.e. ''santarpana'' induced diseases). [3-4]
</div>

=== List of ''santarpana'' induced diseases ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

प्रमेहपिडकाकोठकण्डूपाण्ड्वामयज्वराः||५||

कुष्ठान्यामप्रदोषाश्च मूत्रकृच्छ्रमरोचकः|

तन्द्रा क्लैब्यमतिस्थौल्यमालस्यं गुरुगात्रता||६||

इन्द्रियस्रोतसां लेपो बुद्धेर्मोहः प्रमीलकः|

शोफाश्चैवंविधाश्चान्ये शीघ्रमप्रतिकुर्वतः||७||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

pramēhapiḍakākōṭhakaṇḍūpāṇḍvāmayajvarāḥ||5||

kuṣṭhānyāmapradōṣāśca mūtrakr̥cchramarōcakaḥ|

tandrā klaibyamatisthaulyamālasyaṁ gurugātratā||6||

indriyasrōtasāṁ lēpō buddhērmōhaḥ pramīlakaḥ|

śōphāścaivaṁvidhāścānyē śīghramapratikurvataḥ||7||

pramehapiDakAkoThakaNDUpANDvAmayajvarAH||5||

kuShThAnyAmapradoShAshca mUtrakRucchramarocakaH|

tandrA klaibyamatisthaulyamAlasyaM gurugAtratA||6||

indriyasrotasAM lepo buddhermohaH pramIlakaH|

shophAshcaivaMvidhAshcAnye shIghramapratikurvataH||7||
</div></div>

<div style="text-align:justify;">
Due to above mentioned causative factors, if the effects of ''santarpana'' are not treated properly, one suffers from various diseases such as obstinate urinary disorders including diabetes, carbuncles, urticaria, itching, ''pandu'' (anaemia), ''amaja'' diseases (i.e., due to formation of ''ama''), [[jwara]],obstinate skin diseases, diseases secondary to vitiation of ''ama'', dysuria, anorexia or appetite related complaints, ''tandra'' (drowsiness/sleepiness), ''klaibya'' (erectile and sexual dysfunctions), obesity, laziness, heaviness of the body, adhesion or blockages in the channels as well as sense organs, delusion, various types of edema, and such of other diseases. [5-7]
</div>

=== Management of ''santarpana''-induced diseases ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

शस्तमुल्लेखनं तत्र विरेको रक्तमोक्षणम्|

व्यायामश्चोपवासश्च धूमाश्च स्वेदनानि च||८||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

śastamullēkhanaṁ tatra virēkō raktamōkṣaṇam|

vyāyāmaścōpavāsaśca dhūmāśca svēdanāni ca||8||

shastamullekhanaM tatra vireko raktamokShaNam|

vyAyAmashcopavAsashca dhUmAshca svedanAni ca||8||
</div></div>

''Santarpaniya vyadhis'' and their complications should be managed by ullekhana(therapeutic emesis), [[virechana]] (therapeutic purgation), [[raktamokshana]](blood-letting), specific exercises, therapeutic fasting, ''dhooma'' (hot fomentation with smoke of medicinal plants), and [[swedana]](sudation). [8]
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

सक्षौद्रश्चाभयाप्राशः प्रायो रूक्षान्नसेवनम्|

चूर्णप्रदेहा ये चोक्ताः कण्डूकोठविनाशनाः||९||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

sakṣaudraścābhayāprāśaḥ prāyō rūkṣānnasēvanam|

cūrṇapradēhā yē cōktāḥ kaṇḍūkōṭhavināśanāḥ||9||

sakShaudrashcAbhayAprAshaH prAyo rUkShAnnasevanam|

cUrNapradehA ye coktAH kaNDUkoThavinAshanAH||9||
</div></div>

<div style="text-align:justify;">
Formulations made up of haritaki(Terminalia Chebula), such as agastyaharitaki mixed with honey, habituating with ruksha food (i.e., without using unctuous substances like oil, ghee etc.), those powders and poultice described in treatment of pruritus and urticaria (mentioned in the third chapter of this section) are advised. [9]
</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

त्रिफलारग्वधं पाठां सप्तपर्णं सवत्सकम्|

मुस्तं समदनं निम्बं जलेनोत्क्वथितं पिबेत्||१०||

तेन मेहादयो यान्ति नाशमभ्यस्यतो ध्रुवम्|

मात्राकालप्रयुक्तेन सन्तर्पणसमुत्थिताः||११||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

triphalāragvadhaṁ pāṭhāṁ saptaparṇaṁ savatsakam|

mustaṁ samadanaṁ nimbaṁ jalēnōtkvathitaṁ pibēt||10||

tēna mēhādayō yānti nāśamabhyasyatō dhruvam|

mātrākālaprayuktēna santarpaṇasamutthitāḥ||11||

triphalAragvadhaM pAThAM saptaparNaM savatsakam|

mustaM samadanaM nimbaM jalenotkvathitaM pibet||10||

tena mehAdayo yAnti nAshamabhyasyato dhruvam|

mAtrAkAlaprayuktena santarpaNasamutthitAH||11||
</div></div>

<div style="text-align:justify;">
The decoction of ''triphala'' (amalaki (Emblica officinalis), ''bibhitaki'' (Terminalia bellirica), and ''haritaki'' (Terminalia chebula)), ''aragvadha'' (Cassia fistula), ''patha'' (Cissampelos pareira), ''saptaparna'' (Alstonia scholaris), ''vatsaka'' (Holarrhena antidysenterica), ''musta'' (Cyperus rotundus), ''madana'' (Randia dumetorum) and ''nimba'' (Azadirachta indica), mixed together and boiled in water, is advised for consumption regularly. By regular use of this decoction, in the right dose and at the right time, ''santarpaniya vyadhi'' like ''madhumeha'' and other diseases can be controlled properly. [10-11]
</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

मुस्तमारग्वधः पाठा त्रिफला देवदारु च|

श्वदंष्ट्रा खदिरो निम्बो हरिद्रे त्वक्च वत्सकात्||१२||

रसमेषां यथादोषं प्रातः प्रातः पिबन्नरः|

सन्तर्पणकृतैः सर्वैर्व्याधिभिः सम्प्रमुच्यते||१३||

एभिश्चोद्वर्तनोद्धर्षस्नानयोगोपयोजितैः|

त्वग्दोषाः प्रशमं यान्ति तथा स्नेहोपसंहितैः||१४||
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mustamāragvadhaḥ pāṭhā triphalā dēvadāru ca|

śvadaṁṣṭrā khadirō nimbō haridrē tvakca vatsakāt||12||

rasamēṣāṁ yathādōṣaṁ prātaḥ prātaḥ pibannaraḥ|

santarpaṇakr̥taiḥ sarvairvyādhibhiḥ sampramucyatē||13||

ēbhiścōdvartanōddharṣasnānayōgōpayōjitaiḥ|

tvagdōṣāḥ praśamaṁ yānti tathā snēhōpasaṁhitaiḥ||14||

mustamAragvadhaH pAThA triphalA devadAru ca|

shvadaMShTrA khadiro nimbo haridre tvakca vatsakAt||12||

rasameShAM yathAdoShaM prAtaH prAtaH pibannaraH|

santarpaNakRutaiH sarvairvyAdhibhiH sampramucyate||13||

ebhishcodvartanoddharShasnAnayogopayojitaiH|

tvagdoShAH prashamaM yAnti tathA snehopasaMhitaiH||14||
</div></div>

<div style="text-align:justify;">
All ''santarpaniya'' diseases can be cured, if the juices (decoction) of ''musta, aaragvadha, paatha, triphala, devadaru'' (Cedrus deodara), ''shvadamshtra'' (Trinbulus terrestris), ''khadira'' (Acacia catechu Wild), ''nimba, haridra'' (Curcuma longa), ''daruharidra'' (Berberis aristata) and the bark of ''vatsaka'' (Holarrhena anti-dysenterica) are consumed every morning (depending upon the dominant [[dosha]] in the disease).

If the above herbs are used in a powdered form for ''udvartana'' with or without massage or the decoction of the above herbs are used for medicinal bath or if the oil made up of above drugs is used for body application it relieves all the skin disorders caused due to ''santarpaniya vyadhis''.[12-14]
</div>
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कुष्ठं गोमेदको हिङ्गु क्रौञ्चास्थि त्र्यूषणं वचा|

वृषकैले श्वदंष्ट्रा च खराह्वा चाश्मभेदकः||१५||

तक्रेण दधिमण्डेन बदराम्लरसेन वा|

मूत्रकृच्छ्रं प्रमेहं च पीतमेतद्व्यपोहति||१६||
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kuṣṭhaṁ gōmēdakō hiṅgu krauñcāsthi tryūṣaṇaṁ vacā|

vr̥ṣakailē śvadaṁṣṭrā ca kharāhvā cāśmabhēdakaḥ||15||

takrēṇa dadhimaṇḍēna badarāmlarasēna vā|

mūtrakr̥cchraṁ pramēhaṁ ca pītamētadvyapōhati||16||

kuShThaM gomedako hi~ggu krau~jcAsthi tryUShaNaM vacA|

vRuShakaile shvadaMShTrA ca kharAhvA cAshmabhedakaH||15||

takreNa dadhimaNDena badarAmlarasena vA|

mUtrakRucchraM pramehaM ca pItametadvyapohati||16||
</div></div>

<div style="text-align:justify;">
''Kustha'' (Saussurea lappa), ''gomedaka'' (onyx), ''hingu'' (Ferula narthex), bones of the ''krauncha'' bird (Ardea Jaculator, demoiselle crane), ''sunthi'' (Zingiber officinalis), ''pippali'' (Piper longum), ''maricha'' (Piper nigrum), ''vacha'' (Acorus calamus), ''vasa'' (Adhatoda vasica Nees), ''ela'' (Elettaria cardamoum), ''gokshura'' (Tribulus terrestris), ''kharahva'' (Trachyspermum roxburghianum), and ''ashmabheda'' (Bergenia ligulata – crushed and mixed with buttermilk, whey and the juice of a sour variant of ''badara'' (Zizyphus jujuba) are used to treat ''mutrakruchchra'' (dysuria) and ''prameha'' (obstinate urinary disorders including diabetes mellitus characterized by excess frequency of micturition). [15-16]
</div>
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तक्राभयाप्रयोगैश्च त्रिफलायास्तथैव च|

अरिष्टानां प्रयोगैश्च यान्ति मेहादयः शमम्||१७||
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takrābhayāprayōgaiśca triphalāyāstathaiva ca|

ariṣṭānāṁ prayōgaiśca yānti mēhādayaḥ śamam||17||

takrAbhayAprayogaishca triphalAyAstathaiva ca|

ariShTAnAM prayogaishca yAnti mehAdayaH shamam||17||
</div></div>

<div style="text-align:justify;">
''Haritaki'' (Terminalia chebula) with butter milk, ''triphala'' (Terminalia chebula, Terminalia belerica Roxb. And Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) and ''arishta'' (different types of medicinal alcoholic preparations) are prescribed for the treatment of obstinate urinary disorders including diabetes mellitus and such other diseases. [17]
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त्र्यूषणं त्रिफला क्षौद्रं क्रिमिघ्नमजमोदकः|

मन्थोऽयं सक्तवस्तैलं हितो लोहोदकाप्लुतः||१८||
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tryūṣaṇaṁ triphalā kṣaudraṁ krimighnamajamōdakaḥ|

manthō'yaṁ saktavastailaṁ hitō lōhōdakāplutaḥ||18||

tryUShaNaM triphalA kShaudraM krimighnamajamodakaH|

mantho~ayaM saktavastailaM hito lohodakAplutaH||18||
</div></div>

<div style="text-align:justify;">
''Mantha'' (thin gruel) prepared of ''trikatu'' (Zingiber officinale, Piper longum, and Piper nigrum), ''triphala'' (Terminalia chebula, Terminalia belerica Roxb., and Emblica officinalis Gaertn.), honey, ''vidanga'' (Embelia ribes Burm f.), ''ajamoda'' (Trachy-spermum roxburghianum), roasted wheat flour or coarse ground meal, oil and the decoction of ''agaru'' (Aquilari agallocha Roxb.) help to cure the diseases due to over-nourishment. [18]
</div>
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व्योषं विडङ्गं शिग्रूणि त्रिफलां कटुरोहिणीम्|

बृहत्यौ द्वे हरिद्रे द्वे पाठामतिविषां स्थिराम्||१९||

हिङ्गु केबुकमूलानि यवानीधान्यचित्रकान्|

सौवर्चलमजाजीं च हपुषां चेति चूर्णयेत्||२०||

चूर्णतैलघृतक्षौद्रभागाः स्युर्मानतः समाः|

सक्तूनां षोडशगुणो भागः सन्तर्पणं पिबेत्||२१||
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vyōṣaṁ viḍaṅgaṁ śigrūṇi triphalāṁ kaṭurōhiṇīm|

br̥hatyau dvē haridrē dvē pāṭhāmativiṣāṁ sthirām||19||

hiṅgu kēbukamūlāni yavānīdhānyacitrakān|

sauvarcalamajājīṁ ca hapuṣāṁ cēti cūrṇayēt||20||

cūrṇatailaghr̥takṣaudrabhāgāḥ syurmānataḥ samāḥ|

saktūnāṁ ṣōḍaśaguṇō bhāgaḥ santarpaṇaṁ pibēt||21||

vyoShaM viDa~ggaM shigrUNi triphalAM kaTurohiNIm|

bRuhatyau dve haridre dve pAThAmativiShAM sthirAm||19||

hi~ggu kebukamUlAni yavAnIdhAnyacitrakAn|

sauvarcalamajAjIM ca hapuShAM ceti cUrNayet||20||

cUrNatailaghRutakShaudrabhAgAH syurmAnataH samAH|

saktUnAM ShoDashaguNo bhAgaH santarpaNaM pibet||21||
</div></div>

<div style="text-align:justify;">
''Trikatu'' (Zingiber officianel,Piper langum and Piper nigrum), ''vidanga'' (Embelia ribes), varieties of ''shigru'' (Moringa olefera), ''triphala'', ''katurohini'' (Picrorhiza kurroa), ''brihati'' (Solanum indicum), ''kantakari'' (Solanum xanthocarpum), ''haridra'' (Curcuma longa), ''daaruharidra'' (Berberis aristata D.C.), two varieties of ''patha'' (Cissampelos pareira), ''ativisha'' (Aconitum heterophyllum), ''shalaparni'' (Desmodium gangeticum), ''hingu'' (Ferula narthex), root of ''kebuka'' (Costus speciosus), ''yavani'' (Trachyspermum ammi), ''dhanya'' (Coriandrum sativum), ''citraka'' (Plumbago Zeylanica), ''sonchal'' salt, ''ajaji'' (Cuminum cyminum), and ''hapusha'' (Juniperus communis) – all the above herbs powdered and mixed with equal quantities of oil, ghee and honey, added with sixteen times its volume of ''sattu'' (roasted corn flour) and water are used to prepare a formulation for indications (mentioned in the following verse.) [19-21]
</div>

=== Indications ===
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प्रयोगादस्य शाम्यन्ति रोगाः सन्तर्पणोत्थिताः|

प्रमेहा मूढवाताश्च कुष्ठान्यर्शांसि कामलाः||२२||

प्लीहा पाण्ड्वामयः शोफो मूत्रकृच्छ्रमरोचकः|

हृद्रोगो राजयक्ष्मा च कासः श्वासो गलग्रहः||२३||

क्रिमयो ग्रहणीदोषाः श्वैत्र्यं स्थौल्यमतीव च|

नराणां दीप्यते चाग्निः स्मृतिर्बुद्धिश्च वर्धते||२४||
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prayōgādasya śāmyanti rōgāḥ santarpaṇōtthitāḥ|

pramēhā mūḍhavātāśca kuṣṭhānyarśāṁsi kāmalāḥ||22||

plīhā pāṇḍvāmayaḥ śōphō mūtrakr̥cchramarōcakaḥ|

hr̥drōgō rājayakṣmā ca kāsaḥ śvāsō galagrahaḥ||23||

krimayō grahaṇīdōṣāḥ śvaitryaṁ sthaulyamatīva ca|

narāṇāṁ dīpyatē cāgniḥ smr̥tirbuddhiśca vardhatē||24||

prayogAdasya shAmyanti rogAH santarpaNotthitAH|

pramehA mUDhavAtAshca kuShThAnyarshAMsi kAmalAH||22||

plIhA pANDvAmayaH shopho mUtrakRucchramarocakaH|

hRudrogo rAjayakShmA ca kAsaH shvAso galagrahaH||23||

krimayo grahaNIdoShAH shvaitryaM sthaulyamatIva ca|

narANAM dIpyate cAgniH smRutirbuddhishca vardhate||24||
</div></div>

<div style="text-align:justify;">
The above preparation is useful in the treatment of obstinate urinary disorders including diabetes mellitus, ''mudhavata'' (sluggishness of the bowels), obstinate skin diseases including leprosy, piles, jaundice-like hepatobiliary diseases, diseases of the spleen, anemia-like hematological disorders, edema, dysuria, anorexia, heart disease, tuberculosis-like immune-compromised conditions, cough, respiratory disorders, spasmodic obstruction of the throat, parasitic infestation, ''grahani'' (digestive disorders), vitiligo and morbid obesity caused by overnutrition. This also stimulates the power of digestion and enhances memory and intellect. [22-24]
</div>
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व्यायामनित्यो जीर्णाशी यवगोधूमभोजनः|

सन्तर्पणकृतैर्दोषैः स्थौल्यं मुक्त्वा विमुच्यते||२५||

उक्तं सन्तर्पणोत्थानामपतर्पणमौषधम्|२६|
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vyāyāmanityō jīrṇāśī yavagōdhūmabhōjanaḥ|

santarpaṇakr̥tairdōṣaiḥ sthaulyaṁ muktvā vimucyatē||25||

uktaṁ santarpaṇōtthānāmapatarpaṇamauṣadham|26|

vyAyAmanityo jIrNAshI yavagodhUmabhojanaH|

santarpaNakRutairdoShaiH sthaulyaM muktvA vimucyate||25||

uktaM santarpaNotthAnAmapatarpaNamauShadham|26|
</div></div>

<div style="text-align:justify;">
Regular exercise, intake of food only after complete digestion of the previous meal, and regular consumption of barley and wheat are some of the ways for management of obesity and diseases due to overnutrition. In the next verses, formulations and regimen required for the management of malnourishment has been described. [25-26]
</div>

=== Diseases due to ''apatarpana''(under-nutrition) and their treatment ===
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वक्ष्यन्ते सौषधाश्चोर्ध्वमपतर्पणजा गदाः||२६||

देहाग्निबलवर्णौजःशुक्रमांसपरिक्षयः|

ज्वरः कासानुबन्धश्च पार्श्वशूलमरोचकः||२७||

श्रोत्रदौर्बल्यमुन्मादः प्रलापो हृदयव्यथा|

विण्मूत्रसङ्ग्रहः शूलं जङ्घोरुत्रिकसंश्रयम्||२८||

पर्वास्थिसन्धिभेदश्च ये चान्ये वातजा गदाः|

ऊर्ध्ववातादयः सर्वे जायन्ते तेऽपतर्पणात्||२९||
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vakṣyantē sauṣadhāścōrdhvamapatarpaṇajā gadāḥ||26||

dēhāgnibalavarṇaujaḥśukramāṁsaparikṣayaḥ|

jvaraḥ kāsānubandhaśca pārśvaśūlamarōcakaḥ||27||

śrōtradaurbalyamunmādaḥ pralāpō hr̥dayavyathā|

viṇmūtrasaṅgrahaḥ śūlaṁ jaṅghōrutrikasaṁśrayam||28||

parvāsthisandhibhēdaśca yē cānyē vātajā gadāḥ|

ūrdhvavātādayaḥ sarvē jāyantē tē'patarpaṇāt||29||

vakShyante sauShadhAshcordhvamapatarpaNajA gadAH||26||

dehAgnibalavarNaujaHshukramAMsaparikShayaH|

jvaraH kAsAnubandhashca pArshvashUlamarocakaH||27||

shrotradaurbalyamunmAdaH pralApo hRudayavyathA|

viNmUtrasa~ggrahaH shUlaM ja~gghorutrikasaMshrayam||28||

parvAsthisandhibhedashca ye cAnye vAtajA gadAH|

UrdhvavAtAdayaH sarve jAyante te~apatarpaNAt||29||
</div></div>

<div style="text-align:justify;">
Emaciation of the body, reduction in the power of digestion, strength, complexion, [[ojas]] (vital essence of body related with immunity and general strength), semen and muscle tissue, [[jwara]] (continuous fever and cough like condition), pain in chest and flanks, anorexia, weakness in the power of hearing sounds, psychosis, delirium, pain in cardiac region, accumulation of stool and urine, pain in calf, thigh and lumber regions, cracking pain in fingers, bones and joints, and such other diseases due to the vitiation of [[vata]](such as ''urdhava'' [[vata]] upward movement of [[vata]]), etc. are caused due to improper nutrition and starvation. [27- 29]
</div>

=== Management of diseases due to undernutrition===
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तेषां सन्तर्पणं तज्ज्ञैः पुनराख्यातमौषधम्|

यत्तदात्वे समर्थं स्यादभ्यासे वा तदिष्यते ||३०||
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tēṣāṁ santarpaṇaṁ tajjñaiḥ punarākhyātamauṣadham|

yattadātvē samarthaṁ syādabhyāsē vā tadiṣyatē ||30||

teShAM santarpaNaM tajj~jaiH punarAkhyAtamauShadham|

yattadAtve samarthaM syAdabhyAse vA tadiShyate ||30||
</div></div>

For the treatment of such ailments, therapies that nourish instantly need to be administered regularly and for a long period of time. [30]
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सद्यःक्षीणो हि सद्यो वै तर्पणेनोपचीयते|

नर्ते सन्तर्पणाभ्यासाच्चिरक्षीणस्तु पुष्यति||३१||
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sadyaḥkṣīṇō hi sadyō vai tarpaṇēnōpacīyatē|

nartē santarpaṇābhyāsāccirakṣīṇastu puṣyati||31||

sadyaHkShINo hi sadyo vai tarpaNenopacIyate|

narte santarpaNAbhyAsAccirakShINastu puShyati||31||
</div></div>

A person suffering from acute and drastic weight-loss should be treated with a regimen that nourishes instantly, but one suffering from a chronic type of emaciation requires long term consumption of nourishments. [31]
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देहाग्निदोषभैषज्यमात्राकालानुवर्तिना|

कार्यमत्वरमाणेन भेषजं चिरदुर्बले||३२||
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dēhāgnidōṣabhaiṣajyamātrākālānuvartinā|

kāryamatvaramāṇēna bhēṣajaṁ ciradurbalē||32||

dehAgnidoShabhaiShajyamAtrAkAlAnuvartinA|

kAryamatvaramANena bheShajaM ciradurbale||32||
</div></div>

Some of the critical factors for deciding a course of treatment of emaciation in chronic patients include: body constitution, power of digestion, predominant [[dosha]], form of medicine, dose, and season and time of administration (of the therapy). [32]
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हिता मांसरसास्तस्मै पयांसि च घृतानि च|

स्नानानि बस्तयोऽभ्यङ्गास्तर्पणास्तर्पणाश्च ये||३३||
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hitā māṁsarasāstasmai payāṁsi ca ghr̥tāni ca|

snānāni bastayō'bhyaṅgāstarpaṇāstarpaṇāśca yē||33||

hitA mAMsarasAstasmai payAMsi ca ghRutAni ca|

snAnAni bastayo~abhya~ggAstarpaNAstarpaNAshca ye||33||
</div></div>

For this purpose, (of ''santarpana''), soups made out of flesh, milk, various ghee preparations (clarified butter), along with activities such as bath, oil massage, and medicated enema (processed with ''santarpana'' medicines) are advocated for nourishment. [33]
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ज्वरकासप्रसक्तानां कृशानां मूत्रकृच्छ्रिणाम्|

तृष्यतामूर्ध्ववातानां वक्ष्यन्ते तर्पणा हिताः||३४||
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jvarakāsaprasaktānāṁ kr̥śānāṁ mūtrakr̥cchriṇām|

tr̥ṣyatāmūrdhvavātānāṁ vakṣyantē tarpaṇā hitāḥ||34||

jvarakAsaprasaktAnAM kRushAnAM mUtrakRucchriNAm|

tRuShyatAmUrdhvavAtAnAM vakShyante tarpaNA hitAH||34||
</div></div>

For these patients suffering from continuous [[jwara]] (fever like conditions), cough, emaciation, dysuria, thirst and upward movement of [[vata]], the following nourishing drinks are prescribed. [34]
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शर्करापिप्पलीतैलघृतक्षौद्रैः समांशकैः|

सक्तुद्विगुणितो वृष्यस्तेषां मन्थः प्रशस्यते||३५||
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śarkarāpippalītailaghr̥takṣaudraiḥ samāṁśakaiḥ|

saktudviguṇitō vr̥ṣyastēṣāṁ manthaḥ praśasyatē||35||

sharkarApippalItailaghRutakShaudraiH samAMshakaiH|

saktudviguNito vRuShyasteShAM manthaH prashasyate||35||
</div></div>

''Mantha'' (thin gruel) prepared from sugar, ''pippali'' (Pipper longum), oil, ghee, and honey - in equal quantities added with double the quantity of ''saktu'' (roasted corn flour) is considered an aphrodisiac and is useful in such conditions (as mentioned in above verse). [35]
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सक्तवो मदिरा क्षौद्रं शर्करा चेति तर्पणम्|

पिबेन्मारुतविण्मूत्रकफपित्तानुलोमनम्||३६||
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saktavō madirā kṣaudraṁ śarkarā cēti tarpaṇam|

pibēnmārutaviṇmūtrakaphapittānulōmanam||36||

saktavo madirA kShaudraM sharkarA ceti tarpaNam|

pibenmArutaviNmUtrakaphapittAnulomanam||36||
</div></div>

''Saktu'' (roasted corn flour/ coarse ground meal) with ''madira'' (wine), honey and sugar are refreshing and shall be consumed for the elimination of flatus (obstructed [[vata]]), faeces, urine, [[kapha]] and [[pitta]]. [36]
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फाणितं सक्तवः सर्पिर्दधिमण्डोऽम्लकाञ्जिकम्|

तर्पणं मूत्रकृच्छ्रघ्नमुदावर्तहरं पिबेत्||३७||
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phāṇitaṁ saktavaḥ sarpirdadhimaṇḍō'mlakāñjikam|

tarpaṇaṁ mūtrakr̥cchraghnamudāvartaharaṁ pibēt||37||

phANitaM saktavaH sarpirdadhimaNDo~amlakA~jjikam|

tarpaNaM mUtrakRucchraghnamudAvartaharaM pibet||37||
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A nourishing drink prepared of ''phanita'' (inspissated juice of the sugar cane and other plants), ''saktu'' (coarse ground meal/ roased corn flour), ghee, whey, and sour gruel nourishes and should be consumed for the treatment of dysuria and ''udavarta''. [37]
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मन्थः खर्जूरमृद्वीकावृक्षाम्लाम्लीकदाडिमैः|

परूषकैः सामलकैर्युक्तो मद्यविकारनुत्||३८||
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manthaḥ kharjūramr̥dvīkāvr̥kṣāmlāmlīkadāḍimaiḥ|

parūṣakaiḥ sāmalakairyuktō madyavikāranut||38||

manthaH kharjUramRudvIkAvRukShAmlAmlIkadADimaiH|

parUShakaiH sAmalakairyukto madyavikAranut||38||
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''Mantha'' (thin guel) prepared from date-palm, dry grapes, ''vrikshamla'' (Garcinia indica Ehois), ''amlika'' (Tamarindus indica), ''dadima'' (Punica granatum), ''parushaka'' (Crewia asiatica), and ''amalaki'' (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.), are useful for management of disorders caused due to excess consumption of alcohol. [38]
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स्वादुरम्लो जलकृतः सस्नेहो रूक्ष एव वा|

सद्यः सन्तर्पणो मन्थः स्थैर्यवर्णबलप्रदः||३९||
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svāduramlō jalakr̥taḥ sasnēhō rūkṣa ēva vā|

sadyaḥ santarpaṇō manthaḥ sthairyavarṇabalapradaḥ||39||

svAduramlo jalakRutaH sasneho rUkSha eva vA|

sadyaH santarpaNo manthaH sthairyavarNabalapradaH||39||
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Sweet and sour ''mantha'' prepared from water with or without unctuous substances refreshes instantly and gives stability, good complexion and strength. [39]

=== Summary ===
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तत्र श्लोकः-

सन्तर्पणोत्था ये रोगा रोगा ये चापतर्पणात्|

सन्तर्पणीये तेऽध्याये सौषधाः परिकीर्तिताः||४०||
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tatra ślōkaḥ-

santarpaṇōtthā yē rōgā rōgā yē cāpatarpaṇāt|

santarpaṇīyē tē'dhyāyē sauṣadhāḥ parikīrtitāḥ||40||

tatra shlokaH-

santarpaNotthA ye rogA rogA ye cApatarpaNAt|

santarpaNIye te~adhyAye sauShadhAH parikIrtitAH||40||
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Diseases caused due to overnutrition and undernutrition, along with their treatment, have been described in this chapter. [40]

== Tattva Vimarsha (Fundamental Principles) ==
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1. Intake of calorie rich and excessive food and nutrition with little or no physical exercise, results in increased body tissues. This contributes to causing diseases such as metabolic syndrome. These conditions are managed by purification therapies leading to reduction ([[langhana]]), and prescribing a regimen of physical exercise, appropriate dietary changes, fomentation and reducing drugs.

2. Excessive physical and/or mental activities without adequate nutrition causes nutritional deficiency diseases like wasting and psychosis. Treatment is high calorie but less filling diet, rest, medicated oil enema and massage. In cases of acute weight loss, nutrition should be given immediately while in the case of chronic loss, the process should be gradual but prolonged.

== Vidhi Vimarsha(Applied Inferences)==

The word ''santarpana'' means the act of satiating, restoration or refreshing. In this context, the term is used for overeating or overnutrition. Dietary items that are ''prithvi'' and ''apa mahabhuta'' dominant lead to ''santarpana''. Quality, quantity, and age of certain food items can cause alteration in the digestabilibty of the food. For example, aged food grains are light to digest than new food grains. Therefore, the new food grains tend to increase weight, and same quantity of aged food grains do not increase weight. What changes occur in aging of the grains and their mechanism of action needs to be studied.

=== I. Properties of ''Santarpanakarak'' food articles ===

Unctuous (''snigdha''), sweet (''madhura''), heavy to digest (''guru''), and slimy (''pichhilla'') foods predominantly have [[Prithvi]] and [[jala mahabhuta]], leading to an increase in [[kapha]] and [[rasa dhatu]].

The functional trait of such food articles is ''snigdha'' (oily) [[guna]] is ''sneha'' (unctuousness), ''mriduta'' (softness), and ''ardrata'' (malleability, fluidity)<ref> Gothecha Mohanlal., Dr., editor. Guna Parijnana. Jamnagar: Post Graduate Training Center in [[Ayurveda]]; 1958. pp. 19–20. </ref> <ref> Sushruta. Sutra Sthana, Cha.41 Dravyavisheshavinjaniya Adhyaya verse 11. In: Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya, Editors. Sushruta Samhita. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005. </ref>. ''Snigdha'' food articles include those derived from lipids and fat molecules. Similarly, ''madhura'' (sweetness) is a property of food substances that possess predominantly sweet taste - not just perceived at the tongue, but also in many parts/tissues along our digestive system. ''Guru'' is the primary property that indicates “heaviness” of a food item, and a ''guru'' food article is heavy to digest and increases bulkiness of the tissues. ''Guru'' is the opposite of [[agni]] and hence delays digestion and metabolism and is used, therefore, in therapies that require nourishment, enhancement of physical strength, etc ([[brimhana]], agnimaandyakara, upalepa, bala, upachaya'' and ''tarpana''). Finally, ''picchilla'' is sliminess and stickiness, and indicates food items that vitiate [[kapha]] and [[mamsa]] and [[meda dhatu]] particularly. ''

Today’s research is consistent with the above findings of [[Ayurveda]]. Researchers acknowledge that taste receptors exist in the upper gastrointestinal tract as well. These receptors are “primarily located in the intestinal brush and enteroendocrine cells, and recognize sugars, D-amino acids, sweet proteins, and artificial sweeteners<ref>Greenfield Jerry R., Chisholm Donald J. How Sweet It Is: Intestinal Sweet Taste Receptors in Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes. 2013 Oct; 62(10): 3336–3337.</ref>”, per their research. Peptide YY (PYY) exerts its action through NPY receptors by inhibiting gastric motility and increasing water and electrolyte absorption in the colon<ref> Liu C, Aloia T, Adrian T, Newton T, Bilchik A, Zinner M, Ashley S, McFadden D (1996). "Peptide YY: a potential proabsorptive hormone for the treatment of malabsorptive disorders". Am Surg 62 (3): 232–6.Charak Samhita Sutra Sthana 27/309 </ref>. PYY may also suppress pancreatic secretion, as it is secreted by neuro-endocrine cells in the ileum and colon in response to a meal, and has been shown to reduce appetite. It works by slowing the gastric emptying, thereby increasing the efficiency of digestion and nutrient absorption after a meal. Considering the effects of sweet food substances, PYY, in certain quantities, helps induce satiety in a person and thus in excess, inhibits appetite. This study clearly suggests the impact of ''madhura rasa'' and ''snigdha'' food substances in creating ''santarpaniya vyadhi'' or increased anabolism. Like GLP -1, GIP is related to metabolism and inflammation.

Thus, it can be said that excess of ''madhura, guru, snigdha'' and ''pichchilla'' foods can have inflammatory effect at the molecular level. If the above properties elaborated by Charak are to be understood, it can be clearly stated that they increase body tissues in volume and delay the digestion of food. This seems to be acceptable and the effect may be mediated through peptide YY. As it delays digestion and increases the nutrient uptake, these food substances lead to ''santarpana''.

=== II. Impact of age on grains and grain-based food products ===

The age of food grains helps determine the quality as well as digestibility of food. ''Shuka dhanya'' (monocotyledons) and ''shami dhanya'' (dicotyledons) that are old /aged are easy to digest and are dry in property as compared to new ones. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/309] ''Nava anna'', or fresh, non-aged rice, millet, etc. increase [[kapha]] and are heavier than old grains. Charak notes that all new and fresh grains are heavy and induce ''santarpana'', while aged grains are lighter to digest.

Sharangdhara in Purva Khanda also talks of new and old grains and recommends six to twelve month-old grains to be used. Biochemical changes that help in digestion may be occurring after certain aging of grains. Per researchers (Seguchi, 1993), aging of flour and grains does enhance their functionality as ingredients for cakes and batter. Cereals can be stored for long periods without microbial spoilage. However, biochemical changes also occur during aging. There is great possibility that certain amino acids and phyto chemicals get stabilized in the grain which make them safe for consumption. Eventually, the grain respires, dry matter is lost and functional and nutritional aspects of the grain are altered. Age related changes have great influence on the viscosity of any batter made out of wheat-flour and the water-binding ability of the wheat flour (Shelke et al, 1992). In addition, the starch granule surface protein is found to increase up to three to four times with aging. However, prolonged aging is not recommended (Pomeranz et al, 1968). The moisture content of grains, the storage temperature and relative humidity have been shown to exert dramatic changes in the acidity, pH, free amino nitrogen, crude protein, and protein quality. Significant changes in soluble sugars and amylase contents of the grains have also been reported during storage at elevated temperature<ref> Zia-Ur Rehman, W.H. Shah. Biochemical changes in wheat during storage at three temperatures. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 54: 109–117, 1999. </ref>.

It is to be noted from various studies that the protein content of wheat grains and flour do not change significantly over time (Kim et al 2003). While protein quantity may not change, protein quality does. In one of the studies it was noted that total content of starch gets reduced after certain time when the grains are kept within controlled temperature. In India, wheat gets harvested in the months of March and early April. The atmospheric temperature varies from 25℃ – 45℃ in summer in different parts of India. The total starch content of the flour got decreased by 50 % when stored at 50℃ in comparison to the freshly harvested wheat grains<ref>Seguchi, M. 1993. Effect of wheat flour aging on starch-granule surface proteins. J.Cereal Chem. Vol.70: 362-364. </ref> <ref> Shearer, G., Patey, A. L., and McWeeney, D. J. 1975. Wheat flour proteins: The selectivity of solvents and the stability of gliadin and glutenin fractions of stored flours. J. Sci. Food Agric. 26:337-344. </ref>. This is a significant change that occurs due to aging of wheat. If the starch content of wheat is reduced with time, aged wheat will have lower calorific value and lower glycemic index. It will also be easier to digest. Similar changes have been observed in rice after aging. Post harvest storage has, it has been observed, significant effect on eight known textural properties that are important to the sensory characteristics of cooked rice: adhesion to lips, hardness, cohesiveness of mass, roughness of mass, toothpull, particle size, toothpack, and loose particles<ref> sourced from : https://www.uark.edu/ua/uarpp/Publications/Sensory/Meullenet%20et%20al%202000%20Cereal%20Chem.pdf downloaded on 24/12/2016 </ref>. A difference is observed between ageing of rice flour and rice starch. It is evident that pasting properties of fresh and aged rice are different. It is also reported that the cell wall structure is decomposed by endo –xylanase during storage which led to the changes in amylograms of rice fours<ref> Shibuya, N. and Iwasaki, T. Eﬀ ect of cell wall degradingenzymes on the cooking properties of milled rice and the texture of cooked rice. J Jpn Soc Food Sci Technol 31(1984) 656–660. </ref>.

These changes in physiochemical properties of grains exert their effect on digestibility of the food. It has been studied through experiments that the moisture content is higher in new grains indicating predominance of [[jala mahabhuta]] and [[prithvi mahabhuta]] which again tends towards ''santarpana''. Aging of rice has an impact on its glycemic index and glycemic load. New grain may have higher glycemic index than the older grain. Due to the effect of time on these food stuffs there are greater possibilities that certain amino acids and phyto chemicals get stabilized in the grain that make them safe for consumption.

''Navamadya''/fresh wine: New or fresh wines should not be consumed because they cause heaviness and create imbalances in all the three [[dosha]] while old wines promote circulation in the body, increase digestion, lightness and enhance taste in food. The effect of aging on tannins and resveratrol has been studied and shows significant difference between old and fresh wine. Aging results in altered and reduced phenolic contents in red wine. Anthocyanin tannin complexes can be formed which can stabilize the colour of red wines resulting in wines that are tasteless, fruity and less astringent after aging<ref> Scudamore-Smith PD, Hooper RL, McLaran ED (1990) Color and phenolic changes of Cabernet Sauvignon wine made by simultaneous yeast/bacterial fermentation and extended pomace contact. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 41, 57-67 </ref>. Oxidation reactions involving phenolics might also change the chemical and sensory profile of wines<ref> Bisson LF, Waterhouse AL, Ebeler SE, Walker MA, Lapsley JT (2002) The present and future of the international wine industry. Nature418, 696-699 </ref>. Oxygen in the air is always ready to react with unprotected juice or wine and many of the substances present get adversely affected by oxidation, producing unpleasant, bitter, off-odours and off-tastes. However, it is recognized that some degree of oxygenation may be beneficial for the formation of red wine, but the quality of white wines is generally impaired by excessive air exposure. As tannins and anthocyanins interact with oxygen, which diffuses during barrel storage, these compounds further polymerize and become less astringent. Red wines become lighter in colour, and proanthocyanidins and other polyphenolics eventually aggregate in larger molecules which accumulate as sediment over time at the base of the bottle. In contrast, white wines often deepen in colour, turning darker honey colors as they oxidize and age <ref>sourcedfrom:http://www.academia.edu/8191054/Biochemical_Changes_throughout_Grape_Berry_Development_and_Fruit_and_Wine_Quality downloaded on 24/12/2016 </ref>.

The phenolic compound present in a bottle of wine slowly changes as it ages. The most important component of wine is tannin which binds with proteins. High tannin containing wine inhibits saliva’s ability to lubricate mouth and imparts astringent feeling in mouth. Aged wine undergoes polymerization of tannins. This makes tannin sediments settle to the bottom of the container and lose its property to bind with proteins. Aged wines are very aromatic and possess fruity flavors.

Ageing of wine solely depends on its storage and oxidation of the wine. Normally new wines contain about .02 - .03% acetic acid. This is reduced in aged wine if it is packed properly. This physico-chemical change in aged wine, change in taste and aroma modify its pharmacological effects. Increase in its antioxidant properties and change in Anthocyanin tannin complex makes wine more effective after age. There is also a possibility that chemical process in ageing of wine may also change the molecular size of tannins which might become more bio-available after consumption.

=== III. Categories of food leading to anabolism ===

'''''Gorasa''''' (milk and milk products): Over the years, there have been many conflicting views in scientific journals and from nutritionists regarding dairy products and it is often difficult to conclude about their health benefits. Charak has clearly mentioned in various texts, including this chapter and in [[Prameha Nidana]], that excessive consumption of dairy products, meat, and carbohydrates may lead to many metabolic disorders. It may also create inflammation at a molecular level. Common allergens like casein and gluten create inflammation in the gut. Investigators have correlated higher levels of milk antibodies with rheumatoid arthritis<ref> rheumatoid arthritis </ref> (Arvikar, 2013). Studies suggest (Feskanich D. et al) that cow’s milk could be responsible for an irreversible inability to metabolize blood sugar, and could cause Type I and type II diabetes. This study also suggests that severe disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, heart attacks, multiple sclerosis, and osteoporosis could be attributed to diet rich in milk<ref> Feskanich D. et al. Milk, dietary calcium and bone fractures in women: A 12 year prospective study. Am. J. Public Health 87: 992-997. 1997 </ref>.

Thus, there has been much research concerning dairy products, besides meat and other forms of complex proteins, which shows their excessive consumption in a very unfavourable<ref> Feskanich D. et al. Milk, dietary calcium and bone fractures in women: A 12 year prospective study. Am. J. Public Health 87: 992-997. 1997 </ref>. These types of food have multifold impact on the health of a person. These can change the gut flora leading to disorders of absorption, adversely affecting auto-immunity and production of antibodies. It has been shown by certain researchers that excess of meat and dairy products leads to immune-activation <ref> Hvatum M, Kanerud L, Hällgren R, Brandtzaeg P. The gut-joint axis: cross reactive food antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis. Gut. 2006 Sep;55(9):1240-7. </ref> <ref> Pattison DJ, Symmons DP, Lunt M, Welch A, Luben R, Bingham SA, Khaw KT, Day NE, Silman AJ. Dietary risk factors for the development of inflammatory polyarthritis: evidence for a role of high level of red meat consumption. Arthritis Rheum. 2004 Dec;50(12):3804-12. </ref>. Excess of meat also has certain enzymatic toxicity which can lead to insulin resistance –a basic pathology of obesity, heart disease and type II diabetes.

All the above types of food mentioned herein could explain 57% of the total structural variation in gut microbiota whereas changes in genetics accounted for no more than 12% <ref> Zhang C., Zhang M., Wang S., Han R., Cao Y., Hua W., Mao Y., Zhang X., Pang X., Wei C., et al. Interactions between gut microbiota, host genetics and diet relevant to development of metabolic syndromes in mice. ISME J. 2010;4:232–241. doi: 10.1038/ismej.2009.112. </ref>. This indicates that diet plays a dominant role in shaping gut microbiota and changing key populations may transform healthy gut microbiota into a disease-inducing entity. For example, the western diet, which is high in sugar and fat, causes dysbiosis affecting both host GI tract metabolism and immune homeostasis<ref> Tapiainen T., Ylitalo S., Eerola E., Uhari M. Dynamics of gut colonization and source of intestinal flora in healthy newborn infants. APMIS. 2006;114:812–817. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2006.apm_488.x. </ref>. Dysbiosis is a very important term that can be helpful in explaining many pathologies mentioned in Ayurvedic literature.

Thus, an excessive meat/dairy based diet that has been explained by Charak starts its dreadful effect from GI tract leading to metabolic disorders. This can be compared with the theory of agni elaborated by [[Ayurveda]] scholars and also explains how wrong food exerts its effect on immune system leading to inflammation at molecular level. Chronic inflammation changes the normal mechanism of body and leads to certain dreadful metabolic disorders. Thus, over and undernutrition both lead to certain metabolic diseases mediated through inflammation <ref> Wellen KE, Hotamisligil GS: Inflammation, stress, and diabetes. J Clin Invest 2005, 115:1111-1119. </ref>.

=== IV. Effect of lifestyle on anabolism ===

Charak not only explains the adverse effects of bad eating but also explains the ill effects of sedentary behaviour which are the leading cause of metabolic disorders. He explains that those averse to physical or mental activities (exercises), those who are habituated to sleeping during the day and always having the tendency to lying down will end up suffering from various metabolic disorders. Modern researchers have proved this too. Sedentary behaviour refers to low-energy activities that involve energy expenditure (at the level of 1.0–1.5 metabolic equivalent units (METs))<ref> Huang TT, Howarth NC, Lin BH, Roberts SB, McCrory MA: Energy intake and meal portions: associations with BMI percentile in U.S. children. Obes Res 2004, 12:1875-1885 </ref>, and include activities such as lying down, sitting, etc. Individuals could be spending a significant part of their waking hours in sedentary activities<ref> Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H: Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030.Diabetes Care 2004, 27:1047-1053. </ref>.

Per studies by Lee et al (2001), the association between sedentary behaviour and metabolic health could, to some extent, explain the association between sedentary time and metabolic syndrome <ref> Lee JY, Sohn KH, Rhee SH, Hwang D: Saturated fatty acids, but not unsaturated fatty acids, induce the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 mediated through Toll-like receptor 4.J Biol Chem 2001, 276:16683-16689. </ref>.

Bedrest studies, though not sufficiently researched in humans, indicate that there is an increased sedentary behavior associated with a range of deleterious metabolic effects <ref> Kalupahana NS, Claycombe KJ, Newman SJ, Stewart T, Siriwardhana N, Mathhan N, Lichtenstein AH, Moustaid-Moussa N: Eicosapentaenoic acid prevents and reverses insulin resistance in high-fat diet-induced obese mice via modulation of adipose tissue inflammation.J Nutr 2010, 140:1915-1922 </ref>.

It can be noted from the above enlisted disorders that [[kapha]] [[dosha]], [[rasa]], [[rakta]], [[mamsa]] and [[meda dhatu]] are vitiated in ''santarpaniya'' diseases. Therefore, the treatment protocol shall be designed keeping these factors in mind.

'''''Pramehapidaka''''': This can be compared with diabetic carbuncle which is a complication of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. It is localized infective gangrene of the skin and subcutaneous tissues caused by infection. The predisposing factor is diabetes. In diabetic carbuncle, infection is at hair follicle with severe pain and there is involvement of fibrous strand along with sub-cutaneous tissues. A multi-locular lesion is seen which may give rise to ulcerating carbuncle. In this lesion, gangrenous process can occur which may be due to thrombosis of the lesion.

It is interesting to note that ''pramehapidaka'', skin disorders, ''pandu'' (anaemia), urinary problems (which can be referred to as renal problems) and ''arochaka'' (anorexia) are all complications of metabolic disorders. These diseases must not be taken as ''swatantra'' (independent) pathological entities but are to be seen in the light of metabolic disorders.

'''''Kandu''''' can be compared with urticaria, characterized by skin eruptions which are reddish and itchy in nature and are of mild intensity and increased by exposure to cold breeze. It is also manifested as a symptom of other diseases. In this context of ''santarpanajanya vyadhi'', we have seen previously that certain foods have effect on immune system. ''Kandu'' is a peculiar indication of severe hyperglycemia as well. Due to dehydration, neuritis and micro angiopathy these types of symptoms can be developed. These are more seen in chronic uncontrolled diabetes patients.

'''''Kotha''''', as explained, is a decay of tissues due to certain conditions. In the context of ''santarpanajanya vyadhi'', decay usually is seen in diabetic patients caused mostly due to microangiopathy. Involvement of the blood vessels by atherosclerosis leading to ischemia is a significant factor in diabetic foot. Lower extremity peripheral vascular disease (PVD) is the most common factor associated with limb ulceration, gangrene, impaired wound healing and ultimately amputation<ref> Gayle R, Benjamin AL, Gary NG. The burden of diabetic foot ulcers. The American Journal of Surgery 1998Aug 24; 176(Suppl 2A):65-105. </ref>. It mainly occurs due to blood flow changes, occlusive changes, micro angiopathy, and hematological changes. There is marked change in the flow of blood in peripheral vessels. The microcirculation is regulated by neural factors, local reflexes and vasoactive mediators. The initial haemodynamic changes will be increased flow and pressure of capillary blood<ref> Tooke JE. Microvascular hemodynamics in diabetes mellitus. Clin Sci 1986; 70:119-125 </ref> . As the disease progresses, autoregulation is lost and haemodynamic stress results. It could also be due to increased calcification of vessels or AV shunting or hyperosmolarity of blood. It is well documented by high ankle brachial ratio and also Doppler studies. Occlusive changes occur in more than 50% of diabetics having the disease for more than 10 – 15 years<ref> Pyorala K, Laasko M, Vusiitupa M. Diabetes and atherosclerosis, An epidemiologic view. Diabet Methob Rev 1987; 3:463-524 </ref>. It mainly affects arteries below profunda femoris and is characterized by multiple segment involvement. The tibial & peroneal arteries between the knee and the ankle are primarily affected. Dorsalis pedis artery and foot vessels are usually spared. Patients with diabetes have diminished ability to establish collateral circulation especially in arteries around knee. This disease is more prevalent & accelerated with diabetes mellitus.

'''''Pandu''''' (anemia): It means pallor and is seen in metabolic disorders. Charak has explained it as a disease as well as complication of other disorders. ''Pandu'' that has been mentioned in ''santarpanajanya'' diseases chapter is [[kapha]] dominant where the causes are elaborated in verses 3 and 4. Two of the most common causes of anemia are due to abnormalities in iron homeostasis: iron-deficiency anemia and anemia of inflammation also known as anemia of chronic disease. The anemia caused due to inflammation is elaborated in this context. It is very interesting to know metabolic disorders like obesity and some complication of diabetes like diabetic nephropathy also lead to pallor and iron deficiency<ref> Karlee et al. Is Obesity Associated with Anaemia of Chronic Disease? A Population-based Study. 2008. Doi: 10.1038/oby.2008.353 </ref>. Along with anaemia, renal parameters also get deranged which may lead to abdominal symptoms like nausea and vomiting, so the word ''arochaka'' is used here adjoining to ''mutrakrichhra'' (urinary disorder)<ref> Mehdi et al. Anemia, Diabetes, and Chronic Kidney Disease. 2009. 32(7): 1320-1326 </ref>. In the latter stages of diabetic or hypertensive nephropathy urinary complaints like oligouria or anuria can occur. If it remains untreated due anaemia and congestion in heart, edema starts developing which has been called as ''shopha''.

'''''Amaja vyadhi''''': ''Ama'' is referred to an intermediate bio product of cellular metabolism leading to number of metabolic disorders. Generation of ''ama'' is thought to start with maldigestion or indigestion of food substances when taken in excess which begins in the stomach. It is a very important factor playing a pivotal role in the genesis of any disease. It is clearly stated that there is no disorder devoid of ''ama''. So all the anabolic disorders where ''ama'' is considered as cause are supposed to be under the category of ''ama vyadhis''.

When we think simply about the urinary complaints related with diabetes and obesity, urinary incontinence is prominent symptom, which is dominantly seen in obese women and men, which can be called as stress incontinence. So the word ''mutrakkrichra'' in this context of ''santarpanajanya vyadhis'' is to be taken as a complication of diabetic and hypertensive nepheropathy.

'''''Kushtha''''': There are many skin diseases which are related to anabolism. Anabolism leads to discoloration and hyperpigmentation of skin. Majority of obese people show severe hyperpigmentation, which is called as acanthosis nigricans. Simple acne can also be the result of ''santarpanajanya vyadhis''. Some of the studies<ref> Downing D, Strauss J, Pochi P. Changes in skin surface lipid composition induced by severe caloric restriction in man. Am J Clin Nutr. 1972;25:365–367</ref> had reported, how caloric restriction can change sebum composition. Another study <ref> Adebamowo CA, Spiegelman D, Berkey CS, et al. Milk consumption and acne in teenaged boys. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;58:787–793. </ref>linked acne to the consumption of milk.

'''''Klaibya''''': A person who is unable to have proper sexual intercourse either due to erectile dysfunction or early ejaculation is termed as ''klaibya'' in [[Ayurveda]].''Klaibya'' is described in detail in [[Chikitsa Sthana]] [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/155] and is mentioned as a complication of either obesity, diabetes or hypertension. While elaborating the properties of ''lashuna'' (garlic) Charak has explained that ''lashuna'' is important herb in cardiac disorders as well and is useful in ''klaibya''. Looking at its properties on microvessels, ''garlic'' is proven to be a herb which regulates nitric oxide synthesis in the arteries and keeps the lumen of the arteries dilated. Per studies, in cases of hypertensive erectile dysfunction in rats, it has been observed that nitric oxide synthesis in penile artery is lowered<ref> Penson DF et al. Adrenal Control of erectile function and nitric oxide synthase in the rat penis 138(9):3925-32 1997 </ref>. Garlic has positive impact on regulating nitric oxide synthesis<ref> Peyman et al. Therapeutic Uses and Pharmacological Properties of Garlic, Shallot, and Their Biologically Active Compounds 16(10):1031-1048 2013 </ref>.

The direct effect of obesity on increased risk of erectile dysfunction is well researched, and is often attributable to hormonal imbalance, endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance.

'''''Gurugatrata''''': ''Guru'' is heavy and gatra is body, and ''gurugatrata'' means a feeling of heaviness in the body. This condition can be due to excess fat deposition, or may be due peripheral odema developing due to certain cardiac and renal complications. In the initial stage tissues show inflammatory changes at molecular level and later develop symptoms of ''gurugatrata''.

'''''Aalasya'''''(lethargy or lassitude), at the somatic as well as psychological level, signifies a feeling of lethargy along with hesitancy or weariness of body or mind from strain, oppressive climate, etc. It is mainly caused due to psychological factors that show through one’s sensory and motor organs. It is a primary stage of the major complications like ''tandra'' and ''moha''. It could also be a condition symptomatic of diabetic and hypertensive cerebral encephelopathy. Uncontrolled hyperglycemia or hypertension in patients may lead to number of complications. These are all pre coma or coma conditions where all the sensory organs stop responding and a specific word, ''Lepa'', is used to denote some form of “covering” that the sensory organs are covered with that makes them stop responding and lose orientation. Not only the sensory organs, but all the body channels from where not only the blood and sensation, but also the chemical signalling of the cells also gets disturbed and patients land into ''tandra, buddhi moha'' and ''prameelaka''.

'''''Tandra''''' is an abnormal condition characterized by drowsiness.

'''''Moha''''' is an abnormal condition of the mind in which person cannot take correct decision and also is not able to scrutinize the subject referred by mind.

'''''Prameelaka''''': An abnormal mental condition characterized by constant thoughts.

All the above mentioned conditions are due to severe hyperglycemia with hyperosmolality and dehydration, in the absence of significant ketosis. It occurs in patients with mild or occult diabetes, and most patients are middle-aged to elderly. Accurate figures are not available as to its true incidence, but from data on hospital discharges it is rarer than diabetic ketoacidosis even in older age groups.

Research shows that a partial or relative insulin deficiency may trigger a syndrome by reducing glucose utilization of muscle, fat, and liver while increasing hepatic glucose output<ref> Trence DL et al: Hyperglycemic crisis in diabetes mellitus type 2. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2001;30:817. [PMID: 11727401] </ref>.

Ultimately, with all these symptoms and conditions, edema over the body develops and along with other complications lands the patient into severe difficulties.

'''''Lekhana''''' is defined as the therapeutic action which (adequately) dries up body tissues and then literally scrapes the unwanted substances (generally solid, unctuous substances) out from the body tissues. Though this may be one meaning of ''lekhana'', all ''lekhana'' activites and ''lekhana dravya'' exert some pharmacological activates that reduce unwanted substances - unwanted [[dosha]], [[dhatu]] or [[mala]]- from the body. The same properties of ''lekhana'' can be achieved by [[virechana]], [[vamana]] or [[raktamokshana]].

Exercise and fasting has a very positive effect on anabolic disorders. Exercise results in reduction in fasting blood glucose, which replicates previous beneficial effects of exercise interventions in type II diabetes<ref> D. E. Kelley and B. H. Goodpaster, “Effects of exercise on glucose homeostasis in type 2 diabetes mellitus,” Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, vol. 33, no. 6, supplement, pp. S495–S501, 2001.</ref>.

=== Fasting ===

That fasting and CR (calorie restriction) makes an organism’s metabolic process more efficient, enhancing the organism’s age, is a well-researched subject. Clive McCay at Cornell had published, in 1937, that a 33% caloric restriction resulted in a 50% increase in the maximum lifespan of a rat. Similar experiments were done on organisms such as yeasts, mosquitoes, flies, protozoa, roundworms, fish, etc. Many decades later, the National Institute of Aging (NIA) and the universities of Maryland and Wisconsin tried to study the impact of CR on aging using primates (squirrel and rhesus monkeys). The NIA Primate CR study indicated that CR monkeys “demonstrated an improved metabolic profile”, though they also concluded that the effects of CR in long-lived animals are complex and depend on a variety of factors besides caloric restriction<ref> Mattison et al Impact of caloric restriction on health and survival in rhesus monkeys: the NIA study. Nature 2012 Sep 13: 489(7415):10.1038 </ref>.

=== Herbs used in management of ''santarpanajanya'' diseases ===

While treating ''santarpanajanya vyadhis'' like ''sthulata'' (obesity) and ''madhumeha'' (diabetes), consumption of ''dravyas'' that have ''guru'' and ''ruksha'' properties is advised. Along with medicines, the diet must also be ''ruksha''. For skin ailments, applying powders of medicinal plants all over the body which can provide relief from ''kandu'' (itching) and ''kotha'' (pre-gangrenous condition) are advised. So the food must be ''guru'' and ''apatarpaka'', i.e., it should induce catabolic activities. Applying these powders on the lesions may improve blood circulation which may consequently improve the increased hydroxylysine and glucose disaccharide content, decrease in proteoglycan and heparin sulfate and decrease in lysine content towards the lesion. The effects of honey, a food rich in antioxidants, on diseases such as cancer, coronary diseases, inflammatory disorders, and aging, has helped it gain lot of attention among nutritionists<ref> Jaganathan et al. Antiproliferative Effects of Honey and of Its Polyphenols: A Review. 2009 Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology. Article ID 830616</ref>. Properties of honey are ''ruksha, guru,'' and ''kashaya''. Food and medicine having these properties enhance ''akasha'' and ''vayu mahabhuta'' which tends the person towards ''apatarpana''.

Since ''ruksha dravyas'' are [[akasha]] and [[vayu]] dominant, medicines and food articles of this property are advised. Of the three properties of honey, the most important one is ''guru''. Since ''jatharagni'' is vitiated in obesity (since [[agni]] plays an important role in causing or aggravating anabolic disorders), ''guru'' and ''ruksha'' substances are used to pacify it, and thus honey is recommended for obesity. However, the use of honey in diabetes is controversial since honey is full of fructose and it imparts hyperglycaemic properties on diabetic patients. In diseases like obesity, lipid abnormality and diabetes mellitus, gut microbiota plays an important role in carbohydrate metabolism.

Pericarp of ''haritaki'' showed cardiotonic activities in frog hearts, increasing the force of contraction and cardiac output without altering the heart rate<ref> Reddy VRC, Kumari SVR, Reddy BM, Azeem MA, Prabhkar MC, Rao AVN (1990) Cardionic activity of the fruits of Terminalia chebula. Fitotera- pia 41, 517-52 </ref>. ''Haritaki'' extracts administered before initiating any treatment showed signs of reduced myocardial damage caused by isoproterenol in rats. ''Haritaki'' reduced lipid peroxidation and significantly reduced cholesterolemia, aortic sudanophilia, and cholesterol content of the aorta and liver<ref> The Ayurvedic medicines Haritaki, Amala and Bahira reduce cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis in rabbits. Int J Cardiol. 1988 Nov;21(2):167-75.Thakur CP, Thakur B, Singh S, Sinha PK, Sinha SK.Patna Medical College, India. </ref>.

Local application by rubbing of certain herbal powders on the skin reduces [[kapha dosha]] and regulates [[vata dosha]] at that level and inhibits samprapti of ''kandu'' and ''kotha''. Regular rubbing of the powders over the skin increases peripheral circulation of the capillaries supplying the skin and also reduced inflammation at dermal level. Rubbing of dry powders over the body is called ''udvartana''. This softens the skin leaving it with a lustrous glow. The stimulating massage helps revitalize skin, removes fat deposits and improve circulation and digestion. ''Udvartana'' helps open the circulatory channels, facilitating metabolic activities, eliminating excessive perspiration and body odor and improving the complexion of the skin.

'''''Triphala''''' is one of the oldest used polyherbal preparations. It is comprised of Terminalia chebula, Terminalia bellerica and Emblica officinalis. Some of the positive qualities of ''triphala'' in-vivo and in-vitro are that it is an antioxidant, anti-hypercholesterolemic, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, and possesses chemo-preventive potential and anti-mutagenic activities, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, radioprotective effect, immunomodulatory, improving wound healing, enteroprotective efficacies, anti-gastric ulcers and nitric oxide scavenging properties. This herbal combination can have profound healing benefits in multi-organ systems. It is rich in Mg, K, Ca, Fe, Se and Zn, which enhance their bioavailability. Low molecular weight tannins, gallic acid and other important phytochemicals are responsible for the above effects <ref> A systematic review of the antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-obesity effects and safety of triphala herbal formulation Kamali Seyed Hamid et al Journal of Medicinal Plants Research Vol. 7(14), pp. 831-844, 10 April, 2013 DOI: 10.5897/JMPR12.352 ISSN 1996-0875 ©2013 Academic Journals http://www.academicjournals.org/JMPR </ref>.

'''''Aragwadha''''' (Cassia fistula) possesses ''madhura rasa, madhura vipaka'' and has ''sheeta veerya''. It possesses strong antioxidant properties. Aqueous extract of ''Aragwadha'' flowers administered in diabetic rats (streptozotocin induced diabetes) showed antioxidant effect. After investigating antioxidants marker enzymes in the brain, significant increase is observed, with decrease in thiobarbituric reactive substances and hydroperoxide formation comparable with glibenclamide<ref> Latha, M. & Pari, L. Mol Cell Biochem (2003) 243: 23. doi:10.1023/A:1021697311150. </ref>.

Cassia auriculata L. seedlings, if irradiated with ultraviolet B (UV-B), it counteracted the induced oxidative stress with reduction in ascorbate, dehydroascorbate, glutathione/oxidized glutathione content at two doses assayed (7.5 and 15.0 kJ-2)<ref> Agarwal, S. Biol Plant (2007) 51: 157. doi:10.1007/s10535-007-0030-z </ref>

Ethanolic and methanolic extracts of the flowers showed antioxidant properties which may be due to presence of flavonoids and tannins<ref> Pharmacological Potentials of Cassia auriculata and Cassia fistula Plants: A Review Sushma Kainsa, Praveen Kumar and Poonam Rani </ref> <ref> George, M., L. Joseph and Ramaswam, 2007. Effect of Cassia auriculata extract on nociception, experimental diabetes and hyperlipidemia in mice and rats. Highland Med. Res. J., 5: 11-19. </ref>. , ''Patha'' (cissampelos pareira): Certain controversies are there about ''patha''. Two different herbs are used as ''patha'' in different part of India- Cyclea peltata and Cissampelos parietal. Properties of ''patha'' are elaborated as ''rasa-tikta virya-usna vipäka-katu guna.-laghu, tiksna karma-vata-kaphahara,visaghna ,grahi, balya''. ''Patha'' is known to have potent diuretic properties. Certain flavonoids were found to exert their diuretic properties by binding with Adenosine A1 Receptor associated with the diuretic action. The diuretic properties of studied plant may be through any of these possible mechanisms since it is rich in alkaloids and flavonoids<ref> Yuliana ND, Khatib A, Link-Struensee AM, Ijzerman AP, Rungkat-Zakaria F, Choi YH, et al. Adenosine A1 receptor binding activity of methoxy flavonoids from orthosiphon stamineus. Planta Med.2009;75:132–6. </ref>.

'''''Saptaparna''''' (Alstonia scholaris) possess ''tikta kashaya rasa, ushna veerya'' and ''katu vipaka.'' The bark is useful in malarial fevers, abdominal disorders, dyspepsia and in skin diseases. In [[Ayurveda]], it is reported that the bark of the plant when soaked in water overnight, can reduce the blood glucose level after oral administration. However, not much characterization of this properties has been done on a scientific basis. The phytochemicals are indicative of its potential in the treatment of diabetes mellitus<ref>Antidiabetic and Antihyperlipidemic Effect of Alstonia scholaris Linn Bark in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Association of Pharmaceutical Teachers of India Ind J Pharm Edu Res, 2011, 45(2):114-121 </ref>.

In one of the studies of ''saptaparna'' (Alstonia scholaris) showed decrease in glycogen content in streptozotocin-diabetic rats support the findings of Grover et al. The decrease in glycogen content may result due to disturbances in glycogen synthetase system. Improvement in liver glycogen of diabetic rats after chronic treatment with aqueous extract of Alstonia scholaris L. bark indicates that possible way of antidiabetic effect of the extract may be by improvement of glycogenesis and / or suppression of glycogenolysis. Thus, study showed that bark of Alstonia scholaris L. possesses antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects in STZ diabetic rats. The antiatherogenic potential of the bark extract indicates its usefulness not only in diabetes mellitus but also in the long term complications associated with it<ref> Antidiabetic and Antihyperlipidemic Effect of Alstonia scholaris Linn Bark in
Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats .Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research.Deepti Bandawane *, Archana Juvekar , Manasi Juvekar Department of Pharmacology, P.E.Society's Modern College of Pharmacy, Nigdi, Pune 411 044.
</ref>.

Cyperus rotundus has antioxidant and anti-atherosclerotic effects due to the presence of flavanoids, polyphenols and terpenes which reduce absorption of total cholesterol and triglycerides. Cyperus rotundus, in the form of a fine powder or an aqueous solution, exhibits lipolytic properties and showed mobilization of fats from adipose tissues. Cyperus rotundus is supposed to have activators of beta adreno receptors<ref> Bhambhole V.d.et al Effect of some medicinal plant preparation on adipose tissue metabolism. Ancient Science of life 1998 117-124 </ref>.

'''''Madanaphala''''' (Randia dumentorum) has ''madhura, tikta rasa, katu vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. It is a widely used herb for induction of vomiting used for [[vamana]] procedure. It has ''lekhana'' properties.

Clearly, the pharmacological action of the above ''dravyas'' all have been proven to have anti-diabetic and anti-hyperlipidimic properties. The interesting thing to note is that although these ''dravyas'' ultimately work for metabolic disorders, they have different modes of action. Anti-diabetic properties of ''triphala, neem, musta'' and ''saptaparna'' are different. The ''rasa'' of the above mentioned ''dravyas'' is ''tikta kasahaya'' or ''tikta katu'' which is [[akasha]], [[teja]] and [[vayu mahabhuta]] dominant. As we have seen that ''santarpaniya vyadhis'' are due to excess consumption of [[Prithvi]] and [[jala mahabhuta]] those of opposing properties, i.e., [[akasha]], [[teja]] and [[vayu]] are used in treating such ailments.

'''''Devadaru''''' (Cedrus deodara or Himalayan Cedar) is a herb that is very effective in improving the functions of liver and in maintaining cholesterol levels in healthy limits. ''Devadaru'' pacifies the ''kapha dosha'' by ''tikta, katu'' and ''ushna'' properties, and [[vata]] [[dosha]] by ''snigdha'' and ''ushna'' properties so it is useful in disorders induced by [[kapha]] and [[vata]] [[dosha]].

Investigation demonstrate that extracts of C. deodara shows reduction in body weight in treated groups in a dose dependent manner. The major chemical constituents of C. deodara are sterols, poly-phenols, flavanoids such as taxifolin, quercetin and saponins<ref> Agarwal PK, Agarwal SK, Rastogi RP. A new neolignan and other phenolic constituents from Cedrus deodara. Phytochemistry. 1980;19:1260–1.</ref>. It is well established that saponins are useful in treatment of obesity<ref> George Francis, Zohar Kerem, Harinder P.S. Makkar, Becker Klaus. The biological action of saponin in animal systems: A review. Brit J Nutr. 2002;88:587–605. [PubMed] </ref>. Phytosterols have beneficial effects on hyperlipidemia<ref> David JA, Cyril WC. Plant sterols, health claims and strategies to reduce cardiovascular disease risk.J Am Coll Nutr. 1999;18:559–62. </ref> and poly-phenols and flavanoids have potential antioxidant properties. Therefore, it could be possible that presence of these compounds is responsible for observed glucose and lipid lowering properties.

'''''Shwadanshtra''''' or ''gokshura'' (Tribulus Terrestris) is ''madhura rasatmaka'' and has ''sheeta veerya'' with ''madhura vipaka''. ''Gokshura'' is widely used to relieve certain anabolic disorders. It is helpful for the treatment of angina<ref> Li M, Qu W, Chu S, et al. Effect of the decoction of Tribulus terrestris on mice gluconegensis. Zhong Yao Cai. 2001;24:586-588. </ref>, high cholesterol 65, diabetes 65, and muscle spasms<ref> Arcasoy HB, Erenmemisoglu A, Tekol Y, et al. Effect of Tribulus terrestris L. saponin mixture on some smooth muscle preparations: a preliminary study. Boll Chim Farm. 1998;137:473-475. </ref>, and for the prevention of kidney stones<ref> Sangeeta D, Sidhu H, Thind SK, et al. Effect of Tribulus terrestris on oxalate metabolism in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 1994;44:61-66. </ref>.

It is very interesting to note that though ''gokshura'' or Tribulus terrestris is ''madhura'' and ''sheeta veerya dravya'' it has been included to treat ''santarpaniya vyadhis''. ''Gokshura'', by the virtue of its phytochemicals and its DHEAS (Dihydro epi andesterone sulphate) stimulating property and its potent diuretic qualities may have been in the group of medicines which are used to impart ''apatarpana''. It has proved to be a very potent herb to cure erectile dysfunction and ''klaibyata'' in patients suffering from metabolic syndrome.

'''''Khadira''''' (Acacia Catechu): This herb is ''tikta'', ''kashaya'' having ''sheeta veerya'' and ''katu vipaka''. This herb is mostly used as ''kusthaghana'' to alleviate skin problems. In eastern traditional medicines, Acacia catechu Willd is extensively used in the management of diabetes in combinations with other medicinal plants. The most common chemical classes among these plants are flavonoid and other anti-oxidants. Hypoglycemic property of extract of Acacia catechu Willd is assumed to be due to the presence of flavonoids which also show inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase and regenerateβ cells<ref> Jarald, E,. Joshi, SB,.and Jain, DC,. (2009). Studies shows that Myricetin, Quercetin and Catechin-gallate inhibit insulin stimulated glucose transporters in isolated adipocytes of rats (Strobel, P,. Allard, C,. Perez-Acle, T,. Calderon, R,. Aldunate, R,. and Leighton, F,. 2005) </ref>. In vitro Acacia catechu Willd is reported to have broad spectrum anti-microbial and anti fungal properties. Phytochemical studies of Acacia catechu Willd leaves shows the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavones, glycosides, phenolic compounds, saponins, steroids and tannins which may be responsible for its anti-microbial properties<ref> A review on Acacia catechu Willd Muhammad Anis Hashmat, Rabia Hussain Interdisciplinary journal of contemporary research in business may 2013 vol 5, no 1 </ref>.

'''''Haridra''''' (Curcuma longa) has ''tikta rasa, katu vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya.'' It is ''laghu ruksha'' in its qualities. Ingestion of 6 gm Curcuma longa increased postprandial serum insulin levels, but did not seem to affect plasma glucose levels or GI, in healthy subjects. The results indicate that Curcuma longa may have an effect on insulin secretion. The active principles in the rhizome of turmeric plant viz; curcuminoids lower lipid peroxidation by maintaining the activities of antioxidant enzymes like super oxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione per oxidase at higher levels. Antioxidant properties of curcuma longa is due to curcumin and its three derivatives (demethoxy curcumin, bisdemethoxy curcumin and diacetyl curcumin)<ref> Wickenberg J, Ingemansson S, Hlebowicz J (2010) Effects of Curcuma longa (turmeric) on postprandial plasma glucose and insulin in healthy subjects. Nutr J 9: 43 </ref>. A scientific and systemic exploration reveals antidiabetic, hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective effects of Curcuma longa freeze dried rhizome powder dissolved in milk which could be used as an effective and safe antidiabetic dietary supplement of high potential<ref> Rai PK, Jaiswal D, Mehta S, Rai DK, Sharma B, et al. (2010) Effect of curcuma longa freeze dried rhizome powder with milk in stz Induced diabetic rats. Indian J Clin Biochem 25: 175-181 </ref>.

Curcuma longa is known to contain curcuminoids, glycosides, terpenoids, and flavonoids. Maximal inhibition of the enzyme Human Pancreatic Amylase (HPA) was obtained with Curcuma longa isopropanol extract and acetone extract. This inhibitory action on HPA causes reduction in starch hydrolysis leading to lowered glucose levels<ref> Ponnusamy S, Ravindran R, Zinjarde S, Bhargava S, Ameeta R (2011) Evaluation of Traditional Indian Antidiabetic Medicinal Plants for Human Pancreatic Amylase Inhibitory Effect In Vitro Evidence-Based.Complementary and Alternative Medicine 10. </ref>. The antioxidants in turmeric also prevent damage to cholesterol, thereby helping to protect against atherosclerosis. In fact, the ability of the antioxidants in turmeric to decrease free radicals is similar to that in vitamins C and E. Since the antioxidant activities of turmeric are not degraded by heat, even using the spice in cooking provides benefits. Animal studies show that curcumin lowers cholesterol and triglycerides, another fat that circulates in the blood stream and is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. In a recent study of atherosclerosis, mice were fed a standard American diet, rich in refined carbohydrates and saturated fat, but low in fiber. Some of the mice, however, received this diet plus turmeric mixed in with their food. After four months on these diets, the mice that consumed the turmeric with their food had 20 percent less blockage of the arteries than the mice fed the diet without the turmeric. In another study, rabbits were fed turmeric plus a diet designed to cause atherosclerosis. Several risk factors for the disease were improved, including a decrease in cholesterol, triglycerides, and free-radical damage.

Antidermatophytic properties: Fresh juice of rhizome of ''haridra'' is used as an antiparasitic in many skin disorders. Its rhizome powder mixed with cow’s urine is taken internally in itching and dermatitis. Curcuma longa L. leaves have good promise as an antifungal agent that could be used as a therapeutic remedy against human pathogenic fungi on account of its various in vitro and in vivo antifungal properties, viz., strong fungicidal action, long shelf-life, its tolerability of heavy inoculum density, thermo stability, broad range of antidermatophytic properties and absence of any adverse effects. Curcumin obtained from the turmeric rhizome have shown to possess the ability to protect the skin from harmful UV-induced effects by displaying antimutagen, antioxidant, free radical scavenging, anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic properties<ref> Binic I, Lazarevic V, Ljubenovic M, Mojsa J, Sokolovic D (2013) Skin Ageing: Natural Weapons and Strategies. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. </ref>.

'''''Neem''''' (Azadirachta indica): It is a ''tikta rasa'' plant having ''sheeta veerya'' and ''katu vipaka''. It imparts ''ruksha'' and ''laghu'' property. Hydroalcoholic extracts of this plant showed anti-hyperglycemic properties in streptozotocin treated rats and this effect is because of increase in glucose uptake and glycogen deposition in isolated rat hemidiaphragm<ref> Chattopadhyay R.R., Chattopadhyay R.N., Nandy A.K., Poddar G., Maitra S.K. Preliminary report on antihyperglycemic effect of fraction of fresh leaves of Azadiracta indica (Beng neem) Bull. Calcutta. Sch. Trop. Med. 1987;35:29–33. </ref>. Apart from having anti-diabetic properties, this plant also has anti-bacterial, antimalarial, antifertility, hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects<ref> Biswas K., Chattopadhyay I., Banerjee R.K., Bandyopadhyay U. Biological activities and medicinal properties of neem (Azadiracta indica) Curr. Sci. 2002;82:1336–1345. </ref>.

'''''Twak''''' (Cinnamomum Zelyanicum): It is ''katu-tikta rasatmaka'' having ''katu vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. It has been shown that oral administration of cinnamaldehyde produces significant antihyperglycemic effect lowers both total cholesterol and triglyceride levels and, at the same time, increases HDL-cholesterol in STZ induced diabetic rats<ref> Subash Babu P, Prabuseenivasan S, Ignacimuthu S. Phytomedicine, 2007;14:15–22 </ref>.

Matan et al. have reported antimicrobial properties of Cinnamon bark. The volatile gas phase of combinations of Cinnamon oil and clove oil showed good potential to inhibit growth of spoilage fungi, yeast and bacteria normally found on IMF (Intermediate Moisture Foods) when combined with a modified atmosphere comprising a high concentration of CO2 (40%) and low concentration of O2 (<0.05%). A. flavus, which is known to produce toxins, was found to be the most resistant microorganism<ref> Matan N, Rimkeeree H, Mawson A J, Chompreeda P et al. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 2006;107:180–185 </ref>.

'''''Kushtha''''' (Saussurea Lappa): has ''tikta katu madhur rasa'', ''katu vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. It is known to lower blood lipids and is also known to improve coronary circulation<ref> Study of kustha (, clarke) in ischaemic heart disease Anc Sci Lifev.13(1-2); Jul-Dec 93PMC3336543 </ref>.

Barley: Barley contains greater amounts of soluble and non-soluble starches compared to other cereals, and approximately 17% of the carbohydrate in barley is not absorbed. Undigested carbohydrate produces short chain fatty acids, some which may reduce hepatic glucose production and affect postprandial glycemia. Barley also inhibits serum cholesterol and is also known to reduce blood pressure if given for long term use<ref> Thorburn, A., Muir, J., and Proietto, J. Carbohydrate fermentation decreases hepatic glucose output in healthy subjects. Metabolism1993;42(6):780-785. 8510524 </ref>.

'''''Hingu'''''(Ferula asafoetida): is a resin having ''katu rasa, ushna veerya'' and ''katu vipaka''. Ferula asafoetida exhibits anti-cholesterol anti-hypertensive<ref> Sarkisyan RG. Effect of Ferula on arterial pressure. Meditsinskii Zhurnal Uzbekistana.1969;1969:23–4.Sambaiah K, Srinivasan K. Influence of spices and spice principles on hepatic mixed function oxygenase system in rats. Indian J Biochem Biophys. 1989;26:254–8. [PubMed] </ref> and a potent anti-oxidant properties in experimental animals<ref> Sambaiah K, Srinivasan K. Influence of spices and spice principles on hepatic mixed function oxygenase system in rats. Indian J Biochem Biophys. 1989;26:254–8. [PubMed] </ref>.

'''''Vasa''''' (Adhatoda vasica): has ''tikta rasa, sheeta veerya'' and ''sheeta vipaka'' and is strong anti diabetic and cardio protective<ref> Atal ck.Chemistry and pharmacology of vasicine.Indian drugs 1980 15(2) 15-18 </ref>.

'''''Kharavha ajmoda''''' (Trachyspermemum ammi): is a plant with ''katu, tikta rasa, katu vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. T. ammi has been shown to possess antimicrobial, hypolipidaemic, digestive stimulant, antihypertensive, hepatoprotective, antispasmodic and broncho-dilating properties<ref> Bairwa Ranjan, Singhal Manmohan, Sodha Ravindra Singh and Rajawat Balwant Singh (2011). Medicinal Uses of Trachyspermum Ammi: A Review, The Pharma Research, 5(2): 247-258 </ref>.

'''''Pashanabheda''''' (Berginia ligulata): has ''katu tikta rasa, katu vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. It is a controversial herb and many other plants under the name ''pashanabheda'' are prescribed and used. ''Pashanabheda'' is enlisted in ''mootra virechaniya mahakashaya''. Due to its diuretic property, it can be used in hypertension, congestive cardiac failure, renal complains etc<ref> Nagaratna, A Clinico-Experimental Study of Two Sources of Pashanabheda and Bryophyllum Pinnatum with respect to Mootrala Karma, 2012. Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore </ref>.

Apart from its diuretic properties, ''pashanabheda'' exhibits good anti-diabetic properties. The 80% ethanolic extract of ''pashanabheda'' rhizome was fractionated to investigate for a-glucosidase or anti-diabetic properties. Sample solution were evaluated at dose levels of 5.0, 0.5, 0.05 mg/ml to obtain dose response. The ethyl acetate extract exhibited an inhibitory effect of a-glucosidase properties<ref> Youshikawa M, Nishida N, Shimoda H, Takada M, Kawahara Y, Matsuda. Polyphenol constituents from Salacia species: quantitative analysis of mangiiferin with alpha- glucosidase and aldose reductase inhibitory activities. Yakugaku Zasshi, 1231, 2001, 371-378. </ref>.

'''''Takra''''' (butter milk) is used to relieve ''santarpanajanya vyadhis''. It has prime importance in diet and is supposed to be improve appetite. Its properties and medicinal qualities are described in Ashtanga Hridaya Sutra Sthana chapter 5.

'''''Trikatu''''': is combination of equal parts of ''sunthi, maricha'' and ''pippali''. ''Trikatu'' is regarded as an anti-obesity formulation and has been widely used in anabolic disorders. It is widely used to lower cholesterol and triglycerides and is known to increase HDL levels. In one of the studies it is found that ''trikatu'', by virtue of its ability to reduce triglycerides and LDL cholesterol, increases HDL cholesterol to reduce the risk of hyperlipidaemia and atherosclerosis.<ref> Effect of an indigenous herbal compound preparation ‘Trikatu’ on the lipid profiles of atherogenic diet and standard diet fed Rattus norvegicus Valsala Sivakumar1,Phytotherapy Research Volume 18, Issue 12, pages 976–981, December 2004. </ref> ''Trikatu'' is also known to have immune modulatory properties<ref> Trikatu, an herbal compound as immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory agent in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis-an experimental study Vachana Murunikkara, MahaboobKhan RasoolCellular ImmunologyAvailable online 18 December 2013 </ref> and is known to be a good bioavailability enhancer<ref> Effect of trikatu (PIPERINE) on the pharmacokinetic profile of isoniazid in rabbitsRS Karan, VK Bhargava, SK Garg Year : 1998 , Volume : 30 ,, Issue : 4 , Page : 254-256. </ref>.

'''''Vidanga''''' (Embelia ribes): The properties are ''rasa katu, kashaya rasa, ushna veerya'' and ''katu vipaka''. It is one of the important plants used for relieving worm infestation. ''Vidanga'' exhibits a potent hypoglycaemic and lipid lowering properties<ref> Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Embelia ribes on Dyslipidemia in Diabetic RatsUma Bhandari, Raman Kanojia, and K. K. Pillai Int. Jnl. Experimental Diab. Res., 3:159–162, 2002 </ref>.

'''''Agaru''''' (Aquilaria agallocha): ''Agaru'' is a tropical and sub-tropical, fragrant evergreen tree. The wood is very heavy, and sinks in water. The wood has ''tikta rasa, ushna veerya'' and ''katu vipaka''. It exerts potent immunomodulator and anti inflammatory property<ref> Anti-inflammatory effects and immunomodulatory mechanism of aquilaria agallocha Y.-c. Mao1 , h.-y. Hsu2, y.-h. Chiu2 department of laboratory medicine and biotechnology, department of life science, tzu chi university, hualien, taiwan </ref>.

'''''Sunthi''''' or ginger (Zinziber officinale): Ginger has ''katu rasa, madhura vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. Ginger has been shown to exhibit antioxidant effects. (6)-gingerol appears to be the antioxidant constituent present in ginger, as it was shown to protect HL-60 cells from oxidative stress. Ginger oil has dominative protective effects on DNA damage induced by H2O2. Ginger oil might act as a scavenger of oxygen radical and might be used as an antioxidant<ref> Ma J, Jin X, Yang L and Liu ZL. Diarylheptanoids from the rhizomes of Zingiber officinale. Phytochemistry. 2004;65(8):1137-1143..24 </ref>. In vitro research indicates that gingerols and the related shogaols exhibit cardio depressant properties at low doses and cardiotonic properties at higher doses. Both (6)-shogaol and (6)-gingerol, and the gingerdiones, are reportedly potent enzymatic inhibitors of prostaglandin, thromboxane, and leukotriene biosynthesis. <ref> Shoji N, Iwasa A, Takemoto T, Ishida Y and Ohizumi Y. Cardiotonic principles of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe). </ref> Spiced foods or herbal drinks, containing ginger, have the potential to produce significant effects on metabolic targets, such as satiety, thermogenesis, and fat oxidation thus, useful as anti-obesity agent. Thermogenic ingredients, such as ginger, may be considered as functional agent that could help restore a "positive energy balance" and prevent obesity<ref> Westerterp-Plantenga M, Diepvens K, Joosen AM, Berube-Parent S and Tremblay A. Metabolic effects of spices, teas, and caffeine. Physiol Behav. 8-30-2006;89(1):85-91. </ref>.

'''''Shigru''''' (Moringa olifera): has properties of ''katu, kashaya rasa, ushna veerya'' and ''katu vipaka''. It is widely used in ''santarpaniya vyadhis''. Charak has also elaborated ''shigru'' to be used in obesity and heart diseases. It exhibits strong hypoglycaemic properties.<ref> Effect of Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves aqueous extract therapy on hyperglycemic rats Dolly Jaiswal, Prashant Kumar Rai, Amit Kumar, Shikha Mehta, Geeta Watal. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 123 (2009) 392–396 </ref> The aqueous, ethanol and ether extracts of moringa oleifera leaves contain compounds that cause reduction in heart rate and relaxation of cardiac muscle and have medical use in management of cardiac conditions like hypertension<ref> Effect of moringa oleifera leaf extracts on the isolated rabbit heart and uterus Ntulume, R. Davis URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10570/308Date: 2010-11. </ref>.

'''''Katukrohini''''' or ''kutaki'' (Picrorrhiza kurroa): ''Kutaki'' has ''tikta rasa, katu vipaka'' and ''sheeta veerya''. It possesses a strong hepatoprotective properties due to phytochemical picroliv and also have a potent antioxidant properties<ref> Phytochemical and Pharmacological Standardisation of Polyherbal Tablets For Hepatoprotective Activity Against Carbon Tetrachloride </ref>. It is found to be effective against CCl4 induced hepatic damage in rats, by reversal of increased serum level of SGOT, SGPT, ALP, Cholesterol, Bilirubin and decreases level of total protein which occurs during hepatotoxicit<ref> Induced HepatotoxicityVilas A. Arsul*, R. O. Ganjiwale, P. G. Yeole International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research 2010; 2(4): 265-268 </ref>.

'''''Brihati''''' (Solanum indicum): ''Brihati'' has ''katu tikta rasa, katu vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. Solanum indicum Linn. fruits have laxative and cardiotonic action<ref> Evaluation of laxative and cardiotonic activity of solanum indicum linn. Fruits Prashanta Kumar Deb Journal of Pharmacy and Phytotheraputics J Pharm Phytother 2013, 1:3, 11 – 14 </ref>.

'''''Ativisha''''' (Aconitum hetrophyllum): has ''tikta katu rasa, katu vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. It is ''laghu'' and ''ruksha'' and hence is used in ''santarpaniya vyadhis''. Research showed significant reduction in total cholesterol, TG, apolipoprotein B and increase HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein A in serum samples and HMG CO A properties in liver samples. Properties of LCAT had increased and also there was increased fecal fat excretion. The mechanism explained for hypolipidemic properties was due to inhibition of HMG COA reductase properties and decrease fat absorption from intestine<ref> Arun Koorapally subash, Anu Augustine, Hypo lipidemic effect of methnol fraction of Aconitum heterophyllum wall ex Royle and the mechanism of action in diet induced obese rats. J.Adv.Pharm. Tech. Res, vol.8, (issue 4):oct-dec ,(2012). </ref>.

'''''Sthiram''''' (Shliparni desmodium gangeticum): It has ''madhura, tikta rasa, madhur vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. It has alkaloids, pterocarpans, phospholipids, sterols, flavones and flavonoid glycosides. The plant shows many pharmacological activities like anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, analgesic, anti-amnesic, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant, anti-ulcer, and better CVS activites, CNS depressant, antibacterial, wound healing, antipyretic and several miscellaneous actions<ref> Pharmacological activities of desmodium gangeticum: an Overview Bhavesh Vaghela*, sandip buddhadevleena shukla an international journal of pharmaceutical sciences 08 Vol - 4, issue - 4, jul-sept 2013 issn: 0976-7908 </ref>.

''Kebukmool'' (Costus speciosus): It has ''tikta kashaya rasa, katu vipaka'' and ''sheeta veerya'' and has strong diuretic action. Increased excretion of Na+ and Cl is observed after its administration. It is known to relieve pulmonary edema<ref> International journal of [[Ayurveda]] and Pharmacy Dubey S et al 2012 1(2)648-652 </ref>.

'''''Dhanayaka''''' (Coriander sativum): ''Dhanayaka'' has ''katu, tikta'' and ''madhur rasa'' with ''katu vipaka'' and s''heeta veerya''. It possesses potent diuretic and antioxidant properties. Part of seeds shows a significant hypolipidemic action. There was significant increase in β-hydroxy, β-methyl glutaryl CoA reductase and plasma lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase properties (LCAT) were noted in the experimental group. The level of low density lipoprotein (LDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol decreased while that of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol increased in the experimental group. Besides diuretic properties it also exhibits a strong anti diabetic and anti convulsant action<ref> Dhanapakiam P., J. Mini Joseph, V.K. Ramaswamy, M. Moorthi and A. Senthil Kumar : The cholesterol lowering property of coriander seeds (Coriandrum sativum): Mechanism of action. Journal of Environmental Biology. 2008; 29(1): 53-56 </ref>.

'''''Chitraka''''' (plumbago zeylanica): has ''katu rasa, katu vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. It is one of the famous herbal medicine used for ''agnimandya''. It also has antidiabetic and hypocholesterolemic action. Pharmacological studies carried out by researchers have indicated that plumbago zeylanica has antihyperglycemic effect on diabetes induced animals<ref> Olagunju JA et al. An Investigation into the biochemical basis of the observed hyperglycaemia in rats treated with ethanol root extract of plumbago zeylanica. 1999. 13(4):346-8 </ref>. The ethanol extract of Plumbago zeylanica root on key enzymes of glycolysis and muscle hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase activities were diminished in diabetic rats<ref> Kumar G, Sharmila Banu G, Maheswaran R, Rema S, Rajasekara Pandian M, Murugesan AG. Effect of Plumbago zeylanica L. on blood glucose and plasma antioxidant status in STZ diabetic rats. J Nat Remedies 2007; 7: 66-77. </ref>.

Hypocholesterolemic Action: Pharmacological and Clinical studies carried out indicates that Plumbago zeylanica extract has hypolipidaemic and antiatherosclerotic activities. <ref> Sharma, Nisha and Kaushik, Purshotam. Medicinal, Biological, and Pharmacological Aspects of Plumbago Zeylanica (Linn.), 2014 JPP 2014: 3(4):117-120 </ref>Plumbagin, an active principle isolated from plumbago zeylanica brings about a definite regression of atherosclerosis and prevents the accumulation of cholesterol and triglycerides in liver and aorta. Panchcole, an Ayurvedic formulation containing plumbago zeylanica as one of its chief ingredients has been advocated to produce hypolipidaemic effect<ref>Ram A. Effect of Plumbago zeylanica in hyperlipidaemic rabbits and its modification by vitamin E. Indian J Pharmacol 1996; 28: 161–6.</ref>.

'''''Ajaji''''' (Cumin seed (Cuminum cyminum L.)) has ''katu rasa, ushna veerya'' and ''katu vipaka''. In studies conducted on rats with induced diabetes, cumin reduced blood glucose levels<ref> Talpur N, Echard B, Ingram C, Bagchi D, Preuss H. Effects of a novel formulation of essential oils on glucose-insulin metabolism in diabetic and hypertensive rats: a pilot study. Diabetes Obes Metab . 2005;7(2):193-199. </ref>. One mechanism for this reduction suggests the inhibition of aldose reductase and alpha-glucosidase. In addition, reductions in plasma and tissue cholesterol, phospholipids, free fatty acids, and triglycerides (secondary to diabetes) were demonstrated in another animal study<ref> Lee HS. Cuminaldehyde: aldose reductase and alpha-glucosidase inhibitor derived from Cuminum cyminum L. seeds. J Agric Food Chem . 2005;53(7):2446-2450. </ref>.

'''''Hapusha''''' (Juniperus Communis) has ''katu rasa, ushna veerya'' and ''katu vipaka''. While there are not very many research papers written on the efficacy of Juniper berries and leaves as medicinal herbs, they are said to exhibit potent anti-inflammatory properties and are used to support healthy kidney and urinary tract function, besides promoting healthy blood pressure when taken in normal dosages<ref> http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-724-juniper.aspx?activeingredientid=724&activeingredientname=juniper </ref> .

'''''Sattu''''' is widely used in ''santarpaniya'' disorders. It is prepared by roasting gram flour but has now evolved to include other nutritious flours like barley, wheat etc. ''Sattu'' is a perfect blend of balanced nutrients and is prepared in one of the healthiest cooking methods – roasting. ''Sattu'' has high fibre and phytic acid content. Method of preparing ''sattu'' is such that it retains the nutrient value and increases the shelf life of the ingredients. Roasting can improve protein digestibility. <ref> Nout, M.J.R., 1993. Processed weaning foods for tropical climates. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr., 43: 213-221. </ref>The goal of roasting is to improve sensory qualities and achieve inactivation of destructive enzymes which improves the storage and nutritional quality of the product. <ref> Rackis, J.J., W.J. Wolf and E.C. Baker, 1986. Protease Inhibitor in Plant Foods, Content and Inactivation. In: Toxicological Significance of Enzyme Inhibitors in Food, Friedman, M. (Ed.). Advance in Exph. Med. and Biol. Plenum, New York, pp: 299-347. </ref>Research reports reduced trypsin inhibitor properties when seed temperatures reached 90-100°C. Researchers <ref> Chen, A.O. and J.R. Whitaker, 1986. Purification and characterization of a lipoxygenase from immature English peas. J. Agric. Food Chem., 34: 203-211. </ref>reported lipoxygenase properties was lost at temperatures of 75-80°C. Some also <ref> Shinde, G.B, R.N. Adsule and A.A. Kale, 1991. Effect of dehulling and cooking treatment on phytate phosphorus polyphenols and trypsin inhibitor activity of cowpea seed. Ind. Food Pack, 36: 63-65. </ref>reported that during roasting total phenols and tannins decrease. It has been observed that the <ref> Malik, M., U. Singh and S. Dahiya, 2002. Nutrient composition of pearl millet as influenced by genotypes and cooking methods. J. Food Sci. Technol., 39: 463-468. </ref>reduction in mineral contents during roasting might be due to the loss of nutrients while heating at high temperature.

Elevated plasma cholesterol or elevated LDL-cholesterol concentrations have been shown to be one of the risk factors.<ref> Griffin, John D et al Dietary Cholesterol and Plasma Lipoprotein Profiles: Randomized-Controlled Trials, 2013, 2(4):274-282 </ref>It has been suggested that dietary fibre or more specifically phytate which is a component of fibre can influence the etiology of heart disease<ref> Abdoulaye Coulibaly et al, 2011 Phytic Acid in Cereal Grains: Structure, Healthy or Harmful Ways to Reduce Phytic Acid in Cereal Grains and Their Effects on Nutritional Quality. American Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization Technology, 1: 1-22. Doi: 10.3923/ajpnft.2011.1.22 </ref>. Researchers <ref> Jariwalla, R.J., R. Sabin, S. Lawson and Z.S. Herman, 1990. Lowering of serum cholesterol and triglycerides and modulation of divalent cations by dietary phytate. J. Applied Nutr., 42: 18-28. </ref> showed that dietary phytate supplementation resulted in the lowering of serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels. This effect accompanied the decrease in serum Zn level and Zn-Cu ratio. This is because coronary heart disease appears to be caused by an imbalance of Zn-Cu metabolism.

Above are all the important reasons why ''sattu'' is recommended as one of the important food in ''santarpaniya vyadhi''.
Those individuals who consume these type of formulations can have normalization of [[agni]], [[smriti]] (memory) and [[buddhi]], that is the power of forming and retaining concepts and general notions, intelligence, reason, intellect, discernment, judgment which gets deranged in ''santarpaniya vyadhis'' in latter stages gets normalised.

Those individuals who exercise regularly, who do not eat until the previous meals are completely digested, who do not indulge in overeating, who regularly consume barley and wheat in diet get relief from all the diseases due to ''santarpana'' and obesity. This is how all the ''santarpanjanya vyadhis'' are treated with ''apatarpana'' medicines.

If we observe the herbs mentioned in the management of ''santarpaniya vyadhis'' it is evident from the following table that most of the herbs are ''tikta, katu, kashaya rasa'' dominant having ''katu vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. These properties are attributed to [[akasha]] and [[vayu]] [[mahabhuta]].
</div>

=== Table 1: Concise information about herbs used in management of ''santarpaniya'' diseases ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Name !! Latin name !! Family !! ''Rasa'' !! ''Veerya'' !! ''Vipaka''
|-
| ''Amalaki'' || ''Emblica Officinalis''|| Euphorbiaceae || ''Pancharasa (lavanavarjit) amlapradhana'' || ''Madhura'' || ''Sheeta''
|-
| ''Bibhitak'' || ''Terminalia bellerica''|| Combretaceae || ''Kashaya'' || ''Madhura'' || ''Ushna''
|-
| ''Haritaki'' || ''Terminalia chebula''|| Combretaceae || ''Pancharasa (lavanavarjit) Kashaya pradhana'' || ''Madhura'' || ''Ushna''
|-
| ''Patha'' || ''Cissampelous pareira''|| Meninspermiaceae || ''Tikta'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
| ''Saptparna'' || ''Alstonia scholaris''|| Apoyanaceae || ''Tikta-kashaya'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
| ''Vatsak'' || ''Holarrhena antidysenterica'' || Apoyanaceae || ''Tikta-kashaya'' || ''Katu'' || ''Sheeta''
|-
| ''Nagarmotha'' || ''Cyprus rotundus''|| Cyperaceae || ''Kashaya,tikta,Katu'' || ''Katu'' || ''Sheeta''
|-
| ''Madanphala'' || ''Randia spinosa''|| Rubiaceae || ''Kashaya,madhura,tikta,Katu'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
| ''Nimba'' || ''Azardirecta indica''|| Meliaceae || ''Tikta,katu'' || ''Katu'' || ''Sheeta''
|-
| ''Aragvadha'' || ''Cassia fistula'' || Leguminaceae
(also known as Fabaceae )
| ''Madhura'' || ''Madhura'' || ''Sheeta''
|-
| ''Devdaru'' || ''Cedrus deodara''|| pinaceae || ''Tikta'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
| ''Gokhshur'' || ''Tribulis terreestis''|| Zygophyllaceae || ''Madhura'' || ''Madhura'' || ''Sheeta''
|-
| ''Khadira'' || ''Acasia catechu''|| Leguminaceae
(Sub Family -Mimosoideae )
| ''Tikta kashaya'' || ''Katu'' || ''Sheeta''
|-
| ''Haridra'' || ''Curcuma longa''|| Zingiberaceae || ''Tikta katu'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
| ''Daruharidra'' || ''Berberis aristata''|| Berberidaceae || ''Tikta kashaya'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
| ''Kushth'' || ''Saussurea lappa''|| Compositae || ''Tikta'' || ''Tikta katu madhura'' || ''Ushna''
|-
| ''Hingu'' || ''Ferula narthex''|| Umbelliferae || ''Tikta-kashaya'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
| ''Shunthi'' || ''Zingiber officinale''|| Zingiberaceae || ''Tikta-kashaya'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
| ''Pimpli'' || ''Piper longum''|| Piperaceae || ''Katu'' || ''Madhura'' || ''Anu-ushna, Sheeta''
|-
| ''Maricha'' || ''Piper nigrm''|| Piperaceae || ''Katu'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
| ''Ajamoda'' || ''Carum roxburghianum''|| Umbelliferae || ''Katu,tikta'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
| ''Pashanbhed'' || ''Bergenia ligulata''|| Saxifragaceae || ''Kashaya,tikta'' || ''Katu'' || ''Sheeta''
|-
| ''Vacha'' || ''Acorus calamus''|| Araceae || ''Katu,tikta'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
| ''Ativisha'' || ''Aconitum''
''heterophylum''
| Ranunculaceae || ''Tikta,katu'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
| ''Ajawayan'' || ''Trachyspermem''
''umammi''
| Umbelliferae || ''Katu,tikta'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
| ''Vidanga'' || ''Emblic ribes''|| myrsinaceae || ''Katu,kashaya'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
| ''Shigru'' || ''Moringa olifera''|| Moringaceae || ''Katu ,tikta'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
| ''Kutaki'' || ''Picrorhiza kurroa''|| Scrophulariaceae || ''Tikta'' || ''Madhura'' || ''Sheeta''
|-
| ''Shaliparni'' || ''Desmodium-Gangeticum''|| leguminosae || ''Madhura,tikta'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
| ''Kebhukmool'' || ''Costus speciosus''|| Zinziberaceae || ''Tikta,kashaya'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
| ''Dhanyaka'' || ''Coriandrum sativum''|| Umbelliferae || ''Tikta,kashaya,madhura,Katu'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
| ''Chitraka'' || ''Plumbago zeylanica''|| Plubaginanaceae || ''Katu'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
| ''Hapusha'' || ''Juniperus communis''|| Pinaceae || ''Katu ,tikta'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
| ''Twak'' || ''Cinnamomum zelyanicum''|| Lauraceae || ''Katu ,tikta,madhura'' || ''Madhura'' || ''Sheeta''
|-
| ''Bruhati'' || ''Solanum indicum''|| Solaneaceae || ''Katu ,tikta'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
| ''Agnimantha'' || ''Premna mucronata''|| Verbenaceae || ''Katu,tikta,kashaya,madhura'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
| ''Khajura'' || ''Phoenix sylvestris''|| Palmae || ''Madhura'' || ''Madhura'' || ''Sheeta''
|-
| ''Vrukshamal'' || ''Garcinia indica''|| Guttiferae || ''Amala(unripened) Madhuramala(ripened)'' || ''Amala'' || ''Ushna''
|-
| ''Dadima'' || ''Punica granatum''|| Punicaceae || ''Madhur,kashaya,amala'' || ''Madhur/amala'' || ''Anu-Ushna''
|-
| ''Ajaji (jeerak)'' || ''Cuminum cyminum''|| Umbelliferae || ''Katu'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
| ''Ela'' || ''Elettaria cardmomum''|| Zingiberceae || ''Katu , madhura'' || ''Katu'' || ''Sheeta''
|-
|}
<div style="text-align:justify;">
'''''Phanita''''' (molasses) is a semisolid condensed sugarcane preparation, traditionally used to prepare ''arista, asava'' and other forms of alcoholic fermentation. Its heavy in nature, sweet in taste, nutritive and non - aphrodisiac and aggravates tridosha. ''Sattu'', ghee, whey, sour fruits like Garcinia combojia, and ''kanji'' work as ''tarpana'' medicines in urinary ailments and ''udavarta'' (abnormal conditions characterized by retention of faeces, urine and flatus, associated with pain and leading to or caused by anti-peristaltic movements in the body).

'''''Mantha''''' is a formulation made by adding fourteen times of water and blending it thoroughly. ''Mantha'' of ''kharjura'' (dates), ''manuka'' (resins), gracinia, tamarind, pomegranate, ''falsa'' (Grewia asiatica) and ''amalaki'' is useful in alcoholics and alcohol induced disorders. ''Mantha'' prepared out of sweet and sour substances if mixed together and added with or without ghee proves to be ''santarpana'' and improves strength, lustre and power of body.

'''''Kharjura''''' (dates, Phoenix dactylifera) has ''madhura rasa, sheeta veerya'' and ''madhura vipaka''. It is highly nutritious, and has therapeutic effect in the prevention of diseases through modulation of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, besides other effects. It contains insignificant amounts of fat and has no cholesterol. It is rich in potassium and iron, besides having adequate levels of B-Complex group of vitamins. They contain health benefiting flavonoid polyphenolic antioxidants. Zea-xanthin is an important dietary carotenoid that selectively gets absorbed in the retinal macula lutea, where it is thought to provide antioxidant and protective light-filtering functions. It thus offers protection against age-related macular degeneration, especially in elderly populations.

'''''Mrudvika''''' are raisins made of dried grapes. They have ''madhura rasa, madhura vipaka'' and ''sheeta veerya'' and have potent nutritional properties. The most abundant are polyphenol, phenolic acid, tannin are the flavonols, quercetin, kaempferol, phenolic acids, caftaric and coutaric acid. On a wet weight basis, some polyphenol, phenolic acid, and tannin, such as protocatechuic and oxidized cinnamic acids, are present at a higher level in raisins compared to grapes. In human intervention studies, raisins can lower the postprandial insulin response, modulate sugar absorption (glycemic index), affect certain oxidative biomarkers, and promote satiety via leptin and ghrelin<ref> Williamson G, Carughi A. Polyphenol content and health benefits of raisins. Nutr Res. 2010 Aug;30(8):511-9. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2010.07.005. </ref>.

'''''Dadima''''' (Punica Granatum): It is ''madhura, kashaya'' and ''amla rasa'' with ''ushna veerya'' and ''madhura vipaka.'' Pomegranates have the potential to thin the blood, increase blood flow to the heart, reduce blood pressure, reduce plaque in the arteries, and reduce bad cholesterol while increasing good cholesterol<ref> Lansky, E.; Shubert, S.; Neeman, I. Pharmacological and therapeutical properties of pomegranate. In Proceedings 1st International Symposium on Pomegranate; Megarejo, P.; Martı´nez, J. J.; </ref>. Pomegranate seed oil and fermented juice polyphenols tend to inhibit breastcancer cell proliferation, invasion, and promotes apoptosis of breast cancer cells<ref> N.D., R. Mehta, W. Yu, I. Neeman, T. Livney, A. Amichay, D.Poirier, P. Nicholls, A. Kirby, W. Jiang, R. Mansel, C.Ramachandran, T. Rabi, B. Kaplan, and E. Lansky:Chemopreventive and adjuvant therapeutic potential of pomegranate (Punica granatum) for human breast cancer.Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 2002; 71(3): 203-17 </ref>.

'''''Falasa''''' (Grewia asiatica): has ''kashaya, amla, madhura rasa'' and ''laghu, veerya sheeta guna'' and ''madhura vipaka''. It is useful in ''madatya, pittaprakopa, trishna, daha, hridroga, amavata, vatarakta, shoola, kshaya, rohini, yoniroga, vrana, jwara''. It shows a potent antioxidant properties and shows radio protective properties<ref> Sharma KV, Sisodia R. Evaluation of free radical scavenging activity and radioprotective efficacy of Grewia asiatica fruit. J Radio Prot 2009; 29: 429–443. </ref>.

If we observe the food substances, fruits and other edibles which are advised for the management of ''apatarpana'' have high glycemic index. Dates, raisins, and certain fruits mentioned are fast energy giving substances while formulation with sattu are slow energy giving substances.

It is very interesting to note that honey and sattu are used both in ''apatarpana'' and ''santarpaniya vyadhis''. In ''santarpanajanya vyadhis, sattu'' is used along with certain herbs, which are ''tikta'' and ''katu rasa'' dominant. Apart from herbs oil, ghee and honey in prescribed portion is used. While in ''apatarpana'' diseases ''sattu'' has been used along with sugar, alcoholic beverages, honey, oil and ghee. This is the importance of ''samayoga'' (combination) of ''dravyas'' mentioned by Charak elsewhere. ''Sattu'' when advised with alcoholic beverages or with certain sour substance exerts different nutritional properties.

When ''sattu'' is given with acidic and fermented substances like alcohol, an enzymetic degradation of phytic acid of ''sattu'' is observed. Such a reduction in phytate may increase the amount of soluble iron, zinc and calcium several folds. This makes the combination of sattu more nutritious as compared to the formulation mentioned in the management of santarpanajanya diseases.
Over-nutrition and disorders induced by it leads to immune activation or susceptibility to inflammatory diseases, such as diabetes while under nutrition results in immune suppression or susceptibility to infection. Over-nutrition (prolonged intake of high fat/sugar diets) and infection lead to chronic and acute inflammation through nutrient and pathogen sensing systems, respectively<ref> Wellen KE, Hotamisligil GS: Inflammation, stress, and diabetes. J Clin Invest 2005, 115:1111-1119. </ref>

=== List of research works done as post graduate and post doctoral level on obeisty, dyslipidemia, hyperlipidemia ===

About 42 research works are found on the subject of hyperlipidaemia with various aspects like aetiopathogenesis and management. Some important work on hyperlipidaemia and hypercholesterolaemia are as follows:

Faculty of [[Ayurveda]], IMS, Banaras Hindu University,Varanasi:

#Satyavati G.V. (1966): Effect of an indigenous drug on lipid metabolism w.s.r to obesity and atherosclerosis.
#Shastri V. V. (1967): Effect of certain indigenous drugs on intraarterial thrombosis associated with hyperlipidaemia.
#Tripathi S N (1973): Studies on the use of Oleoresin Guggulu an indigenous drug in the disorders of lipids.
#Agarwal D.V. (1973): Clinical and experimental studies on Ayurvedic hypocholesterolaemic drugs.
#Upadhayaya B.N. (1975): Clinical and experimental study on hypocholesterolaemic and hypolipidaemic action of Gum Guggulu.
#Sharma Sudhakar (1975): Studies on effect of Terminalia tomentosa on hyperglycaemia and hypercholesterolaemia.
#Gupta (Smt.) Mithilesh (1977): Effect of C. mukul and endocrinal and biochemical changes in hyperlipidaemia.
#Gupta O.P. (1981): An assessment of intermittent use of C. mukul (Guggulu) in the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia and hyperlipidaemia in IHD.
#Ranasingha S G (1990): A critical study on the concept of lipid group of drugs (Charka) in the management of lipidaemia and ischaemic heart disease.
#Mamgain Pratibha (1991) :Study of lipid profile in individuals of IHD and evaluation of hypolipidaemic action of Lekhaneeya drugs Vacha and Ativisha.

State Ayurvedic College, Lucknow:

#Mishra Ramanand (1975): The effect of Arogyavardhini in relation to obesity and blood cholesterol.
#Shali Bala (1978): Role of Arogyavardhini on blood lipids and Medoroga with Anupan of Sharangdhar Mahamanjishthadi Kwath.
#Nigam R. P. (1982): Clinical trial of Arogya-vardhini-herbal in cases of raised Raktagata Sneha (Hyperlipidaemia).

National Institute of [[Ayurveda]], Jaipur:

#Sood Rajiv (1999) : Clinical evaluation of Bala-Hareetaki on serum cholesterol.
#Bhaskar Rao (2002) : Aetiopathologial study of hyperlipidaemia w.s.r. to Sthaulya : a clinical study.
#Gupta Keshav Prasad (2005) : Aetiopathological studies of hyperlipidaemia (Medodushti) w.s.r to Diabetes mellitus and therapeutic trial of Ayurvedic formulation (Lipidocare).

Gopabandhu [[Ayurveda]] Mahavidyalaya, Puri :

#Tripathy U.C. (1985): Concept of Medoroga vis-à-vis Hyperlipidaemia and its management with Navaka Guggulu.
#Pande S (2002) : Biological effect of Lekhana Basti w.s.r. to lipid profile.

Smt. K G M Punarvasu [[Ayurveda]] College,Mumbai:

#Majumadar Dattatraya B. (1990): Rasagata-Sneha (cholesterol) Ka Naidanika Chikitsatmaka Adhyayana.
#Kadam Sandhya (1997): Hyperlipidaemia (Rasa-Raktagata Sneha Vriddhi) mein Amritadi Yoga Ka Prayoga Chikitsatmaka Adhyayana.
#Ratnakaran Anuradha R. (1997): Clinical evaluation of the role of Navaka Guggulu on the Rasa-Raktagata-Sneha-Vriddhi.
#More Manojkumar B. (1998): Methika-Beeja Ka hyperchole-sterolaemia (Rasa-Raktagata Sneha Vriddhi) mein Prayoga.
#Virkar Dattu (1998): Mustadi Mahakashaya (Lekhaneeya Gana) Ka hyperlipidaemia (Rasagata-Sneha-Vriddhi) mein prayoga aur Chikitsatmaka Adhyayana.
#Jagtap Reshma (1999): Hyperlipidaemia (Rasagata-Sneha-Vriddhi) evam Hypertension (Uchha-Rakta-Chapa) mein Krishnadi Choorna ka Prayoga aur Chikitsatmaka Adhyayana.
#Jankar Nilambari (2002): Hyperlipidaemia (Rasa-Raktagata-Sneha) mein Lekhaneeya Mahakashaya (Gana) Kala Basti Ek Chikitsatmaka Adhyayana.
#Paradkar Hemant S (2004): Rasa-Raktagata-Sneha-Vriddhi mein Trishila Guggulu (Triphala, Shilajit, Guggulu) yoga ka Chikitsatmaka Adhyayana.

Government Ayurvedic College, Trivandrum :

#Ravindran C.A. (1986): A clinical evaluation of hyperchole-sterolaemia w.s.r. to Kalasaka.
#Suresh Babu M.R. (1994): A clinical study to assess the efficacy of Lekhaneeya Gana in hypercholesterolaemia.
#Ansari P.Y. (1994): An experimental study on effect of Musta (Cyperus rotundus) in hypercholesterolaemia.
#Johny Joseph (1995) : A study to assess the hypolipidaemic properties of Dolichos biphlorus (Kulatha).
#Sreelatha P.K.(1996):Management of hypercholesterolaemia with an Ayurvedic compound.
#Suresh A.V. (1999): A study on Snehapana in hyperchole-sterolaemia conditions during treatment.
#Razeena K. (2003): Pharmaceutical preparation and standardization of compound herbomineral preparation and its efficacy in hypercholesterolaemia.
#Seemaja G. (2003): A clinical study to assess the efficacy of Ayurvedic compound in the management of hyperlipidaemia,
#Pankajam P. K. (2003) : A study on the effect of selected modalities of Yoga and naturopathy in the control of hyperlipidaemia.

Tilak [[Ayurveda]] Mahavidyalaya, Pune:

#Kad Vilas S (1997): Study of lipids/Prasadakaya Dhatu with reference toAyurvedic Swastha and Atura Pareekshana.

University of Pune:

#Arora N. K. (2001): Effect of Hareetaki (Terminalia chebula ratha.) in hypercholesterolaemia.

B V College of [[Ayurveda]], Pune:

#Sankapal Milind Kumar (2005): Upashayatmak study of Ushnodaka on blood cholesterol and Sthaulaya lakshana.

Rajiv Gandhi Govt. PG Institute of [[Ayurveda]], Paprola:

#Gupta Madhu (2000): Effect of Ayurvedic formulation on Medoroga w.s.r. to Hyperlipidaemia.

Institute of Postgraduate Education and Research in [[Ayurveda]],Kolkata:

#Mishra D K (1991) : Role of Commiphora mukul and P. compound in Medoroga w.s.r. to obesity and cholesterol.
Govt. Ayurvedic Medical College, Mysore:
#Suchitra S.S. (2002) : A study on Rookshna Chikitsa w.s.r. to the effect of Shuddha Guggulu and Shuddha Shilajatu on Sthaulya (hypercholesterolaemia) A comparative study.

SDGM [[Ayurveda]] Medical College, Gadag:

#Mudigoudar Yoshadha S (2000) : The efficacy of Pippalyadi Guggulu in Medoroga (w.s.r. to its hypolipidaemic effect).
</div>

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Santarpaniya Adhyaya

2026-09-19T05:49:55Z

Agnivesha:

{{CiteButton}}
{{#seo:
|title=Santarpaniya Adhyaya
|titlemode=append
|keywords=santarpana (over-nutrition), apatarpana (under-nutrition), management of over-nutrition induced disorders, nutrition deficiency disorders, charak samhita, obesity, dislipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, Ayurveda, Indian system of medicine, charak samhita.
|description=Sutra Sthana Chapter 23. Over-nutrition, under-nutrition and its disorders
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=carak samhita
|type=article
}}
<big>'''Sutra Sthana Chapter 23. Over-nutrition, under-nutrition and its disorders '''</big>
{{Infobox
|title = Santarpaniya Adhyaya
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = [[Sutra Sthana]] Chapter 23
|label2 = Tetrad/Sub-section
|data2 = ''Yojana Chatushka''
|label3 = Preceding Chapter
|data3 = [[Langhanabrimhaniya Adhyaya]]

|label4 = Succeeding Chapter
|data4 = [[Vidhishonitiya Adhyaya]]

|label5 = Other Sections
|data5 = [[Nidana Sthana]], [[Vimana Sthana]], [[Sharira Sthana]], [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Chikitsa Sthana]], [[Kalpa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]
|label6 = Translator and commentator
|data6 = Sabnis M., [[Yogesh Deole|Deole Y. S.]]
|label7 = Reviewer
|data7 = Byadgi P.S.
|label8 = Editors
|data8 = Dwivedi R.B., [[Yogesh Deole|Deole Y.S.]], [[Gopal Basisht|Basisht G.]]
|label9 = Year of publication
|data9 = 2020
|label10 = Publisher
|data10 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label11 = DOI
|data11 = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.025 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.025]
}}
<big>'''Abstract'''</big>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Diseases are caused due to over nutrition and under nutrition. This chapter enlists the causative factors affecting nutritional status leading to two categories of diseases viz. Santarpana (over-nutrition) and apatarpana (under nutrition). The dietary and lifestyle management of these two disease categories is also elaborated. Nutraceutical preparations, weight reducing recipes, therapeutic procedures like panchakarma and other associated procedures are described with medicaments. The chapter also contains a comprehensive list of commonly available herbs used in treatment of these diseases. </br>

'''Keywords''': ''santarpana'' (over-nutrition), ''apatarpana'' (under-nutrition), management of over-nutrition induced disorders, nutrition deficiency disorders.
</p>

<div style="text-align:justify;">

== Introduction ==
<div style="text-align:justify;">
In the series of chapters described for management principles, the present chapter describes two most commonly observed conditions in society viz. santarpana(over-nutrition) and apatarpana(undernutrition). It is sequenced after [[langhana]] and [[brimhana]] therapies. The present chapter enlists causes and diseases due to over-nutrition and under-nutrition and their management through diet and medicaments. It is a blend of nutraceutical food supplements with medicaments. Complications arising due to sedentary lifestyle and over-nutritive diet are also enlisted in the chapter with diseases caused due to undernutrition/ malnourishment and their management with simple dietary preparations. The pharmacological effect of herbs used in management are elaborated in detail as well.

Santarpana(overnutrition) leads to vitiation of [[kapha]] [[dosha]] and [[meda dhatu]] and various obstructive pathologies, whereas apatarpana(undernutrition) leads to [[vata]]-[[pitta]] [[dosha]] vitiation and various degenerative pathologies. This concept has been emphasized in this chapter.
</div>

==Sanskrit text, Transliteration and English Translation==
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अथातः सन्तर्पणीयमध्यायं व्याख्यास्यामः||१||

इति ह स्माह भगवानात्रेयः||२||
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athātaḥ santarpaṇīyamadhyāyaṁ vyākhyāsyāmaḥ||1||

iti ha smāha bhagavānātrēyaḥ||2||

athAtaH santarpaNIyamadhyAyaM vyAkhyAsyAmaH||1||

iti ha smAha bhagavAnAtreyaH||2||
</div></div>

Now we shall expound the chapter "Santarpaniya" (Over-nutrition, under-nutrition and its disorders). Thus said Lord Atreya. [1-2]

=== Causes of ''santarpana'' induced diseases ===
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सन्तर्पयति यः स्निग्धैर्मधुरैर्गुरुपिच्छिलैः|

नवान्नैर्नवमद्यैश्च मांसैश्चानूपवारिजैः||३||

गोरसैर्गौडिकैश्चान्नैः पैष्टिकैश्चातिमात्रशः|

चेष्टाद्वेषी दिवास्वप्नशय्यासनसुखे रतः||४||

रोगास्तस्योपजायन्ते सन्तर्पणनिमित्तजाः|५|
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

santarpayati yaḥ snigdhairmadhurairgurupicchilaiḥ|

navānnairnavamadyaiśca māṁsaiścānūpavārijaiḥ||3||

gōrasairgauḍikaiścānnaiḥ paiṣṭikaiścātimātraśaḥ|

cēṣṭādvēṣī divāsvapnaśayyāsanasukhē rataḥ||4||

rōgāstasyōpajāyantē santarpaṇanimittajāḥ|5|

santarpayati yaH snigdhairmadhurairgurupicchilaiH|

navAnnairnavamadyaishca mAMsaishcAnUpavArijaiH||3||

gorasairgauDikaishcAnnaiH paiShTikaishcAtimAtrashaH|

ceShTAdveShI divAsvapnashayyAsanasukhe rataH||4||

rogAstasyopajAyante santarpaNanimittajAH|5|
</div></div>

<div style="text-align:justify;">
Excessive consumption of unctuous, sweet, heavy to digest and slimy food, new grains (especially new rice), new wine, flesh of animals living in marshy area or born in water, cow’s milk and its products, and those prepared with sugar or molasses, varieties of cakes lead to ''santarpana''. Those who indulge in sedentary, inactive lifestyles and sleep during the day are prone to ''santarpaniya vyadhis'' (i.e. ''santarpana'' induced diseases). [3-4]
</div>

=== List of ''santarpana'' induced diseases ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

प्रमेहपिडकाकोठकण्डूपाण्ड्वामयज्वराः||५||

कुष्ठान्यामप्रदोषाश्च मूत्रकृच्छ्रमरोचकः|

तन्द्रा क्लैब्यमतिस्थौल्यमालस्यं गुरुगात्रता||६||

इन्द्रियस्रोतसां लेपो बुद्धेर्मोहः प्रमीलकः|

शोफाश्चैवंविधाश्चान्ये शीघ्रमप्रतिकुर्वतः||७||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

pramēhapiḍakākōṭhakaṇḍūpāṇḍvāmayajvarāḥ||5||

kuṣṭhānyāmapradōṣāśca mūtrakr̥cchramarōcakaḥ|

tandrā klaibyamatisthaulyamālasyaṁ gurugātratā||6||

indriyasrōtasāṁ lēpō buddhērmōhaḥ pramīlakaḥ|

śōphāścaivaṁvidhāścānyē śīghramapratikurvataḥ||7||

pramehapiDakAkoThakaNDUpANDvAmayajvarAH||5||

kuShThAnyAmapradoShAshca mUtrakRucchramarocakaH|

tandrA klaibyamatisthaulyamAlasyaM gurugAtratA||6||

indriyasrotasAM lepo buddhermohaH pramIlakaH|

shophAshcaivaMvidhAshcAnye shIghramapratikurvataH||7||
</div></div>

<div style="text-align:justify;">
Due to above mentioned causative factors, if the effects of ''santarpana'' are not treated properly, one suffers from various diseases such as obstinate urinary disorders including diabetes, carbuncles, urticaria, itching, ''pandu'' (anaemia), ''amaja'' diseases (i.e., due to formation of ''ama''), [[jwara]],obstinate skin diseases, diseases secondary to vitiation of ''ama'', dysuria, anorexia or appetite related complaints, ''tandra'' (drowsiness/sleepiness), ''klaibya'' (erectile and sexual dysfunctions), obesity, laziness, heaviness of the body, adhesion or blockages in the channels as well as sense organs, delusion, various types of edema, and such of other diseases. [5-7]
</div>

=== Management of ''santarpana''-induced diseases ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

शस्तमुल्लेखनं तत्र विरेको रक्तमोक्षणम्|

व्यायामश्चोपवासश्च धूमाश्च स्वेदनानि च||८||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

śastamullēkhanaṁ tatra virēkō raktamōkṣaṇam|

vyāyāmaścōpavāsaśca dhūmāśca svēdanāni ca||8||

shastamullekhanaM tatra vireko raktamokShaNam|

vyAyAmashcopavAsashca dhUmAshca svedanAni ca||8||
</div></div>

''Santarpaniya vyadhis'' and their complications should be managed by ullekhana(therapeutic emesis), [[virechana]] (therapeutic purgation), [[raktamokshana]](blood-letting), specific exercises, therapeutic fasting, ''dhooma'' (hot fomentation with smoke of medicinal plants), and [[swedana]](sudation). [8]
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

सक्षौद्रश्चाभयाप्राशः प्रायो रूक्षान्नसेवनम्|

चूर्णप्रदेहा ये चोक्ताः कण्डूकोठविनाशनाः||९||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

sakṣaudraścābhayāprāśaḥ prāyō rūkṣānnasēvanam|

cūrṇapradēhā yē cōktāḥ kaṇḍūkōṭhavināśanāḥ||9||

sakShaudrashcAbhayAprAshaH prAyo rUkShAnnasevanam|

cUrNapradehA ye coktAH kaNDUkoThavinAshanAH||9||
</div></div>

<div style="text-align:justify;">
Formulations made up of haritaki(Terminalia Chebula), such as agastyaharitaki mixed with honey, habituating with ruksha food (i.e., without using unctuous substances like oil, ghee etc.), those powders and poultice described in treatment of pruritus and urticaria (mentioned in the third chapter of this section) are advised. [9]
</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

त्रिफलारग्वधं पाठां सप्तपर्णं सवत्सकम्|

मुस्तं समदनं निम्बं जलेनोत्क्वथितं पिबेत्||१०||

तेन मेहादयो यान्ति नाशमभ्यस्यतो ध्रुवम्|

मात्राकालप्रयुक्तेन सन्तर्पणसमुत्थिताः||११||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

triphalāragvadhaṁ pāṭhāṁ saptaparṇaṁ savatsakam|

mustaṁ samadanaṁ nimbaṁ jalēnōtkvathitaṁ pibēt||10||

tēna mēhādayō yānti nāśamabhyasyatō dhruvam|

mātrākālaprayuktēna santarpaṇasamutthitāḥ||11||

triphalAragvadhaM pAThAM saptaparNaM savatsakam|

mustaM samadanaM nimbaM jalenotkvathitaM pibet||10||

tena mehAdayo yAnti nAshamabhyasyato dhruvam|

mAtrAkAlaprayuktena santarpaNasamutthitAH||11||
</div></div>

<div style="text-align:justify;">
The decoction of ''triphala'' (amalaki (Emblica officinalis), ''bibhitaki'' (Terminalia bellirica), and ''haritaki'' (Terminalia chebula)), ''aragvadha'' (Cassia fistula), ''patha'' (Cissampelos pareira), ''saptaparna'' (Alstonia scholaris), ''vatsaka'' (Holarrhena antidysenterica), ''musta'' (Cyperus rotundus), ''madana'' (Randia dumetorum) and ''nimba'' (Azadirachta indica), mixed together and boiled in water, is advised for consumption regularly. By regular use of this decoction, in the right dose and at the right time, ''santarpaniya vyadhi'' like ''madhumeha'' and other diseases can be controlled properly. [10-11]
</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

मुस्तमारग्वधः पाठा त्रिफला देवदारु च|

श्वदंष्ट्रा खदिरो निम्बो हरिद्रे त्वक्च वत्सकात्||१२||

रसमेषां यथादोषं प्रातः प्रातः पिबन्नरः|

सन्तर्पणकृतैः सर्वैर्व्याधिभिः सम्प्रमुच्यते||१३||

एभिश्चोद्वर्तनोद्धर्षस्नानयोगोपयोजितैः|

त्वग्दोषाः प्रशमं यान्ति तथा स्नेहोपसंहितैः||१४||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

mustamāragvadhaḥ pāṭhā triphalā dēvadāru ca|

śvadaṁṣṭrā khadirō nimbō haridrē tvakca vatsakāt||12||

rasamēṣāṁ yathādōṣaṁ prātaḥ prātaḥ pibannaraḥ|

santarpaṇakr̥taiḥ sarvairvyādhibhiḥ sampramucyatē||13||

ēbhiścōdvartanōddharṣasnānayōgōpayōjitaiḥ|

tvagdōṣāḥ praśamaṁ yānti tathā snēhōpasaṁhitaiḥ||14||

mustamAragvadhaH pAThA triphalA devadAru ca|

shvadaMShTrA khadiro nimbo haridre tvakca vatsakAt||12||

rasameShAM yathAdoShaM prAtaH prAtaH pibannaraH|

santarpaNakRutaiH sarvairvyAdhibhiH sampramucyate||13||

ebhishcodvartanoddharShasnAnayogopayojitaiH|

tvagdoShAH prashamaM yAnti tathA snehopasaMhitaiH||14||
</div></div>

<div style="text-align:justify;">
All ''santarpaniya'' diseases can be cured, if the juices (decoction) of ''musta, aaragvadha, paatha, triphala, devadaru'' (Cedrus deodara), ''shvadamshtra'' (Trinbulus terrestris), ''khadira'' (Acacia catechu Wild), ''nimba, haridra'' (Curcuma longa), ''daruharidra'' (Berberis aristata) and the bark of ''vatsaka'' (Holarrhena anti-dysenterica) are consumed every morning (depending upon the dominant [[dosha]] in the disease).

If the above herbs are used in a powdered form for ''udvartana'' with or without massage or the decoction of the above herbs are used for medicinal bath or if the oil made up of above drugs is used for body application it relieves all the skin disorders caused due to ''santarpaniya vyadhis''.[12-14]
</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

कुष्ठं गोमेदको हिङ्गु क्रौञ्चास्थि त्र्यूषणं वचा|

वृषकैले श्वदंष्ट्रा च खराह्वा चाश्मभेदकः||१५||

तक्रेण दधिमण्डेन बदराम्लरसेन वा|

मूत्रकृच्छ्रं प्रमेहं च पीतमेतद्व्यपोहति||१६||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

kuṣṭhaṁ gōmēdakō hiṅgu krauñcāsthi tryūṣaṇaṁ vacā|

vr̥ṣakailē śvadaṁṣṭrā ca kharāhvā cāśmabhēdakaḥ||15||

takrēṇa dadhimaṇḍēna badarāmlarasēna vā|

mūtrakr̥cchraṁ pramēhaṁ ca pītamētadvyapōhati||16||

kuShThaM gomedako hi~ggu krau~jcAsthi tryUShaNaM vacA|

vRuShakaile shvadaMShTrA ca kharAhvA cAshmabhedakaH||15||

takreNa dadhimaNDena badarAmlarasena vA|

mUtrakRucchraM pramehaM ca pItametadvyapohati||16||
</div></div>

<div style="text-align:justify;">
''Kustha'' (Saussurea lappa), ''gomedaka'' (onyx), ''hingu'' (Ferula narthex), bones of the ''krauncha'' bird (Ardea Jaculator, demoiselle crane), ''sunthi'' (Zingiber officinalis), ''pippali'' (Piper longum), ''maricha'' (Piper nigrum), ''vacha'' (Acorus calamus), ''vasa'' (Adhatoda vasica Nees), ''ela'' (Elettaria cardamoum), ''gokshura'' (Tribulus terrestris), ''kharahva'' (Trachyspermum roxburghianum), and ''ashmabheda'' (Bergenia ligulata – crushed and mixed with buttermilk, whey and the juice of a sour variant of ''badara'' (Zizyphus jujuba) are used to treat ''mutrakruchchra'' (dysuria) and ''prameha'' (obstinate urinary disorders including diabetes mellitus characterized by excess frequency of micturition). [15-16]
</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

तक्राभयाप्रयोगैश्च त्रिफलायास्तथैव च|

अरिष्टानां प्रयोगैश्च यान्ति मेहादयः शमम्||१७||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

takrābhayāprayōgaiśca triphalāyāstathaiva ca|

ariṣṭānāṁ prayōgaiśca yānti mēhādayaḥ śamam||17||

takrAbhayAprayogaishca triphalAyAstathaiva ca|

ariShTAnAM prayogaishca yAnti mehAdayaH shamam||17||
</div></div>

<div style="text-align:justify;">
''Haritaki'' (Terminalia chebula) with butter milk, ''triphala'' (Terminalia chebula, Terminalia belerica Roxb. And Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) and ''arishta'' (different types of medicinal alcoholic preparations) are prescribed for the treatment of obstinate urinary disorders including diabetes mellitus and such other diseases. [17]
</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

त्र्यूषणं त्रिफला क्षौद्रं क्रिमिघ्नमजमोदकः|

मन्थोऽयं सक्तवस्तैलं हितो लोहोदकाप्लुतः||१८||
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tryūṣaṇaṁ triphalā kṣaudraṁ krimighnamajamōdakaḥ|

manthō'yaṁ saktavastailaṁ hitō lōhōdakāplutaḥ||18||

tryUShaNaM triphalA kShaudraM krimighnamajamodakaH|

mantho~ayaM saktavastailaM hito lohodakAplutaH||18||
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<div style="text-align:justify;">
''Mantha'' (thin gruel) prepared of ''trikatu'' (Zingiber officinale, Piper longum, and Piper nigrum), ''triphala'' (Terminalia chebula, Terminalia belerica Roxb., and Emblica officinalis Gaertn.), honey, ''vidanga'' (Embelia ribes Burm f.), ''ajamoda'' (Trachy-spermum roxburghianum), roasted wheat flour or coarse ground meal, oil and the decoction of ''agaru'' (Aquilari agallocha Roxb.) help to cure the diseases due to over-nourishment. [18]
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व्योषं विडङ्गं शिग्रूणि त्रिफलां कटुरोहिणीम्|

बृहत्यौ द्वे हरिद्रे द्वे पाठामतिविषां स्थिराम्||१९||

हिङ्गु केबुकमूलानि यवानीधान्यचित्रकान्|

सौवर्चलमजाजीं च हपुषां चेति चूर्णयेत्||२०||

चूर्णतैलघृतक्षौद्रभागाः स्युर्मानतः समाः|

सक्तूनां षोडशगुणो भागः सन्तर्पणं पिबेत्||२१||
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vyōṣaṁ viḍaṅgaṁ śigrūṇi triphalāṁ kaṭurōhiṇīm|

br̥hatyau dvē haridrē dvē pāṭhāmativiṣāṁ sthirām||19||

hiṅgu kēbukamūlāni yavānīdhānyacitrakān|

sauvarcalamajājīṁ ca hapuṣāṁ cēti cūrṇayēt||20||

cūrṇatailaghr̥takṣaudrabhāgāḥ syurmānataḥ samāḥ|

saktūnāṁ ṣōḍaśaguṇō bhāgaḥ santarpaṇaṁ pibēt||21||

vyoShaM viDa~ggaM shigrUNi triphalAM kaTurohiNIm|

bRuhatyau dve haridre dve pAThAmativiShAM sthirAm||19||

hi~ggu kebukamUlAni yavAnIdhAnyacitrakAn|

sauvarcalamajAjIM ca hapuShAM ceti cUrNayet||20||

cUrNatailaghRutakShaudrabhAgAH syurmAnataH samAH|

saktUnAM ShoDashaguNo bhAgaH santarpaNaM pibet||21||
</div></div>

<div style="text-align:justify;">
''Trikatu'' (Zingiber officianel,Piper langum and Piper nigrum), ''vidanga'' (Embelia ribes), varieties of ''shigru'' (Moringa olefera), ''triphala'', ''katurohini'' (Picrorhiza kurroa), ''brihati'' (Solanum indicum), ''kantakari'' (Solanum xanthocarpum), ''haridra'' (Curcuma longa), ''daaruharidra'' (Berberis aristata D.C.), two varieties of ''patha'' (Cissampelos pareira), ''ativisha'' (Aconitum heterophyllum), ''shalaparni'' (Desmodium gangeticum), ''hingu'' (Ferula narthex), root of ''kebuka'' (Costus speciosus), ''yavani'' (Trachyspermum ammi), ''dhanya'' (Coriandrum sativum), ''citraka'' (Plumbago Zeylanica), ''sonchal'' salt, ''ajaji'' (Cuminum cyminum), and ''hapusha'' (Juniperus communis) – all the above herbs powdered and mixed with equal quantities of oil, ghee and honey, added with sixteen times its volume of ''sattu'' (roasted corn flour) and water are used to prepare a formulation for indications (mentioned in the following verse.) [19-21]
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=== Indications ===
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प्रयोगादस्य शाम्यन्ति रोगाः सन्तर्पणोत्थिताः|

प्रमेहा मूढवाताश्च कुष्ठान्यर्शांसि कामलाः||२२||

प्लीहा पाण्ड्वामयः शोफो मूत्रकृच्छ्रमरोचकः|

हृद्रोगो राजयक्ष्मा च कासः श्वासो गलग्रहः||२३||

क्रिमयो ग्रहणीदोषाः श्वैत्र्यं स्थौल्यमतीव च|

नराणां दीप्यते चाग्निः स्मृतिर्बुद्धिश्च वर्धते||२४||
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prayōgādasya śāmyanti rōgāḥ santarpaṇōtthitāḥ|

pramēhā mūḍhavātāśca kuṣṭhānyarśāṁsi kāmalāḥ||22||

plīhā pāṇḍvāmayaḥ śōphō mūtrakr̥cchramarōcakaḥ|

hr̥drōgō rājayakṣmā ca kāsaḥ śvāsō galagrahaḥ||23||

krimayō grahaṇīdōṣāḥ śvaitryaṁ sthaulyamatīva ca|

narāṇāṁ dīpyatē cāgniḥ smr̥tirbuddhiśca vardhatē||24||

prayogAdasya shAmyanti rogAH santarpaNotthitAH|

pramehA mUDhavAtAshca kuShThAnyarshAMsi kAmalAH||22||

plIhA pANDvAmayaH shopho mUtrakRucchramarocakaH|

hRudrogo rAjayakShmA ca kAsaH shvAso galagrahaH||23||

krimayo grahaNIdoShAH shvaitryaM sthaulyamatIva ca|

narANAM dIpyate cAgniH smRutirbuddhishca vardhate||24||
</div></div>

<div style="text-align:justify;">
The above preparation is useful in the treatment of obstinate urinary disorders including diabetes mellitus, ''mudhavata'' (sluggishness of the bowels), obstinate skin diseases including leprosy, piles, jaundice-like hepatobiliary diseases, diseases of the spleen, anemia-like hematological disorders, edema, dysuria, anorexia, heart disease, tuberculosis-like immune-compromised conditions, cough, respiratory disorders, spasmodic obstruction of the throat, parasitic infestation, ''grahani'' (digestive disorders), vitiligo and morbid obesity caused by overnutrition. This also stimulates the power of digestion and enhances memory and intellect. [22-24]
</div>
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व्यायामनित्यो जीर्णाशी यवगोधूमभोजनः|

सन्तर्पणकृतैर्दोषैः स्थौल्यं मुक्त्वा विमुच्यते||२५||

उक्तं सन्तर्पणोत्थानामपतर्पणमौषधम्|२६|
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vyāyāmanityō jīrṇāśī yavagōdhūmabhōjanaḥ|

santarpaṇakr̥tairdōṣaiḥ sthaulyaṁ muktvā vimucyatē||25||

uktaṁ santarpaṇōtthānāmapatarpaṇamauṣadham|26|

vyAyAmanityo jIrNAshI yavagodhUmabhojanaH|

santarpaNakRutairdoShaiH sthaulyaM muktvA vimucyate||25||

uktaM santarpaNotthAnAmapatarpaNamauShadham|26|
</div></div>

<div style="text-align:justify;">
Regular exercise, intake of food only after complete digestion of the previous meal, and regular consumption of barley and wheat are some of the ways for management of obesity and diseases due to overnutrition. In the next verses, formulations and regimen required for the management of malnourishment has been described. [25-26]
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=== Diseases due to ''apatarpana''(under-nutrition) and their treatment ===
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वक्ष्यन्ते सौषधाश्चोर्ध्वमपतर्पणजा गदाः||२६||

देहाग्निबलवर्णौजःशुक्रमांसपरिक्षयः|

ज्वरः कासानुबन्धश्च पार्श्वशूलमरोचकः||२७||

श्रोत्रदौर्बल्यमुन्मादः प्रलापो हृदयव्यथा|

विण्मूत्रसङ्ग्रहः शूलं जङ्घोरुत्रिकसंश्रयम्||२८||

पर्वास्थिसन्धिभेदश्च ये चान्ये वातजा गदाः|

ऊर्ध्ववातादयः सर्वे जायन्ते तेऽपतर्पणात्||२९||
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vakṣyantē sauṣadhāścōrdhvamapatarpaṇajā gadāḥ||26||

dēhāgnibalavarṇaujaḥśukramāṁsaparikṣayaḥ|

jvaraḥ kāsānubandhaśca pārśvaśūlamarōcakaḥ||27||

śrōtradaurbalyamunmādaḥ pralāpō hr̥dayavyathā|

viṇmūtrasaṅgrahaḥ śūlaṁ jaṅghōrutrikasaṁśrayam||28||

parvāsthisandhibhēdaśca yē cānyē vātajā gadāḥ|

ūrdhvavātādayaḥ sarvē jāyantē tē'patarpaṇāt||29||

vakShyante sauShadhAshcordhvamapatarpaNajA gadAH||26||

dehAgnibalavarNaujaHshukramAMsaparikShayaH|

jvaraH kAsAnubandhashca pArshvashUlamarocakaH||27||

shrotradaurbalyamunmAdaH pralApo hRudayavyathA|

viNmUtrasa~ggrahaH shUlaM ja~gghorutrikasaMshrayam||28||

parvAsthisandhibhedashca ye cAnye vAtajA gadAH|

UrdhvavAtAdayaH sarve jAyante te~apatarpaNAt||29||
</div></div>

<div style="text-align:justify;">
Emaciation of the body, reduction in the power of digestion, strength, complexion, [[ojas]] (vital essence of body related with immunity and general strength), semen and muscle tissue, [[jwara]] (continuous fever and cough like condition), pain in chest and flanks, anorexia, weakness in the power of hearing sounds, psychosis, delirium, pain in cardiac region, accumulation of stool and urine, pain in calf, thigh and lumber regions, cracking pain in fingers, bones and joints, and such other diseases due to the vitiation of [[vata]](such as ''urdhava'' [[vata]] upward movement of [[vata]]), etc. are caused due to improper nutrition and starvation. [27- 29]
</div>

=== Management of diseases due to undernutrition===
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तेषां सन्तर्पणं तज्ज्ञैः पुनराख्यातमौषधम्|

यत्तदात्वे समर्थं स्यादभ्यासे वा तदिष्यते ||३०||
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tēṣāṁ santarpaṇaṁ tajjñaiḥ punarākhyātamauṣadham|

yattadātvē samarthaṁ syādabhyāsē vā tadiṣyatē ||30||

teShAM santarpaNaM tajj~jaiH punarAkhyAtamauShadham|

yattadAtve samarthaM syAdabhyAse vA tadiShyate ||30||
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For the treatment of such ailments, therapies that nourish instantly need to be administered regularly and for a long period of time. [30]
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सद्यःक्षीणो हि सद्यो वै तर्पणेनोपचीयते|

नर्ते सन्तर्पणाभ्यासाच्चिरक्षीणस्तु पुष्यति||३१||
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sadyaḥkṣīṇō hi sadyō vai tarpaṇēnōpacīyatē|

nartē santarpaṇābhyāsāccirakṣīṇastu puṣyati||31||

sadyaHkShINo hi sadyo vai tarpaNenopacIyate|

narte santarpaNAbhyAsAccirakShINastu puShyati||31||
</div></div>

A person suffering from acute and drastic weight-loss should be treated with a regimen that nourishes instantly, but one suffering from a chronic type of emaciation requires long term consumption of nourishments. [31]
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देहाग्निदोषभैषज्यमात्राकालानुवर्तिना|

कार्यमत्वरमाणेन भेषजं चिरदुर्बले||३२||
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dēhāgnidōṣabhaiṣajyamātrākālānuvartinā|

kāryamatvaramāṇēna bhēṣajaṁ ciradurbalē||32||

dehAgnidoShabhaiShajyamAtrAkAlAnuvartinA|

kAryamatvaramANena bheShajaM ciradurbale||32||
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Some of the critical factors for deciding a course of treatment of emaciation in chronic patients include: body constitution, power of digestion, predominant [[dosha]], form of medicine, dose, and season and time of administration (of the therapy). [32]
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हिता मांसरसास्तस्मै पयांसि च घृतानि च|

स्नानानि बस्तयोऽभ्यङ्गास्तर्पणास्तर्पणाश्च ये||३३||
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hitā māṁsarasāstasmai payāṁsi ca ghr̥tāni ca|

snānāni bastayō'bhyaṅgāstarpaṇāstarpaṇāśca yē||33||

hitA mAMsarasAstasmai payAMsi ca ghRutAni ca|

snAnAni bastayo~abhya~ggAstarpaNAstarpaNAshca ye||33||
</div></div>

For this purpose, (of ''santarpana''), soups made out of flesh, milk, various ghee preparations (clarified butter), along with activities such as bath, oil massage, and medicated enema (processed with ''santarpana'' medicines) are advocated for nourishment. [33]
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ज्वरकासप्रसक्तानां कृशानां मूत्रकृच्छ्रिणाम्|

तृष्यतामूर्ध्ववातानां वक्ष्यन्ते तर्पणा हिताः||३४||
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jvarakāsaprasaktānāṁ kr̥śānāṁ mūtrakr̥cchriṇām|

tr̥ṣyatāmūrdhvavātānāṁ vakṣyantē tarpaṇā hitāḥ||34||

jvarakAsaprasaktAnAM kRushAnAM mUtrakRucchriNAm|

tRuShyatAmUrdhvavAtAnAM vakShyante tarpaNA hitAH||34||
</div></div>

For these patients suffering from continuous [[jwara]] (fever like conditions), cough, emaciation, dysuria, thirst and upward movement of [[vata]], the following nourishing drinks are prescribed. [34]
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शर्करापिप्पलीतैलघृतक्षौद्रैः समांशकैः|

सक्तुद्विगुणितो वृष्यस्तेषां मन्थः प्रशस्यते||३५||
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śarkarāpippalītailaghr̥takṣaudraiḥ samāṁśakaiḥ|

saktudviguṇitō vr̥ṣyastēṣāṁ manthaḥ praśasyatē||35||

sharkarApippalItailaghRutakShaudraiH samAMshakaiH|

saktudviguNito vRuShyasteShAM manthaH prashasyate||35||
</div></div>

''Mantha'' (thin gruel) prepared from sugar, ''pippali'' (Pipper longum), oil, ghee, and honey - in equal quantities added with double the quantity of ''saktu'' (roasted corn flour) is considered an aphrodisiac and is useful in such conditions (as mentioned in above verse). [35]
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सक्तवो मदिरा क्षौद्रं शर्करा चेति तर्पणम्|

पिबेन्मारुतविण्मूत्रकफपित्तानुलोमनम्||३६||
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saktavō madirā kṣaudraṁ śarkarā cēti tarpaṇam|

pibēnmārutaviṇmūtrakaphapittānulōmanam||36||

saktavo madirA kShaudraM sharkarA ceti tarpaNam|

pibenmArutaviNmUtrakaphapittAnulomanam||36||
</div></div>

''Saktu'' (roasted corn flour/ coarse ground meal) with ''madira'' (wine), honey and sugar are refreshing and shall be consumed for the elimination of flatus (obstructed [[vata]]), faeces, urine, [[kapha]] and [[pitta]]. [36]
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फाणितं सक्तवः सर्पिर्दधिमण्डोऽम्लकाञ्जिकम्|

तर्पणं मूत्रकृच्छ्रघ्नमुदावर्तहरं पिबेत्||३७||
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phāṇitaṁ saktavaḥ sarpirdadhimaṇḍō'mlakāñjikam|

tarpaṇaṁ mūtrakr̥cchraghnamudāvartaharaṁ pibēt||37||

phANitaM saktavaH sarpirdadhimaNDo~amlakA~jjikam|

tarpaNaM mUtrakRucchraghnamudAvartaharaM pibet||37||
</div></div>

A nourishing drink prepared of ''phanita'' (inspissated juice of the sugar cane and other plants), ''saktu'' (coarse ground meal/ roased corn flour), ghee, whey, and sour gruel nourishes and should be consumed for the treatment of dysuria and ''udavarta''. [37]
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मन्थः खर्जूरमृद्वीकावृक्षाम्लाम्लीकदाडिमैः|

परूषकैः सामलकैर्युक्तो मद्यविकारनुत्||३८||
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manthaḥ kharjūramr̥dvīkāvr̥kṣāmlāmlīkadāḍimaiḥ|

parūṣakaiḥ sāmalakairyuktō madyavikāranut||38||

manthaH kharjUramRudvIkAvRukShAmlAmlIkadADimaiH|

parUShakaiH sAmalakairyukto madyavikAranut||38||
</div></div>

<div style="text-align:justify;">
''Mantha'' (thin guel) prepared from date-palm, dry grapes, ''vrikshamla'' (Garcinia indica Ehois), ''amlika'' (Tamarindus indica), ''dadima'' (Punica granatum), ''parushaka'' (Crewia asiatica), and ''amalaki'' (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.), are useful for management of disorders caused due to excess consumption of alcohol. [38]
</div>
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स्वादुरम्लो जलकृतः सस्नेहो रूक्ष एव वा|

सद्यः सन्तर्पणो मन्थः स्थैर्यवर्णबलप्रदः||३९||
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svāduramlō jalakr̥taḥ sasnēhō rūkṣa ēva vā|

sadyaḥ santarpaṇō manthaḥ sthairyavarṇabalapradaḥ||39||

svAduramlo jalakRutaH sasneho rUkSha eva vA|

sadyaH santarpaNo manthaH sthairyavarNabalapradaH||39||
</div></div>

Sweet and sour ''mantha'' prepared from water with or without unctuous substances refreshes instantly and gives stability, good complexion and strength. [39]

=== Summary ===
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तत्र श्लोकः-

सन्तर्पणोत्था ये रोगा रोगा ये चापतर्पणात्|

सन्तर्पणीये तेऽध्याये सौषधाः परिकीर्तिताः||४०||
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tatra ślōkaḥ-

santarpaṇōtthā yē rōgā rōgā yē cāpatarpaṇāt|

santarpaṇīyē tē'dhyāyē sauṣadhāḥ parikīrtitāḥ||40||

tatra shlokaH-

santarpaNotthA ye rogA rogA ye cApatarpaNAt|

santarpaNIye te~adhyAye sauShadhAH parikIrtitAH||40||
</div></div>

Diseases caused due to overnutrition and undernutrition, along with their treatment, have been described in this chapter. [40]

== Tattva Vimarsha (Fundamental Principles) ==
<div style="text-align:justify;">
1. Intake of calorie rich and excessive food and nutrition with little or no physical exercise, results in increased body tissues. This contributes to causing diseases such as metabolic syndrome. These conditions are managed by purification therapies leading to reduction ([[langhana]]), and prescribing a regimen of physical exercise, appropriate dietary changes, fomentation and reducing drugs.

2. Excessive physical and/or mental activities without adequate nutrition causes nutritional deficiency diseases like wasting and psychosis. Treatment is high calorie but less filling diet, rest, medicated oil enema and massage. In cases of acute weight loss, nutrition should be given immediately while in the case of chronic loss, the process should be gradual but prolonged.

== Vidhi Vimarsha(Applied Inferences)==

The word ''santarpana'' means the act of satiating, restoration or refreshing. In this context, the term is used for overeating or overnutrition. Dietary items that are ''prithvi'' and ''apa mahabhuta'' dominant lead to ''santarpana''. Quality, quantity, and age of certain food items can cause alteration in the digestabilibty of the food. For example, aged food grains are light to digest than new food grains. Therefore, the new food grains tend to increase weight, and same quantity of aged food grains do not increase weight. What changes occur in aging of the grains and their mechanism of action needs to be studied.

=== I. Properties of ''Santarpanakarak'' food articles ===

Unctuous (''snigdha''), sweet (''madhura''), heavy to digest (''guru''), and slimy (''pichhilla'') foods predominantly have [[Prithvi]] and [[jala mahabhuta]], leading to an increase in [[kapha]] and [[rasa dhatu]].

The functional trait of such food articles is ''snigdha'' (oily) [[guna]] is ''sneha'' (unctuousness), ''mriduta'' (softness), and ''ardrata'' (malleability, fluidity)<ref> Gothecha Mohanlal., Dr., editor. Guna Parijnana. Jamnagar: Post Graduate Training Center in [[Ayurveda]]; 1958. pp. 19–20. </ref> <ref> Sushruta. Sutra Sthana, Cha.41 Dravyavisheshavinjaniya Adhyaya verse 11. In: Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya, Editors. Sushruta Samhita. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005. </ref>. ''Snigdha'' food articles include those derived from lipids and fat molecules. Similarly, ''madhura'' (sweetness) is a property of food substances that possess predominantly sweet taste - not just perceived at the tongue, but also in many parts/tissues along our digestive system. ''Guru'' is the primary property that indicates “heaviness” of a food item, and a ''guru'' food article is heavy to digest and increases bulkiness of the tissues. ''Guru'' is the opposite of [[agni]] and hence delays digestion and metabolism and is used, therefore, in therapies that require nourishment, enhancement of physical strength, etc ([[brimhana]], agnimaandyakara, upalepa, bala, upachaya'' and ''tarpana''). Finally, ''picchilla'' is sliminess and stickiness, and indicates food items that vitiate [[kapha]] and [[mamsa]] and [[meda dhatu]] particularly. ''

Today’s research is consistent with the above findings of [[Ayurveda]]. Researchers acknowledge that taste receptors exist in the upper gastrointestinal tract as well. These receptors are “primarily located in the intestinal brush and enteroendocrine cells, and recognize sugars, D-amino acids, sweet proteins, and artificial sweeteners<ref>Greenfield Jerry R., Chisholm Donald J. How Sweet It Is: Intestinal Sweet Taste Receptors in Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes. 2013 Oct; 62(10): 3336–3337.</ref>”, per their research. Peptide YY (PYY) exerts its action through NPY receptors by inhibiting gastric motility and increasing water and electrolyte absorption in the colon<ref> Liu C, Aloia T, Adrian T, Newton T, Bilchik A, Zinner M, Ashley S, McFadden D (1996). "Peptide YY: a potential proabsorptive hormone for the treatment of malabsorptive disorders". Am Surg 62 (3): 232–6.Charak Samhita Sutra Sthana 27/309 </ref>. PYY may also suppress pancreatic secretion, as it is secreted by neuro-endocrine cells in the ileum and colon in response to a meal, and has been shown to reduce appetite. It works by slowing the gastric emptying, thereby increasing the efficiency of digestion and nutrient absorption after a meal. Considering the effects of sweet food substances, PYY, in certain quantities, helps induce satiety in a person and thus in excess, inhibits appetite. This study clearly suggests the impact of ''madhura rasa'' and ''snigdha'' food substances in creating ''santarpaniya vyadhi'' or increased anabolism. Like GLP -1, GIP is related to metabolism and inflammation.

Thus, it can be said that excess of ''madhura, guru, snigdha'' and ''pichchilla'' foods can have inflammatory effect at the molecular level. If the above properties elaborated by Charak are to be understood, it can be clearly stated that they increase body tissues in volume and delay the digestion of food. This seems to be acceptable and the effect may be mediated through peptide YY. As it delays digestion and increases the nutrient uptake, these food substances lead to ''santarpana''.

=== II. Impact of age on grains and grain-based food products ===

The age of food grains helps determine the quality as well as digestibility of food. ''Shuka dhanya'' (monocotyledons) and ''shami dhanya'' (dicotyledons) that are old /aged are easy to digest and are dry in property as compared to new ones. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/309] ''Nava anna'', or fresh, non-aged rice, millet, etc. increase [[kapha]] and are heavier than old grains. Charak notes that all new and fresh grains are heavy and induce ''santarpana'', while aged grains are lighter to digest.

Sharangdhara in Purva Khanda also talks of new and old grains and recommends six to twelve month-old grains to be used. Biochemical changes that help in digestion may be occurring after certain aging of grains. Per researchers (Seguchi, 1993), aging of flour and grains does enhance their functionality as ingredients for cakes and batter. Cereals can be stored for long periods without microbial spoilage. However, biochemical changes also occur during aging. There is great possibility that certain amino acids and phyto chemicals get stabilized in the grain which make them safe for consumption. Eventually, the grain respires, dry matter is lost and functional and nutritional aspects of the grain are altered. Age related changes have great influence on the viscosity of any batter made out of wheat-flour and the water-binding ability of the wheat flour (Shelke et al, 1992). In addition, the starch granule surface protein is found to increase up to three to four times with aging. However, prolonged aging is not recommended (Pomeranz et al, 1968). The moisture content of grains, the storage temperature and relative humidity have been shown to exert dramatic changes in the acidity, pH, free amino nitrogen, crude protein, and protein quality. Significant changes in soluble sugars and amylase contents of the grains have also been reported during storage at elevated temperature<ref> Zia-Ur Rehman, W.H. Shah. Biochemical changes in wheat during storage at three temperatures. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 54: 109–117, 1999. </ref>.

It is to be noted from various studies that the protein content of wheat grains and flour do not change significantly over time (Kim et al 2003). While protein quantity may not change, protein quality does. In one of the studies it was noted that total content of starch gets reduced after certain time when the grains are kept within controlled temperature. In India, wheat gets harvested in the months of March and early April. The atmospheric temperature varies from 25℃ – 45℃ in summer in different parts of India. The total starch content of the flour got decreased by 50 % when stored at 50℃ in comparison to the freshly harvested wheat grains<ref>Seguchi, M. 1993. Effect of wheat flour aging on starch-granule surface proteins. J.Cereal Chem. Vol.70: 362-364. </ref> <ref> Shearer, G., Patey, A. L., and McWeeney, D. J. 1975. Wheat flour proteins: The selectivity of solvents and the stability of gliadin and glutenin fractions of stored flours. J. Sci. Food Agric. 26:337-344. </ref>. This is a significant change that occurs due to aging of wheat. If the starch content of wheat is reduced with time, aged wheat will have lower calorific value and lower glycemic index. It will also be easier to digest. Similar changes have been observed in rice after aging. Post harvest storage has, it has been observed, significant effect on eight known textural properties that are important to the sensory characteristics of cooked rice: adhesion to lips, hardness, cohesiveness of mass, roughness of mass, toothpull, particle size, toothpack, and loose particles<ref> sourced from : https://www.uark.edu/ua/uarpp/Publications/Sensory/Meullenet%20et%20al%202000%20Cereal%20Chem.pdf downloaded on 24/12/2016 </ref>. A difference is observed between ageing of rice flour and rice starch. It is evident that pasting properties of fresh and aged rice are different. It is also reported that the cell wall structure is decomposed by endo –xylanase during storage which led to the changes in amylograms of rice fours<ref> Shibuya, N. and Iwasaki, T. Eﬀ ect of cell wall degradingenzymes on the cooking properties of milled rice and the texture of cooked rice. J Jpn Soc Food Sci Technol 31(1984) 656–660. </ref>.

These changes in physiochemical properties of grains exert their effect on digestibility of the food. It has been studied through experiments that the moisture content is higher in new grains indicating predominance of [[jala mahabhuta]] and [[prithvi mahabhuta]] which again tends towards ''santarpana''. Aging of rice has an impact on its glycemic index and glycemic load. New grain may have higher glycemic index than the older grain. Due to the effect of time on these food stuffs there are greater possibilities that certain amino acids and phyto chemicals get stabilized in the grain that make them safe for consumption.

''Navamadya''/fresh wine: New or fresh wines should not be consumed because they cause heaviness and create imbalances in all the three [[dosha]] while old wines promote circulation in the body, increase digestion, lightness and enhance taste in food. The effect of aging on tannins and resveratrol has been studied and shows significant difference between old and fresh wine. Aging results in altered and reduced phenolic contents in red wine. Anthocyanin tannin complexes can be formed which can stabilize the colour of red wines resulting in wines that are tasteless, fruity and less astringent after aging<ref> Scudamore-Smith PD, Hooper RL, McLaran ED (1990) Color and phenolic changes of Cabernet Sauvignon wine made by simultaneous yeast/bacterial fermentation and extended pomace contact. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 41, 57-67 </ref>. Oxidation reactions involving phenolics might also change the chemical and sensory profile of wines<ref> Bisson LF, Waterhouse AL, Ebeler SE, Walker MA, Lapsley JT (2002) The present and future of the international wine industry. Nature418, 696-699 </ref>. Oxygen in the air is always ready to react with unprotected juice or wine and many of the substances present get adversely affected by oxidation, producing unpleasant, bitter, off-odours and off-tastes. However, it is recognized that some degree of oxygenation may be beneficial for the formation of red wine, but the quality of white wines is generally impaired by excessive air exposure. As tannins and anthocyanins interact with oxygen, which diffuses during barrel storage, these compounds further polymerize and become less astringent. Red wines become lighter in colour, and proanthocyanidins and other polyphenolics eventually aggregate in larger molecules which accumulate as sediment over time at the base of the bottle. In contrast, white wines often deepen in colour, turning darker honey colors as they oxidize and age <ref>sourcedfrom:http://www.academia.edu/8191054/Biochemical_Changes_throughout_Grape_Berry_Development_and_Fruit_and_Wine_Quality downloaded on 24/12/2016 </ref>.

The phenolic compound present in a bottle of wine slowly changes as it ages. The most important component of wine is tannin which binds with proteins. High tannin containing wine inhibits saliva’s ability to lubricate mouth and imparts astringent feeling in mouth. Aged wine undergoes polymerization of tannins. This makes tannin sediments settle to the bottom of the container and lose its property to bind with proteins. Aged wines are very aromatic and possess fruity flavors.

Ageing of wine solely depends on its storage and oxidation of the wine. Normally new wines contain about .02 - .03% acetic acid. This is reduced in aged wine if it is packed properly. This physico-chemical change in aged wine, change in taste and aroma modify its pharmacological effects. Increase in its antioxidant properties and change in Anthocyanin tannin complex makes wine more effective after age. There is also a possibility that chemical process in ageing of wine may also change the molecular size of tannins which might become more bio-available after consumption.

=== III. Categories of food leading to anabolism ===

'''''Gorasa''''' (milk and milk products): Over the years, there have been many conflicting views in scientific journals and from nutritionists regarding dairy products and it is often difficult to conclude about their health benefits. Charak has clearly mentioned in various texts, including this chapter and in [[Prameha Nidana]], that excessive consumption of dairy products, meat, and carbohydrates may lead to many metabolic disorders. It may also create inflammation at a molecular level. Common allergens like casein and gluten create inflammation in the gut. Investigators have correlated higher levels of milk antibodies with rheumatoid arthritis<ref> rheumatoid arthritis </ref> (Arvikar, 2013). Studies suggest (Feskanich D. et al) that cow’s milk could be responsible for an irreversible inability to metabolize blood sugar, and could cause Type I and type II diabetes. This study also suggests that severe disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, heart attacks, multiple sclerosis, and osteoporosis could be attributed to diet rich in milk<ref> Feskanich D. et al. Milk, dietary calcium and bone fractures in women: A 12 year prospective study. Am. J. Public Health 87: 992-997. 1997 </ref>.

Thus, there has been much research concerning dairy products, besides meat and other forms of complex proteins, which shows their excessive consumption in a very unfavourable<ref> Feskanich D. et al. Milk, dietary calcium and bone fractures in women: A 12 year prospective study. Am. J. Public Health 87: 992-997. 1997 </ref>. These types of food have multifold impact on the health of a person. These can change the gut flora leading to disorders of absorption, adversely affecting auto-immunity and production of antibodies. It has been shown by certain researchers that excess of meat and dairy products leads to immune-activation <ref> Hvatum M, Kanerud L, Hällgren R, Brandtzaeg P. The gut-joint axis: cross reactive food antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis. Gut. 2006 Sep;55(9):1240-7. </ref> <ref> Pattison DJ, Symmons DP, Lunt M, Welch A, Luben R, Bingham SA, Khaw KT, Day NE, Silman AJ. Dietary risk factors for the development of inflammatory polyarthritis: evidence for a role of high level of red meat consumption. Arthritis Rheum. 2004 Dec;50(12):3804-12. </ref>. Excess of meat also has certain enzymatic toxicity which can lead to insulin resistance –a basic pathology of obesity, heart disease and type II diabetes.

All the above types of food mentioned herein could explain 57% of the total structural variation in gut microbiota whereas changes in genetics accounted for no more than 12% <ref> Zhang C., Zhang M., Wang S., Han R., Cao Y., Hua W., Mao Y., Zhang X., Pang X., Wei C., et al. Interactions between gut microbiota, host genetics and diet relevant to development of metabolic syndromes in mice. ISME J. 2010;4:232–241. doi: 10.1038/ismej.2009.112. </ref>. This indicates that diet plays a dominant role in shaping gut microbiota and changing key populations may transform healthy gut microbiota into a disease-inducing entity. For example, the western diet, which is high in sugar and fat, causes dysbiosis affecting both host GI tract metabolism and immune homeostasis<ref> Tapiainen T., Ylitalo S., Eerola E., Uhari M. Dynamics of gut colonization and source of intestinal flora in healthy newborn infants. APMIS. 2006;114:812–817. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2006.apm_488.x. </ref>. Dysbiosis is a very important term that can be helpful in explaining many pathologies mentioned in Ayurvedic literature.

Thus, an excessive meat/dairy based diet that has been explained by Charak starts its dreadful effect from GI tract leading to metabolic disorders. This can be compared with the theory of agni elaborated by [[Ayurveda]] scholars and also explains how wrong food exerts its effect on immune system leading to inflammation at molecular level. Chronic inflammation changes the normal mechanism of body and leads to certain dreadful metabolic disorders. Thus, over and undernutrition both lead to certain metabolic diseases mediated through inflammation <ref> Wellen KE, Hotamisligil GS: Inflammation, stress, and diabetes. J Clin Invest 2005, 115:1111-1119. </ref>.

=== IV. Effect of lifestyle on anabolism ===

Charak not only explains the adverse effects of bad eating but also explains the ill effects of sedentary behaviour which are the leading cause of metabolic disorders. He explains that those averse to physical or mental activities (exercises), those who are habituated to sleeping during the day and always having the tendency to lying down will end up suffering from various metabolic disorders. Modern researchers have proved this too. Sedentary behaviour refers to low-energy activities that involve energy expenditure (at the level of 1.0–1.5 metabolic equivalent units (METs))<ref> Huang TT, Howarth NC, Lin BH, Roberts SB, McCrory MA: Energy intake and meal portions: associations with BMI percentile in U.S. children. Obes Res 2004, 12:1875-1885 </ref>, and include activities such as lying down, sitting, etc. Individuals could be spending a significant part of their waking hours in sedentary activities<ref> Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H: Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030.Diabetes Care 2004, 27:1047-1053. </ref>.

Per studies by Lee et al (2001), the association between sedentary behaviour and metabolic health could, to some extent, explain the association between sedentary time and metabolic syndrome <ref> Lee JY, Sohn KH, Rhee SH, Hwang D: Saturated fatty acids, but not unsaturated fatty acids, induce the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 mediated through Toll-like receptor 4.J Biol Chem 2001, 276:16683-16689. </ref>.

Bedrest studies, though not sufficiently researched in humans, indicate that there is an increased sedentary behavior associated with a range of deleterious metabolic effects <ref> Kalupahana NS, Claycombe KJ, Newman SJ, Stewart T, Siriwardhana N, Mathhan N, Lichtenstein AH, Moustaid-Moussa N: Eicosapentaenoic acid prevents and reverses insulin resistance in high-fat diet-induced obese mice via modulation of adipose tissue inflammation.J Nutr 2010, 140:1915-1922 </ref>.

It can be noted from the above enlisted disorders that [[kapha]] [[dosha]], [[rasa]], [[rakta]], [[mamsa]] and [[meda dhatu]] are vitiated in ''santarpaniya'' diseases. Therefore, the treatment protocol shall be designed keeping these factors in mind.

'''''Pramehapidaka''''': This can be compared with diabetic carbuncle which is a complication of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. It is localized infective gangrene of the skin and subcutaneous tissues caused by infection. The predisposing factor is diabetes. In diabetic carbuncle, infection is at hair follicle with severe pain and there is involvement of fibrous strand along with sub-cutaneous tissues. A multi-locular lesion is seen which may give rise to ulcerating carbuncle. In this lesion, gangrenous process can occur which may be due to thrombosis of the lesion.

It is interesting to note that ''pramehapidaka'', skin disorders, ''pandu'' (anaemia), urinary problems (which can be referred to as renal problems) and ''arochaka'' (anorexia) are all complications of metabolic disorders. These diseases must not be taken as ''swatantra'' (independent) pathological entities but are to be seen in the light of metabolic disorders.

'''''Kandu''''' can be compared with urticaria, characterized by skin eruptions which are reddish and itchy in nature and are of mild intensity and increased by exposure to cold breeze. It is also manifested as a symptom of other diseases. In this context of ''santarpanajanya vyadhi'', we have seen previously that certain foods have effect on immune system. ''Kandu'' is a peculiar indication of severe hyperglycemia as well. Due to dehydration, neuritis and micro angiopathy these types of symptoms can be developed. These are more seen in chronic uncontrolled diabetes patients.

'''''Kotha''''', as explained, is a decay of tissues due to certain conditions. In the context of ''santarpanajanya vyadhi'', decay usually is seen in diabetic patients caused mostly due to microangiopathy. Involvement of the blood vessels by atherosclerosis leading to ischemia is a significant factor in diabetic foot. Lower extremity peripheral vascular disease (PVD) is the most common factor associated with limb ulceration, gangrene, impaired wound healing and ultimately amputation<ref> Gayle R, Benjamin AL, Gary NG. The burden of diabetic foot ulcers. The American Journal of Surgery 1998Aug 24; 176(Suppl 2A):65-105. </ref>. It mainly occurs due to blood flow changes, occlusive changes, micro angiopathy, and hematological changes. There is marked change in the flow of blood in peripheral vessels. The microcirculation is regulated by neural factors, local reflexes and vasoactive mediators. The initial haemodynamic changes will be increased flow and pressure of capillary blood<ref> Tooke JE. Microvascular hemodynamics in diabetes mellitus. Clin Sci 1986; 70:119-125 </ref> . As the disease progresses, autoregulation is lost and haemodynamic stress results. It could also be due to increased calcification of vessels or AV shunting or hyperosmolarity of blood. It is well documented by high ankle brachial ratio and also Doppler studies. Occlusive changes occur in more than 50% of diabetics having the disease for more than 10 – 15 years<ref> Pyorala K, Laasko M, Vusiitupa M. Diabetes and atherosclerosis, An epidemiologic view. Diabet Methob Rev 1987; 3:463-524 </ref>. It mainly affects arteries below profunda femoris and is characterized by multiple segment involvement. The tibial & peroneal arteries between the knee and the ankle are primarily affected. Dorsalis pedis artery and foot vessels are usually spared. Patients with diabetes have diminished ability to establish collateral circulation especially in arteries around knee. This disease is more prevalent & accelerated with diabetes mellitus.

'''''Pandu''''' (anemia): It means pallor and is seen in metabolic disorders. Charak has explained it as a disease as well as complication of other disorders. ''Pandu'' that has been mentioned in ''santarpanajanya'' diseases chapter is [[kapha]] dominant where the causes are elaborated in verses 3 and 4. Two of the most common causes of anemia are due to abnormalities in iron homeostasis: iron-deficiency anemia and anemia of inflammation also known as anemia of chronic disease. The anemia caused due to inflammation is elaborated in this context. It is very interesting to know metabolic disorders like obesity and some complication of diabetes like diabetic nephropathy also lead to pallor and iron deficiency<ref> Karlee et al. Is Obesity Associated with Anaemia of Chronic Disease? A Population-based Study. 2008. Doi: 10.1038/oby.2008.353 </ref>. Along with anaemia, renal parameters also get deranged which may lead to abdominal symptoms like nausea and vomiting, so the word ''arochaka'' is used here adjoining to ''mutrakrichhra'' (urinary disorder)<ref> Mehdi et al. Anemia, Diabetes, and Chronic Kidney Disease. 2009. 32(7): 1320-1326 </ref>. In the latter stages of diabetic or hypertensive nephropathy urinary complaints like oligouria or anuria can occur. If it remains untreated due anaemia and congestion in heart, edema starts developing which has been called as ''shopha''.

'''''Amaja vyadhi''''': ''Ama'' is referred to an intermediate bio product of cellular metabolism leading to number of metabolic disorders. Generation of ''ama'' is thought to start with maldigestion or indigestion of food substances when taken in excess which begins in the stomach. It is a very important factor playing a pivotal role in the genesis of any disease. It is clearly stated that there is no disorder devoid of ''ama''. So all the anabolic disorders where ''ama'' is considered as cause are supposed to be under the category of ''ama vyadhis''.

When we think simply about the urinary complaints related with diabetes and obesity, urinary incontinence is prominent symptom, which is dominantly seen in obese women and men, which can be called as stress incontinence. So the word ''mutrakkrichra'' in this context of ''santarpanajanya vyadhis'' is to be taken as a complication of diabetic and hypertensive nepheropathy.

'''''Kushtha''''': There are many skin diseases which are related to anabolism. Anabolism leads to discoloration and hyperpigmentation of skin. Majority of obese people show severe hyperpigmentation, which is called as acanthosis nigricans. Simple acne can also be the result of ''santarpanajanya vyadhis''. Some of the studies<ref> Downing D, Strauss J, Pochi P. Changes in skin surface lipid composition induced by severe caloric restriction in man. Am J Clin Nutr. 1972;25:365–367</ref> had reported, how caloric restriction can change sebum composition. Another study <ref> Adebamowo CA, Spiegelman D, Berkey CS, et al. Milk consumption and acne in teenaged boys. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;58:787–793. </ref>linked acne to the consumption of milk.

'''''Klaibya''''': A person who is unable to have proper sexual intercourse either due to erectile dysfunction or early ejaculation is termed as ''klaibya'' in [[Ayurveda]].''Klaibya'' is described in detail in [[Chikitsa Sthana]] [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/155] and is mentioned as a complication of either obesity, diabetes or hypertension. While elaborating the properties of ''lashuna'' (garlic) Charak has explained that ''lashuna'' is important herb in cardiac disorders as well and is useful in ''klaibya''. Looking at its properties on microvessels, ''garlic'' is proven to be a herb which regulates nitric oxide synthesis in the arteries and keeps the lumen of the arteries dilated. Per studies, in cases of hypertensive erectile dysfunction in rats, it has been observed that nitric oxide synthesis in penile artery is lowered<ref> Penson DF et al. Adrenal Control of erectile function and nitric oxide synthase in the rat penis 138(9):3925-32 1997 </ref>. Garlic has positive impact on regulating nitric oxide synthesis<ref> Peyman et al. Therapeutic Uses and Pharmacological Properties of Garlic, Shallot, and Their Biologically Active Compounds 16(10):1031-1048 2013 </ref>.

The direct effect of obesity on increased risk of erectile dysfunction is well researched, and is often attributable to hormonal imbalance, endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance.

'''''Gurugatrata''''': ''Guru'' is heavy and gatra is body, and ''gurugatrata'' means a feeling of heaviness in the body. This condition can be due to excess fat deposition, or may be due peripheral odema developing due to certain cardiac and renal complications. In the initial stage tissues show inflammatory changes at molecular level and later develop symptoms of ''gurugatrata''.

'''''Aalasya'''''(lethargy or lassitude), at the somatic as well as psychological level, signifies a feeling of lethargy along with hesitancy or weariness of body or mind from strain, oppressive climate, etc. It is mainly caused due to psychological factors that show through one’s sensory and motor organs. It is a primary stage of the major complications like ''tandra'' and ''moha''. It could also be a condition symptomatic of diabetic and hypertensive cerebral encephelopathy. Uncontrolled hyperglycemia or hypertension in patients may lead to number of complications. These are all pre coma or coma conditions where all the sensory organs stop responding and a specific word, ''Lepa'', is used to denote some form of “covering” that the sensory organs are covered with that makes them stop responding and lose orientation. Not only the sensory organs, but all the body channels from where not only the blood and sensation, but also the chemical signalling of the cells also gets disturbed and patients land into ''tandra, buddhi moha'' and ''prameelaka''.

'''''Tandra''''' is an abnormal condition characterized by drowsiness.

'''''Moha''''' is an abnormal condition of the mind in which person cannot take correct decision and also is not able to scrutinize the subject referred by mind.

'''''Prameelaka''''': An abnormal mental condition characterized by constant thoughts.

All the above mentioned conditions are due to severe hyperglycemia with hyperosmolality and dehydration, in the absence of significant ketosis. It occurs in patients with mild or occult diabetes, and most patients are middle-aged to elderly. Accurate figures are not available as to its true incidence, but from data on hospital discharges it is rarer than diabetic ketoacidosis even in older age groups.

Research shows that a partial or relative insulin deficiency may trigger a syndrome by reducing glucose utilization of muscle, fat, and liver while increasing hepatic glucose output<ref> Trence DL et al: Hyperglycemic crisis in diabetes mellitus type 2. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2001;30:817. [PMID: 11727401] </ref>.

Ultimately, with all these symptoms and conditions, edema over the body develops and along with other complications lands the patient into severe difficulties.

'''''Lekhana''''' is defined as the therapeutic action which (adequately) dries up body tissues and then literally scrapes the unwanted substances (generally solid, unctuous substances) out from the body tissues. Though this may be one meaning of ''lekhana'', all ''lekhana'' activites and ''lekhana dravya'' exert some pharmacological activates that reduce unwanted substances - unwanted [[dosha]], [[dhatu]] or [[mala]]- from the body. The same properties of ''lekhana'' can be achieved by [[virechana]], [[vamana]] or [[raktamokshana]].

Exercise and fasting has a very positive effect on anabolic disorders. Exercise results in reduction in fasting blood glucose, which replicates previous beneficial effects of exercise interventions in type II diabetes<ref> D. E. Kelley and B. H. Goodpaster, “Effects of exercise on glucose homeostasis in type 2 diabetes mellitus,” Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, vol. 33, no. 6, supplement, pp. S495–S501, 2001.</ref>.

=== Fasting ===

That fasting and CR (calorie restriction) makes an organism’s metabolic process more efficient, enhancing the organism’s age, is a well-researched subject. Clive McCay at Cornell had published, in 1937, that a 33% caloric restriction resulted in a 50% increase in the maximum lifespan of a rat. Similar experiments were done on organisms such as yeasts, mosquitoes, flies, protozoa, roundworms, fish, etc. Many decades later, the National Institute of Aging (NIA) and the universities of Maryland and Wisconsin tried to study the impact of CR on aging using primates (squirrel and rhesus monkeys). The NIA Primate CR study indicated that CR monkeys “demonstrated an improved metabolic profile”, though they also concluded that the effects of CR in long-lived animals are complex and depend on a variety of factors besides caloric restriction<ref> Mattison et al Impact of caloric restriction on health and survival in rhesus monkeys: the NIA study. Nature 2012 Sep 13: 489(7415):10.1038 </ref>.

=== Herbs used in management of ''santarpanajanya'' diseases ===

While treating ''santarpanajanya vyadhis'' like ''sthulata'' (obesity) and ''madhumeha'' (diabetes), consumption of ''dravyas'' that have ''guru'' and ''ruksha'' properties is advised. Along with medicines, the diet must also be ''ruksha''. For skin ailments, applying powders of medicinal plants all over the body which can provide relief from ''kandu'' (itching) and ''kotha'' (pre-gangrenous condition) are advised. So the food must be ''guru'' and ''apatarpaka'', i.e., it should induce catabolic activities. Applying these powders on the lesions may improve blood circulation which may consequently improve the increased hydroxylysine and glucose disaccharide content, decrease in proteoglycan and heparin sulfate and decrease in lysine content towards the lesion. The effects of honey, a food rich in antioxidants, on diseases such as cancer, coronary diseases, inflammatory disorders, and aging, has helped it gain lot of attention among nutritionists<ref> Jaganathan et al. Antiproliferative Effects of Honey and of Its Polyphenols: A Review. 2009 Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology. Article ID 830616</ref>. Properties of honey are ''ruksha, guru,'' and ''kashaya''. Food and medicine having these properties enhance ''akasha'' and ''vayu mahabhuta'' which tends the person towards ''apatarpana''.

Since ''ruksha dravyas'' are [[akasha]] and [[vayu]] dominant, medicines and food articles of this property are advised. Of the three properties of honey, the most important one is ''guru''. Since ''jatharagni'' is vitiated in obesity (since [[agni]] plays an important role in causing or aggravating anabolic disorders), ''guru'' and ''ruksha'' substances are used to pacify it, and thus honey is recommended for obesity. However, the use of honey in diabetes is controversial since honey is full of fructose and it imparts hyperglycaemic properties on diabetic patients. In diseases like obesity, lipid abnormality and diabetes mellitus, gut microbiota plays an important role in carbohydrate metabolism.

Pericarp of ''haritaki'' showed cardiotonic activities in frog hearts, increasing the force of contraction and cardiac output without altering the heart rate<ref> Reddy VRC, Kumari SVR, Reddy BM, Azeem MA, Prabhkar MC, Rao AVN (1990) Cardionic activity of the fruits of Terminalia chebula. Fitotera- pia 41, 517-52 </ref>. ''Haritaki'' extracts administered before initiating any treatment showed signs of reduced myocardial damage caused by isoproterenol in rats. ''Haritaki'' reduced lipid peroxidation and significantly reduced cholesterolemia, aortic sudanophilia, and cholesterol content of the aorta and liver<ref> The Ayurvedic medicines Haritaki, Amala and Bahira reduce cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis in rabbits. Int J Cardiol. 1988 Nov;21(2):167-75.Thakur CP, Thakur B, Singh S, Sinha PK, Sinha SK.Patna Medical College, India. </ref>.

Local application by rubbing of certain herbal powders on the skin reduces [[kapha dosha]] and regulates [[vata dosha]] at that level and inhibits samprapti of ''kandu'' and ''kotha''. Regular rubbing of the powders over the skin increases peripheral circulation of the capillaries supplying the skin and also reduced inflammation at dermal level. Rubbing of dry powders over the body is called ''udvartana''. This softens the skin leaving it with a lustrous glow. The stimulating massage helps revitalize skin, removes fat deposits and improve circulation and digestion. ''Udvartana'' helps open the circulatory channels, facilitating metabolic activities, eliminating excessive perspiration and body odor and improving the complexion of the skin.

'''''Triphala''''' is one of the oldest used polyherbal preparations. It is comprised of Terminalia chebula, Terminalia bellerica and Emblica officinalis. Some of the positive qualities of ''triphala'' in-vivo and in-vitro are that it is an antioxidant, anti-hypercholesterolemic, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, and possesses chemo-preventive potential and anti-mutagenic activities, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, radioprotective effect, immunomodulatory, improving wound healing, enteroprotective efficacies, anti-gastric ulcers and nitric oxide scavenging properties. This herbal combination can have profound healing benefits in multi-organ systems. It is rich in Mg, K, Ca, Fe, Se and Zn, which enhance their bioavailability. Low molecular weight tannins, gallic acid and other important phytochemicals are responsible for the above effects <ref> A systematic review of the antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-obesity effects and safety of triphala herbal formulation Kamali Seyed Hamid et al Journal of Medicinal Plants Research Vol. 7(14), pp. 831-844, 10 April, 2013 DOI: 10.5897/JMPR12.352 ISSN 1996-0875 ©2013 Academic Journals http://www.academicjournals.org/JMPR </ref>.

'''''Aragwadha''''' (Cassia fistula) possesses ''madhura rasa, madhura vipaka'' and has ''sheeta veerya''. It possesses strong antioxidant properties. Aqueous extract of ''Aragwadha'' flowers administered in diabetic rats (streptozotocin induced diabetes) showed antioxidant effect. After investigating antioxidants marker enzymes in the brain, significant increase is observed, with decrease in thiobarbituric reactive substances and hydroperoxide formation comparable with glibenclamide<ref> Latha, M. & Pari, L. Mol Cell Biochem (2003) 243: 23. doi:10.1023/A:1021697311150. </ref>.

Cassia auriculata L. seedlings, if irradiated with ultraviolet B (UV-B), it counteracted the induced oxidative stress with reduction in ascorbate, dehydroascorbate, glutathione/oxidized glutathione content at two doses assayed (7.5 and 15.0 kJ-2)<ref> Agarwal, S. Biol Plant (2007) 51: 157. doi:10.1007/s10535-007-0030-z </ref>

Ethanolic and methanolic extracts of the flowers showed antioxidant properties which may be due to presence of flavonoids and tannins<ref> Pharmacological Potentials of Cassia auriculata and Cassia fistula Plants: A Review Sushma Kainsa, Praveen Kumar and Poonam Rani </ref> <ref> George, M., L. Joseph and Ramaswam, 2007. Effect of Cassia auriculata extract on nociception, experimental diabetes and hyperlipidemia in mice and rats. Highland Med. Res. J., 5: 11-19. </ref>. , ''Patha'' (cissampelos pareira): Certain controversies are there about ''patha''. Two different herbs are used as ''patha'' in different part of India- Cyclea peltata and Cissampelos parietal. Properties of ''patha'' are elaborated as ''rasa-tikta virya-usna vipäka-katu guna.-laghu, tiksna karma-vata-kaphahara,visaghna ,grahi, balya''. ''Patha'' is known to have potent diuretic properties. Certain flavonoids were found to exert their diuretic properties by binding with Adenosine A1 Receptor associated with the diuretic action. The diuretic properties of studied plant may be through any of these possible mechanisms since it is rich in alkaloids and flavonoids<ref> Yuliana ND, Khatib A, Link-Struensee AM, Ijzerman AP, Rungkat-Zakaria F, Choi YH, et al. Adenosine A1 receptor binding activity of methoxy flavonoids from orthosiphon stamineus. Planta Med.2009;75:132–6. </ref>.

'''''Saptaparna''''' (Alstonia scholaris) possess ''tikta kashaya rasa, ushna veerya'' and ''katu vipaka.'' The bark is useful in malarial fevers, abdominal disorders, dyspepsia and in skin diseases. In [[Ayurveda]], it is reported that the bark of the plant when soaked in water overnight, can reduce the blood glucose level after oral administration. However, not much characterization of this properties has been done on a scientific basis. The phytochemicals are indicative of its potential in the treatment of diabetes mellitus<ref>Antidiabetic and Antihyperlipidemic Effect of Alstonia scholaris Linn Bark in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Association of Pharmaceutical Teachers of India Ind J Pharm Edu Res, 2011, 45(2):114-121 </ref>.

In one of the studies of ''saptaparna'' (Alstonia scholaris) showed decrease in glycogen content in streptozotocin-diabetic rats support the findings of Grover et al. The decrease in glycogen content may result due to disturbances in glycogen synthetase system. Improvement in liver glycogen of diabetic rats after chronic treatment with aqueous extract of Alstonia scholaris L. bark indicates that possible way of antidiabetic effect of the extract may be by improvement of glycogenesis and / or suppression of glycogenolysis. Thus, study showed that bark of Alstonia scholaris L. possesses antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects in STZ diabetic rats. The antiatherogenic potential of the bark extract indicates its usefulness not only in diabetes mellitus but also in the long term complications associated with it<ref> Antidiabetic and Antihyperlipidemic Effect of Alstonia scholaris Linn Bark in
Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats .Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research.Deepti Bandawane *, Archana Juvekar , Manasi Juvekar Department of Pharmacology, P.E.Society's Modern College of Pharmacy, Nigdi, Pune 411 044.
</ref>.

Cyperus rotundus has antioxidant and anti-atherosclerotic effects due to the presence of flavanoids, polyphenols and terpenes which reduce absorption of total cholesterol and triglycerides. Cyperus rotundus, in the form of a fine powder or an aqueous solution, exhibits lipolytic properties and showed mobilization of fats from adipose tissues. Cyperus rotundus is supposed to have activators of beta adreno receptors<ref> Bhambhole V.d.et al Effect of some medicinal plant preparation on adipose tissue metabolism. Ancient Science of life 1998 117-124 </ref>.

'''''Madanaphala''''' (Randia dumentorum) has ''madhura, tikta rasa, katu vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. It is a widely used herb for induction of vomiting used for [[vamana]] procedure. It has ''lekhana'' properties.

Clearly, the pharmacological action of the above ''dravyas'' all have been proven to have anti-diabetic and anti-hyperlipidimic properties. The interesting thing to note is that although these ''dravyas'' ultimately work for metabolic disorders, they have different modes of action. Anti-diabetic properties of ''triphala, neem, musta'' and ''saptaparna'' are different. The ''rasa'' of the above mentioned ''dravyas'' is ''tikta kasahaya'' or ''tikta katu'' which is [[akasha]], [[teja]] and [[vayu mahabhuta]] dominant. As we have seen that ''santarpaniya vyadhis'' are due to excess consumption of [[Prithvi]] and [[jala mahabhuta]] those of opposing properties, i.e., [[akasha]], [[teja]] and [[vayu]] are used in treating such ailments.

'''''Devadaru''''' (Cedrus deodara or Himalayan Cedar) is a herb that is very effective in improving the functions of liver and in maintaining cholesterol levels in healthy limits. ''Devadaru'' pacifies the ''kapha dosha'' by ''tikta, katu'' and ''ushna'' properties, and [[vata]] [[dosha]] by ''snigdha'' and ''ushna'' properties so it is useful in disorders induced by [[kapha]] and [[vata]] [[dosha]].

Investigation demonstrate that extracts of C. deodara shows reduction in body weight in treated groups in a dose dependent manner. The major chemical constituents of C. deodara are sterols, poly-phenols, flavanoids such as taxifolin, quercetin and saponins<ref> Agarwal PK, Agarwal SK, Rastogi RP. A new neolignan and other phenolic constituents from Cedrus deodara. Phytochemistry. 1980;19:1260–1.</ref>. It is well established that saponins are useful in treatment of obesity<ref> George Francis, Zohar Kerem, Harinder P.S. Makkar, Becker Klaus. The biological action of saponin in animal systems: A review. Brit J Nutr. 2002;88:587–605. [PubMed] </ref>. Phytosterols have beneficial effects on hyperlipidemia<ref> David JA, Cyril WC. Plant sterols, health claims and strategies to reduce cardiovascular disease risk.J Am Coll Nutr. 1999;18:559–62. </ref> and poly-phenols and flavanoids have potential antioxidant properties. Therefore, it could be possible that presence of these compounds is responsible for observed glucose and lipid lowering properties.

'''''Shwadanshtra''''' or ''gokshura'' (Tribulus Terrestris) is ''madhura rasatmaka'' and has ''sheeta veerya'' with ''madhura vipaka''. ''Gokshura'' is widely used to relieve certain anabolic disorders. It is helpful for the treatment of angina<ref> Li M, Qu W, Chu S, et al. Effect of the decoction of Tribulus terrestris on mice gluconegensis. Zhong Yao Cai. 2001;24:586-588. </ref>, high cholesterol 65, diabetes 65, and muscle spasms<ref> Arcasoy HB, Erenmemisoglu A, Tekol Y, et al. Effect of Tribulus terrestris L. saponin mixture on some smooth muscle preparations: a preliminary study. Boll Chim Farm. 1998;137:473-475. </ref>, and for the prevention of kidney stones<ref> Sangeeta D, Sidhu H, Thind SK, et al. Effect of Tribulus terrestris on oxalate metabolism in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 1994;44:61-66. </ref>.

It is very interesting to note that though ''gokshura'' or Tribulus terrestris is ''madhura'' and ''sheeta veerya dravya'' it has been included to treat ''santarpaniya vyadhis''. ''Gokshura'', by the virtue of its phytochemicals and its DHEAS (Dihydro epi andesterone sulphate) stimulating property and its potent diuretic qualities may have been in the group of medicines which are used to impart ''apatarpana''. It has proved to be a very potent herb to cure erectile dysfunction and ''klaibyata'' in patients suffering from metabolic syndrome.

'''''Khadira''''' (Acacia Catechu): This herb is ''tikta'', ''kashaya'' having ''sheeta veerya'' and ''katu vipaka''. This herb is mostly used as ''kusthaghana'' to alleviate skin problems. In eastern traditional medicines, Acacia catechu Willd is extensively used in the management of diabetes in combinations with other medicinal plants. The most common chemical classes among these plants are flavonoid and other anti-oxidants. Hypoglycemic property of extract of Acacia catechu Willd is assumed to be due to the presence of flavonoids which also show inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase and regenerateβ cells<ref> Jarald, E,. Joshi, SB,.and Jain, DC,. (2009). Studies shows that Myricetin, Quercetin and Catechin-gallate inhibit insulin stimulated glucose transporters in isolated adipocytes of rats (Strobel, P,. Allard, C,. Perez-Acle, T,. Calderon, R,. Aldunate, R,. and Leighton, F,. 2005) </ref>. In vitro Acacia catechu Willd is reported to have broad spectrum anti-microbial and anti fungal properties. Phytochemical studies of Acacia catechu Willd leaves shows the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavones, glycosides, phenolic compounds, saponins, steroids and tannins which may be responsible for its anti-microbial properties<ref> A review on Acacia catechu Willd Muhammad Anis Hashmat, Rabia Hussain Interdisciplinary journal of contemporary research in business may 2013 vol 5, no 1 </ref>.

'''''Haridra''''' (Curcuma longa) has ''tikta rasa, katu vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya.'' It is ''laghu ruksha'' in its qualities. Ingestion of 6 gm Curcuma longa increased postprandial serum insulin levels, but did not seem to affect plasma glucose levels or GI, in healthy subjects. The results indicate that Curcuma longa may have an effect on insulin secretion. The active principles in the rhizome of turmeric plant viz; curcuminoids lower lipid peroxidation by maintaining the activities of antioxidant enzymes like super oxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione per oxidase at higher levels. Antioxidant properties of curcuma longa is due to curcumin and its three derivatives (demethoxy curcumin, bisdemethoxy curcumin and diacetyl curcumin)<ref> Wickenberg J, Ingemansson S, Hlebowicz J (2010) Effects of Curcuma longa (turmeric) on postprandial plasma glucose and insulin in healthy subjects. Nutr J 9: 43 </ref>. A scientific and systemic exploration reveals antidiabetic, hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective effects of Curcuma longa freeze dried rhizome powder dissolved in milk which could be used as an effective and safe antidiabetic dietary supplement of high potential<ref> Rai PK, Jaiswal D, Mehta S, Rai DK, Sharma B, et al. (2010) Effect of curcuma longa freeze dried rhizome powder with milk in stz Induced diabetic rats. Indian J Clin Biochem 25: 175-181 </ref>.

Curcuma longa is known to contain curcuminoids, glycosides, terpenoids, and flavonoids. Maximal inhibition of the enzyme Human Pancreatic Amylase (HPA) was obtained with Curcuma longa isopropanol extract and acetone extract. This inhibitory action on HPA causes reduction in starch hydrolysis leading to lowered glucose levels<ref> Ponnusamy S, Ravindran R, Zinjarde S, Bhargava S, Ameeta R (2011) Evaluation of Traditional Indian Antidiabetic Medicinal Plants for Human Pancreatic Amylase Inhibitory Effect In Vitro Evidence-Based.Complementary and Alternative Medicine 10. </ref>. The antioxidants in turmeric also prevent damage to cholesterol, thereby helping to protect against atherosclerosis. In fact, the ability of the antioxidants in turmeric to decrease free radicals is similar to that in vitamins C and E. Since the antioxidant activities of turmeric are not degraded by heat, even using the spice in cooking provides benefits. Animal studies show that curcumin lowers cholesterol and triglycerides, another fat that circulates in the blood stream and is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. In a recent study of atherosclerosis, mice were fed a standard American diet, rich in refined carbohydrates and saturated fat, but low in fiber. Some of the mice, however, received this diet plus turmeric mixed in with their food. After four months on these diets, the mice that consumed the turmeric with their food had 20 percent less blockage of the arteries than the mice fed the diet without the turmeric. In another study, rabbits were fed turmeric plus a diet designed to cause atherosclerosis. Several risk factors for the disease were improved, including a decrease in cholesterol, triglycerides, and free-radical damage.

Antidermatophytic properties: Fresh juice of rhizome of ''haridra'' is used as an antiparasitic in many skin disorders. Its rhizome powder mixed with cow’s urine is taken internally in itching and dermatitis. Curcuma longa L. leaves have good promise as an antifungal agent that could be used as a therapeutic remedy against human pathogenic fungi on account of its various in vitro and in vivo antifungal properties, viz., strong fungicidal action, long shelf-life, its tolerability of heavy inoculum density, thermo stability, broad range of antidermatophytic properties and absence of any adverse effects. Curcumin obtained from the turmeric rhizome have shown to possess the ability to protect the skin from harmful UV-induced effects by displaying antimutagen, antioxidant, free radical scavenging, anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic properties<ref> Binic I, Lazarevic V, Ljubenovic M, Mojsa J, Sokolovic D (2013) Skin Ageing: Natural Weapons and Strategies. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. </ref>.

'''''Neem''''' (Azadirachta indica): It is a ''tikta rasa'' plant having ''sheeta veerya'' and ''katu vipaka''. It imparts ''ruksha'' and ''laghu'' property. Hydroalcoholic extracts of this plant showed anti-hyperglycemic properties in streptozotocin treated rats and this effect is because of increase in glucose uptake and glycogen deposition in isolated rat hemidiaphragm<ref> Chattopadhyay R.R., Chattopadhyay R.N., Nandy A.K., Poddar G., Maitra S.K. Preliminary report on antihyperglycemic effect of fraction of fresh leaves of Azadiracta indica (Beng neem) Bull. Calcutta. Sch. Trop. Med. 1987;35:29–33. </ref>. Apart from having anti-diabetic properties, this plant also has anti-bacterial, antimalarial, antifertility, hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects<ref> Biswas K., Chattopadhyay I., Banerjee R.K., Bandyopadhyay U. Biological activities and medicinal properties of neem (Azadiracta indica) Curr. Sci. 2002;82:1336–1345. </ref>.

'''''Twak''''' (Cinnamomum Zelyanicum): It is ''katu-tikta rasatmaka'' having ''katu vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. It has been shown that oral administration of cinnamaldehyde produces significant antihyperglycemic effect lowers both total cholesterol and triglyceride levels and, at the same time, increases HDL-cholesterol in STZ induced diabetic rats<ref> Subash Babu P, Prabuseenivasan S, Ignacimuthu S. Phytomedicine, 2007;14:15–22 </ref>.

Matan et al. have reported antimicrobial properties of Cinnamon bark. The volatile gas phase of combinations of Cinnamon oil and clove oil showed good potential to inhibit growth of spoilage fungi, yeast and bacteria normally found on IMF (Intermediate Moisture Foods) when combined with a modified atmosphere comprising a high concentration of CO2 (40%) and low concentration of O2 (<0.05%). A. flavus, which is known to produce toxins, was found to be the most resistant microorganism<ref> Matan N, Rimkeeree H, Mawson A J, Chompreeda P et al. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 2006;107:180–185 </ref>.

'''''Kushtha''''' (Saussurea Lappa): has ''tikta katu madhur rasa'', ''katu vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. It is known to lower blood lipids and is also known to improve coronary circulation<ref> Study of kustha (, clarke) in ischaemic heart disease Anc Sci Lifev.13(1-2); Jul-Dec 93PMC3336543 </ref>.

Barley: Barley contains greater amounts of soluble and non-soluble starches compared to other cereals, and approximately 17% of the carbohydrate in barley is not absorbed. Undigested carbohydrate produces short chain fatty acids, some which may reduce hepatic glucose production and affect postprandial glycemia. Barley also inhibits serum cholesterol and is also known to reduce blood pressure if given for long term use<ref> Thorburn, A., Muir, J., and Proietto, J. Carbohydrate fermentation decreases hepatic glucose output in healthy subjects. Metabolism1993;42(6):780-785. 8510524 </ref>.

'''''Hingu'''''(Ferula asafoetida): is a resin having ''katu rasa, ushna veerya'' and ''katu vipaka''. Ferula asafoetida exhibits anti-cholesterol anti-hypertensive<ref> Sarkisyan RG. Effect of Ferula on arterial pressure. Meditsinskii Zhurnal Uzbekistana.1969;1969:23–4.Sambaiah K, Srinivasan K. Influence of spices and spice principles on hepatic mixed function oxygenase system in rats. Indian J Biochem Biophys. 1989;26:254–8. [PubMed] </ref> and a potent anti-oxidant properties in experimental animals<ref> Sambaiah K, Srinivasan K. Influence of spices and spice principles on hepatic mixed function oxygenase system in rats. Indian J Biochem Biophys. 1989;26:254–8. [PubMed] </ref>.

'''''Vasa''''' (Adhatoda vasica): has ''tikta rasa, sheeta veerya'' and ''sheeta vipaka'' and is strong anti diabetic and cardio protective<ref> Atal ck.Chemistry and pharmacology of vasicine.Indian drugs 1980 15(2) 15-18 </ref>.

'''''Kharavha ajmoda''''' (Trachyspermemum ammi): is a plant with ''katu, tikta rasa, katu vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. T. ammi has been shown to possess antimicrobial, hypolipidaemic, digestive stimulant, antihypertensive, hepatoprotective, antispasmodic and broncho-dilating properties<ref> Bairwa Ranjan, Singhal Manmohan, Sodha Ravindra Singh and Rajawat Balwant Singh (2011). Medicinal Uses of Trachyspermum Ammi: A Review, The Pharma Research, 5(2): 247-258 </ref>.

'''''Pashanabheda''''' (Berginia ligulata): has ''katu tikta rasa, katu vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. It is a controversial herb and many other plants under the name ''pashanabheda'' are prescribed and used. ''Pashanabheda'' is enlisted in ''mootra virechaniya mahakashaya''. Due to its diuretic property, it can be used in hypertension, congestive cardiac failure, renal complains etc<ref> Nagaratna, A Clinico-Experimental Study of Two Sources of Pashanabheda and Bryophyllum Pinnatum with respect to Mootrala Karma, 2012. Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore </ref>.

Apart from its diuretic properties, ''pashanabheda'' exhibits good anti-diabetic properties. The 80% ethanolic extract of ''pashanabheda'' rhizome was fractionated to investigate for a-glucosidase or anti-diabetic properties. Sample solution were evaluated at dose levels of 5.0, 0.5, 0.05 mg/ml to obtain dose response. The ethyl acetate extract exhibited an inhibitory effect of a-glucosidase properties<ref> Youshikawa M, Nishida N, Shimoda H, Takada M, Kawahara Y, Matsuda. Polyphenol constituents from Salacia species: quantitative analysis of mangiiferin with alpha- glucosidase and aldose reductase inhibitory activities. Yakugaku Zasshi, 1231, 2001, 371-378. </ref>.

'''''Takra''''' (butter milk) is used to relieve ''santarpanajanya vyadhis''. It has prime importance in diet and is supposed to be improve appetite. Its properties and medicinal qualities are described in Ashtanga Hridaya Sutra Sthana chapter 5.

'''''Trikatu''''': is combination of equal parts of ''sunthi, maricha'' and ''pippali''. ''Trikatu'' is regarded as an anti-obesity formulation and has been widely used in anabolic disorders. It is widely used to lower cholesterol and triglycerides and is known to increase HDL levels. In one of the studies it is found that ''trikatu'', by virtue of its ability to reduce triglycerides and LDL cholesterol, increases HDL cholesterol to reduce the risk of hyperlipidaemia and atherosclerosis.<ref> Effect of an indigenous herbal compound preparation ‘Trikatu’ on the lipid profiles of atherogenic diet and standard diet fed Rattus norvegicus Valsala Sivakumar1,Phytotherapy Research Volume 18, Issue 12, pages 976–981, December 2004. </ref> ''Trikatu'' is also known to have immune modulatory properties<ref> Trikatu, an herbal compound as immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory agent in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis-an experimental study Vachana Murunikkara, MahaboobKhan RasoolCellular ImmunologyAvailable online 18 December 2013 </ref> and is known to be a good bioavailability enhancer<ref> Effect of trikatu (PIPERINE) on the pharmacokinetic profile of isoniazid in rabbitsRS Karan, VK Bhargava, SK Garg Year : 1998 , Volume : 30 ,, Issue : 4 , Page : 254-256. </ref>.

'''''Vidanga''''' (Embelia ribes): The properties are ''rasa katu, kashaya rasa, ushna veerya'' and ''katu vipaka''. It is one of the important plants used for relieving worm infestation. ''Vidanga'' exhibits a potent hypoglycaemic and lipid lowering properties<ref> Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Embelia ribes on Dyslipidemia in Diabetic RatsUma Bhandari, Raman Kanojia, and K. K. Pillai Int. Jnl. Experimental Diab. Res., 3:159–162, 2002 </ref>.

'''''Agaru''''' (Aquilaria agallocha): ''Agaru'' is a tropical and sub-tropical, fragrant evergreen tree. The wood is very heavy, and sinks in water. The wood has ''tikta rasa, ushna veerya'' and ''katu vipaka''. It exerts potent immunomodulator and anti inflammatory property<ref> Anti-inflammatory effects and immunomodulatory mechanism of aquilaria agallocha Y.-c. Mao1 , h.-y. Hsu2, y.-h. Chiu2 department of laboratory medicine and biotechnology, department of life science, tzu chi university, hualien, taiwan </ref>.

'''''Sunthi''''' or ginger (Zinziber officinale): Ginger has ''katu rasa, madhura vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. Ginger has been shown to exhibit antioxidant effects. (6)-gingerol appears to be the antioxidant constituent present in ginger, as it was shown to protect HL-60 cells from oxidative stress. Ginger oil has dominative protective effects on DNA damage induced by H2O2. Ginger oil might act as a scavenger of oxygen radical and might be used as an antioxidant<ref> Ma J, Jin X, Yang L and Liu ZL. Diarylheptanoids from the rhizomes of Zingiber officinale. Phytochemistry. 2004;65(8):1137-1143..24 </ref>. In vitro research indicates that gingerols and the related shogaols exhibit cardio depressant properties at low doses and cardiotonic properties at higher doses. Both (6)-shogaol and (6)-gingerol, and the gingerdiones, are reportedly potent enzymatic inhibitors of prostaglandin, thromboxane, and leukotriene biosynthesis. <ref> Shoji N, Iwasa A, Takemoto T, Ishida Y and Ohizumi Y. Cardiotonic principles of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe). </ref> Spiced foods or herbal drinks, containing ginger, have the potential to produce significant effects on metabolic targets, such as satiety, thermogenesis, and fat oxidation thus, useful as anti-obesity agent. Thermogenic ingredients, such as ginger, may be considered as functional agent that could help restore a "positive energy balance" and prevent obesity<ref> Westerterp-Plantenga M, Diepvens K, Joosen AM, Berube-Parent S and Tremblay A. Metabolic effects of spices, teas, and caffeine. Physiol Behav. 8-30-2006;89(1):85-91. </ref>.

'''''Shigru''''' (Moringa olifera): has properties of ''katu, kashaya rasa, ushna veerya'' and ''katu vipaka''. It is widely used in ''santarpaniya vyadhis''. Charak has also elaborated ''shigru'' to be used in obesity and heart diseases. It exhibits strong hypoglycaemic properties.<ref> Effect of Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves aqueous extract therapy on hyperglycemic rats Dolly Jaiswal, Prashant Kumar Rai, Amit Kumar, Shikha Mehta, Geeta Watal. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 123 (2009) 392–396 </ref> The aqueous, ethanol and ether extracts of moringa oleifera leaves contain compounds that cause reduction in heart rate and relaxation of cardiac muscle and have medical use in management of cardiac conditions like hypertension<ref> Effect of moringa oleifera leaf extracts on the isolated rabbit heart and uterus Ntulume, R. Davis URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10570/308Date: 2010-11. </ref>.

'''''Katukrohini''''' or ''kutaki'' (Picrorrhiza kurroa): ''Kutaki'' has ''tikta rasa, katu vipaka'' and ''sheeta veerya''. It possesses a strong hepatoprotective properties due to phytochemical picroliv and also have a potent antioxidant properties<ref> Phytochemical and Pharmacological Standardisation of Polyherbal Tablets For Hepatoprotective Activity Against Carbon Tetrachloride </ref>. It is found to be effective against CCl4 induced hepatic damage in rats, by reversal of increased serum level of SGOT, SGPT, ALP, Cholesterol, Bilirubin and decreases level of total protein which occurs during hepatotoxicit<ref> Induced HepatotoxicityVilas A. Arsul*, R. O. Ganjiwale, P. G. Yeole International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research 2010; 2(4): 265-268 </ref>.

'''''Brihati''''' (Solanum indicum): ''Brihati'' has ''katu tikta rasa, katu vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. Solanum indicum Linn. fruits have laxative and cardiotonic action<ref> Evaluation of laxative and cardiotonic activity of solanum indicum linn. Fruits Prashanta Kumar Deb Journal of Pharmacy and Phytotheraputics J Pharm Phytother 2013, 1:3, 11 – 14 </ref>.

'''''Ativisha''''' (Aconitum hetrophyllum): has ''tikta katu rasa, katu vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. It is ''laghu'' and ''ruksha'' and hence is used in ''santarpaniya vyadhis''. Research showed significant reduction in total cholesterol, TG, apolipoprotein B and increase HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein A in serum samples and HMG CO A properties in liver samples. Properties of LCAT had increased and also there was increased fecal fat excretion. The mechanism explained for hypolipidemic properties was due to inhibition of HMG COA reductase properties and decrease fat absorption from intestine<ref> Arun Koorapally subash, Anu Augustine, Hypo lipidemic effect of methnol fraction of Aconitum heterophyllum wall ex Royle and the mechanism of action in diet induced obese rats. J.Adv.Pharm. Tech. Res, vol.8, (issue 4):oct-dec ,(2012). </ref>.

'''''Sthiram''''' (Shliparni desmodium gangeticum): It has ''madhura, tikta rasa, madhur vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. It has alkaloids, pterocarpans, phospholipids, sterols, flavones and flavonoid glycosides. The plant shows many pharmacological activities like anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, analgesic, anti-amnesic, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant, anti-ulcer, and better CVS activites, CNS depressant, antibacterial, wound healing, antipyretic and several miscellaneous actions<ref> Pharmacological activities of desmodium gangeticum: an Overview Bhavesh Vaghela*, sandip buddhadevleena shukla an international journal of pharmaceutical sciences 08 Vol - 4, issue - 4, jul-sept 2013 issn: 0976-7908 </ref>.

''Kebukmool'' (Costus speciosus): It has ''tikta kashaya rasa, katu vipaka'' and ''sheeta veerya'' and has strong diuretic action. Increased excretion of Na+ and Cl is observed after its administration. It is known to relieve pulmonary edema<ref> International journal of [[Ayurveda]] and Pharmacy Dubey S et al 2012 1(2)648-652 </ref>.

'''''Dhanayaka''''' (Coriander sativum): ''Dhanayaka'' has ''katu, tikta'' and ''madhur rasa'' with ''katu vipaka'' and s''heeta veerya''. It possesses potent diuretic and antioxidant properties. Part of seeds shows a significant hypolipidemic action. There was significant increase in β-hydroxy, β-methyl glutaryl CoA reductase and plasma lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase properties (LCAT) were noted in the experimental group. The level of low density lipoprotein (LDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol decreased while that of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol increased in the experimental group. Besides diuretic properties it also exhibits a strong anti diabetic and anti convulsant action<ref> Dhanapakiam P., J. Mini Joseph, V.K. Ramaswamy, M. Moorthi and A. Senthil Kumar : The cholesterol lowering property of coriander seeds (Coriandrum sativum): Mechanism of action. Journal of Environmental Biology. 2008; 29(1): 53-56 </ref>.

'''''Chitraka''''' (plumbago zeylanica): has ''katu rasa, katu vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. It is one of the famous herbal medicine used for ''agnimandya''. It also has antidiabetic and hypocholesterolemic action. Pharmacological studies carried out by researchers have indicated that plumbago zeylanica has antihyperglycemic effect on diabetes induced animals<ref> Olagunju JA et al. An Investigation into the biochemical basis of the observed hyperglycaemia in rats treated with ethanol root extract of plumbago zeylanica. 1999. 13(4):346-8 </ref>. The ethanol extract of Plumbago zeylanica root on key enzymes of glycolysis and muscle hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase activities were diminished in diabetic rats<ref> Kumar G, Sharmila Banu G, Maheswaran R, Rema S, Rajasekara Pandian M, Murugesan AG. Effect of Plumbago zeylanica L. on blood glucose and plasma antioxidant status in STZ diabetic rats. J Nat Remedies 2007; 7: 66-77. </ref>.

Hypocholesterolemic Action: Pharmacological and Clinical studies carried out indicates that Plumbago zeylanica extract has hypolipidaemic and antiatherosclerotic activities. <ref> Sharma, Nisha and Kaushik, Purshotam. Medicinal, Biological, and Pharmacological Aspects of Plumbago Zeylanica (Linn.), 2014 JPP 2014: 3(4):117-120 </ref>Plumbagin, an active principle isolated from plumbago zeylanica brings about a definite regression of atherosclerosis and prevents the accumulation of cholesterol and triglycerides in liver and aorta. Panchcole, an Ayurvedic formulation containing plumbago zeylanica as one of its chief ingredients has been advocated to produce hypolipidaemic effect<ref>Ram A. Effect of Plumbago zeylanica in hyperlipidaemic rabbits and its modification by vitamin E. Indian J Pharmacol 1996; 28: 161–6.</ref>.

'''''Ajaji''''' (Cumin seed (Cuminum cyminum L.)) has ''katu rasa, ushna veerya'' and ''katu vipaka''. In studies conducted on rats with induced diabetes, cumin reduced blood glucose levels<ref> Talpur N, Echard B, Ingram C, Bagchi D, Preuss H. Effects of a novel formulation of essential oils on glucose-insulin metabolism in diabetic and hypertensive rats: a pilot study. Diabetes Obes Metab . 2005;7(2):193-199. </ref>. One mechanism for this reduction suggests the inhibition of aldose reductase and alpha-glucosidase. In addition, reductions in plasma and tissue cholesterol, phospholipids, free fatty acids, and triglycerides (secondary to diabetes) were demonstrated in another animal study<ref> Lee HS. Cuminaldehyde: aldose reductase and alpha-glucosidase inhibitor derived from Cuminum cyminum L. seeds. J Agric Food Chem . 2005;53(7):2446-2450. </ref>.

'''''Hapusha''''' (Juniperus Communis) has ''katu rasa, ushna veerya'' and ''katu vipaka''. While there are not very many research papers written on the efficacy of Juniper berries and leaves as medicinal herbs, they are said to exhibit potent anti-inflammatory properties and are used to support healthy kidney and urinary tract function, besides promoting healthy blood pressure when taken in normal dosages<ref> http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-724-juniper.aspx?activeingredientid=724&activeingredientname=juniper </ref> .

'''''Sattu''''' is widely used in ''santarpaniya'' disorders. It is prepared by roasting gram flour but has now evolved to include other nutritious flours like barley, wheat etc. ''Sattu'' is a perfect blend of balanced nutrients and is prepared in one of the healthiest cooking methods – roasting. ''Sattu'' has high fibre and phytic acid content. Method of preparing ''sattu'' is such that it retains the nutrient value and increases the shelf life of the ingredients. Roasting can improve protein digestibility. <ref> Nout, M.J.R., 1993. Processed weaning foods for tropical climates. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr., 43: 213-221. </ref>The goal of roasting is to improve sensory qualities and achieve inactivation of destructive enzymes which improves the storage and nutritional quality of the product. <ref> Rackis, J.J., W.J. Wolf and E.C. Baker, 1986. Protease Inhibitor in Plant Foods, Content and Inactivation. In: Toxicological Significance of Enzyme Inhibitors in Food, Friedman, M. (Ed.). Advance in Exph. Med. and Biol. Plenum, New York, pp: 299-347. </ref>Research reports reduced trypsin inhibitor properties when seed temperatures reached 90-100°C. Researchers <ref> Chen, A.O. and J.R. Whitaker, 1986. Purification and characterization of a lipoxygenase from immature English peas. J. Agric. Food Chem., 34: 203-211. </ref>reported lipoxygenase properties was lost at temperatures of 75-80°C. Some also <ref> Shinde, G.B, R.N. Adsule and A.A. Kale, 1991. Effect of dehulling and cooking treatment on phytate phosphorus polyphenols and trypsin inhibitor activity of cowpea seed. Ind. Food Pack, 36: 63-65. </ref>reported that during roasting total phenols and tannins decrease. It has been observed that the <ref> Malik, M., U. Singh and S. Dahiya, 2002. Nutrient composition of pearl millet as influenced by genotypes and cooking methods. J. Food Sci. Technol., 39: 463-468. </ref>reduction in mineral contents during roasting might be due to the loss of nutrients while heating at high temperature.

Elevated plasma cholesterol or elevated LDL-cholesterol concentrations have been shown to be one of the risk factors.<ref> Griffin, John D et al Dietary Cholesterol and Plasma Lipoprotein Profiles: Randomized-Controlled Trials, 2013, 2(4):274-282 </ref>It has been suggested that dietary fibre or more specifically phytate which is a component of fibre can influence the etiology of heart disease<ref> Abdoulaye Coulibaly et al, 2011 Phytic Acid in Cereal Grains: Structure, Healthy or Harmful Ways to Reduce Phytic Acid in Cereal Grains and Their Effects on Nutritional Quality. American Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization Technology, 1: 1-22. Doi: 10.3923/ajpnft.2011.1.22 </ref>. Researchers <ref> Jariwalla, R.J., R. Sabin, S. Lawson and Z.S. Herman, 1990. Lowering of serum cholesterol and triglycerides and modulation of divalent cations by dietary phytate. J. Applied Nutr., 42: 18-28. </ref> showed that dietary phytate supplementation resulted in the lowering of serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels. This effect accompanied the decrease in serum Zn level and Zn-Cu ratio. This is because coronary heart disease appears to be caused by an imbalance of Zn-Cu metabolism.

Above are all the important reasons why ''sattu'' is recommended as one of the important food in ''santarpaniya vyadhi''.
Those individuals who consume these type of formulations can have normalization of [[agni]], [[smriti]] (memory) and [[buddhi]], that is the power of forming and retaining concepts and general notions, intelligence, reason, intellect, discernment, judgment which gets deranged in ''santarpaniya vyadhis'' in latter stages gets normalised.

Those individuals who exercise regularly, who do not eat until the previous meals are completely digested, who do not indulge in overeating, who regularly consume barley and wheat in diet get relief from all the diseases due to ''santarpana'' and obesity. This is how all the ''santarpanjanya vyadhis'' are treated with ''apatarpana'' medicines.

If we observe the herbs mentioned in the management of ''santarpaniya vyadhis'' it is evident from the following table that most of the herbs are ''tikta, katu, kashaya rasa'' dominant having ''katu vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. These properties are attributed to [[akasha]] and [[vayu]] [[mahabhuta]].
</div>

=== Table 1: Concise information about herbs used in management of ''santarpaniya'' diseases ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Name !! Latin name !! Family !! ''Rasa'' !! ''Veerya'' !! ''Vipaka''
|-
| ''Amalaki'' || ''Emblica Officinalis''|| Euphorbiaceae || ''Pancharasa (lavanavarjit) amlapradhana'' || ''Madhura'' || ''Sheeta''
|-
| ''Bibhitak'' || ''Terminalia bellerica''|| Combretaceae || ''Kashaya'' || ''Madhura'' || ''Ushna''
|-
| ''Haritaki'' || ''Terminalia chebula''|| Combretaceae || ''Pancharasa (lavanavarjit) Kashaya pradhana'' || ''Madhura'' || ''Ushna''
|-
| ''Patha'' || ''Cissampelous pareira''|| Meninspermiaceae || ''Tikta'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
| ''Saptparna'' || ''Alstonia scholaris''|| Apoyanaceae || ''Tikta-kashaya'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
| ''Vatsak'' || ''Holarrhena antidysenterica'' || Apoyanaceae || ''Tikta-kashaya'' || ''Katu'' || ''Sheeta''
|-
| ''Nagarmotha'' || ''Cyprus rotundus''|| Cyperaceae || ''Kashaya,tikta,Katu'' || ''Katu'' || ''Sheeta''
|-
| ''Madanphala'' || ''Randia spinosa''|| Rubiaceae || ''Kashaya,madhura,tikta,Katu'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
| ''Nimba'' || ''Azardirecta indica''|| Meliaceae || ''Tikta,katu'' || ''Katu'' || ''Sheeta''
|-
| ''Aragvadh'' || ''Cassia fistula'' || Leguminaceae
(also known as Fabaceae )
| ''Madhura'' || ''Madhura'' || ''Sheeta''
|-
| ''Devdaru'' || Cedrus deodara || pinaceae || ''Tikta'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
| ''Gokhshur'' || Tribulis terreestis || Zygophyllaceae || ''Madhura'' || ''Madhura'' || ''Sheeta''
|-
| ''Khadir'' || Acasia catechu || Leguminaceae
(Sub Family -Mimosoideae )
| ''Tikta kashaya'' || ''Katu'' || ''Sheeta''
|-
| ''Haridra'' || Curcuma longa || Zingiberaceae || ''Tikta katu'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
| ''Daruharidra'' || Berberis aristata || Berberidaceae || ''Tikta kashaya'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
| ''Kushth'' || Saussurea lappa || Compositae || ''Tikta'' || ''Tikta katu madhura'' || ''Ushna''
|-
| ''Hingu'' || Ferula narthex || Umbelliferae || ''Tikta-kashaya'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
| ''Shunthi'' || Zingiber officinale || Zingiberaceae || ''Tikta-kashaya'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
| ''Pimpli'' || Piper longum || Piperaceae || ''Katu'' || ''Madhura'' || ''Anu-ushna, Sheeta''
|-
| ''Maricha'' || Piper nigrm || Piperaceae || ''Katu'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
| ''Ajmoda'' || Carum roxburghianum || Umbelliferae || ''Katu,tikta'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
| ''Pashanbhed'' || Bergenia ligulata || Saxifragaceae || ''Kashaya,tikta'' || ''Katu'' || ''Sheeta''
|-
| ''Vacha'' || Acorus calamus || Araceae || ''Katu,tikta'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
| ''Ativisha'' || Aconiatum
heterophylum
| Ranunculaceae || ''Tikta,katu'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
| ''Ajawayan'' || Trachyspermem
umammi
| Umbelliferae || ''Katu,tikta'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
| ''Vidang'' || Emblic ribes || myrsinaceae || ''Katu,kashaya'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
| ''Shigru'' || Moringa olifera || Moringaceae || ''Katu ,tikta'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
| ''Kutki'' || Picrorhiza kurroa || Scrophulariaceae || ''Tikta'' || ''Madhura'' || ''Sheeta''
|-
| ''Shalparni'' || Desmodium-Gangeticum || leguminosae || ''Madhura,tikta'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
| ''Kebhukmool'' || Costus speciosus || Zinziberaceae || ''Tikta,kashaya'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
| ''Dhanyaka'' || Coriandrum sativum || Umbelliferae || ''Tikta,kashaya,madhura,Katu'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
| ''Chitraka'' || Plumbago zeylanica || Plubaginanaceae || ''Katu'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
| ''Hapusha'' || Juniperus communis || Pinaceae || ''Katu ,tikta'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
| ''Twak'' || Cinnamomum zelyanicum || Lauraceae || ''Katu ,tikta,madhura'' || ''Madhura'' || ''Sheeta''
|-
| ''Bruhati'' || Solanum indicum || Solaneaceae || ''Katu ,tikta'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
| ''Agnimantha'' || Premna mucronata || Verbenaceae || ''Katu,tikta,kashaya,madhura'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
| ''Khajura'' || Phoenix sylvestris || Palmae || ''Madhura'' || ''Madhura'' || ''Sheeta''
|-
| ''Vrukshamal'' || Garcinia indica || Guttiferae || ''Amala(unripened) Madhuramala(ripened)'' || ''Amala'' || ''Ushna''
|-
| ''Dadim'' || Punic a granatum || punicaceae || ''Madhur,kashaya,amala'' || ''Madhur/amala'' || ''Anu-Ushna''
|-
| ''Ajaji (jeerak)'' || Cuminum cyminum || Umbelliferae || ''Katu'' || ''Katu'' || ''Ushna''
|-
| ''Ela'' || Elettaria cardmomum || Zinziberceae || ''Katu , madhura'' || ''Katu'' || ''Sheeta''
|-
| ''Musta'' || Cyprus rotendus || Cyperaceae || ''Tikta,katu, kashaya'' || ''Katu'' || ''Sheeta''
|-
|}
<div style="text-align:justify;">
'''''Phanita''''' (molasses) is a semisolid condensed sugarcane preparation, traditionally used to prepare ''arista, asava'' and other forms of alcoholic fermentation. Its heavy in nature, sweet in taste, nutritive and non - aphrodisiac and aggravates tridosha. ''Sattu'', ghee, whey, sour fruits like Garcinia combojia, and ''kanji'' work as ''tarpana'' medicines in urinary ailments and ''udavarta'' (abnormal conditions characterized by retention of faeces, urine and flatus, associated with pain and leading to or caused by anti-peristaltic movements in the body).

'''''Mantha''''' is a formulation made by adding fourteen times of water and blending it thoroughly. ''Mantha'' of ''kharjura'' (dates), ''manuka'' (resins), gracinia, tamarind, pomegranate, ''falsa'' (Grewia asiatica) and ''amalaki'' is useful in alcoholics and alcohol induced disorders. ''Mantha'' prepared out of sweet and sour substances if mixed together and added with or without ghee proves to be ''santarpana'' and improves strength, lustre and power of body.

'''''Kharjura''''' (dates, Phoenix dactylifera) has ''madhura rasa, sheeta veerya'' and ''madhura vipaka''. It is highly nutritious, and has therapeutic effect in the prevention of diseases through modulation of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, besides other effects. It contains insignificant amounts of fat and has no cholesterol. It is rich in potassium and iron, besides having adequate levels of B-Complex group of vitamins. They contain health benefiting flavonoid polyphenolic antioxidants. Zea-xanthin is an important dietary carotenoid that selectively gets absorbed in the retinal macula lutea, where it is thought to provide antioxidant and protective light-filtering functions. It thus offers protection against age-related macular degeneration, especially in elderly populations.

'''''Mrudvika''''' are raisins made of dried grapes. They have ''madhura rasa, madhura vipaka'' and ''sheeta veerya'' and have potent nutritional properties. The most abundant are polyphenol, phenolic acid, tannin are the flavonols, quercetin, kaempferol, phenolic acids, caftaric and coutaric acid. On a wet weight basis, some polyphenol, phenolic acid, and tannin, such as protocatechuic and oxidized cinnamic acids, are present at a higher level in raisins compared to grapes. In human intervention studies, raisins can lower the postprandial insulin response, modulate sugar absorption (glycemic index), affect certain oxidative biomarkers, and promote satiety via leptin and ghrelin<ref> Williamson G, Carughi A. Polyphenol content and health benefits of raisins. Nutr Res. 2010 Aug;30(8):511-9. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2010.07.005. </ref>.

'''''Dadima''''' (Punica Granatum): It is ''madhura, kashaya'' and ''amla rasa'' with ''ushna veerya'' and ''madhura vipaka.'' Pomegranates have the potential to thin the blood, increase blood flow to the heart, reduce blood pressure, reduce plaque in the arteries, and reduce bad cholesterol while increasing good cholesterol<ref> Lansky, E.; Shubert, S.; Neeman, I. Pharmacological and therapeutical properties of pomegranate. In Proceedings 1st International Symposium on Pomegranate; Megarejo, P.; Martı´nez, J. J.; </ref>. Pomegranate seed oil and fermented juice polyphenols tend to inhibit breastcancer cell proliferation, invasion, and promotes apoptosis of breast cancer cells<ref> N.D., R. Mehta, W. Yu, I. Neeman, T. Livney, A. Amichay, D.Poirier, P. Nicholls, A. Kirby, W. Jiang, R. Mansel, C.Ramachandran, T. Rabi, B. Kaplan, and E. Lansky:Chemopreventive and adjuvant therapeutic potential of pomegranate (Punica granatum) for human breast cancer.Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 2002; 71(3): 203-17 </ref>.

'''''Falasa''''' (Grewia asiatica): has ''kashaya, amla, madhura rasa'' and ''laghu, veerya sheeta guna'' and ''madhura vipaka''. It is useful in ''madatya, pittaprakopa, trishna, daha, hridroga, amavata, vatarakta, shoola, kshaya, rohini, yoniroga, vrana, jwara''. It shows a potent antioxidant properties and shows radio protective properties<ref> Sharma KV, Sisodia R. Evaluation of free radical scavenging activity and radioprotective efficacy of Grewia asiatica fruit. J Radio Prot 2009; 29: 429–443. </ref>.

If we observe the food substances, fruits and other edibles which are advised for the management of ''apatarpana'' have high glycemic index. Dates, raisins, and certain fruits mentioned are fast energy giving substances while formulation with sattu are slow energy giving substances.

It is very interesting to note that honey and sattu are used both in ''apatarpana'' and ''santarpaniya vyadhis''. In ''santarpanajanya vyadhis, sattu'' is used along with certain herbs, which are ''tikta'' and ''katu rasa'' dominant. Apart from herbs oil, ghee and honey in prescribed portion is used. While in ''apatarpana'' diseases ''sattu'' has been used along with sugar, alcoholic beverages, honey, oil and ghee. This is the importance of ''samayoga'' (combination) of ''dravyas'' mentioned by Charak elsewhere. ''Sattu'' when advised with alcoholic beverages or with certain sour substance exerts different nutritional properties.

When ''sattu'' is given with acidic and fermented substances like alcohol, an enzymetic degradation of phytic acid of ''sattu'' is observed. Such a reduction in phytate may increase the amount of soluble iron, zinc and calcium several folds. This makes the combination of sattu more nutritious as compared to the formulation mentioned in the management of santarpanajanya diseases.
Over-nutrition and disorders induced by it leads to immune activation or susceptibility to inflammatory diseases, such as diabetes while under nutrition results in immune suppression or susceptibility to infection. Over-nutrition (prolonged intake of high fat/sugar diets) and infection lead to chronic and acute inflammation through nutrient and pathogen sensing systems, respectively<ref> Wellen KE, Hotamisligil GS: Inflammation, stress, and diabetes. J Clin Invest 2005, 115:1111-1119. </ref>

=== List of research works done as post graduate and post doctoral level on obeisty, dyslipidemia, hyperlipidemia ===

About 42 research works are found on the subject of hyperlipidaemia with various aspects like aetiopathogenesis and management. Some important work on hyperlipidaemia and hypercholesterolaemia are as follows:

Faculty of [[Ayurveda]], IMS, Banaras Hindu University,Varanasi:

#Satyavati G.V. (1966): Effect of an indigenous drug on lipid metabolism w.s.r to obesity and atherosclerosis.
#Shastri V. V. (1967): Effect of certain indigenous drugs on intraarterial thrombosis associated with hyperlipidaemia.
#Tripathi S N (1973): Studies on the use of Oleoresin Guggulu an indigenous drug in the disorders of lipids.
#Agarwal D.V. (1973): Clinical and experimental studies on Ayurvedic hypocholesterolaemic drugs.
#Upadhayaya B.N. (1975): Clinical and experimental study on hypocholesterolaemic and hypolipidaemic action of Gum Guggulu.
#Sharma Sudhakar (1975): Studies on effect of Terminalia tomentosa on hyperglycaemia and hypercholesterolaemia.
#Gupta (Smt.) Mithilesh (1977): Effect of C. mukul and endocrinal and biochemical changes in hyperlipidaemia.
#Gupta O.P. (1981): An assessment of intermittent use of C. mukul (Guggulu) in the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia and hyperlipidaemia in IHD.
#Ranasingha S G (1990): A critical study on the concept of lipid group of drugs (Charka) in the management of lipidaemia and ischaemic heart disease.
#Mamgain Pratibha (1991) :Study of lipid profile in individuals of IHD and evaluation of hypolipidaemic action of Lekhaneeya drugs Vacha and Ativisha.

State Ayurvedic College, Lucknow:

#Mishra Ramanand (1975): The effect of Arogyavardhini in relation to obesity and blood cholesterol.
#Shali Bala (1978): Role of Arogyavardhini on blood lipids and Medoroga with Anupan of Sharangdhar Mahamanjishthadi Kwath.
#Nigam R. P. (1982): Clinical trial of Arogya-vardhini-herbal in cases of raised Raktagata Sneha (Hyperlipidaemia).

National Institute of [[Ayurveda]], Jaipur:

#Sood Rajiv (1999) : Clinical evaluation of Bala-Hareetaki on serum cholesterol.
#Bhaskar Rao (2002) : Aetiopathologial study of hyperlipidaemia w.s.r. to Sthaulya : a clinical study.
#Gupta Keshav Prasad (2005) : Aetiopathological studies of hyperlipidaemia (Medodushti) w.s.r to Diabetes mellitus and therapeutic trial of Ayurvedic formulation (Lipidocare).

Gopabandhu [[Ayurveda]] Mahavidyalaya, Puri :

#Tripathy U.C. (1985): Concept of Medoroga vis-à-vis Hyperlipidaemia and its management with Navaka Guggulu.
#Pande S (2002) : Biological effect of Lekhana Basti w.s.r. to lipid profile.

Smt. K G M Punarvasu [[Ayurveda]] College,Mumbai:

#Majumadar Dattatraya B. (1990): Rasagata-Sneha (cholesterol) Ka Naidanika Chikitsatmaka Adhyayana.
#Kadam Sandhya (1997): Hyperlipidaemia (Rasa-Raktagata Sneha Vriddhi) mein Amritadi Yoga Ka Prayoga Chikitsatmaka Adhyayana.
#Ratnakaran Anuradha R. (1997): Clinical evaluation of the role of Navaka Guggulu on the Rasa-Raktagata-Sneha-Vriddhi.
#More Manojkumar B. (1998): Methika-Beeja Ka hyperchole-sterolaemia (Rasa-Raktagata Sneha Vriddhi) mein Prayoga.
#Virkar Dattu (1998): Mustadi Mahakashaya (Lekhaneeya Gana) Ka hyperlipidaemia (Rasagata-Sneha-Vriddhi) mein prayoga aur Chikitsatmaka Adhyayana.
#Jagtap Reshma (1999): Hyperlipidaemia (Rasagata-Sneha-Vriddhi) evam Hypertension (Uchha-Rakta-Chapa) mein Krishnadi Choorna ka Prayoga aur Chikitsatmaka Adhyayana.
#Jankar Nilambari (2002): Hyperlipidaemia (Rasa-Raktagata-Sneha) mein Lekhaneeya Mahakashaya (Gana) Kala Basti Ek Chikitsatmaka Adhyayana.
#Paradkar Hemant S (2004): Rasa-Raktagata-Sneha-Vriddhi mein Trishila Guggulu (Triphala, Shilajit, Guggulu) yoga ka Chikitsatmaka Adhyayana.

Government Ayurvedic College, Trivandrum :

#Ravindran C.A. (1986): A clinical evaluation of hyperchole-sterolaemia w.s.r. to Kalasaka.
#Suresh Babu M.R. (1994): A clinical study to assess the efficacy of Lekhaneeya Gana in hypercholesterolaemia.
#Ansari P.Y. (1994): An experimental study on effect of Musta (Cyperus rotundus) in hypercholesterolaemia.
#Johny Joseph (1995) : A study to assess the hypolipidaemic properties of Dolichos biphlorus (Kulatha).
#Sreelatha P.K.(1996):Management of hypercholesterolaemia with an Ayurvedic compound.
#Suresh A.V. (1999): A study on Snehapana in hyperchole-sterolaemia conditions during treatment.
#Razeena K. (2003): Pharmaceutical preparation and standardization of compound herbomineral preparation and its efficacy in hypercholesterolaemia.
#Seemaja G. (2003): A clinical study to assess the efficacy of Ayurvedic compound in the management of hyperlipidaemia,
#Pankajam P. K. (2003) : A study on the effect of selected modalities of Yoga and naturopathy in the control of hyperlipidaemia.

Tilak [[Ayurveda]] Mahavidyalaya, Pune:

#Kad Vilas S (1997): Study of lipids/Prasadakaya Dhatu with reference toAyurvedic Swastha and Atura Pareekshana.

University of Pune:

#Arora N. K. (2001): Effect of Hareetaki (Terminalia chebula ratha.) in hypercholesterolaemia.

B V College of [[Ayurveda]], Pune:

#Sankapal Milind Kumar (2005): Upashayatmak study of Ushnodaka on blood cholesterol and Sthaulaya lakshana.

Rajiv Gandhi Govt. PG Institute of [[Ayurveda]], Paprola:

#Gupta Madhu (2000): Effect of Ayurvedic formulation on Medoroga w.s.r. to Hyperlipidaemia.

Institute of Postgraduate Education and Research in [[Ayurveda]],Kolkata:

#Mishra D K (1991) : Role of Commiphora mukul and P. compound in Medoroga w.s.r. to obesity and cholesterol.
Govt. Ayurvedic Medical College, Mysore:
#Suchitra S.S. (2002) : A study on Rookshna Chikitsa w.s.r. to the effect of Shuddha Guggulu and Shuddha Shilajatu on Sthaulya (hypercholesterolaemia) A comparative study.

SDGM [[Ayurveda]] Medical College, Gadag:

#Mudigoudar Yoshadha S (2000) : The efficacy of Pippalyadi Guggulu in Medoroga (w.s.r. to its hypolipidaemic effect).
</div>

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== References==

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Herbs details

2026-09-16T07:27:08Z

Agnivesha:

Herbs details:
Herbs in [[Charak Samhita]]

# [[Amalaki]]
# [[Bibhitaki]]
# [[Haritaki]]
# [[Shunthi]]
# [[Maricha]]
# [[Pippali]]
# [[Chitraka]]
# [[Vidanga]]
# [[Musta]]
# [[Guduchi]]
# [[Brahmi]]
# [[Shankhapushpi]]
# [[Ashwagandha]]
# [[Shatavari]]
# [[Haridra]]
# [[Arjuna]]
# [[Guggulu]]
# [[Yashtimadhu]]
# [[Lodhra]]
# [[Agnimantha]]
# [[Bilva]]
# [[Nimba]]
# [[Lashuna]]
# [[Punarnava]]
# [[Gokshura]]
# [[Surasa|Tulasi]] ([[Surasa]])
# [[Lavanga]]
# [[Manjishtha]]
# [[Karanja]]
# [[Bhumyamalaki]]
# [[Usheera]]
# [[Talisa]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants and Botanical Names in Charak Samhita
! Sr. No. !! Sanskrit Name !! Synonyms !! Botanical Name
|-
| 1 || [[Bibhitaki|Aksha]]|| [[Bibhitaki|Bibhitaki, kaliphala, Bhutavasa, Kalidruma]]|| '''[[Bibhitaki|Terminalia bellirica Roxb]]'''
|-
| 2 || Aguru || Agaru, loha, krimija, rajarha || '''Aquilaria agallocha Roxb'''
|-
| 3 || [[Agnimantha]]|| Jaya, Sriparni, Ganikarika, Jayanti, Tarkari, Nadeyi, Vai jayanti || '''[[Agnimantha|Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn.f.]]'''
|-
| 4 || Ankola || Ankoda, Deerghakeela, Nikochaka, Tamraphala, Gupta Sneha || '''Alangium lamarkii Thw., (Alangium salviifolium)'''
|-
| 5 || Ajamoda || Karavi, Deepyaka, Shikhimoda || '''Apium graveolens'''
|-
| 6 || Atasi || uma, picchila, devi, medagandha, madotkata, kshuma, hemavati,masruna || '''Linum usitatissimum Linn.'''
|-
| 7 || Atibala || rishyaprokta, kankatika,Balika, Vatyapushpy, Bhuribala || '''Abutilon indicum. (Link)'''
|-
| 8 || Ativisha || shrungi, virupa, pittadivallabha, shwetvaca, visha, madri || '''Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. Cat.'''
|-
| 9 || Aparajita || Shanhapushpi,Girikarnika, Visnukranta,Sephanda || '''Clitoria ternatea L.'''
|-
| 10 || Apamarga || Shikhari,durgraha, adhashalya, karmanjri, pratyakpushpi || '''Achyranthes aspera Linn.'''
|-
| 11 || Ambashtaki || laghu patha,Uttanaparni, prachina,varatikta, Aviddhakarni,kuchelika || '''Cissampelos pareira Linn'''
|-
| 12 || Amlikakanda || || '''Dioscorea oppositifolia L.'''
|-
| 13 || Arimeda || Irimeda, Vidkhadira || '''Acacia leucophloea Willd.'''
|-
| 14 || Arka || Ravi, Bhanu, Tapana,Tulaphala, vikirana,ksheeraparna || '''Calotropis gigantea'''
|-
| 15 || [[Surasa|Surasa, Tulasi, Arjaka]]|| Kutherak, Phaninjhak, Arjaka(Tulsi bheda), Barbari,Shweta tulasi || '''[[Surasa|Ocimum sanctum L., (syn. Ocimum tenuiflorum L., Ocimum gratissimum L.)]]'''
|-
| 16 || [[Arjuna]]|| Indradru, Nadisarja, Dhavala, Kakubha, Partha, Shweta vaha, || '''[[Arjuna|Terminalia Arjuna]]'''
|-
| 17 || Avakpushpi || || '''Trichodesma indicum'''
|-
| 18 || Ashoka || Madhupushpa,Raktapallavaka, Hemapushpa, Pindipushpa, Nata, Pallavadru, || '''Saraca indica Linn.'''
|-
| 19 || Ashmantaka || Yugmapatra, yaalapatraka, kanchini || '''Bauhinia racemosa. Lam.'''
|-
| 20 || [[Ashwagandha]]|| [[Ashwagandha|Balada, kamarupini, vajini,Gandhapatri]]|| '''[[Ashwagandha|Withania somnifera]]'''
|-
| 21 || Aswattha || pippala, shrivriksha, sevya,bodhidru, pavitraka,krishnavasa || '''Ficus religiosa L.'''
|-
| 22 || Asana || Beejaka, Vijayasara || '''Bridelia Montana Wall., Pterocarpus marsupium'''
|-
| 23 || Akhuparni || vriddhadaru, akhukarni, shubhashreni, krushika, dravanti || '''Ipomoea reniformis Chois.'''
|-
| 24 || Adhaki || Tuvari, Shanapushpika, Kalavrunta || '''Cajanus indicus Spreng'''
|-
| 25 || Atmagupta || Kapikachu, kapiloma, swayamgupta,Markati || '''Mucuna pruriens D.C.'''
|-
| 26 || [[Amalaki]]|| [[Amalaki|Dhatri, Dhatriphala, Sriphala, Vayastha,vayasya]]|| '''[[Amalaki|Phyllanthus emblica L./ Emblica officinalis]]'''
|-
| 27 || Amra || Madhuphala, Madhuli, Madhavadruma, Sahakara, parapushta || '''Manjifera indica L.'''
|-
| 28 || Ikshu || Asipatra, Bhurirasa, Dirghacchada, Gudamula, Trnarasa || '''Saccharum officinarum L.'''
|-
| 29 || Ikshuraka || Kokilaksha? || '''Hygrophila spinosa T.Anderson'''
|-
| 30 || Ingudi || Higupatra, Tapasadruma,Angaravruksha,Pootikantaka || '''Balanites roxburghii Plauch., (Balanites aegyptiaca (Linn) Del.)'''
|-
| 31 || Itkada || Utkata, Vanajayanti || '''Sesbania aculeate Pers.'''
|-
| 32 || Ucchadaka || Uttingana? || '''Blepharis edulis Pers.'''
|-
| 33 || Udumbara || || '''Ficus glomerata Roxb., ( Ficus racemosa)'''
|-
| 34 || Upodika || || '''Basella rubra L.'''
|-
| 35 || Eraka || || '''Typha elephantine Roxb.'''
|-
| 36 || Ervaru || || '''Cucumis utilissimus L.'''
|-
| 37 || Eranda || || '''Ricinus communis L.'''
|-
| 38 || Katutumbi || || '''Lagenaria Vulgaris Ser.'''
|-
| 39 || Katuphala || || '''Hibiscus abelmoschus L.'''
|-
| 40 || Kandakari || || '''Solanum xanthocarpum Sche.'''
|-
| 41 || Kadamba || || '''Anthocephalus cadamba Miq.'''
|-
| 42 || Kadara || || '''Acacia Senegal Willd.'''
|-
| 43 || Kapittha || || '''Feronia elephantanum Correa.'''
|-
| 44 || Karamarda || || '''Carissa carandas L.'''
|-
| 45 || Karavira || || '''Nerium odorum Soland'''
|-
| 46 || Karira || || '''Copparis aphylla Roth'''
|-
| 47 || [[Karanja]]|| || '''[[Karanja|Pongamia pinnata/glabra Vent.]]'''
|-
| 48 || Karkatashrungi || || '''Rhuus succedanea L.'''
|-
| 49 || Karkandhu || || '''Zizyphus nummularia W.C.'''
|-
| 50 || Karpura || || '''Dryobalanops aromatic Goertn.'''
|-
| 51 || Kalaya || || '''Lathyrus sativus L.'''
|-
| 52 || Kasheruka || || '''Seirpus kysoor R.'''
|-
| 53 || Kakamachi || || '''Solanum nigrum L.'''
|-
| 54 || Karavellika || || '''Momordica charantia L.'''
|-
| 55 || Karpasa || || '''Gossypium herbacum L.'''
|-
| 56 || Kalanusariva || || '''Ichnocarpus frutenscens Br.'''
|-
| 57 || Kashmari || || '''Gmelina arborea L.'''
|-
| 58 || Kasamarda || || '''Cassia occidentalis L.'''
|-
| 59 || Kiratatikta || || '''Swertia chirata Ham.'''
|-
| 60 || Kutaja || || '''Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall.'''
|-
| 61 || Kutumbaka || || '''Leucas linifolia Spreng.'''
|-
| 62 || Kumarajeeva || || '''Putranjiva roxburghii Wall.'''
|-
| 63 || Kumbhi || || '''Careya arborea R.'''
|-
| 64 || Kurandaka || || '''Barleria prionitis L.'''
|-
| 65 || Kusumbha || || '''Carathmus tinctoricus L.'''
|-
| 66 || Kovidara || || '''Bauhinia variegate L.'''
|-
| 67 || Koshataki || || '''Luffa acutangula varamara Clerke'''
|-
| 68 || Koshamra || || '''Scheleichera trijuga Willd.'''
|-
| 69 || Kumkuma || || '''Crocus sativus L.'''
|-
| 70 || Khadira || || '''Acacia catechu Willd.'''
|-
| 71 || [[Guggulu]]|| || '''[[Guggulu|Commiphora/Balsamodendron mukul Hook.]]'''
|-
| 72 || Gunja || || '''Abrus precatorius L.'''
|-
| 73 || [[Guduchi]]|| || '''[[Guduchi|Tinospora cordifolia Miers.]]'''
|-
| 74 || [[Gokshura]]|| || '''[[Gokshura|Tribulus terrestris L.]]'''
|-
| 75 || Gojihwa || || '''Elephantopus scaber L.'''
|-
| 76 || Chakramarda || || '''Cassia tora L.'''
|-
| 77 || Chanchu || || '''Corchorus oilitorius L.'''
|-
| 78 || Chandana || || '''Santalum album L.'''
|-
| 79 || Charmakasha || || '''Acacia concinna D.C.'''
|-
| 80 || Changeri || || '''Oxalis corniculata L.'''
|-
| 81 || [[Chitraka]]|| || '''[[Chitraka|Plumbago zeylanica L.]]'''
|-
| 82 || Chirabilva || || '''Holoptelia integrifolia Planch.'''
|-
| 83 || Chirmata || || '''Cucumis melo L.'''
|-
| 84 || Chilli || || '''Chenopodium album L.'''
|-
| 85 || Choraka || || '''Agelica glauca Edgew.'''
|-
| 86 || Jambu || || '''Eugenia jambos Lamk.'''
|-
| 87 || Jaya || || '''Sesbania egyptica Pers.'''
|-
| 88 || Jalapippali || || '''Lippia nodiflora Rich.'''
|-
| 89 || Jati || || '''Myristica fragrens Houtt.'''
|-
| 90 || Jingini || || '''Odina wodier Roxb.'''
|-
| 91 || Jeeraka || || '''Cuminum cyminum L.'''
|-
| 92 || Jyotishmati || || '''Celestrus paniculata Willd.'''
|-
| 93 || Tamala || || '''Cinnamomum tamala Fr. Nees.'''
|-
| 94 || Tintidika || || '''Tamarindus indica L.'''
|-
| 95 || Tinduka || || '''Diospyros embryopteris Pers.'''
|-
| 96 || Tila || || '''Sesamum indicum L.'''
|-
| 97 || Tilaparni || || '''Gynandropis pentaphylla D.C'''
|-
| 98 || Tumburu || || '''Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb.'''
|-
| 99 || Tuda || || '''Morus indica L.'''
|-
| 100 || Trivrut || || '''Ipomea turpethum Br.'''
|-
| 101 || Dadima || || '''Punica granatum L.'''
|-
| 102 || Daruharidra || || '''Berberis aristata D.C'''
|-
| 103 || Dipyaka || || '''Carum copticum Benth.'''
|-
| 104 || Dugdhika || || '''Euphorbia pilulifera L.'''
|-
| 105 || Duralabha || || '''Fagonia Arabica L.'''
|-
| 106 || Durva || || '''Cynodon dactylon Pers.'''
|-
| 107 || Draksha || || '''Vitis vinifera L.'''
|-
| 108 || Dhanvana || || '''Grewia tiliefolia Vahl.'''
|-
| 109 || Dhava || || '''Anogeisssus latifolia Wall.'''
|-
| 110 || Dhataki || || '''Woodfordia floribunda Slisb.'''
|-
| 111 || Dhanyaka || || '''Coriandrum sativum'''
|-
| 112 || Nanditaka || || '''Ficus retusa L.'''
|-
| 113 || Nalika || || '''Onosma echioides L.'''
|-
| 114 || Naranga || || '''Citrus aurantium L.'''
|-
| 115 || Nadi || || '''Ipomea aquatica Forsk.'''
|-
| 116 || [[Nimba]]|| || '''[[Nimba|Azadirachta indica]] '''
|-
| 117 || Nirgundi || || '''Vitex negundo L.'''
|-
| 118 || Nilika || || '''Indigofera tinctoria L.'''
|-
| 119 || Nyagrodha || || '''Ficus bengalensis L.'''
|-
| 120 || Patola || || '''Trichosanthes dioica Roxb.'''
|-
| 121 || Patra || || '''Cinnamomum iners Reinw.'''
|-
| 122 || Padmaka || || '''Prunus puddum Roxb.'''
|-
| 123 || Parushaka || || '''Grewia asiatica L.'''
|-
| 124 || Parpataka || || '''Rangia repens Nees.'''
|-
| 125 || Paravata || || '''Psidium guyava L.'''
|-
| 126 || Pashanabheda || || '''Saxifraga lingulata Wall.'''
|-
| 127 || [[Pippali]]|| || '''[[Pippali|Piper longum L.]]'''
|-
| 128 || Pilu || || '''Salvadora persica L.'''
|-
| 129 || [[Punarnava]]|| || '''[[Punarnava|Boerhavia diffusa L.]]'''
|-
| 130 || Prasarani || || '''Pederia fetida L.'''
|-
| 131 || Prachinamalaka || || '''Flacourtia cataphracta Roxb.'''
|-
| 132 || Piyala || || '''Aglaia roxburghiana Miq.'''
|-
| 133 || Plaksha || || '''Ficus tsiela Roxb.'''
|-
| 134 || Phenila || || '''Sapindus trifoliatus L.'''
|-
| 135 || Bakula || || '''Mimusops elengi L.'''
|-
| 136 || Badara || || '''Zizyphus jujube Lamk.'''
|-
| 137 || [[Bilva]]|| || '''[[Bilva|Aegle marmelos Corr.]]'''
|-
| 138 || Bijaka || || '''Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.'''
|-
| 139 || Bijapuraka || || '''Citrus medica L.'''
|-
| 140 || Bruhati || || '''Solanum indicum L.'''
|-
| 141 || [[Brahmi]]|| || '''[[Brahmi|Bacopa monnieri]]'''
|-
| 142 || Bhavya || || '''Dillenia indica L.'''
|-
| 143 || Bhrigaraja || || '''Eclipta alba Hassk.'''
|-
| 144 || Mandukaparni || || '''Hydrocotyle asiatica L.'''
|-
| 145 || Madana || || '''Randia dumatorum Lam.'''
|-
| 146 || Madhuka || || '''Bassia latifolia Roxb.'''
|-
| 147 || [[Maricha]]|| || '''Piper nigrum L.'''
|-
| 148 || Mamsi || || '''Nardostachys jatamansi D.C'''
|-
| 149 || Mudga || || '''Phaseolus mungo L.'''
|-
| 150 || [[Musta]]|| || '''[[Musta|Cyperus rotundus L.]]'''
|-
| 151 || Murva || || '''Clematis triloba Heyne.'''
|-
| 152 || Mulaka || || '''Raphanus sativus L.'''
|-
| 153 || Yava || || '''Hordeum vulgarae L.'''
|-
| 154 || Yavasaka || || '''Alhagi maumorum Desv.'''
|-
| 155 || Raktotpala || || '''Nymphoea lotus L.'''
|-
| 156 || Rajakshavaka || || '''Doemia extensa Br.'''
|-
| 157 || Rajamasha || || '''Vigna catiang Endl.'''
|-
| 158 || Rajadana || || '''Mimusops hexandra Roxb.'''
|-
| 159 || Rasna || || '''Pluchea lanceolata Oliv.'''
|-
| 160 || Ruha || || '''Loranthus falcatus L.'''
|-
| 161 || Rohini || || '''Soymida febrifuge Juss.'''
|-
| 162 || [[Lashuna]]|| || '''[[Lashuna|Allium sativum L.]]'''
|-
| 163 || Likucha || || '''Artocarpus lokoocha Roxb.'''
|-
| 164 || Lonika || || '''Portulaca oleracea L.'''
|-
| 165 || [[Lodhra]]|| || '''[[Lodhra|Symplocos recemosa Roxb.]]'''
|-
| 166 || Vacha || || '''Acorus calamus L.'''
|-
| 167 || Vanjula || || '''Salix tetrasperma Roxb.'''
|-
| 168 || Varuna || || '''Cratoeva religiosa Forst.'''
|-
| 169 || Vatama || || '''Prunus amygdalus Baill.'''
|-
| 170 || Vartaka || || '''Solanum melongena L.'''
|-
| 171 || Vasa || || '''Adhatoda vasica Nees.'''
|-
| 172 || Vikankata || || '''Gymnosporia Montana Benth.'''
|-
| 173 || [[Vidanga]]|| || '''[[Vidanga|Embelia ribes Burn.]]'''
|-
| 174 || Vidari || || '''Ipomea digitata L.'''
|-
| 175 || [[Shankhapushpi]]|| Shankhahva, Mangalyakusuma, Keshi, Vishnukranta|| '''[[Shankhapushpi|Evolvulus alsinoides L.]]'''
|-
| 176 || Shana || || '''Crotalaria juncea L.'''
|-
| 177 || Shanapushpi || || '''Crotalaria verrucosa L.'''
|-
| 178 || Shatapushpa || || '''Peucedanum graveolens Benth.'''
|-
| 179 || [[Shatavari]]|| || '''[[Shatavari|Asparagus racemosus Willd.]]'''
|-
| 180 || Shami || || '''Prosopis spicigera L.'''
|-
| 181 || Shallaki || || '''Boswellia serrate Roxb.'''
|-
| 182 || Shaliparni || || '''Desmodium gangeticum D.C.'''
|-
| 183 || Shalmali || || '''Bambox malabarica D.C.'''
|-
| 184 || Shimshapa || || '''Dalbergia sisso Roxb.'''
|-
| 185 || Shigru || || '''Moringa pterygosperma Goertn.'''
|-
| 186 || Shirisha || || '''Albezzia lebbeck Benth.'''
|-
| 187 || [[Shunthi|Shringavera]] [[Shunthi|(Shunthi/Aardraka)]]|| || '''Zingiber officinale Rose.'''
|-
| 188 || Shringataka || || '''Trapa bispinosa Roxb.'''
|-
| 189 || Saptaparna || || '''Alstonia scholaris R. Br.'''
|-
| 190 || Sarja || || '''Shorea robusta'''
|-
| 191 || Sarshapa || || '''Brassica campestris L.'''
|-
| 192 || Sariva || || '''Hemmidesmus indicus Br.'''
|-
| 193 || Sudha || || '''Euphorbia nerifolia L.'''
|-
| 194 || Surasa || || '''Ocimum sanctum L.'''
|-
| 195 || Somaraji || || '''Proralea corylifolia L.'''
|-
| 196 || Hamsapadi || || '''Adjantum lunulatum Burm.'''
|-
| 197 || Hapusha || || '''Juniperus communis L.'''
|-
| 198 || Hastidanti || || '''Croton oblongifolius Roxb.'''
|-
| 199 || [[Haridra]]|| || '''[[Haridra|Curcuma longa L.]]'''
|-
| 200 || Hemadugdha || || '''Argimone mexicana L.'''
|}

Talisa

2026-09-16T07:25:24Z

Agnivesha:

{{#seo:
|title=Talisa
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Talisa, Talisapatra, Abies webbiana, Abies spectabilis, Himalayan Silver Fir, Bronchodilator, Expectorant, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia, Talisadi Churna, Phytochemicals, Medicinal plants
|description=Monograph on Talisapatra (Abies webbiana Lindl.): comprehensive botanical profile, classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics, phytochemical constituents, and evidence-based therapeutic efficacy.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=Talisapatra - Abies webbiana
|type=article
}}
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abies_spectabilis Abies webbiana Lindl.]

{{Infobox
|title = Talisapatra (Talisa)
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Talisa
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abies_spectabilis Abies webbiana Lindl.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Pinaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}
[[File:Talisapatra.jpg|alt=Talisapatra|thumb|'''Talisa (''Abies webbiana'')''']]
'''Talisapatra''' (Latin: ''Abies webbiana'' Lindl., synonym: ''Abies spectabilis'' (D.Don) Spach; family: Pinaceae) is a lofty, evergreen coniferous tree native to the high-altitude Himalayan belt. In [[Ayurveda]], its aromatic leaves are regarded as a premier natural expectorant, bronchodilator, carminative, and Kapha-Vata pacifying medicine, famously constituting the primary bio-enhancer and botanical cornerstone of ''Talisadi Churna''.<ref name="API">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=4 |pages=58–59 |edition=Part I}}</ref>

== Botanical & Vernacular Names ==
* '''Botanical Name:''' ''Abies webbiana'' Lindl. / ''Abies spectabilis'' (D.Don) Spach
* '''Family:''' Pinaceae (Coniferae)
* '''English Names:''' Himalayan silver fir, East Himalayan fir, Indian silver fir
* '''Sanskrit / Classical Names:''' ''Talisapatra'', ''Talisa'', ''Patradhya''
* '''Hindi:''' Talispatra, Chilrow
* '''Bengali:''' Talishpatra, Talish
* '''Tamil:''' Talisapatri
* '''Telugu:''' Taleesapatri

== Synonyms in Classical Texts ==
* '''Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu:'''<ref name="Bhavaprakash">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=K. C. |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Karpuradi varga, verse 114 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
** ''Talisa'' – Traditional designation.
** ''Patradhya'' – Characterized by dense, abundant, and prominent foliage.
** ''Dhatripatra'' – Pectinate leaf arrangement resembling the feathery foliage of Amalaki (''Phyllanthus emblica'').
** ''Madhurapatra'' – Leaves possessing an intrinsically faint sweet aftertaste.

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Talisapatra possesses hot potency and lightness, making it particularly potent in counteracting obstructive mucus and cold imbalances:<ref name="API" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
| 1 || '''Taste (''[[Rasa]]'')''' || Sweet (''Madhura''), Bitter (''Tikta''), Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 2 || '''Potency (''[[Veerya]]'')''' || Hot (''Ushna'')
|-
| 3 || '''Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'')''' || Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 4 || '''Qualities (''[[Guna]]'')''' || Light (''Laghu''), Sharp / Penetrating (''Tikshna'')
|-
| 5 || '''Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'')''' || Pacifies Kapha and Vata (''Kapha-Vatahara'')
|-
| 6 || '''Specific Actions (''[[Karma]]'')''' || Expectorant and anti-tussive (''Kasahara''), Bronchodilatory (''Swasahara''), Digestive stimulant (''Deepana''), Heart congenial / Cardiotonic (''Hrudya''), Carminative (''Vatanulomana'')
|}

== References in Charaka Samhita ==
Talisapatra is documented in several therapeutic yogas (formulations) within the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Context / Formulation / Application
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/41 || Indicated in fumigation and therapeutic pastes during post-delivery management for placenta expulsion (''Apara Patana'')
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/143 || Compounded in ''Tejovatyadi Ghrita'' for dyspnea and cough
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/192 || Formulated as an ingredient in ''Kalaka Churna'' for throat and oral afflictions
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/30 || Used as an adjuvant aromatic formulation herb (''Yoga Dravya'') in gastrointestinal and systemic vata disorders
|}

== Therapeutic Indications (Classical) ==
Bhumipatra/Talisapatra is traditionally indicated in the clinical management of:<ref name="API" />
* ''Kasa'' (Cough / Bronchitis / Tracheitis)
* ''Swasa'' (Dyspnea / Asthma / COPD)
* ''Hikka'' (Hiccups)
* ''Agnimandhya'' & ''Aruchi'' (Hypochlorhydria / Anorexia / Loss of taste)
* ''Amadosha'' (Metabolic endotoxemia / Impaired digestion)
* ''Gulma'' (Abdominal diverticula / Phantom tumors)
* ''Kshaya'' (Phthisis / Chronic pulmonary debility / Wasting disease)
* ''Chardi'' (Vomiting / Emesis)
* ''Krumi'' (Intestinal parasites / Helminthiasis)
* ''Mukharoga'' (Periodontal infections / Disorders of the buccal cavity)

== Dosage & Administration ==
* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 2 – 3 g of the purified, dried leaf powder daily in divided doses, traditionally combined with raw honey or warm water.<ref name="API" />

== Classical Formulations ==
* ''Talisadi Churna''
* ''Talisadi Modaka''
* ''Drakshadi Churna''
* ''Bhaskara Lavana''
* ''Pranada Gutika''
* ''Jatiphaladi Churna''
* ''Puga Khanda''

== Current Researches ==
=== Phytochemical Composition ===
Phytochemical investigations have shown that the bioactivity of ''Abies webbiana'' leaves is derived from a complex matrix of essential monoterpenes, biflavonoids, and unique alkaloids:
* '''Essential Oil (0.5%–1.2%):''' Dominated by monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes including α-pinene, β-pinene, limonene, camphene, bornyl acetate, car-3-ene, and α-terpinolene.
* '''Biflavonoids & Glycosides:''' Bioflavonoids such as **Abiesin** (5,3″,7″-trihydroxy-7,4′,4‴-trimethoxy-(3′,6″)-biflavone), betuloside, and methylquercetin derivatives.
* '''Alkaloids & Nitrogenous Moieties:''' Isolation of unique natural products including **1-(4'-methoxyphenyl)-aziridine**.
* '''Terpenoids & Sterols:''' β-sitosterol, lupeol, ursolic acid derivatives, and taxoid-free diterpene glycosides.

=== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ===

==== Bronchodilator & Antispasmodic Activity ====
Classical Ayurveda classifies Talisa as a drug of choice for respiratory constriction (''Swasahara'').
* '''Mechanism:''' The lipophilic leaf extracts elicit smooth muscle relaxation by functioning as a functional antagonist against calcium mobilization, disrupting voltage-dependent calcium entry pathways in airway smooth muscle.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Isolated tissue bath experiments demonstrated that crude extracts of ''A. webbiana'' completely relaxed carbachol- and potassium chloride ($K^+$)-induced contractions in isolated rabbit tracheal preparations in a concentration-dependent manner, confirming an efficacy comparable to standard calcium-channel blockers like verapamil.<ref name="Ghayur">{{cite journal |last1=Ghayur |first1=M. N. |last2=Gilani |first2=A. H. |last3=Janssen |first3=L. J. |year=2007 |title=Antispasmodic, bronchodilator and anti-platelet activities of Abies webbiana |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=21 |issue=8 |pages=754–759 |doi=10.1002/ptr.2155}}</ref>

==== Antitussive & Mast Cell-Stabilizing Efficacy ====
* '''Mechanism:''' Volatile terpenes and polyphenols inhibit neurogenic peripheral sensory afferents in the trachea and inhibit degranulation of tissue mast cells.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In animal models of chemical cough challenge, oral administration of methanol extracts of ''A. webbiana'' leaves (400 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg body weight) produced substantial, dose-dependent reductions in sulfur dioxide ($SO_2$)-induced cough reflex, displaying up to 78.67% inhibition—a profile matching standard codeine phosphate.<ref name="Nayampalli">{{cite journal |last1=Nayampalli |first1=S. |last2=Desai |first2=N. K. |last3=Ainapure |first3=S. S. |year=1998 |title=Antitussive activity of Abies webbiana leaves |journal=Indian Journal of Pharmacology |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=340–342}}</ref> The plant also exhibits notable compound 48/80-induced peritoneal mast cell-stabilizing properties.

==== Anti-Inflammatory & Analgesic Actions ====
* '''Mechanism:''' Flavonoids like abiesin and associated polyphenols curb prostaglandin synthesis by attenuating the activity of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and diminishing neutrophil extravasation into inflamed beds.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In carrageenan-induced rat paw edema testing, methanolic leaf extracts (200–400 mg/kg) caused significant and sustained reductions in edema volumes comparable to standard non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (diclofenac sodium at 150 mg/kg).<ref name="Viswanathan">{{cite journal |last1=Viswanathan |first1=S. |last2=Thirugnanasambantham |first2=P. |last3=Kannan |first3=R. |last4=Reddy |first4=C. |year=2004 |title=Anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of Abies webbiana Lindl. |journal=Pharmacologyonline |volume=2 |pages=152–158}}</ref>

==== Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial & Antifungal Activity ====
* '''Mechanism:''' Monoterpenes present in the essential oil (α-pinene, limonene) disrupt microbial outer membranes and interfere with cell-wall bio-integrity.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In vitro disk and agar-well diffusion assays showed pronounced inhibitory activity against key upper respiratory pathogens, with the greatest growth inhibition observed against ''Staphylococcus aureus'', ''Salmonella typhi'', ''Bacillus subtilis'', and the fungal strain ''Candida albicans''.<ref name="Singh">{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=R. |last2=Chauhan |first2=S. |last3=Grover |first3=G. |year=2013 |title=In vitro antimicrobial evaluation of Abies webbiana leaves against pathogenic strains |journal=International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research |volume=4 |issue=9 |pages=3545–3549}}</ref>

==== Anti-Platelet Aggregation Action ====
* '''Mechanism:''' Constituents modulate surface receptor affinity on thrombocytes, suppressing activation pathways mediated by adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and catecholamines.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Crude extracts demonstrated clear in vitro inhibition of human platelet aggregation provoked by ADP and epinephrine, supporting classical records regarding its cardioprotective (''Hrudya'') and vascular-stabilizing qualities.<ref name="Ghayur" />

==== Neuropharmacological & Anxiolytic Effects ====
* '''Mechanism:''' Nitrogenous components and volatile terpenes potentiate gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic neurotransmission in the central nervous system.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Using the elevated plus-maze (EPM) and light/dark transition paradigm in rodents, polar extracts displayed significant central anxiolytic, mild sedative, and muscle-relaxant actions without inducing neurotoxic deficits or acute motor ataxia.<ref name="Gupta">{{cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=R. |last2=Dixit |first2=V. K. |year=2008 |title=Neuropharmacological actions of Abies webbiana Lindl. leaf extracts |journal=Journal of Natural Medicines |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=308–313 |doi=10.1007/s11418-008-0238-z}}</ref>

== Safety & Toxicity Profile ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' Animal toxicity screens demonstrate wide therapeutic margins. Median lethal dose ($LD_{50}$) assays for polar leaf extracts exceed 1,000–1,500 mg/kg p.o. in mice and rats, placing normal therapeutic intakes (2–3 g dried powder/day) well within safety thresholds.
* '''Adverse Effects & Precautions:''' Because of its pungent post-digestive effect (''Katu Vipaka'') and hot potency (''Ushna Veerya''), excessive dosing may aggravate Pitta dosha, manifesting as heartburn, pyrosis, or gastric irritation in individuals with active peptic ulcers.

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=4 |pages=58–59 |edition=Part I}}</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=K. C. |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Karpuradi varga, verse 114 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
<ref name="Ghayur">{{cite journal |last1=Ghayur |first1=M. N. |last2=Gilani |first2=A. H. |last3=Janssen |first3=L. J. |year=2007 |title=Antispasmodic, bronchodilator and anti-platelet activities of Abies webbiana |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=21 |issue=8 |pages=754–759 |doi=10.1002/ptr.2155}}</ref>
<ref name="Nayampalli">{{cite journal |last1=Nayampalli |first1=S. |last2=Desai |first2=N. K. |last3=Ainapure |first3=S. S. |year=1998 |title=Antitussive activity of Abies webbiana leaves |journal=Indian Journal of Pharmacology |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=340–342}}</ref>
<ref name="Viswanathan">{{cite journal |last1=Viswanathan |first1=S. |last2=Thirugnanasambantham |first2=P. |last3=Kannan |first3=R. |last4=Reddy |first4=C. |year=2004 |title=Anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of Abies webbiana Lindl. |journal=Pharmacologyonline |volume=2 |pages=152–158}}</ref>
<ref name="Singh">{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=R. |last2=Chauhan |first2=S. |last3=Grover |first3=G. |year=2013 |title=In vitro antimicrobial evaluation of Abies webbiana leaves against pathogenic strains |journal=International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research |volume=4 |issue=9 |pages=3545–3549}}</ref>
<ref name="Gupta">{{cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=R. |last2=Dixit |first2=V. K. |year=2008 |title=Neuropharmacological actions of Abies webbiana Lindl. leaf extracts |journal=Journal of Natural Medicines |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=308–313 |doi=10.1007/s11418-008-0238-z}}</ref>
}}

File:Talisapatra.jpg

2026-09-16T07:22:47Z

Agnivesha:

Talisapatra

Talisa

2026-09-16T07:18:46Z

Agnivesha: Created page with "{{#seo: |title=Talisa |titlemode=append |keywords=Talisa, Talisapatra, Abies webbiana, Abies spectabilis, Himalayan Silver Fir, Bronchodilator, Expectorant, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia, Talisadi Churna, Phytochemicals, Medicinal plants |description=Monograph on Talisapatra (Abies webbiana Lindl.): comprehensive botanical profile, classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics, phytochemical constituents, and evidence-based therapeutic efficacy. |image=http:..."

{{#seo:
|title=Talisa
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Talisa, Talisapatra, Abies webbiana, Abies spectabilis, Himalayan Silver Fir, Bronchodilator, Expectorant, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia, Talisadi Churna, Phytochemicals, Medicinal plants
|description=Monograph on Talisapatra (Abies webbiana Lindl.): comprehensive botanical profile, classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics, phytochemical constituents, and evidence-based therapeutic efficacy.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=Talisapatra - Abies webbiana
|type=article
}}
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abies_spectabilis Abies webbiana Lindl.]

{{Infobox
|title = Talisapatra (Talisa)
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Talisa
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abies_spectabilis Abies webbiana Lindl.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Pinaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''Talisapatra''' (Latin: ''Abies webbiana'' Lindl., synonym: ''Abies spectabilis'' (D.Don) Spach; family: Pinaceae) is a lofty, evergreen coniferous tree native to the high-altitude Himalayan belt. In [[Ayurveda]], its aromatic leaves are regarded as a premier natural expectorant, bronchodilator, carminative, and Kapha-Vata pacifying medicine, famously constituting the primary bio-enhancer and botanical cornerstone of ''Talisadi Churna''.<ref name="API">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=4 |pages=58–59 |edition=Part I}}</ref>

== Botanical & Vernacular Names ==
* '''Botanical Name:''' ''Abies webbiana'' Lindl. / ''Abies spectabilis'' (D.Don) Spach
* '''Family:''' Pinaceae (Coniferae)
* '''English Names:''' Himalayan silver fir, East Himalayan fir, Indian silver fir
* '''Sanskrit / Classical Names:''' ''Talisapatra'', ''Talisa'', ''Patradhya''
* '''Hindi:''' Talispatra, Chilrow
* '''Bengali:''' Talishpatra, Talish
* '''Tamil:''' Talisapatri
* '''Telugu:''' Taleesapatri

== Synonyms in Classical Texts ==
* '''Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu:'''<ref name="Bhavaprakash">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=K. C. |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Karpuradi varga, verse 114 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
** ''Talisa'' – Traditional designation.
** ''Patradhya'' – Characterized by dense, abundant, and prominent foliage.
** ''Dhatripatra'' – Pectinate leaf arrangement resembling the feathery foliage of Amalaki (''Phyllanthus emblica'').
** ''Madhurapatra'' – Leaves possessing an intrinsically faint sweet aftertaste.

[[File:Abies_webbiana_foliage_and_cones.jpg|thumb|Foliage, needle arrangement, and erect female cones of Abies webbiana (Talisapatra)]]

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Talisapatra possesses hot potency and lightness, making it particularly potent in counteracting obstructive mucus and cold imbalances:<ref name="API" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
| 1 || '''Taste (''[[Rasa]]'')''' || Sweet (''Madhura''), Bitter (''Tikta''), Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 2 || '''Potency (''[[Veerya]]'')''' || Hot (''Ushna'')
|-
| 3 || '''Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'')''' || Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 4 || '''Qualities (''[[Guna]]'')''' || Light (''Laghu''), Sharp / Penetrating (''Tikshna'')
|-
| 5 || '''Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'')''' || Pacifies Kapha and Vata (''Kapha-Vatahara'')
|-
| 6 || '''Specific Actions (''[[Karma]]'')''' || Expectorant and anti-tussive (''Kasahara''), Bronchodilatory (''Swasahara''), Digestive stimulant (''Deepana''), Heart congenial / Cardiotonic (''Hrudya''), Carminative (''Vatanulomana'')
|}

== References in Charaka Samhita ==
Talisapatra is documented in several therapeutic yogas (formulations) within the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Context / Formulation / Application
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/41 || Indicated in fumigation and therapeutic pastes during post-delivery management for placenta expulsion (''Apara Patana'')
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/143 || Compounded in ''Tejovatyadi Ghrita'' for dyspnea and cough
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/192 || Formulated as an ingredient in ''Kalaka Churna'' for throat and oral afflictions
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/30 || Used as an adjuvant aromatic formulation herb (''Yoga Dravya'') in gastrointestinal and systemic vata disorders
|}

== Therapeutic Indications (Classical) ==
Bhumipatra/Talisapatra is traditionally indicated in the clinical management of:<ref name="API" />
* ''Kasa'' (Cough / Bronchitis / Tracheitis)
* ''Swasa'' (Dyspnea / Asthma / COPD)
* ''Hikka'' (Hiccups)
* ''Agnimandhya'' & ''Aruchi'' (Hypochlorhydria / Anorexia / Loss of taste)
* ''Amadosha'' (Metabolic endotoxemia / Impaired digestion)
* ''Gulma'' (Abdominal diverticula / Phantom tumors)
* ''Kshaya'' (Phthisis / Chronic pulmonary debility / Wasting disease)
* ''Chardi'' (Vomiting / Emesis)
* ''Krumi'' (Intestinal parasites / Helminthiasis)
* ''Mukharoga'' (Periodontal infections / Disorders of the buccal cavity)

== Dosage & Administration ==
* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 2 – 3 g of the purified, dried leaf powder daily in divided doses, traditionally combined with raw honey or warm water.<ref name="API" />

== Classical Formulations ==
* ''Talisadi Churna''
* ''Talisadi Modaka''
* ''Drakshadi Churna''
* ''Bhaskara Lavana''
* ''Pranada Gutika''
* ''Jatiphaladi Churna''
* ''Puga Khanda''

== Current Researches ==
=== Phytochemical Composition ===
Phytochemical investigations have shown that the bioactivity of ''Abies webbiana'' leaves is derived from a complex matrix of essential monoterpenes, biflavonoids, and unique alkaloids:
* '''Essential Oil (0.5%–1.2%):''' Dominated by monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes including α-pinene, β-pinene, limonene, camphene, bornyl acetate, car-3-ene, and α-terpinolene.
* '''Biflavonoids & Glycosides:''' Bioflavonoids such as **Abiesin** (5,3″,7″-trihydroxy-7,4′,4‴-trimethoxy-(3′,6″)-biflavone), betuloside, and methylquercetin derivatives.
* '''Alkaloids & Nitrogenous Moieties:''' Isolation of unique natural products including **1-(4'-methoxyphenyl)-aziridine**.
* '''Terpenoids & Sterols:''' β-sitosterol, lupeol, ursolic acid derivatives, and taxoid-free diterpene glycosides.

=== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ===

==== Bronchodilator & Antispasmodic Activity ====
Classical Ayurveda classifies Talisa as a drug of choice for respiratory constriction (''Swasahara'').
* '''Mechanism:''' The lipophilic leaf extracts elicit smooth muscle relaxation by functioning as a functional antagonist against calcium mobilization, disrupting voltage-dependent calcium entry pathways in airway smooth muscle.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Isolated tissue bath experiments demonstrated that crude extracts of ''A. webbiana'' completely relaxed carbachol- and potassium chloride ($K^+$)-induced contractions in isolated rabbit tracheal preparations in a concentration-dependent manner, confirming an efficacy comparable to standard calcium-channel blockers like verapamil.<ref name="Ghayur">{{cite journal |last1=Ghayur |first1=M. N. |last2=Gilani |first2=A. H. |last3=Janssen |first3=L. J. |year=2007 |title=Antispasmodic, bronchodilator and anti-platelet activities of Abies webbiana |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=21 |issue=8 |pages=754–759 |doi=10.1002/ptr.2155}}</ref>

==== Antitussive & Mast Cell-Stabilizing Efficacy ====
* '''Mechanism:''' Volatile terpenes and polyphenols inhibit neurogenic peripheral sensory afferents in the trachea and inhibit degranulation of tissue mast cells.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In animal models of chemical cough challenge, oral administration of methanol extracts of ''A. webbiana'' leaves (400 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg body weight) produced substantial, dose-dependent reductions in sulfur dioxide ($SO_2$)-induced cough reflex, displaying up to 78.67% inhibition—a profile matching standard codeine phosphate.<ref name="Nayampalli">{{cite journal |last1=Nayampalli |first1=S. |last2=Desai |first2=N. K. |last3=Ainapure |first3=S. S. |year=1998 |title=Antitussive activity of Abies webbiana leaves |journal=Indian Journal of Pharmacology |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=340–342}}</ref> The plant also exhibits notable compound 48/80-induced peritoneal mast cell-stabilizing properties.

==== Anti-Inflammatory & Analgesic Actions ====
* '''Mechanism:''' Flavonoids like abiesin and associated polyphenols curb prostaglandin synthesis by attenuating the activity of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and diminishing neutrophil extravasation into inflamed beds.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In carrageenan-induced rat paw edema testing, methanolic leaf extracts (200–400 mg/kg) caused significant and sustained reductions in edema volumes comparable to standard non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (diclofenac sodium at 150 mg/kg).<ref name="Viswanathan">{{cite journal |last1=Viswanathan |first1=S. |last2=Thirugnanasambantham |first2=P. |last3=Kannan |first3=R. |last4=Reddy |first4=C. |year=2004 |title=Anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of Abies webbiana Lindl. |journal=Pharmacologyonline |volume=2 |pages=152–158}}</ref>

==== Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial & Antifungal Activity ====
* '''Mechanism:''' Monoterpenes present in the essential oil (α-pinene, limonene) disrupt microbial outer membranes and interfere with cell-wall bio-integrity.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In vitro disk and agar-well diffusion assays showed pronounced inhibitory activity against key upper respiratory pathogens, with the greatest growth inhibition observed against ''Staphylococcus aureus'', ''Salmonella typhi'', ''Bacillus subtilis'', and the fungal strain ''Candida albicans''.<ref name="Singh">{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=R. |last2=Chauhan |first2=S. |last3=Grover |first3=G. |year=2013 |title=In vitro antimicrobial evaluation of Abies webbiana leaves against pathogenic strains |journal=International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research |volume=4 |issue=9 |pages=3545–3549}}</ref>

==== Anti-Platelet Aggregation Action ====
* '''Mechanism:''' Constituents modulate surface receptor affinity on thrombocytes, suppressing activation pathways mediated by adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and catecholamines.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Crude extracts demonstrated clear in vitro inhibition of human platelet aggregation provoked by ADP and epinephrine, supporting classical records regarding its cardioprotective (''Hrudya'') and vascular-stabilizing qualities.<ref name="Ghayur" />

==== Neuropharmacological & Anxiolytic Effects ====
* '''Mechanism:''' Nitrogenous components and volatile terpenes potentiate gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic neurotransmission in the central nervous system.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Using the elevated plus-maze (EPM) and light/dark transition paradigm in rodents, polar extracts displayed significant central anxiolytic, mild sedative, and muscle-relaxant actions without inducing neurotoxic deficits or acute motor ataxia.<ref name="Gupta">{{cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=R. |last2=Dixit |first2=V. K. |year=2008 |title=Neuropharmacological actions of Abies webbiana Lindl. leaf extracts |journal=Journal of Natural Medicines |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=308–313 |doi=10.1007/s11418-008-0238-z}}</ref>

== Safety & Toxicity Profile ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' Animal toxicity screens demonstrate wide therapeutic margins. Median lethal dose ($LD_{50}$) assays for polar leaf extracts exceed 1,000–1,500 mg/kg p.o. in mice and rats, placing normal therapeutic intakes (2–3 g dried powder/day) well within safety thresholds.
* '''Adverse Effects & Precautions:''' Because of its pungent post-digestive effect (''Katu Vipaka'') and hot potency (''Ushna Veerya''), excessive dosing may aggravate Pitta dosha, manifesting as heartburn, pyrosis, or gastric irritation in individuals with active peptic ulcers.

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=4 |pages=58–59 |edition=Part I}}</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=K. C. |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Karpuradi varga, verse 114 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
<ref name="Ghayur">{{cite journal |last1=Ghayur |first1=M. N. |last2=Gilani |first2=A. H. |last3=Janssen |first3=L. J. |year=2007 |title=Antispasmodic, bronchodilator and anti-platelet activities of Abies webbiana |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=21 |issue=8 |pages=754–759 |doi=10.1002/ptr.2155}}</ref>
<ref name="Nayampalli">{{cite journal |last1=Nayampalli |first1=S. |last2=Desai |first2=N. K. |last3=Ainapure |first3=S. S. |year=1998 |title=Antitussive activity of Abies webbiana leaves |journal=Indian Journal of Pharmacology |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=340–342}}</ref>
<ref name="Viswanathan">{{cite journal |last1=Viswanathan |first1=S. |last2=Thirugnanasambantham |first2=P. |last3=Kannan |first3=R. |last4=Reddy |first4=C. |year=2004 |title=Anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of Abies webbiana Lindl. |journal=Pharmacologyonline |volume=2 |pages=152–158}}</ref>
<ref name="Singh">{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=R. |last2=Chauhan |first2=S. |last3=Grover |first3=G. |year=2013 |title=In vitro antimicrobial evaluation of Abies webbiana leaves against pathogenic strains |journal=International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research |volume=4 |issue=9 |pages=3545–3549}}</ref>
<ref name="Gupta">{{cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=R. |last2=Dixit |first2=V. K. |year=2008 |title=Neuropharmacological actions of Abies webbiana Lindl. leaf extracts |journal=Journal of Natural Medicines |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=308–313 |doi=10.1007/s11418-008-0238-z}}</ref>
}}

Talk:Talisa

2026-09-16T07:12:25Z

Agnivesha:

{{#seo:
|title=Talisa
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Talisa, Talisapatra, Abies webbiana, Abies spectabilis, Himalayan Silver Fir, Bronchodilator, Expectorant, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia, Talisadi Churna, Phytochemicals, Medicinal plants
|description=Monograph on Talisapatra (Abies webbiana Lindl.): comprehensive botanical profile, classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics, phytochemical constituents, and evidence-based therapeutic efficacy.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=Talisapatra - Abies webbiana
|type=article
}}
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abies_spectabilis Abies webbiana Lindl.]

{{Infobox
|title = Talisapatra (Talisa)
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Talisa
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abies_spectabilis Abies webbiana Lindl.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Pinaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''Talisapatra''' (Latin: ''Abies webbiana'' Lindl., synonym: ''Abies spectabilis'' (D.Don) Spach; family: Pinaceae) is a lofty, evergreen coniferous tree native to the high-altitude Himalayan belt. In [[Ayurveda]], its aromatic leaves are regarded as a premier natural expectorant, bronchodilator, carminative, and Kapha-Vata pacifying medicine, famously constituting the primary bio-enhancer and botanical cornerstone of ''Talisadi Churna''.<ref name="API">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=4 |pages=58–59 |edition=Part I}}</ref>

== Botanical & Vernacular Names ==
* '''Botanical Name:''' ''Abies webbiana'' Lindl. / ''Abies spectabilis'' (D.Don) Spach
* '''Family:''' Pinaceae (Coniferae)
* '''English Names:''' Himalayan silver fir, East Himalayan fir, Indian silver fir
* '''Sanskrit / Classical Names:''' ''Talisapatra'', ''Talisa'', ''Patradhya''
* '''Hindi:''' Talispatra, Chilrow
* '''Bengali:''' Talishpatra, Talish
* '''Tamil:''' Talisapatri
* '''Telugu:''' Taleesapatri

== Synonyms in Classical Texts ==
* '''Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu:'''<ref name="Bhavaprakash">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=K. C. |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Karpuradi varga, verse 114 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
** ''Talisa'' – Traditional designation.
** ''Patradhya'' – Characterized by dense, abundant, and prominent foliage.
** ''Dhatripatra'' – Pectinate leaf arrangement resembling the feathery foliage of Amalaki (''Phyllanthus emblica'').
** ''Madhurapatra'' – Leaves possessing an intrinsically faint sweet aftertaste.

[[File:Abies_webbiana_foliage_and_cones.jpg|thumb|Foliage, needle arrangement, and erect female cones of Abies webbiana (Talisapatra)]]

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Talisapatra possesses hot potency and lightness, making it particularly potent in counteracting obstructive mucus and cold imbalances:<ref name="API" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
| 1 || '''Taste (''[[Rasa]]'')''' || Sweet (''Madhura''), Bitter (''Tikta''), Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 2 || '''Potency (''[[Veerya]]'')''' || Hot (''Ushna'')
|-
| 3 || '''Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'')''' || Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 4 || '''Qualities (''[[Guna]]'')''' || Light (''Laghu''), Sharp / Penetrating (''Tikshna'')
|-
| 5 || '''Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'')''' || Pacifies Kapha and Vata (''Kapha-Vatahara'')
|-
| 6 || '''Specific Actions (''[[Karma]]'')''' || Expectorant and anti-tussive (''Kasahara''), Bronchodilatory (''Swasahara''), Digestive stimulant (''Deepana''), Heart congenial / Cardiotonic (''Hrudya''), Carminative (''Vatanulomana'')
|}

== References in Charaka Samhita ==
Talisapatra is documented in several therapeutic yogas (formulations) within the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Context / Formulation / Application
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/41 || Indicated in fumigation and therapeutic pastes during post-delivery management for placenta expulsion (''Apara Patana'')
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/143 || Compounded in ''Tejovatyadi Ghrita'' for dyspnea and cough
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/192 || Formulated as an ingredient in ''Kalaka Churna'' for throat and oral afflictions
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/30 || Used as an adjuvant aromatic formulation herb (''Yoga Dravya'') in gastrointestinal and systemic vata disorders
|}

== Therapeutic Indications (Classical) ==
Bhumipatra/Talisapatra is traditionally indicated in the clinical management of:<ref name="API" />
* ''Kasa'' (Cough / Bronchitis / Tracheitis)
* ''Swasa'' (Dyspnea / Asthma / COPD)
* ''Hikka'' (Hiccups)
* ''Agnimandhya'' & ''Aruchi'' (Hypochlorhydria / Anorexia / Loss of taste)
* ''Amadosha'' (Metabolic endotoxemia / Impaired digestion)
* ''Gulma'' (Abdominal diverticula / Phantom tumors)
* ''Kshaya'' (Phthisis / Chronic pulmonary debility / Wasting disease)
* ''Chardi'' (Vomiting / Emesis)
* ''Krumi'' (Intestinal parasites / Helminthiasis)
* ''Mukharoga'' (Periodontal infections / Disorders of the buccal cavity)

== Dosage & Administration ==
* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 2 – 3 g of the purified, dried leaf powder daily in divided doses, traditionally combined with raw honey or warm water.<ref name="API" />

== Classical Formulations ==
* ''Talisadi Churna''
* ''Talisadi Modaka''
* ''Drakshadi Churna''
* ''Bhaskara Lavana''
* ''Pranada Gutika''
* ''Jatiphaladi Churna''
* ''Puga Khanda''

== Current Researches ==
=== Phytochemical Composition ===
Phytochemical investigations have shown that the bioactivity of ''Abies webbiana'' leaves is derived from a complex matrix of essential monoterpenes, biflavonoids, and unique alkaloids:
* '''Essential Oil (0.5%–1.2%):''' Dominated by monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes including α-pinene, β-pinene, limonene, camphene, bornyl acetate, car-3-ene, and α-terpinolene.
* '''Biflavonoids & Glycosides:''' Bioflavonoids such as **Abiesin** (5,3″,7″-trihydroxy-7,4′,4‴-trimethoxy-(3′,6″)-biflavone), betuloside, and methylquercetin derivatives.
* '''Alkaloids & Nitrogenous Moieties:''' Isolation of unique natural products including **1-(4'-methoxyphenyl)-aziridine**.
* '''Terpenoids & Sterols:''' β-sitosterol, lupeol, ursolic acid derivatives, and taxoid-free diterpene glycosides.

=== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ===

==== Bronchodilator & Antispasmodic Activity ====
Classical Ayurveda classifies Talisa as a drug of choice for respiratory constriction (''Swasahara'').
* '''Mechanism:''' The lipophilic leaf extracts elicit smooth muscle relaxation by functioning as a functional antagonist against calcium mobilization, disrupting voltage-dependent calcium entry pathways in airway smooth muscle.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Isolated tissue bath experiments demonstrated that crude extracts of ''A. webbiana'' completely relaxed carbachol- and potassium chloride ($K^+$)-induced contractions in isolated rabbit tracheal preparations in a concentration-dependent manner, confirming an efficacy comparable to standard calcium-channel blockers like verapamil.<ref name="Ghayur">{{cite journal |last1=Ghayur |first1=M. N. |last2=Gilani |first2=A. H. |last3=Janssen |first3=L. J. |year=2007 |title=Antispasmodic, bronchodilator and anti-platelet activities of Abies webbiana |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=21 |issue=8 |pages=754–759 |doi=10.1002/ptr.2155}}</ref>

==== Antitussive & Mast Cell-Stabilizing Efficacy ====
* '''Mechanism:''' Volatile terpenes and polyphenols inhibit neurogenic peripheral sensory afferents in the trachea and inhibit degranulation of tissue mast cells.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In animal models of chemical cough challenge, oral administration of methanol extracts of ''A. webbiana'' leaves (400 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg body weight) produced substantial, dose-dependent reductions in sulfur dioxide ($SO_2$)-induced cough reflex, displaying up to 78.67% inhibition—a profile matching standard codeine phosphate.<ref name="Nayampalli">{{cite journal |last1=Nayampalli |first1=S. |last2=Desai |first2=N. K. |last3=Ainapure |first3=S. S. |year=1998 |title=Antitussive activity of Abies webbiana leaves |journal=Indian Journal of Pharmacology |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=340–342}}</ref> The plant also exhibits notable compound 48/80-induced peritoneal mast cell-stabilizing properties.

==== Anti-Inflammatory & Analgesic Actions ====
* '''Mechanism:''' Flavonoids like abiesin and associated polyphenols curb prostaglandin synthesis by attenuating the activity of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and diminishing neutrophil extravasation into inflamed beds.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In carrageenan-induced rat paw edema testing, methanolic leaf extracts (200–400 mg/kg) caused significant and sustained reductions in edema volumes comparable to standard non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (diclofenac sodium at 150 mg/kg).<ref name="Viswanathan">{{cite journal |last1=Viswanathan |first1=S. |last2=Thirugnanasambantham |first2=P. |last3=Kannan |first3=R. |last4=Reddy |first4=C. |year=2004 |title=Anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of Abies webbiana Lindl. |journal=Pharmacologyonline |volume=2 |pages=152–158}}</ref>

==== Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial & Antifungal Activity ====
* '''Mechanism:''' Monoterpenes present in the essential oil (α-pinene, limonene) disrupt microbial outer membranes and interfere with cell-wall bio-integrity.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In vitro disk and agar-well diffusion assays showed pronounced inhibitory activity against key upper respiratory pathogens, with the greatest growth inhibition observed against ''Staphylococcus aureus'', ''Salmonella typhi'', ''Bacillus subtilis'', and the fungal strain ''Candida albicans''.<ref name="Singh">{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=R. |last2=Chauhan |first2=S. |last3=Grover |first3=G. |year=2013 |title=In vitro antimicrobial evaluation of Abies webbiana leaves against pathogenic strains |journal=International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research |volume=4 |issue=9 |pages=3545–3549}}</ref>

==== Anti-Platelet Aggregation Action ====
* '''Mechanism:''' Constituents modulate surface receptor affinity on thrombocytes, suppressing activation pathways mediated by adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and catecholamines.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Crude extracts demonstrated clear in vitro inhibition of human platelet aggregation provoked by ADP and epinephrine, supporting classical records regarding its cardioprotective (''Hrudya'') and vascular-stabilizing qualities.<ref name="Ghayur" />

==== Neuropharmacological & Anxiolytic Effects ====
* '''Mechanism:''' Nitrogenous components and volatile terpenes potentiate gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic neurotransmission in the central nervous system.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Using the elevated plus-maze (EPM) and light/dark transition paradigm in rodents, polar extracts displayed significant central anxiolytic, mild sedative, and muscle-relaxant actions without inducing neurotoxic deficits or acute motor ataxia.<ref name="Gupta">{{cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=R. |last2=Dixit |first2=V. K. |year=2008 |title=Neuropharmacological actions of Abies webbiana Lindl. leaf extracts |journal=Journal of Natural Medicines |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=308–313 |doi=10.1007/s11418-008-0238-z}}</ref>

== Safety & Toxicity Profile ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' Animal toxicity screens demonstrate wide therapeutic margins. Median lethal dose ($LD_{50}$) assays for polar leaf extracts exceed 1,000–1,500 mg/kg p.o. in mice and rats, placing normal therapeutic intakes (2–3 g dried powder/day) well within safety thresholds.
* '''Adverse Effects & Precautions:''' Because of its pungent post-digestive effect (''Katu Vipaka'') and hot potency (''Ushna Veerya''), excessive dosing may aggravate Pitta dosha, manifesting as heartburn, pyrosis, or gastric irritation in individuals with active peptic ulcers.

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=4 |pages=58–59 |edition=Part I}}</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=K. C. |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Karpuradi varga, verse 114 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
<ref name="Ghayur">{{cite journal |last1=Ghayur |first1=M. N. |last2=Gilani |first2=A. H. |last3=Janssen |first3=L. J. |year=2007 |title=Antispasmodic, bronchodilator and anti-platelet activities of Abies webbiana |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=21 |issue=8 |pages=754–759 |doi=10.1002/ptr.2155}}</ref>
<ref name="Nayampalli">{{cite journal |last1=Nayampalli |first1=S. |last2=Desai |first2=N. K. |last3=Ainapure |first3=S. S. |year=1998 |title=Antitussive activity of Abies webbiana leaves |journal=Indian Journal of Pharmacology |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=340–342}}</ref>
<ref name="Viswanathan">{{cite journal |last1=Viswanathan |first1=S. |last2=Thirugnanasambantham |first2=P. |last3=Kannan |first3=R. |last4=Reddy |first4=C. |year=2004 |title=Anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of Abies webbiana Lindl. |journal=Pharmacologyonline |volume=2 |pages=152–158}}</ref>
<ref name="Singh">{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=R. |last2=Chauhan |first2=S. |last3=Grover |first3=G. |year=2013 |title=In vitro antimicrobial evaluation of Abies webbiana leaves against pathogenic strains |journal=International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research |volume=4 |issue=9 |pages=3545–3549}}</ref>
<ref name="Gupta">{{cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=R. |last2=Dixit |first2=V. K. |year=2008 |title=Neuropharmacological actions of Abies webbiana Lindl. leaf extracts |journal=Journal of Natural Medicines |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=308–313 |doi=10.1007/s11418-008-0238-z}}</ref>
}}

Herbs details

2026-09-16T07:07:34Z

Agnivesha:

Herbs details:
Herbs in [[Charak Samhita]]

# [[Amalaki]]
# [[Bibhitaki]]
# [[Haritaki]]
# [[Shunthi]]
# [[Maricha]]
# [[Pippali]]
# [[Chitraka]]
# [[Vidanga]]
# [[Musta]]
# [[Guduchi]]
# [[Brahmi]]
# [[Shankhapushpi]]
# [[Ashwagandha]]
# [[Shatavari]]
# [[Haridra]]
# [[Arjuna]]
# [[Guggulu]]
# [[Yashtimadhu]]
# [[Lodhra]]
# [[Agnimantha]]
# [[Bilva]]
# [[Nimba]]
# [[Lashuna]]
# [[Punarnava]]
# [[Gokshura]]
# [[Surasa|Tulasi]] ([[Surasa]])
# [[Lavanga]]
# [[Manjishtha]]
# [[Karanja]]
# [[Bhumyamalaki]]
# [[Usheera]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants and Botanical Names in Charak Samhita
! Sr. No. !! Sanskrit Name !! Synonyms !! Botanical Name
|-
| 1 || [[Bibhitaki|Aksha]]|| [[Bibhitaki|Bibhitaki, kaliphala, Bhutavasa, Kalidruma]]|| '''[[Bibhitaki|Terminalia bellirica Roxb]]'''
|-
| 2 || Aguru || Agaru, loha, krimija, rajarha || '''Aquilaria agallocha Roxb'''
|-
| 3 || [[Agnimantha]]|| Jaya, Sriparni, Ganikarika, Jayanti, Tarkari, Nadeyi, Vai jayanti || '''[[Agnimantha|Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn.f.]]'''
|-
| 4 || Ankola || Ankoda, Deerghakeela, Nikochaka, Tamraphala, Gupta Sneha || '''Alangium lamarkii Thw., (Alangium salviifolium)'''
|-
| 5 || Ajamoda || Karavi, Deepyaka, Shikhimoda || '''Apium graveolens'''
|-
| 6 || Atasi || uma, picchila, devi, medagandha, madotkata, kshuma, hemavati,masruna || '''Linum usitatissimum Linn.'''
|-
| 7 || Atibala || rishyaprokta, kankatika,Balika, Vatyapushpy, Bhuribala || '''Abutilon indicum. (Link)'''
|-
| 8 || Ativisha || shrungi, virupa, pittadivallabha, shwetvaca, visha, madri || '''Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. Cat.'''
|-
| 9 || Aparajita || Shanhapushpi,Girikarnika, Visnukranta,Sephanda || '''Clitoria ternatea L.'''
|-
| 10 || Apamarga || Shikhari,durgraha, adhashalya, karmanjri, pratyakpushpi || '''Achyranthes aspera Linn.'''
|-
| 11 || Ambashtaki || laghu patha,Uttanaparni, prachina,varatikta, Aviddhakarni,kuchelika || '''Cissampelos pareira Linn'''
|-
| 12 || Amlikakanda || || '''Dioscorea oppositifolia L.'''
|-
| 13 || Arimeda || Irimeda, Vidkhadira || '''Acacia leucophloea Willd.'''
|-
| 14 || Arka || Ravi, Bhanu, Tapana,Tulaphala, vikirana,ksheeraparna || '''Calotropis gigantea'''
|-
| 15 || [[Surasa|Surasa, Tulasi, Arjaka]]|| Kutherak, Phaninjhak, Arjaka(Tulsi bheda), Barbari,Shweta tulasi || '''[[Surasa|Ocimum sanctum L., (syn. Ocimum tenuiflorum L., Ocimum gratissimum L.)]]'''
|-
| 16 || [[Arjuna]]|| Indradru, Nadisarja, Dhavala, Kakubha, Partha, Shweta vaha, || '''[[Arjuna|Terminalia Arjuna]]'''
|-
| 17 || Avakpushpi || || '''Trichodesma indicum'''
|-
| 18 || Ashoka || Madhupushpa,Raktapallavaka, Hemapushpa, Pindipushpa, Nata, Pallavadru, || '''Saraca indica Linn.'''
|-
| 19 || Ashmantaka || Yugmapatra, yaalapatraka, kanchini || '''Bauhinia racemosa. Lam.'''
|-
| 20 || [[Ashwagandha]]|| [[Ashwagandha|Balada, kamarupini, vajini,Gandhapatri]]|| '''[[Ashwagandha|Withania somnifera]]'''
|-
| 21 || Aswattha || pippala, shrivriksha, sevya,bodhidru, pavitraka,krishnavasa || '''Ficus religiosa L.'''
|-
| 22 || Asana || Beejaka, Vijayasara || '''Bridelia Montana Wall., Pterocarpus marsupium'''
|-
| 23 || Akhuparni || vriddhadaru, akhukarni, shubhashreni, krushika, dravanti || '''Ipomoea reniformis Chois.'''
|-
| 24 || Adhaki || Tuvari, Shanapushpika, Kalavrunta || '''Cajanus indicus Spreng'''
|-
| 25 || Atmagupta || Kapikachu, kapiloma, swayamgupta,Markati || '''Mucuna pruriens D.C.'''
|-
| 26 || [[Amalaki]]|| [[Amalaki|Dhatri, Dhatriphala, Sriphala, Vayastha,vayasya]]|| '''[[Amalaki|Phyllanthus emblica L./ Emblica officinalis]]'''
|-
| 27 || Amra || Madhuphala, Madhuli, Madhavadruma, Sahakara, parapushta || '''Manjifera indica L.'''
|-
| 28 || Ikshu || Asipatra, Bhurirasa, Dirghacchada, Gudamula, Trnarasa || '''Saccharum officinarum L.'''
|-
| 29 || Ikshuraka || Kokilaksha? || '''Hygrophila spinosa T.Anderson'''
|-
| 30 || Ingudi || Higupatra, Tapasadruma,Angaravruksha,Pootikantaka || '''Balanites roxburghii Plauch., (Balanites aegyptiaca (Linn) Del.)'''
|-
| 31 || Itkada || Utkata, Vanajayanti || '''Sesbania aculeate Pers.'''
|-
| 32 || Ucchadaka || Uttingana? || '''Blepharis edulis Pers.'''
|-
| 33 || Udumbara || || '''Ficus glomerata Roxb., ( Ficus racemosa)'''
|-
| 34 || Upodika || || '''Basella rubra L.'''
|-
| 35 || Eraka || || '''Typha elephantine Roxb.'''
|-
| 36 || Ervaru || || '''Cucumis utilissimus L.'''
|-
| 37 || Eranda || || '''Ricinus communis L.'''
|-
| 38 || Katutumbi || || '''Lagenaria Vulgaris Ser.'''
|-
| 39 || Katuphala || || '''Hibiscus abelmoschus L.'''
|-
| 40 || Kandakari || || '''Solanum xanthocarpum Sche.'''
|-
| 41 || Kadamba || || '''Anthocephalus cadamba Miq.'''
|-
| 42 || Kadara || || '''Acacia Senegal Willd.'''
|-
| 43 || Kapittha || || '''Feronia elephantanum Correa.'''
|-
| 44 || Karamarda || || '''Carissa carandas L.'''
|-
| 45 || Karavira || || '''Nerium odorum Soland'''
|-
| 46 || Karira || || '''Copparis aphylla Roth'''
|-
| 47 || [[Karanja]]|| || '''[[Karanja|Pongamia pinnata/glabra Vent.]]'''
|-
| 48 || Karkatashrungi || || '''Rhuus succedanea L.'''
|-
| 49 || Karkandhu || || '''Zizyphus nummularia W.C.'''
|-
| 50 || Karpura || || '''Dryobalanops aromatic Goertn.'''
|-
| 51 || Kalaya || || '''Lathyrus sativus L.'''
|-
| 52 || Kasheruka || || '''Seirpus kysoor R.'''
|-
| 53 || Kakamachi || || '''Solanum nigrum L.'''
|-
| 54 || Karavellika || || '''Momordica charantia L.'''
|-
| 55 || Karpasa || || '''Gossypium herbacum L.'''
|-
| 56 || Kalanusariva || || '''Ichnocarpus frutenscens Br.'''
|-
| 57 || Kashmari || || '''Gmelina arborea L.'''
|-
| 58 || Kasamarda || || '''Cassia occidentalis L.'''
|-
| 59 || Kiratatikta || || '''Swertia chirata Ham.'''
|-
| 60 || Kutaja || || '''Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall.'''
|-
| 61 || Kutumbaka || || '''Leucas linifolia Spreng.'''
|-
| 62 || Kumarajeeva || || '''Putranjiva roxburghii Wall.'''
|-
| 63 || Kumbhi || || '''Careya arborea R.'''
|-
| 64 || Kurandaka || || '''Barleria prionitis L.'''
|-
| 65 || Kusumbha || || '''Carathmus tinctoricus L.'''
|-
| 66 || Kovidara || || '''Bauhinia variegate L.'''
|-
| 67 || Koshataki || || '''Luffa acutangula varamara Clerke'''
|-
| 68 || Koshamra || || '''Scheleichera trijuga Willd.'''
|-
| 69 || Kumkuma || || '''Crocus sativus L.'''
|-
| 70 || Khadira || || '''Acacia catechu Willd.'''
|-
| 71 || [[Guggulu]]|| || '''[[Guggulu|Commiphora/Balsamodendron mukul Hook.]]'''
|-
| 72 || Gunja || || '''Abrus precatorius L.'''
|-
| 73 || [[Guduchi]]|| || '''[[Guduchi|Tinospora cordifolia Miers.]]'''
|-
| 74 || [[Gokshura]]|| || '''[[Gokshura|Tribulus terrestris L.]]'''
|-
| 75 || Gojihwa || || '''Elephantopus scaber L.'''
|-
| 76 || Chakramarda || || '''Cassia tora L.'''
|-
| 77 || Chanchu || || '''Corchorus oilitorius L.'''
|-
| 78 || Chandana || || '''Santalum album L.'''
|-
| 79 || Charmakasha || || '''Acacia concinna D.C.'''
|-
| 80 || Changeri || || '''Oxalis corniculata L.'''
|-
| 81 || [[Chitraka]]|| || '''[[Chitraka|Plumbago zeylanica L.]]'''
|-
| 82 || Chirabilva || || '''Holoptelia integrifolia Planch.'''
|-
| 83 || Chirmata || || '''Cucumis melo L.'''
|-
| 84 || Chilli || || '''Chenopodium album L.'''
|-
| 85 || Choraka || || '''Agelica glauca Edgew.'''
|-
| 86 || jambu || || '''Eugenia jambos Lamk.'''
|-
| 87 || jaya || || '''Sesbania egyptica Pers.'''
|-
| 88 || jalapippali || || '''Lippia nodiflora Rich.'''
|-
| 89 || Jati || || '''Myristica fragrens Houtt.'''
|-
| 90 || Jingini || || '''Odina wodier Roxb.'''
|-
| 91 || Jeeraka || || '''Cuminum cyminum L.'''
|-
| 92 || Jyotishmati || || '''Celestrus paniculata Willd.'''
|-
| 93 || Tamala || || '''Cinnamomum tamala Fr. Nees.'''
|-
| 94 || Tintidika || || '''Tamarindus indica L.'''
|-
| 95 || Tinduka || || '''Diospyros embryopteris Pers.'''
|-
| 96 || Tila || || '''Sesamum indicum L.'''
|-
| 97 || Tilaparni || || '''Gynandropis pentaphylla D.C'''
|-
| 98 || Tumburu || || '''Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb.'''
|-
| 99 || Tuda || || '''Morus indica L.'''
|-
| 100 || Trivrut || || '''Ipomea turpethum Br.'''
|-
| 101 || Dadima || || '''Punica granatum L.'''
|-
| 102 || Daruharidra || || '''Berberis aristata D.C'''
|-
| 103 || Dipyaka || || '''Carum copticum Benth.'''
|-
| 104 || Dugdhika || || '''Euphorbia pilulifera L.'''
|-
| 105 || Duralabha || || '''Fagonia Arabica L.'''
|-
| 106 || Durva || || '''Cynodon dactylon Pers.'''
|-
| 107 || Draksha || || '''Vitis vinifera L.'''
|-
| 108 || Dhanvana || || '''Grewia tiliefolia Vahl.'''
|-
| 109 || Dhava || || '''Anogeisssus latifolia Wall.'''
|-
| 110 || Dhataki || || '''Woodfordia floribunda Slisb.'''
|-
| 111 || Dhanyaka || || '''Coriandrum sativum'''
|-
| 112 || Nanditaka || || '''Ficus retusa L.'''
|-
| 113 || Nalika || || '''Onosma echioides L.'''
|-
| 114 || Naranga || || '''Citrus aurantium L.'''
|-
| 115 || Nadi || || '''Ipomea aquatica Forsk.'''
|-
| 116 || [[Nimba]]|| || '''[[Nimba|Azadirachta indica]] '''
|-
| 117 || Nirgundi || || '''Vitex negundo L.'''
|-
| 118 || Nilika || || '''Indigofera tinctoria L.'''
|-
| 119 || Nyagrodha || || '''Ficus bengalensis L.'''
|-
| 120 || Patola || || '''Trichosanthes dioica Roxb.'''
|-
| 121 || Patra || || '''Cinnamomum iners Reinw.'''
|-
| 122 || Padmaka || || '''Prunus puddum Roxb.'''
|-
| 123 || Parushaka || || '''Grewia asiatica L.'''
|-
| 124 || Parpataka || || '''Rangia repens Nees.'''
|-
| 125 || Paravata || || '''Psidium guyava L.'''
|-
| 126 || Pashanabheda || || '''Saxifraga lingulata Wall.'''
|-
| 127 || [[Pippali]]|| || '''[[Pippali|Piper longum L.]]'''
|-
| 128 || Pilu || || '''Salvadora persica L.'''
|-
| 129 || [[Punarnava]]|| || '''[[Punarnava|Boerhavia diffusa L.]]'''
|-
| 130 || Prasarani || || '''Pederia fetida L.'''
|-
| 131 || Prachinamalaka || || '''Flacourtia cataphracta Roxb.'''
|-
| 132 || Piyala || || '''Aglaia roxburghiana Miq.'''
|-
| 133 || Plaksha || || '''Ficus tsiela Roxb.'''
|-
| 134 || Phenila || || '''Sapindus trifoliatus L.'''
|-
| 135 || Bakula || || '''Mimusops elengi L.'''
|-
| 136 || Badara || || '''Zizyphus jujube Lamk.'''
|-
| 137 || [[Bilva]]|| || '''[[Bilva|Aegle marmelos Corr.]]'''
|-
| 138 || Bijaka || || '''Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.'''
|-
| 139 || Bijapuraka || || '''Citrus medica L.'''
|-
| 140 || Bruhati || || '''Solanum indicum L.'''
|-
| 141 || [[Brahmi]]|| || '''[[Brahmi|Bacopa monnieri]]'''
|-
| 142 || Bhavya || || '''Dillenia indica L.'''
|-
| 143 || Bhrigaraja || || '''Eclipta alba Hassk.'''
|-
| 144 || Mandukaparni || || '''Hydrocotyle asiatica L.'''
|-
| 145 || Madana || || '''Randia dumatorum Lam.'''
|-
| 146 || Madhuka || || '''Bassia latifolia Roxb.'''
|-
| 147 || [[Maricha]]|| || '''Piper nigrum L.'''
|-
| 148 || Mamsi || || '''Nardostachys jatamansi D.C'''
|-
| 149 || Mudga || || '''Phaseolus mungo L.'''
|-
| 150 || [[Musta]]|| || '''[[Musta|Cyperus rotundus L.]]'''
|-
| 151 || Murva || || '''Clematis triloba Heyne.'''
|-
| 152 || Mulaka || || '''Raphanus sativus L.'''
|-
| 153 || Yava || || '''Hordeum vulgarae L.'''
|-
| 154 || Yavasaka || || '''Alhagi maumorum Desv.'''
|-
| 155 || Raktotpala || || '''Nymphoea lotus L.'''
|-
| 156 || Rajakshavaka || || '''Doemia extensa Br.'''
|-
| 157 || Rajamasha || || '''Vigna catiang Endl.'''
|-
| 158 || Rajadana || || '''Mimusops hexandra Roxb.'''
|-
| 159 || Rasna || || '''Pluchea lanceolata Oliv.'''
|-
| 160 || Ruha || || '''Loranthus falcatus L.'''
|-
| 161 || Rohini || || '''Soymida febrifuge Juss.'''
|-
| 162 || [[Lashuna]]|| || '''[[Lashuna|Allium sativum L.]]'''
|-
| 163 || Likucha || || '''Artocarpus lokoocha Roxb.'''
|-
| 164 || Lonika || || '''Portulaca oleracea L.'''
|-
| 165 || [[Lodhra]]|| || '''[[Lodhra|Symplocos recemosa Roxb.]]'''
|-
| 166 || Vacha || || '''Acorus calamus L.'''
|-
| 167 || Vanjula || || '''Salix tetrasperma Roxb.'''
|-
| 168 || Varuna || || '''Cratoeva religiosa Forst.'''
|-
| 169 || Vatama || || '''Prunus amygdalus Baill.'''
|-
| 170 || Vartaka || || '''Solanum melongena L.'''
|-
| 171 || Vasa || || '''Adhatoda vasica Nees.'''
|-
| 172 || Vikankata || || '''Gymnosporia Montana Benth.'''
|-
| 173 || [[Vidanga]]|| || '''[[Vidanga|Embelia ribes Burn.]]'''
|-
| 174 || Vidari || || '''Ipomea digitata L.'''
|-
| 175 || [[Shankhapushpi]]|| Shankhahva, Mangalyakusuma, Keshi, Vishnukranta|| '''[[Shankhapushpi|Evolvulus alsinoides L.]]'''
|-
| 176 || Shana || || '''Crotalaria juncea L.'''
|-
| 177 || Shanapushpi || || '''Crotalaria verrucosa L.'''
|-
| 178 || Shatapushpa || || '''Peucedanum graveolens Benth.'''
|-
| 179 || [[Shatavari]]|| || '''[[Shatavari|Asparagus racemosus Willd.]]'''
|-
| 180 || Shami || || '''Prosopis spicigera L.'''
|-
| 181 || Shallaki || || '''Boswellia serrate Roxb.'''
|-
| 182 || Shaliparni || || '''Desmodium gangeticum D.C.'''
|-
| 183 || Shalmali || || '''Bambox malabarica D.C.'''
|-
| 184 || Shimshapa || || '''Dalbergia sisso Roxb.'''
|-
| 185 || Shigru || || '''Moringa pterygosperma Goertn.'''
|-
| 186 || Shirisha || || '''Albezzia lebbeck Benth.'''
|-
| 187 || [[Shunthi|Shringavera]] [[Shunthi|(Shunthi/Aardraka)]]|| || '''Zingiber officinale Rose.'''
|-
| 188 || Shringataka || || '''Trapa bispinosa Roxb.'''
|-
| 189 || Saptaparna || || '''Alstonia scholaris R. Br.'''
|-
| 190 || Sarja || || '''Shorea robusta'''
|-
| 191 || Sarshapa || || '''Brassica campestris L.'''
|-
| 192 || Sariva || || '''Hemmidesmus indicus Br.'''
|-
| 193 || Sudha || || '''Euphorbia nerifolia L.'''
|-
| 194 || Surasa || || '''Ocimum sanctum L.'''
|-
| 195 || Somaraji || || '''Proralea corylifolia L.'''
|-
| 196 || Hamsapadi || || '''Adjantum lunulatum Burm.'''
|-
| 197 || Hapusha || || '''Juniperus communis L.'''
|-
| 198 || Hastidanti || || '''Croton oblongifolius Roxb.'''
|-
| 199 || [[Haridra]]|| || '''[[Haridra|Curcuma longa L.]]'''
|-
| 200 || Hemadugdha || || '''Argimone mexicana L.'''
|}

Usheera

2026-09-16T07:04:30Z

Agnivesha:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita - Herb Database
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Usheera, Ushira, Vetiveria zizanioides, Chrysopogon zizanioides, Vetiver, Cuscus grass, Pittashamaka, Jwarahara, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia, Usirasava, Shadanga Paniya, Essential oil
|description=Monograph on Usheera (Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash): comprehensive botanical profile, classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics, phytochemical constituents, and evidence-based therapeutic efficacy.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=Usheera - Vetiveria zizanioides
|type=article
}}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysopogon_zizanioides Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty]

{{Infobox
|title = Usheera (Ushira)
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Usheera
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysopogon_zizanioides Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Poaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}
[[File:Usheera.jpg|alt=Usheera|thumb|'''Usheera (''Vetiveria zizanioides'')''']]
'''Usheera''' (Latin: ''Vetiveria zizanioides'' (L.) Nash, accepted name: ''Chrysopogon zizanioides'' (L.) Roberty; family: Poaceae) is a densely tufted, perennial C4 aromatic grass native to the Indian subcontinent. In [[Ayurveda]], the fragrant, spongy roots of Usheera are revered as an archetype of cooling therapy (''Sheeta Virya''), widely indicated for relieving burning sensations (''Daha nashana''), hyperpyrexia (''Jwarahara''), persistent morbid thirst (''Trishna nigrahana''), and hemorrhagic diathesis (''Raktapitta shamana'').<ref name="API">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=3 |pages=99–100 |edition=Part I}}</ref>

== Botanical & Vernacular Names ==
* '''Botanical Name:''' ''Vetiveria zizanioides'' (L.) Nash (syn. ''Chrysopogon zizanioides'' (L.) Roberty)
* '''Family:''' Poaceae (Gramineae)
* '''English Names:''' Cuscus grass, Vetiver, Khas-Khas grass
* '''Sanskrit / Classical Names:''' ''Usheera'', ''Virana'', ''Nalada'', ''Amrunala'', ''Samagandhika''
* '''Hindi:''' Khas
* '''Gujarati:''' Valo
* '''Bengali:''' Khas-Khas, Bena
* '''Tamil:''' Vettiver, Vettiveru
* '''Telugu:''' Vettiveru, Kuruveeru

== Synonyms in Classical Texts ==
* '''Synonyms in Bhavaprakash Nighantu:'''<ref name="Bhavaprakash">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=K. C. |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Karpuradi varga, verse 86 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
** ''Virana'' – Denotes the whole mother plant producing the fibrous root clump.
** ''Nalada'' – Endowed with an inherently soothing and delightful fragrance.
** ''Mrunala'' / ''Amrunala'' – Root fibers display structural morphological resemblance to fibrous lotus rootlets.
** ''Sevya'' – Worthy of regular therapeutic consumption and administration during fevers (''Jwara'').
** ''Samagandhik'' – Exhibits a persistent, balanced, and uniform earthy balsamic bouquet.

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Usheera combines a cooling potency with digestive-promoting attributes without aggravating Agni:<ref name="API" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
| 1 || '''Taste (''[[Rasa]]'')''' || Bitter (''Tikta''), Sweet (''Madhura'')
|-
| 2 || '''Potency (''[[Veerya]]'')''' || Cold (''Sita'')
|-
| 3 || '''Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'')''' || Sweet (''Madhura'')
|-
| 4 || '''Qualities (''[[Guna]]'')''' || Light (''Laghu''), Unctuous (''Snigdha'')
|-
| 5 || '''Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'')''' || Pacifies Pitta and Kapha (''Pittakaphahara''), balances Vata
|-
| 6 || '''Specific Actions (''[[Karma]]'')''' || Relieves burning sensation (''Dahanashana''), antipyretic (''Jwaraghna''), thirst-quenching (''Trishnanigrahana''), styptic/hemostatic (''Stambhana''), digestive/carminative (''Pachana''), complexion enhancer (''Varnya''), diaphoretic/deodorant (''Svedapanayana'')
|}

== References in Charaka Samhita ==
Usheera is prominently documented across multiple therapeutic chapters of the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charaka Samhita !! Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/32 || Listed under the Thirst-Relieving Group (''Trishnanigrahana Mahakashaya'')
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/34 || Listed under the Burning-Relieving Group (''Dahaprashamana Mahakashaya'')
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/44 || Listed under the Diaphoretic-Pacifying Group (''Angamardaprashamana Mahakashaya'')
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/199 || Key ingredient of cooling decoctions in acute Pitta fever (''Paittika Jwara'')
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/205 || Compounded in medicated thirst-quenching decoctions for chronic fever
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/219 || Ingredient of cooling medicated ghee (''Ghrita Yoga'')
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/245 || Ingredient of therapeutic unctuous enema (''Anuvasana Basti'')
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/73 || Formulated for systemic internal bleeding disorders (''Raktapitta'')
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/102 || Prescribed for external immersion baths (''Avagaha'') and affusions (''Parisheka'') in burning syndrome
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/30 || Astringent decoction indicated in Pitta-dominant urinary disorders (''Pittaja Prameha'')
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/144 || Vital therapeutic component of ''Mahatikta Ghrita'' for chronic dermatosis
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/186 || Styptic hemostatic compound indicated in bleeding anorectal piles (''Raktarsha'')
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/76 || Indicated in cooling topical paste applications (''Lepa'') for acute erysipelas (''Visarpa'')
|}

== Therapeutic Indications (Classical) ==
Usheera is indicated in the clinical management of:<ref name="API" />
* ''Jwara'' (Pyrexia / Intermittent and infective fevers)
* ''Trushna'' (Excessive thirst / Polydipsia)
* ''Daha'' (Peripheral burning sensation / Neuropathy / Erythema)
* ''Raktapitta'' (Hemorrhagic diathesis / Epistaxis / Hematuria)
* ''Mutrakruccha'' (Dysuria / Urinary tract inflammation)
* ''Prameha'' (Metabolic syndrome / Glycosuria)
* ''Kushtha'' & ''Visarpa'' (Dermatological inflammatory eruptions / Erysipelas)
* ''Vrana'' (Infected cutaneous wounds and thermal ulcerations)
* ''Svedadhikya'' & ''Daurgandhya'' (Hyperhidrosis and foul body odor)

== Dosage & Administration ==
* '''Root Powder (''Churna''):''' 3 – 6 g daily in divided doses.<ref name="API" />
* '''Cold Infusion (''Hima''):''' 40 – 80 ml infused overnight with potable water.
* '''Decoction (''Kwatha''):''' 50 – 100 ml taken twice daily.

== Classical Formulations ==
* ''Usirasava''
* ''Shadanga Paniya'' (''Shadanga Kwatha'')
* ''Yogaraja Guggulu''
* ''Mahatikta Ghrita''
* ''Chandanadi Churna''
* ''Ushiradi Taila''

== Current Researches ==
=== Phytochemical Composition ===
The root matrix of ''Vetiveria zizanioides'' yields a heavy, viscous, amber-brown essential oil (0.3%–1.5%) comprising uniquely functionalized sesquiterpene derivatives:
* '''Sesquiterpene Alcohols:''' Khusimol, vetiverols (α- and β-vetiverol), isovalencenol, and epizizanal.
* '''Sesquiterpene Hydrocarbons:''' Vetivene, α-vetivone, β-vetivone, zizanol, and khusimene.
* '''Phenolic Acids & Flavonoids:''' Caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, gallic acid, ferulic acid, and luteolin derivatives.
* '''Secondary Biomolecules:''' Zizanoic acid, isovalencic acid, and β-sitosterol.

=== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ===

==== Antipyretic & Thermoregulatory Activity ====
Usheera's classical reputation as a potent febrifuge (''Jwaraghna'') is well documented pharmacologically.
* '''Mechanism:''' Bioactive fractions down-regulate pyrogenic cytokine release, reducing interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and hypothalamic prostaglandin E2 ($PGE_2$) synthesis.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In yeast-induced hyperpyrexia experimental models, root extracts (250–500 mg/kg p.o.) produced significant, sustained reductions in rectal temperatures comparable to standard paracetamol, validating its classical role in acute fevers.<ref name="Rehmani">{{cite journal |last1=Rehmani |first1=R. |last2=Ahmad |first2=S. |last3=Khan |first3=M. |year=2014 |title=Antipyretic and analgesic activities of ethanolic extract of Vetiveria zizanioides root |journal=Journal of Pharmacy Research |volume=8 |issue=6 |pages=789–793}}</ref>

==== Free Radical Scavenging & Cytoprotective Actions ====
* '''Mechanism:''' Sesquiterpenes and polyphenols donate electrons to quench free radicals, replenish endogenous superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), and reduce microsomal lipid peroxidation.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Ethanolic root extracts demonstrated remarkable in vitro ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and DPPH free-radical scavenging indices ($IC_{50}$ values below 40 μg/ml), effectively protecting cell membranes against oxidative injury.<ref name="Luqman">{{cite journal |last1=Luqman |first1=S. |last2=Srivastava |first2=R. |last3=Kumar |first3=R. |last4=Maurya |first4=A. K. |last5=Chanda |first5=D. |year=2009 |title=Experimental assessment of Carissa carandas and Vetiveria zizanioides essential oils for antioxidant and antibacterial activities |journal=Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine |volume=2012 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1155/2012/263852}}</ref>

==== Anti-Inflammatory, Analgesic & Styptic Efficacy ====
* '''Mechanism:''' Vetivone isomers and khusimol competitively attenuate cyclooxygenase (COX-2) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) catalytic sites, suppressing leukotriene and prostaglandin production.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In carrageenan- and formalin-induced edema assays, oral root extracts demonstrated up to 61.4% inhibition of paw swelling. Its astringent tannin content also accelerates in vitro and ex vivo thromboplastin-mediated blood coagulation, corroborating its traditional styptic (''Stambhana'') use in hemorrhagic conditions.<ref name="Kumar">{{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=A. |last2=Tripathi |first2=M. |last3=Puri |first3=S. |year=2012 |title=Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Vetiveria zizanioides root extract in animal models |journal=Pharmaceutical Biology |volume=50 |issue=9 |pages=1121–1126 |doi=10.3109/13880209.2012.658477}}</ref>

==== Antimicrobial & Topical Wound-Healing Actions ====
* '''Mechanism:''' Khusimol and related sesquiterpenic fractions alter microbial cell membrane permeability, triggering ion leakage and cell lysis while stimulating microvascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) synthesis in fibroblasts.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Standardized vetiver root essential oil exhibited robust minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against common wound pathogens, notably ''Staphylococcus aureus'', ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'', and dermatophytes like ''Trichophyton mentagrophytes'', showing marked re-epithelialization and collagen deposition in excision wound models.<ref name="Devi">{{cite journal |last1=Devi |first1=P. R. |last2=Rao |first2=K. V. |year=2010 |title=Antimicrobial and wound healing potential of Vetiveria zizanioides in diabetic rats |journal=International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=146–151}}</ref>

==== Neuroprotective & Anxiolytic Properties ====
* '''Mechanism:''' Volatile sesquiterpenes cross the blood-brain barrier to modulate gamma-aminobutyric acid type A ($GABA_A$) receptors and reduce central monoaminergic turnover in limbic regions.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In elevated plus-maze (EPM) and open-field assessments, inhaled or parenterally administered vetiver oil elicited potent anxiolytic, central-calming, and neuroprotective responses comparable to diazepam without motor coordination impairment or drug-induced dependency.<ref name="Saiyudthong">{{cite journal |last1=Saiyudthong |first1=S. |last2=Marsden |first2=C. A. |year=2015 |title=Acute effects of vetiver essential oil on anxiety-like behavior and c-Fos expression in the central nucleus of the amygdala in rats |journal=Natural Product Communications |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=1107–1110}}</ref>

== Safety & Toxicity Profile ==
* '''Acute & Subacute Safety:''' Preclinical safety studies report that ethanolic and aqueous root extracts show no signs of behavioral toxicity, hematological disturbance, or mortality in rodents at single oral doses up to 2,000–3,000 mg/kg body weight.
* '''Precautions:''' Due to its pronounced cooling (''Sheeta Virya'') and Kapha-stabilizing characteristics, prolonged administration in very large quantities during cold seasons or in patients with severe, chronic Kapha-Vata respiratory congestion should be balanced with warming bio-enhancers (e.g., Sunthi or Maricha).

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=3 |pages=99–100 |edition=Part I}}</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=K. C. |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Karpuradi varga, verse 86 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
<ref name="Rehmani">{{cite journal |last1=Rehmani |first1=R. |last2=Ahmad |first2=S. |last3=Khan |first3=M. |year=2014 |title=Antipyretic and analgesic activities of ethanolic extract of Vetiveria zizanioides root |journal=Journal of Pharmacy Research |volume=8 |issue=6 |pages=789–793}}</ref>
<ref name="Luqman">{{cite journal |last1=Luqman |first1=S. |last2=Srivastava |first2=R. |last3=Kumar |first3=R. |last4=Maurya |first4=A. K. |last5=Chanda |first5=D. |year=2009 |title=Experimental assessment of Carissa carandas and Vetiveria zizanioides essential oils for antioxidant and antibacterial activities |journal=Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine |volume=2012 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1155/2012/263852}}</ref>
<ref name="Kumar">{{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=A. |last2=Tripathi |first2=M. |last3=Puri |first3=S. |year=2012 |title=Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Vetiveria zizanioides root extract in animal models |journal=Pharmaceutical Biology |volume=50 |issue=9 |pages=1121–1126 |doi=10.3109/13880209.2012.658477}}</ref>
<ref name="Devi">{{cite journal |last1=Devi |first1=P. R. |last2=Rao |first2=K. V. |year=2010 |title=Antimicrobial and wound healing potential of Vetiveria zizanioides in diabetic rats |journal=International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=146–151}}</ref>
<ref name="Saiyudthong">{{cite journal |last1=Saiyudthong |first1=S. |last2=Marsden |first2=C. A. |year=2015 |title=Acute effects of vetiver essential oil on anxiety-like behavior and c-Fos expression in the central nucleus of the amygdala in rats |journal=Natural Product Communications |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=1107–1110}}</ref>
}}

== External links ==
[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Chrysopogon%20zizanioides IMPPAT database]

File:Usheera.jpg

2026-09-16T06:16:38Z

Agnivesha:

Usheera (Vetiveria zizanioides L.)

Usheera

2026-09-16T06:01:00Z

Agnivesha: Created page with "{{#seo: |title=Charak Samhita - Herb Database |titlemode=append |keywords=Usheera, Ushira, Vetiveria zizanioides, Chrysopogon zizanioides, Vetiver, Cuscus grass, Pittashamaka, Jwarahara, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia, Usirasava, Shadanga Paniya, Essential oil |description=Monograph on Usheera (Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash): comprehensive botanical profile, classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics, phytochemical constituents, and evidence-based therap..."

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita - Herb Database
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Usheera, Ushira, Vetiveria zizanioides, Chrysopogon zizanioides, Vetiver, Cuscus grass, Pittashamaka, Jwarahara, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia, Usirasava, Shadanga Paniya, Essential oil
|description=Monograph on Usheera (Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash): comprehensive botanical profile, classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics, phytochemical constituents, and evidence-based therapeutic efficacy.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=Usheera - Vetiveria zizanioides
|type=article
}}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysopogon_zizanioides Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty]

{{Infobox
|title = Usheera (Ushira)
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Usheera
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysopogon_zizanioides Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Poaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''Usheera''' (Latin: ''Vetiveria zizanioides'' (L.) Nash, accepted name: ''Chrysopogon zizanioides'' (L.) Roberty; family: Poaceae) is a densely tufted, perennial C4 aromatic grass native to the Indian subcontinent. In [[Ayurveda]], the fragrant, spongy roots of Usheera are revered as an archetype of cooling therapy (''Sheeta Virya''), widely indicated for relieving burning sensations (''Daha nashana''), hyperpyrexia (''Jwarahara''), persistent morbid thirst (''Trishna nigrahana''), and hemorrhagic diathesis (''Raktapitta shamana'').<ref name="API">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=3 |pages=99–100 |edition=Part I}}</ref>

== Botanical & Vernacular Names ==
* '''Botanical Name:''' ''Vetiveria zizanioides'' (L.) Nash (syn. ''Chrysopogon zizanioides'' (L.) Roberty)
* '''Family:''' Poaceae (Gramineae)
* '''English Names:''' Cuscus grass, Vetiver, Khas-Khas grass
* '''Sanskrit / Classical Names:''' ''Usheera'', ''Virana'', ''Nalada'', ''Amrunala'', ''Samagandhika''
* '''Hindi:''' Khas
* '''Gujarati:''' Valo
* '''Bengali:''' Khas-Khas, Bena
* '''Tamil:''' Vettiver, Vettiveru
* '''Telugu:''' Vettiveru, Kuruveeru

== Synonyms in Classical Texts ==
* '''Synonyms in Bhavaprakash Nighantu:'''<ref name="Bhavaprakash">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=K. C. |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Karpuradi varga, verse 86 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
** ''Virana'' – Denotes the whole mother plant producing the fibrous root clump.
** ''Nalada'' – Endowed with an inherently soothing and delightful fragrance.
** ''Mrunala'' / ''Amrunala'' – Root fibers display structural morphological resemblance to fibrous lotus rootlets.
** ''Sevya'' – Worthy of regular therapeutic consumption and administration during fevers (''Jwara'').
** ''Samagandhik'' – Exhibits a persistent, balanced, and uniform earthy balsamic bouquet.

[[File:Vetiveria_zizanioides_roots.jpg|thumb|Fibrous, aromatic adventitious root system of Vetiveria zizanioides (Usheera)]]

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Usheera combines a cooling potency with digestive-promoting attributes without aggravating Agni:<ref name="API" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
| 1 || '''Taste (''[[Rasa]]'')''' || Bitter (''Tikta''), Sweet (''Madhura'')
|-
| 2 || '''Potency (''[[Veerya]]'')''' || Cold (''Sita'')
|-
| 3 || '''Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'')''' || Sweet (''Madhura'')
|-
| 4 || '''Qualities (''[[Guna]]'')''' || Light (''Laghu''), Unctuous (''Snigdha'')
|-
| 5 || '''Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'')''' || Pacifies Pitta and Kapha (''Pittakaphahara''), balances Vata
|-
| 6 || '''Specific Actions (''[[Karma]]'')''' || Relieves burning sensation (''Dahanashana''), antipyretic (''Jwaraghna''), thirst-quenching (''Trishnanigrahana''), styptic/hemostatic (''Stambhana''), digestive/carminative (''Pachana''), complexion enhancer (''Varnya''), diaphoretic/deodorant (''Svedapanayana'')
|}

== References in Charaka Samhita ==
Usheera is prominently documented across multiple therapeutic chapters of the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charaka Samhita !! Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/32 || Listed under the Thirst-Relieving Group (''Trishnanigrahana Mahakashaya'')
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/34 || Listed under the Burning-Relieving Group (''Dahaprashamana Mahakashaya'')
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/44 || Listed under the Diaphoretic-Pacifying Group (''Angamardaprashamana Mahakashaya'')
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/199 || Key ingredient of cooling decoctions in acute Pitta fever (''Paittika Jwara'')
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/205 || Compounded in medicated thirst-quenching decoctions for chronic fever
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/219 || Ingredient of cooling medicated ghee (''Ghrita Yoga'')
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/245 || Ingredient of therapeutic unctuous enema (''Anuvasana Basti'')
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/73 || Formulated for systemic internal bleeding disorders (''Raktapitta'')
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/102 || Prescribed for external immersion baths (''Avagaha'') and affusions (''Parisheka'') in burning syndrome
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/30 || Astringent decoction indicated in Pitta-dominant urinary disorders (''Pittaja Prameha'')
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/144 || Vital therapeutic component of ''Mahatikta Ghrita'' for chronic dermatosis
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/186 || Styptic hemostatic compound indicated in bleeding anorectal piles (''Raktarsha'')
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/76 || Indicated in cooling topical paste applications (''Lepa'') for acute erysipelas (''Visarpa'')
|}

== Therapeutic Indications (Classical) ==
Usheera is indicated in the clinical management of:<ref name="API" />
* ''Jwara'' (Pyrexia / Intermittent and infective fevers)
* ''Trushna'' (Excessive thirst / Polydipsia)
* ''Daha'' (Peripheral burning sensation / Neuropathy / Erythema)
* ''Raktapitta'' (Hemorrhagic diathesis / Epistaxis / Hematuria)
* ''Mutrakruccha'' (Dysuria / Urinary tract inflammation)
* ''Prameha'' (Metabolic syndrome / Glycosuria)
* ''Kushtha'' & ''Visarpa'' (Dermatological inflammatory eruptions / Erysipelas)
* ''Vrana'' (Infected cutaneous wounds and thermal ulcerations)
* ''Svedadhikya'' & ''Daurgandhya'' (Hyperhidrosis and foul body odor)

== Dosage & Administration ==
* '''Root Powder (''Churna''):''' 3 – 6 g daily in divided doses.<ref name="API" />
* '''Cold Infusion (''Hima''):''' 40 – 80 ml infused overnight with potable water.
* '''Decoction (''Kwatha''):''' 50 – 100 ml taken twice daily.

== Classical Formulations ==
* ''Usirasava''
* ''Shadanga Paniya'' (''Shadanga Kwatha'')
* ''Yogaraja Guggulu''
* ''Mahatikta Ghrita''
* ''Chandanadi Churna''
* ''Ushiradi Taila''

== Current Researches ==
=== Phytochemical Composition ===
The root matrix of ''Vetiveria zizanioides'' yields a heavy, viscous, amber-brown essential oil (0.3%–1.5%) comprising uniquely functionalized sesquiterpene derivatives:
* '''Sesquiterpene Alcohols:''' Khusimol, vetiverols (α- and β-vetiverol), isovalencenol, and epizizanal.
* '''Sesquiterpene Hydrocarbons:''' Vetivene, α-vetivone, β-vetivone, zizanol, and khusimene.
* '''Phenolic Acids & Flavonoids:''' Caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, gallic acid, ferulic acid, and luteolin derivatives.
* '''Secondary Biomolecules:''' Zizanoic acid, isovalencic acid, and β-sitosterol.

=== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ===

==== Antipyretic & Thermoregulatory Activity ====
Usheera's classical reputation as a potent febrifuge (''Jwaraghna'') is well documented pharmacologically.
* '''Mechanism:''' Bioactive fractions down-regulate pyrogenic cytokine release, reducing interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and hypothalamic prostaglandin E2 ($PGE_2$) synthesis.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In yeast-induced hyperpyrexia experimental models, root extracts (250–500 mg/kg p.o.) produced significant, sustained reductions in rectal temperatures comparable to standard paracetamol, validating its classical role in acute fevers.<ref name="Rehmani">{{cite journal |last1=Rehmani |first1=R. |last2=Ahmad |first2=S. |last3=Khan |first3=M. |year=2014 |title=Antipyretic and analgesic activities of ethanolic extract of Vetiveria zizanioides root |journal=Journal of Pharmacy Research |volume=8 |issue=6 |pages=789–793}}</ref>

==== Free Radical Scavenging & Cytoprotective Actions ====
* '''Mechanism:''' Sesquiterpenes and polyphenols donate electrons to quench free radicals, replenish endogenous superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), and reduce microsomal lipid peroxidation.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Ethanolic root extracts demonstrated remarkable in vitro ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and DPPH free-radical scavenging indices ($IC_{50}$ values below 40 μg/ml), effectively protecting cell membranes against oxidative injury.<ref name="Luqman">{{cite journal |last1=Luqman |first1=S. |last2=Srivastava |first2=R. |last3=Kumar |first3=R. |last4=Maurya |first4=A. K. |last5=Chanda |first5=D. |year=2009 |title=Experimental assessment of Carissa carandas and Vetiveria zizanioides essential oils for antioxidant and antibacterial activities |journal=Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine |volume=2012 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1155/2012/263852}}</ref>

==== Anti-Inflammatory, Analgesic & Styptic Efficacy ====
* '''Mechanism:''' Vetivone isomers and khusimol competitively attenuate cyclooxygenase (COX-2) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) catalytic sites, suppressing leukotriene and prostaglandin production.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In carrageenan- and formalin-induced edema assays, oral root extracts demonstrated up to 61.4% inhibition of paw swelling. Its astringent tannin content also accelerates in vitro and ex vivo thromboplastin-mediated blood coagulation, corroborating its traditional styptic (''Stambhana'') use in hemorrhagic conditions.<ref name="Kumar">{{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=A. |last2=Tripathi |first2=M. |last3=Puri |first3=S. |year=2012 |title=Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Vetiveria zizanioides root extract in animal models |journal=Pharmaceutical Biology |volume=50 |issue=9 |pages=1121–1126 |doi=10.3109/13880209.2012.658477}}</ref>

==== Antimicrobial & Topical Wound-Healing Actions ====
* '''Mechanism:''' Khusimol and related sesquiterpenic fractions alter microbial cell membrane permeability, triggering ion leakage and cell lysis while stimulating microvascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) synthesis in fibroblasts.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Standardized vetiver root essential oil exhibited robust minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against common wound pathogens, notably ''Staphylococcus aureus'', ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'', and dermatophytes like ''Trichophyton mentagrophytes'', showing marked re-epithelialization and collagen deposition in excision wound models.<ref name="Devi">{{cite journal |last1=Devi |first1=P. R. |last2=Rao |first2=K. V. |year=2010 |title=Antimicrobial and wound healing potential of Vetiveria zizanioides in diabetic rats |journal=International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=146–151}}</ref>

==== Neuroprotective & Anxiolytic Properties ====
* '''Mechanism:''' Volatile sesquiterpenes cross the blood-brain barrier to modulate gamma-aminobutyric acid type A ($GABA_A$) receptors and reduce central monoaminergic turnover in limbic regions.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In elevated plus-maze (EPM) and open-field assessments, inhaled or parenterally administered vetiver oil elicited potent anxiolytic, central-calming, and neuroprotective responses comparable to diazepam without motor coordination impairment or drug-induced dependency.<ref name="Saiyudthong">{{cite journal |last1=Saiyudthong |first1=S. |last2=Marsden |first2=C. A. |year=2015 |title=Acute effects of vetiver essential oil on anxiety-like behavior and c-Fos expression in the central nucleus of the amygdala in rats |journal=Natural Product Communications |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=1107–1110}}</ref>

== Safety & Toxicity Profile ==
* '''Acute & Subacute Safety:''' Preclinical safety studies report that ethanolic and aqueous root extracts show no signs of behavioral toxicity, hematological disturbance, or mortality in rodents at single oral doses up to 2,000–3,000 mg/kg body weight.
* '''Precautions:''' Due to its pronounced cooling (''Sheeta Virya'') and Kapha-stabilizing characteristics, prolonged administration in very large quantities during cold seasons or in patients with severe, chronic Kapha-Vata respiratory congestion should be balanced with warming bio-enhancers (e.g., Sunthi or Maricha).

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=3 |pages=99–100 |edition=Part I}}</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=K. C. |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Karpuradi varga, verse 86 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
<ref name="Rehmani">{{cite journal |last1=Rehmani |first1=R. |last2=Ahmad |first2=S. |last3=Khan |first3=M. |year=2014 |title=Antipyretic and analgesic activities of ethanolic extract of Vetiveria zizanioides root |journal=Journal of Pharmacy Research |volume=8 |issue=6 |pages=789–793}}</ref>
<ref name="Luqman">{{cite journal |last1=Luqman |first1=S. |last2=Srivastava |first2=R. |last3=Kumar |first3=R. |last4=Maurya |first4=A. K. |last5=Chanda |first5=D. |year=2009 |title=Experimental assessment of Carissa carandas and Vetiveria zizanioides essential oils for antioxidant and antibacterial activities |journal=Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine |volume=2012 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1155/2012/263852}}</ref>
<ref name="Kumar">{{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=A. |last2=Tripathi |first2=M. |last3=Puri |first3=S. |year=2012 |title=Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Vetiveria zizanioides root extract in animal models |journal=Pharmaceutical Biology |volume=50 |issue=9 |pages=1121–1126 |doi=10.3109/13880209.2012.658477}}</ref>
<ref name="Devi">{{cite journal |last1=Devi |first1=P. R. |last2=Rao |first2=K. V. |year=2010 |title=Antimicrobial and wound healing potential of Vetiveria zizanioides in diabetic rats |journal=International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=146–151}}</ref>
<ref name="Saiyudthong">{{cite journal |last1=Saiyudthong |first1=S. |last2=Marsden |first2=C. A. |year=2015 |title=Acute effects of vetiver essential oil on anxiety-like behavior and c-Fos expression in the central nucleus of the amygdala in rats |journal=Natural Product Communications |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=1107–1110}}</ref>
}}

Herbs details

2026-09-08T10:19:36Z

Agnivesha:

Herbs details:
Herbs in [[Charak Samhita]]

# [[Amalaki]]
# [[Bibhitaki]]
# [[Haritaki]]
# [[Shunthi]]
# [[Maricha]]
# [[Pippali]]
# [[Chitraka]]
# [[Vidanga]]
# [[Musta]]
# [[Guduchi]]
# [[Brahmi]]
# [[Shankhapushpi]]
# [[Ashwagandha]]
# [[Shatavari]]
# [[Haridra]]
# [[Arjuna]]
# [[Guggulu]]
# [[Yashtimadhu]]
# [[Lodhra]]
# [[Agnimantha]]
# [[Bilva]]
# [[Nimba]]
# [[Lashuna]]
# [[Punarnava]]
# [[Gokshura]]
# [[Surasa|Tulasi]] ([[Surasa]])
# [[Lavanga]]
# [[Manjishtha]]
# [[Karanja]]
# [[Bhumyamalaki]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants and Botanical Names in Charak Samhita
! Sr. No. !! Sanskrit Name !! Synonyms !! Botanical Name
|-
| 1 || [[Bibhitaki|Aksha]]|| [[Bibhitaki|Bibhitaki, kaliphala, Bhutavasa, Kalidruma]]|| '''[[Bibhitaki|Terminalia bellirica Roxb]]'''
|-
| 2 || Aguru || Agaru, loha, krimija, rajarha || '''Aquilaria agallocha Roxb'''
|-
| 3 || [[Agnimantha]]|| Jaya, Sriparni, Ganikarika, Jayanti, Tarkari, Nadeyi, Vai jayanti || '''[[Agnimantha|Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn.f.]]'''
|-
| 4 || Ankola || Ankoda, Deerghakeela, Nikochaka, Tamraphala, Gupta Sneha || '''Alangium lamarkii Thw., (Alangium salviifolium)'''
|-
| 5 || Ajamoda || Karavi, Deepyaka, Shikhimoda || '''Apium graveolens'''
|-
| 6 || Atasi || uma, picchila, devi, medagandha, madotkata, kshuma, hemavati,masruna || '''Linum usitatissimum Linn.'''
|-
| 7 || Atibala || rishyaprokta, kankatika,Balika, Vatyapushpy, Bhuribala || '''Abutilon indicum. (Link)'''
|-
| 8 || Ativisha || shrungi, virupa, pittadivallabha, shwetvaca, visha, madri || '''Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. Cat.'''
|-
| 9 || Aparajita || Shanhapushpi,Girikarnika, Visnukranta,Sephanda || '''Clitoria ternatea L.'''
|-
| 10 || Apamarga || Shikhari,durgraha, adhashalya, karmanjri, pratyakpushpi || '''Achyranthes aspera Linn.'''
|-
| 11 || Ambashtaki || laghu patha,Uttanaparni, prachina,varatikta, Aviddhakarni,kuchelika || '''Cissampelos pareira Linn'''
|-
| 12 || Amlikakanda || || '''Dioscorea oppositifolia L.'''
|-
| 13 || Arimeda || Irimeda, Vidkhadira || '''Acacia leucophloea Willd.'''
|-
| 14 || Arka || Ravi, Bhanu, Tapana,Tulaphala, vikirana,ksheeraparna || '''Calotropis gigantea'''
|-
| 15 || [[Surasa|Surasa, Tulasi, Arjaka]]|| Kutherak, Phaninjhak, Arjaka(Tulsi bheda), Barbari,Shweta tulasi || '''[[Surasa|Ocimum sanctum L., (syn. Ocimum tenuiflorum L., Ocimum gratissimum L.)]]'''
|-
| 16 || [[Arjuna]]|| Indradru, Nadisarja, Dhavala, Kakubha, Partha, Shweta vaha, || '''[[Arjuna|Terminalia Arjuna]]'''
|-
| 17 || Avakpushpi || || '''Trichodesma indicum'''
|-
| 18 || Ashoka || Madhupushpa,Raktapallavaka, Hemapushpa, Pindipushpa, Nata, Pallavadru, || '''Saraca indica Linn.'''
|-
| 19 || Ashmantaka || Yugmapatra, yaalapatraka, kanchini || '''Bauhinia racemosa. Lam.'''
|-
| 20 || [[Ashwagandha]]|| [[Ashwagandha|Balada, kamarupini, vajini,Gandhapatri]]|| '''[[Ashwagandha|Withania somnifera]]'''
|-
| 21 || Aswattha || pippala, shrivriksha, sevya,bodhidru, pavitraka,krishnavasa || '''Ficus religiosa L.'''
|-
| 22 || Asana || Beejaka, Vijayasara || '''Bridelia Montana Wall., Pterocarpus marsupium'''
|-
| 23 || Akhuparni || vriddhadaru, akhukarni, shubhashreni, krushika, dravanti || '''Ipomoea reniformis Chois.'''
|-
| 24 || Adhaki || Tuvari, Shanapushpika, Kalavrunta || '''Cajanus indicus Spreng'''
|-
| 25 || Atmagupta || Kapikachu, kapiloma, swayamgupta,Markati || '''Mucuna pruriens D.C.'''
|-
| 26 || [[Amalaki]]|| [[Amalaki|Dhatri, Dhatriphala, Sriphala, Vayastha,vayasya]]|| '''[[Amalaki|Phyllanthus emblica L./ Emblica officinalis]]'''
|-
| 27 || Amra || Madhuphala, Madhuli, Madhavadruma, Sahakara, parapushta || '''Manjifera indica L.'''
|-
| 28 || Ikshu || Asipatra, Bhurirasa, Dirghacchada, Gudamula, Trnarasa || '''Saccharum officinarum L.'''
|-
| 29 || Ikshuraka || Kokilaksha? || '''Hygrophila spinosa T.Anderson'''
|-
| 30 || Ingudi || Higupatra, Tapasadruma,Angaravruksha,Pootikantaka || '''Balanites roxburghii Plauch., (Balanites aegyptiaca (Linn) Del.)'''
|-
| 31 || Itkada || Utkata, Vanajayanti || '''Sesbania aculeate Pers.'''
|-
| 32 || Ucchadaka || Uttingana? || '''Blepharis edulis Pers.'''
|-
| 33 || Udumbara || || '''Ficus glomerata Roxb., ( Ficus racemosa)'''
|-
| 34 || Upodika || || '''Basella rubra L.'''
|-
| 35 || Eraka || || '''Typha elephantine Roxb.'''
|-
| 36 || Ervaru || || '''Cucumis utilissimus L.'''
|-
| 37 || Eranda || || '''Ricinus communis L.'''
|-
| 38 || Katutumbi || || '''Lagenaria Vulgaris Ser.'''
|-
| 39 || Katuphala || || '''Hibiscus abelmoschus L.'''
|-
| 40 || Kandakari || || '''Solanum xanthocarpum Sche.'''
|-
| 41 || Kadamba || || '''Anthocephalus cadamba Miq.'''
|-
| 42 || Kadara || || '''Acacia Senegal Willd.'''
|-
| 43 || Kapittha || || '''Feronia elephantanum Correa.'''
|-
| 44 || Karamarda || || '''Carissa carandas L.'''
|-
| 45 || Karavira || || '''Nerium odorum Soland'''
|-
| 46 || Karira || || '''Copparis aphylla Roth'''
|-
| 47 || [[Karanja]]|| || '''[[Karanja|Pongamia pinnata/glabra Vent.]]'''
|-
| 48 || Karkatashrungi || || '''Rhuus succedanea L.'''
|-
| 49 || Karkandhu || || '''Zizyphus nummularia W.C.'''
|-
| 50 || Karpura || || '''Dryobalanops aromatic Goertn.'''
|-
| 51 || Kalaya || || '''Lathyrus sativus L.'''
|-
| 52 || Kasheruka || || '''Seirpus kysoor R.'''
|-
| 53 || Kakamachi || || '''Solanum nigrum L.'''
|-
| 54 || Karavellika || || '''Momordica charantia L.'''
|-
| 55 || Karpasa || || '''Gossypium herbacum L.'''
|-
| 56 || Kalanusariva || || '''Ichnocarpus frutenscens Br.'''
|-
| 57 || Kashmari || || '''Gmelina arborea L.'''
|-
| 58 || Kasamarda || || '''Cassia occidentalis L.'''
|-
| 59 || Kiratatikta || || '''Swertia chirata Ham.'''
|-
| 60 || Kutaja || || '''Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall.'''
|-
| 61 || Kutumbaka || || '''Leucas linifolia Spreng.'''
|-
| 62 || Kumarajeeva || || '''Putranjiva roxburghii Wall.'''
|-
| 63 || Kumbhi || || '''Careya arborea R.'''
|-
| 64 || Kurandaka || || '''Barleria prionitis L.'''
|-
| 65 || Kusumbha || || '''Carathmus tinctoricus L.'''
|-
| 66 || Kovidara || || '''Bauhinia variegate L.'''
|-
| 67 || Koshataki || || '''Luffa acutangula varamara Clerke'''
|-
| 68 || Koshamra || || '''Scheleichera trijuga Willd.'''
|-
| 69 || Kumkuma || || '''Crocus sativus L.'''
|-
| 70 || Khadira || || '''Acacia catechu Willd.'''
|-
| 71 || [[Guggulu]]|| || '''[[Guggulu|Commiphora/Balsamodendron mukul Hook.]]'''
|-
| 72 || Gunja || || '''Abrus precatorius L.'''
|-
| 73 || [[Guduchi]]|| || '''[[Guduchi|Tinospora cordifolia Miers.]]'''
|-
| 74 || [[Gokshura]]|| || '''[[Gokshura|Tribulus terrestris L.]]'''
|-
| 75 || Gojihwa || || '''Elephantopus scaber L.'''
|-
| 76 || Chakramarda || || '''Cassia tora L.'''
|-
| 77 || Chanchu || || '''Corchorus oilitorius L.'''
|-
| 78 || Chandana || || '''Santalum album L.'''
|-
| 79 || Charmakasha || || '''Acacia concinna D.C.'''
|-
| 80 || Changeri || || '''Oxalis corniculata L.'''
|-
| 81 || [[Chitraka]]|| || '''[[Chitraka|Plumbago zeylanica L.]]'''
|-
| 82 || Chirabilva || || '''Holoptelia integrifolia Planch.'''
|-
| 83 || Chirmata || || '''Cucumis melo L.'''
|-
| 84 || Chilli || || '''Chenopodium album L.'''
|-
| 85 || Choraka || || '''Agelica glauca Edgew.'''
|-
| 86 || jambu || || '''Eugenia jambos Lamk.'''
|-
| 87 || jaya || || '''Sesbania egyptica Pers.'''
|-
| 88 || jalapippali || || '''Lippia nodiflora Rich.'''
|-
| 89 || Jati || || '''Myristica fragrens Houtt.'''
|-
| 90 || Jingini || || '''Odina wodier Roxb.'''
|-
| 91 || Jeeraka || || '''Cuminum cyminum L.'''
|-
| 92 || Jyotishmati || || '''Celestrus paniculata Willd.'''
|-
| 93 || Tamala || || '''Cinnamomum tamala Fr. Nees.'''
|-
| 94 || Tintidika || || '''Tamarindus indica L.'''
|-
| 95 || Tinduka || || '''Diospyros embryopteris Pers.'''
|-
| 96 || Tila || || '''Sesamum indicum L.'''
|-
| 97 || Tilaparni || || '''Gynandropis pentaphylla D.C'''
|-
| 98 || Tumburu || || '''Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb.'''
|-
| 99 || Tuda || || '''Morus indica L.'''
|-
| 100 || Trivrut || || '''Ipomea turpethum Br.'''
|-
| 101 || Dadima || || '''Punica granatum L.'''
|-
| 102 || Daruharidra || || '''Berberis aristata D.C'''
|-
| 103 || Dipyaka || || '''Carum copticum Benth.'''
|-
| 104 || Dugdhika || || '''Euphorbia pilulifera L.'''
|-
| 105 || Duralabha || || '''Fagonia Arabica L.'''
|-
| 106 || Durva || || '''Cynodon dactylon Pers.'''
|-
| 107 || Draksha || || '''Vitis vinifera L.'''
|-
| 108 || Dhanvana || || '''Grewia tiliefolia Vahl.'''
|-
| 109 || Dhava || || '''Anogeisssus latifolia Wall.'''
|-
| 110 || Dhataki || || '''Woodfordia floribunda Slisb.'''
|-
| 111 || Dhanyaka || || '''Coriandrum sativum'''
|-
| 112 || Nanditaka || || '''Ficus retusa L.'''
|-
| 113 || Nalika || || '''Onosma echioides L.'''
|-
| 114 || Naranga || || '''Citrus aurantium L.'''
|-
| 115 || Nadi || || '''Ipomea aquatica Forsk.'''
|-
| 116 || [[Nimba]]|| || '''[[Nimba|Azadirachta indica]] '''
|-
| 117 || Nirgundi || || '''Vitex negundo L.'''
|-
| 118 || Nilika || || '''Indigofera tinctoria L.'''
|-
| 119 || Nyagrodha || || '''Ficus bengalensis L.'''
|-
| 120 || Patola || || '''Trichosanthes dioica Roxb.'''
|-
| 121 || Patra || || '''Cinnamomum iners Reinw.'''
|-
| 122 || Padmaka || || '''Prunus puddum Roxb.'''
|-
| 123 || Parushaka || || '''Grewia asiatica L.'''
|-
| 124 || Parpataka || || '''Rangia repens Nees.'''
|-
| 125 || Paravata || || '''Psidium guyava L.'''
|-
| 126 || Pashanabheda || || '''Saxifraga lingulata Wall.'''
|-
| 127 || [[Pippali]]|| || '''[[Pippali|Piper longum L.]]'''
|-
| 128 || Pilu || || '''Salvadora persica L.'''
|-
| 129 || [[Punarnava]]|| || '''[[Punarnava|Boerhavia diffusa L.]]'''
|-
| 130 || Prasarani || || '''Pederia fetida L.'''
|-
| 131 || Prachinamalaka || || '''Flacourtia cataphracta Roxb.'''
|-
| 132 || Piyala || || '''Aglaia roxburghiana Miq.'''
|-
| 133 || Plaksha || || '''Ficus tsiela Roxb.'''
|-
| 134 || Phenila || || '''Sapindus trifoliatus L.'''
|-
| 135 || Bakula || || '''Mimusops elengi L.'''
|-
| 136 || Badara || || '''Zizyphus jujube Lamk.'''
|-
| 137 || [[Bilva]]|| || '''[[Bilva|Aegle marmelos Corr.]]'''
|-
| 138 || Bijaka || || '''Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.'''
|-
| 139 || Bijapuraka || || '''Citrus medica L.'''
|-
| 140 || Bruhati || || '''Solanum indicum L.'''
|-
| 141 || [[Brahmi]]|| || '''[[Brahmi|Bacopa monnieri]]'''
|-
| 142 || Bhavya || || '''Dillenia indica L.'''
|-
| 143 || Bhrigaraja || || '''Eclipta alba Hassk.'''
|-
| 144 || Mandukaparni || || '''Hydrocotyle asiatica L.'''
|-
| 145 || Madana || || '''Randia dumatorum Lam.'''
|-
| 146 || Madhuka || || '''Bassia latifolia Roxb.'''
|-
| 147 || [[Maricha]]|| || '''Piper nigrum L.'''
|-
| 148 || Mamsi || || '''Nardostachys jatamansi D.C'''
|-
| 149 || Mudga || || '''Phaseolus mungo L.'''
|-
| 150 || [[Musta]]|| || '''[[Musta|Cyperus rotundus L.]]'''
|-
| 151 || Murva || || '''Clematis triloba Heyne.'''
|-
| 152 || Mulaka || || '''Raphanus sativus L.'''
|-
| 153 || Yava || || '''Hordeum vulgarae L.'''
|-
| 154 || Yavasaka || || '''Alhagi maumorum Desv.'''
|-
| 155 || Raktotpala || || '''Nymphoea lotus L.'''
|-
| 156 || Rajakshavaka || || '''Doemia extensa Br.'''
|-
| 157 || Rajamasha || || '''Vigna catiang Endl.'''
|-
| 158 || Rajadana || || '''Mimusops hexandra Roxb.'''
|-
| 159 || Rasna || || '''Pluchea lanceolata Oliv.'''
|-
| 160 || Ruha || || '''Loranthus falcatus L.'''
|-
| 161 || Rohini || || '''Soymida febrifuge Juss.'''
|-
| 162 || [[Lashuna]]|| || '''[[Lashuna|Allium sativum L.]]'''
|-
| 163 || Likucha || || '''Artocarpus lokoocha Roxb.'''
|-
| 164 || Lonika || || '''Portulaca oleracea L.'''
|-
| 165 || [[Lodhra]]|| || '''[[Lodhra|Symplocos recemosa Roxb.]]'''
|-
| 166 || Vacha || || '''Acorus calamus L.'''
|-
| 167 || Vanjula || || '''Salix tetrasperma Roxb.'''
|-
| 168 || Varuna || || '''Cratoeva religiosa Forst.'''
|-
| 169 || Vatama || || '''Prunus amygdalus Baill.'''
|-
| 170 || Vartaka || || '''Solanum melongena L.'''
|-
| 171 || Vasa || || '''Adhatoda vasica Nees.'''
|-
| 172 || Vikankata || || '''Gymnosporia Montana Benth.'''
|-
| 173 || [[Vidanga]]|| || '''[[Vidanga|Embelia ribes Burn.]]'''
|-
| 174 || Vidari || || '''Ipomea digitata L.'''
|-
| 175 || [[Shankhapushpi]]|| Shankhahva, Mangalyakusuma, Keshi, Vishnukranta|| '''[[Shankhapushpi|Evolvulus alsinoides L.]]'''
|-
| 176 || Shana || || '''Crotalaria juncea L.'''
|-
| 177 || Shanapushpi || || '''Crotalaria verrucosa L.'''
|-
| 178 || Shatapushpa || || '''Peucedanum graveolens Benth.'''
|-
| 179 || [[Shatavari]]|| || '''[[Shatavari|Asparagus racemosus Willd.]]'''
|-
| 180 || Shami || || '''Prosopis spicigera L.'''
|-
| 181 || Shallaki || || '''Boswellia serrate Roxb.'''
|-
| 182 || Shaliparni || || '''Desmodium gangeticum D.C.'''
|-
| 183 || Shalmali || || '''Bambox malabarica D.C.'''
|-
| 184 || Shimshapa || || '''Dalbergia sisso Roxb.'''
|-
| 185 || Shigru || || '''Moringa pterygosperma Goertn.'''
|-
| 186 || Shirisha || || '''Albezzia lebbeck Benth.'''
|-
| 187 || [[Shunthi|Shringavera]] [[Shunthi|(Shunthi/Aardraka)]]|| || '''Zingiber officinale Rose.'''
|-
| 188 || Shringataka || || '''Trapa bispinosa Roxb.'''
|-
| 189 || Saptaparna || || '''Alstonia scholaris R. Br.'''
|-
| 190 || Sarja || || '''Shorea robusta'''
|-
| 191 || Sarshapa || || '''Brassica campestris L.'''
|-
| 192 || Sariva || || '''Hemmidesmus indicus Br.'''
|-
| 193 || Sudha || || '''Euphorbia nerifolia L.'''
|-
| 194 || Surasa || || '''Ocimum sanctum L.'''
|-
| 195 || Somaraji || || '''Proralea corylifolia L.'''
|-
| 196 || Hamsapadi || || '''Adjantum lunulatum Burm.'''
|-
| 197 || Hapusha || || '''Juniperus communis L.'''
|-
| 198 || Hastidanti || || '''Croton oblongifolius Roxb.'''
|-
| 199 || [[Haridra]]|| || '''[[Haridra|Curcuma longa L.]]'''
|-
| 200 || Hemadugdha || || '''Argimone mexicana L.'''
|}

Bhumyamalaki

2026-09-08T10:17:46Z

Agnivesha:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Bhumyamalaki, Phyllanthus amarus, Carry me seed, Gale of the wind, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=Bhumyamalaki (Tamalaki) is a renowned Ayurvedic herb classified for its hepatoprotective, diuretic, antiviral, and Pitta-pacifying properties. It is indicated in liver diseases, fever, cough, dysuria, and metabolic disorders.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllanthus_amarus Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn.]

{{Infobox
|title = Tamalaki (Bhumyamalaki)
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Tamalaki
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllanthus_amarus Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Phyllanthaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}
[[File:Bhumyamalaki.jpg|thumb|'''Bhumyamalaki (''Phyllanthus amarus'')''']]
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllanthus_amarus Phyllanthus amarus]''' Bhumyamalaki (also known as '''Tamalaki'''; Latin: ''Phyllanthus amarus'') is a small, erect annual herb belonging to the family Phyllanthaceae. Highly revered in [[Ayurveda]], it is renowned for its hepatoprotective, diuretic (''Mutrala''), anti-inflammatory, and Pitta-pacifying (''Pitta shamana'') properties.<ref name="API1" />

==English name ==
Carry me seed / Gale of the wind

==Other Varieties / Other Botanical names==
* ''Phyllanthus niruri'' sensu auct. non L.
* ''Phyllanthus fraternus'' G.L.Webster
* ''Phyllanthus nanus'' Hook.f.
* ''Phyllanthus asperulatus'' Hutch.
* ''Diasperus amarus'' (Schumach. & Thonn.) Kuntze

== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
In traditional medicine, Bhumyamalaki is regarded as an exceptionally potent cooling, metabolic, and liver-protective herb. It is known to mitigate morbid Pitta and Kapha doshas while cleansing Rakta dhatu (blood tissue) and Mutravaha srotas (urinary tract). Its historical indications span acute and chronic jaundiced states, burning sensations, intermittent fevers, respiratory complaints, and kidney stones.

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Tamalaki, Bhumyamalaki

==Additional Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==
* ''Shiva'' – Highly potent medicine and regarded as one of the best therapeutic herbs.<ref name="Bhavaprakash1" />
* ''Tamalaki'' – A very small and tender herb.<ref name="Bhavaprakash2" />
* ''Bahupatra'' – Characterized by numerous small leaves.<ref name="Bhavaprakash3" />
* ''Bahuphala'' – Yields a large number of tiny fruits along the branchlets.<ref name="Bhavaprakash4" />
* ''Bahuvirya'' – Endowed with potent and multi-faceted medicinal efficacy.<ref name="Bhavaprakash5" />

==Therapeutic Use==
Bhumyamalaki is clinically indicated in the management of:<ref name="API2" />
* ''Amlapitta'' (Gastritis / Hyperacidity)
* ''Kasa'' (Cough)
* ''Kshaya'' (Chronic debility / Wasting)
* ''Kushtha'' (Dermatological disorders / Skin diseases)
* ''Pandu'' (Anemia)
* ''Prameha'' (Urinary disorders / Diabetes mellitus)
* ''Trushna'' (Excessive thirst / Polydipsia)
* ''Mutra Roga'' (Urinary system disorders)

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
According to Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics, the properties (''Rasa Panchaka'') of Bhumyamalaki are summarized below:<ref name="API3" />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
| 1 || '''Taste (''[[Rasa]]'')''' || Sweet (''Madhura''), Bitter (''Tikta''), Astringent (''Kashaya'')
|-
| 2 || '''Potency (''[[Veerya]]'')''' || Cold (''Sita'')
|-
| 3 || '''Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'')''' || Sweet (''Madhura'')
|-
| 4 || '''Qualities (''[[Guna]]'')''' || Light (''Laghu''), Dry (''Ruksha'')
|-
| 5 || '''Actions (''[[Karma]]'')''' || ''Mutrala'' (diuretic), ''Rochana'' (appetite and taste enhancer), ''Dahanashini'' (reduces burning sensation), ''Pittasamana'' (pacifies Pitta dosha)
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
Bhumyamalaki (Tamalaki) is widely referenced across numerous clinical contexts and therapeutic formulations in the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity / Indication / Formulation
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/36 || Cough-relieving group (''Kasahara Mahakashaya'')
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/37 || Anti-dyspneic / respiratory-easing group (''Swasahara Mahakashaya'')
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/63 || Key ingredient of ''Chyavanprasha''
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/219 || Ingredient of medicated ghee (''Ghrita Yoga'')
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/225 || Ingredient of medicated ghee (''Ghrita Yoga'')
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/119 || Ingredient of ''Trayamanadi Ghrita''
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/70 || Dietary article in the management of tuberculosis / wasting (''Rajayakshma'')
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/108 || Ingredient of ''Duralabhadi Ghrita''
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/112 || Ingredient of ''Jivantyadi Ghrita''
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/37 || Ingredient of ''Amritaprasa Ghrita''
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/102 || Ingredient of ''Dashamuladi Yavagu''
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/123 || Ingredient of ''Shatyadi Churna''
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/130 || Ingredient of medicated nasal formulation (''Nasya'')
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/142 || Ingredient of ''Tejovatyadi Ghrita''
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/40 || Ingredient of ''Tryushanadi Ghrita''
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/101 || Indicated in the management of Pitta-dominant cough (''Pittaja Kasa'')
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/120 || Indicated in the management of Kapha-dominant cough (''Kaphaja Kasa'')
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/127 || Ingredient of ''Kantakari Ghrita''
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/178 || Ingredient of ''Padmakadi Leha''
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87 || Indicated in the management of Vata-dominant heart disease (''Vataja Hridroga'')
|-
| 21 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/170 || Ingredient of ''Maha Mayura Ghrita''
|-
| 22 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/159 || Ingredient of ''Amritadi Taila''
|-
| 23 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/58 || Ingredient of ''Parushaka Ghrita''
|-
| 24 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/93 || Ingredient of ''Madhuparnyadi Taila''
|-
| 25 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/153 || Indicated in the treatment of gout / arthritis (''Vatarakta'')
|-
| 26 || Cha.Sa.[[Siddhi Sthana]] 12/19 || Ingredient of ''Baladi Sneha Basti'' (unctuous enema)
|}

==Dose==
* '''Fresh Juice (''Swarasa''):''' 10 – 20 ml of the expressed juice.<ref name="API4" />
* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 3 – 6 g of the dried drug powder.<ref name="API5" />

==Important Formulations==
* ''Chyavanprasha''
* ''Chitraka Haritaki''
* ''Madhuyastyadi Taila''
* ''Pippalyadi Ghrita''
* ''Shatavari Guda''

== Current availability==
Available
* '''Status:''' Widely distributed and cultivated as a medicinal weed throughout the tropical and subtropical plains of India.
* '''Global Distribution:''' Indigenous and naturalized across South Asia, Southeast Asia, tropical Africa, and the Caribbean.

== Current researches ==
== Phytochemical Composition ==
The therapeutic potential of ''Phyllanthus amarus'' stems from a rich array of secondary metabolites extracted across the aerial and root parts:
* '''Lignans:''' Phyllanthin, hypophyllanthin, phyltetralin, niranthin, nirtetralin, and lintetralin.
* '''Hydrolyzable Tannins & Polyphenols:''' Geraniin, corilagin, amariin, furosin, and gallic acid derivatives.
* '''Flavonoids:''' Quercetin, quercitrin, isoquercitrin, astragalin, and rutin.
* '''Alkaloids & Terpenoids:''' Securinine-type alkaloids (norsecurinine, securinine), lupeol, and lupeol acetate.

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
=== Hepatoprotective and Membrane-Stabilizing Activity ===
''Phyllanthus amarus'' is globally acknowledged for its capacity to protect the liver parenchyma from acute and chronic insults.
* '''Mechanism:''' The principal lignans—phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin—inhibit microsomal lipid peroxidation, restore reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, and preserve membrane ATPase enzymes in damaged hepatocytes.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Experimental studies show that standardized extracts markedly attenuate drug-, alcohol-, and chemical-induced increases in serum transaminases (ALT, AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and direct bilirubin, promoting accelerated hepatocellular regeneration.<ref name="Pramyothin2007"/>

=== Antiviral and Anti-Hepatitis B Activity ===
The herb possesses pronounced inhibitory properties against pathogenic hepatic and enveloped viruses.
* '''Mechanism:''' Polyphenolic constituents and ellagitannins disrupt viral replication by downregulating viral mRNA transcription, inhibiting viral DNA polymerase, and blocking core antigen secretion.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Seminal research by Thyagarajan and Blumberg established significant clearance of the hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) in chronic HBV carriers. Subsequent molecular investigations have confirmed down-regulation of the HBV enhancer I/X promoter complex and inhibition of reverse transcriptase activity.<ref name="Thyagarajan1988"/><ref name="Lee1996"/>

=== Nephroprotective and Anti-Urolithic Effects ===
In agreement with its traditional ''Mutrala'' (diuretic) and urinary cleansing classification, ''P. amarus'' serves as an effective anti-stone agent.
* '''Mechanism:''' It disrupts the aggregation and endocytosis of calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals on tubular epithelium, alters urinary glycosaminoglycan profiles, and downregulates stone matrix crystallization promoters.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Preclinical and clinical models demonstrate that administration reduces urinary oxalate, uric acid, and calcium levels, facilitating spontaneous passage and preventing recurrent micro-calculi formation.<ref name="Freitas2002"/>

=== Anti-Inflammatory, Analgesic, and Immunomodulatory Actions ===
The herb exhibits potent anti-inflammatory effects that mitigate metabolic and inflammatory tissue destruction.
* '''Mechanism:''' Bioactive isolates like niranthin inhibit pro-inflammatory enzymes, notably cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), while suppressing the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In vivo assays demonstrate marked reductions in paw edema, thermal allodynia, and circulating TNF-α and IL-1β levels following oral extract administration.<ref name="Kassuya2006"/>

=== Anti-Diabetic and Hypolipidemic Efficacy ===
Corroborating the classical indication for ''Prameha'' (urinary and metabolic syndromes), the herb exerts systemic anti-diabetic and metabolic regulation.
* '''Mechanism:''' Extracts stimulate pancreatic β-cell insulin secretion, reduce hepatic glucose output, and competitively inhibit intestinal α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Preclinical studies show that continuous administration results in significant reductions in fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL levels, accompanied by improved cellular antioxidant status in pancreatic and vascular beds.<ref name="Adeneye2006"/>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' ''Phyllanthus amarus'' demonstrates a remarkably high margin of safety. Acute and subacute animal toxicity studies report no adverse mortality or behavioral alterations at oral doses exceeding 2,000–5,000 mg/kg body weight.<ref name="Patel2011"/>
* '''Precautions:''' Due to historical emmenagogue associations at excessive concentrations, caution is advised during early pregnancy unless supervised by an experienced practitioner.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Whole Plant Powder (Churna):'' 3–6 g daily in divided doses.
** ''Fresh Plant Juice (Swarasa):'' 10–20 ml twice daily before meals.
** ''Standardized Extract:'' 250–500 mg twice daily.

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Phyllanthus amarus''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Hepatotoxicity & Hepatitis'''
| Phyllanthin, Hypophyllanthin, Corilagin
| Hepatic cytoprotection, DNA polymerase inhibition, GSH restoration
|-
| '''Renal Calculi (Urolithiasis)'''
| Ellagitannins, Alkaloids, Flavonoids
| Crystal anti-adherence, Diuresis, Uric acid clearance
|-
| '''Metabolic Syndrome / Prameha'''
| Quercetin, Astragalin, Lignans
| α-glucosidase inhibition, Insulin stimulation, Lipid lowering
|-
| '''Chronic Inflammation'''
| Niranthin, Geraniin, Rutin
| NF-κB inhibition, COX-2 down-regulation, Cytokine suppression
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API1">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=1 |pages=70 |edition=Part I}}</ref>
<ref name="API2">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=1 |pages=70 |edition=Part I}}</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash1">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=K. C. |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Guduchyadi varga, verse 277 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash2">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=K. C. |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Guduchyadi varga, verse 277 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash3">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=K. C. |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Guduchyadi varga, verse 277 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash4">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=K. C. |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Guduchyadi varga, verse 277 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash5">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=K. C. |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Guduchyadi varga, verse 277 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
<ref name="API3">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=1 |pages=70-71 |edition=Part I}}</ref>
<ref name="API4">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=1 |pages=71 |edition=Part I}}</ref>
<ref name="API5">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=1 |pages=71 |edition=Part I}}</ref>
<ref name="Pramyothin2007">{{cite journal |last1=Pramyothin |first1=P. |last2=Ngamtin |first2=C. |last3=Poungrickhyo |first3=S. |last4=Suttisri |first4=R. |year=2007 |title=Hepatoprotective activity of Phyllanthus amarus Schum. & Thonn. extract in ethanol-treated rats: in vitro and in vivo studies |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=112 |issue=3 |pages=452–458}}</ref>
<ref name="Thyagarajan1988">{{cite journal |last1=Thyagarajan |first1=S. P. |last2=Subramanian |first2=S. |last3=Thirunalasundari |first3=T. |last4=Venkateswaran |first4=P. S. |last5=Blumberg |first5=B. S. |year=1988 |title=Effect of Phyllanthus amarus on chronic carriers of hepatitis B virus |journal=Lancet |volume=2 |issue=8614 |pages=764–766}}</ref>
<ref name="Lee1996">{{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=C. D. |last2=Ott |first2=M. |last3=Thyagarajan |first3=S. P. |last4=Shafritz |first4=D. A. |last5=Burk |first5=R. D. |last6=Gupta |first6=S. |year=1996 |title=Phyllanthus amarus down-regulates hepatitis B virus mRNA transcription and inhibits HBV polymerase activity |journal=European Journal of Clinical Investigation |volume=26 |issue=12 |pages=1069–1076}}</ref>
<ref name="Freitas2002">{{cite journal |last1=Freitas |first1=A. M. |last2=Schor |first2=N. |last3=Boim |first3=M. A. |year=2002 |title=The effect of Phyllanthus niruri on urinary inhibitors of calcium oxalate crystallization and skeletal retention of 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate |journal=BJU International |volume=89 |issue=9 |pages=829–834}}</ref>
<ref name="Kassuya2006">{{cite journal |last1=Kassuya |first1=C. A. L. |last2=Silvestre |first2=A. |last3=Menezes-de-Lima |first3=O. |last4=Marotta |first4=D. M. |last5=Rehder |first5=V. L. G. |last6=Calixto |first6=J. B. |year=2006 |title=Antiinflammatory and antiallodynic actions of the lignan niranthin isolated from Phyllanthus amarus |journal=European Journal of Pharmacology |volume=546 |issue=1-3 |pages=182–188}}</ref>
<ref name="Adeneye2006">{{cite journal |last1=Adeneye |first1=A. A. |last2=Amole |first2=O. O. |last3=Adeneye |first3=A. K. |year=2006 |title=Hypoglycemic and hypocholesterolemic activities of the aqueous leaf and seed extract of Phyllanthus amarus in mice |journal=Fitoterapia |volume=77 |issue=7-8 |pages=511–514}}</ref>
<ref name="Patel2011">{{cite journal |last1=Patel |first1=J. R. |last2=Tripathi |first2=P. |last3=Sharma |first3=V. |last4=Chauhan |first4=N. S. |last5=Dixit |first5=V. K. |year=2011 |title=Phyllanthus amarus: ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology: a review |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=138 |issue=2 |pages=286–313}}</ref>
}}

== External links ==

[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Phyllanthus%20amarus IMPPAT database]
[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals|Herbs]]

Bhumyamalaki

2026-09-08T10:15:00Z

Agnivesha:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Bhumyamalaki, Phyllanthus amarus, Carry me seed, Gale of the wind, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=Bhumyamalaki (Tamalaki) is a renowned Ayurvedic herb classified for its hepatoprotective, diuretic, antiviral, and Pitta-pacifying properties. It is indicated in liver diseases, fever, cough, dysuria, and metabolic disorders.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
[[File:Bhumyamalaki.jpg|thumb|'''Bhumyamalaki (''Phyllanthus amarus'')''']]
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllanthus_amarus Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn.]

{{Infobox
|title = Tamalaki (Bhumyamalaki)
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Tamalaki
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllanthus_amarus Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Phyllanthaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllanthus_amarus Phyllanthus amarus]''' (also known as '''Tamalaki'''; Latin: ''Phyllanthus amarus'') is a small, erect annual herb belonging to the family Phyllanthaceae. Highly revered in [[Ayurveda]], it is renowned for its hepatoprotective, diuretic (''Mutrala''), anti-inflammatory, and Pitta-pacifying (''Pittasamana'') properties.<ref name="API1" />

==English name ==
Carry me seed / Gale of the wind

==Other Varieties / Other Botanical names==
* ''Phyllanthus niruri'' sensu auct. non L.
* ''Phyllanthus fraternus'' G.L.Webster
* ''Phyllanthus nanus'' Hook.f.
* ''Phyllanthus asperulatus'' Hutch.
* ''Diasperus amarus'' (Schumach. & Thonn.) Kuntze

== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
In traditional medicine, Bhumyamalaki is regarded as an exceptionally potent cooling, metabolic, and liver-protective herb. It is known to mitigate morbid Pitta and Kapha doshas while cleansing Rakta dhatu (blood tissue) and Mutravaha srotas (urinary tract). Its historical indications span acute and chronic jaundiced states, burning sensations, intermittent fevers, respiratory complaints, and kidney stones.

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Tamalaki, Bhumyamalaki

==Additional Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==
* ''Shiva'' – Highly potent medicine and regarded as one of the best therapeutic herbs.<ref name="Bhavaprakash1" />
* ''Tamalaki'' – A very small and tender herb.<ref name="Bhavaprakash2" />
* ''Bahupatra'' – Characterized by numerous small leaves.<ref name="Bhavaprakash3" />
* ''Bahuphala'' – Yields a large number of tiny fruits along the branchlets.<ref name="Bhavaprakash4" />
* ''Bahuvirya'' – Endowed with potent and multi-faceted medicinal efficacy.<ref name="Bhavaprakash5" />

==Therapeutic Use==
Bhumyamalaki is clinically indicated in the management of:<ref name="API2" />
* ''Amlapitta'' (Gastritis / Hyperacidity)
* ''Kasa'' (Cough)
* ''Kshaya'' (Chronic debility / Wasting)
* ''Kushtha'' (Dermatological disorders / Skin diseases)
* ''Pandu'' (Anemia)
* ''Prameha'' (Urinary disorders / Diabetes mellitus)
* ''Trushna'' (Excessive thirst / Polydipsia)
* ''Mutra Roga'' (Urinary system disorders)

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
According to Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics, the properties (''Rasa Panchaka'') of Bhumyamalaki are summarized below:<ref name="API3" />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
| 1 || '''Taste (''[[Rasa]]'')''' || Sweet (''Madhura''), Bitter (''Tikta''), Astringent (''Kashaya'')
|-
| 2 || '''Potency (''[[Veerya]]'')''' || Cold (''Sita'')
|-
| 3 || '''Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'')''' || Sweet (''Madhura'')
|-
| 4 || '''Qualities (''[[Guna]]'')''' || Light (''Laghu''), Dry (''Ruksha'')
|-
| 5 || '''Actions (''[[Karma]]'')''' || ''Mutrala'' (diuretic), ''Rochana'' (appetite and taste enhancer), ''Dahanashini'' (reduces burning sensation), ''Pittasamana'' (pacifies Pitta dosha)
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
Bhumyamalaki (Tamalaki) is widely referenced across numerous clinical contexts and therapeutic formulations in the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity / Indication / Formulation
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/36 || Cough-relieving group (''Kasahara Mahakashaya'')
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/37 || Anti-dyspneic / respiratory-easing group (''Swasahara Mahakashaya'')
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/63 || Key ingredient of ''Chyavanprasha''
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/219 || Ingredient of medicated ghee (''Ghrita Yoga'')
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/225 || Ingredient of medicated ghee (''Ghrita Yoga'')
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/119 || Ingredient of ''Trayamanadi Ghrita''
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/70 || Dietary article in the management of tuberculosis / wasting (''Rajayakshma'')
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/108 || Ingredient of ''Duralabhadi Ghrita''
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/112 || Ingredient of ''Jivantyadi Ghrita''
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/37 || Ingredient of ''Amritaprasa Ghrita''
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/102 || Ingredient of ''Dashamuladi Yavagu''
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/123 || Ingredient of ''Shatyadi Churna''
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/130 || Ingredient of medicated nasal formulation (''Nasya'')
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/142 || Ingredient of ''Tejovatyadi Ghrita''
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/40 || Ingredient of ''Tryushanadi Ghrita''
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/101 || Indicated in the management of Pitta-dominant cough (''Pittaja Kasa'')
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/120 || Indicated in the management of Kapha-dominant cough (''Kaphaja Kasa'')
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/127 || Ingredient of ''Kantakari Ghrita''
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/178 || Ingredient of ''Padmakadi Leha''
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87 || Indicated in the management of Vata-dominant heart disease (''Vataja Hridroga'')
|-
| 21 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/170 || Ingredient of ''Maha Mayura Ghrita''
|-
| 22 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/159 || Ingredient of ''Amritadi Taila''
|-
| 23 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/58 || Ingredient of ''Parushaka Ghrita''
|-
| 24 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/93 || Ingredient of ''Madhuparnyadi Taila''
|-
| 25 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/153 || Indicated in the treatment of gout / arthritis (''Vatarakta'')
|-
| 26 || Cha.Sa.[[Siddhi Sthana]] 12/19 || Ingredient of ''Baladi Sneha Basti'' (unctuous enema)
|}

==Dose==
* '''Fresh Juice (''Swarasa''):''' 10 – 20 ml of the expressed juice.<ref name="API4" />
* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 3 – 6 g of the dried drug powder.<ref name="API5" />

==Important Formulations==
* ''Chyavanprasha''
* ''Chitraka Haritaki''
* ''Madhuyastyadi Taila''
* ''Pippalyadi Ghrita''
* ''Shatavari Guda''

== Current availability==
Available
* '''Status:''' Widely distributed and cultivated as a medicinal weed throughout the tropical and subtropical plains of India.
* '''Global Distribution:''' Indigenous and naturalized across South Asia, Southeast Asia, tropical Africa, and the Caribbean.

== Current researches ==
== Phytochemical Composition ==
The therapeutic potential of ''Phyllanthus amarus'' stems from a rich array of secondary metabolites extracted across the aerial and root parts:
* '''Lignans:''' Phyllanthin, hypophyllanthin, phyltetralin, niranthin, nirtetralin, and lintetralin.
* '''Hydrolyzable Tannins & Polyphenols:''' Geraniin, corilagin, amariin, furosin, and gallic acid derivatives.
* '''Flavonoids:''' Quercetin, quercitrin, isoquercitrin, astragalin, and rutin.
* '''Alkaloids & Terpenoids:''' Securinine-type alkaloids (norsecurinine, securinine), lupeol, and lupeol acetate.

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
=== Hepatoprotective and Membrane-Stabilizing Activity ===
''Phyllanthus amarus'' is globally acknowledged for its capacity to protect the liver parenchyma from acute and chronic insults.
* '''Mechanism:''' The principal lignans—phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin—inhibit microsomal lipid peroxidation, restore reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, and preserve membrane ATPase enzymes in damaged hepatocytes.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Experimental studies show that standardized extracts markedly attenuate drug-, alcohol-, and chemical-induced increases in serum transaminases (ALT, AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and direct bilirubin, promoting accelerated hepatocellular regeneration.<ref name="Pramyothin2007"/>

=== Antiviral and Anti-Hepatitis B Activity ===
The herb possesses pronounced inhibitory properties against pathogenic hepatic and enveloped viruses.
* '''Mechanism:''' Polyphenolic constituents and ellagitannins disrupt viral replication by downregulating viral mRNA transcription, inhibiting viral DNA polymerase, and blocking core antigen secretion.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Seminal research by Thyagarajan and Blumberg established significant clearance of the hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) in chronic HBV carriers. Subsequent molecular investigations have confirmed down-regulation of the HBV enhancer I/X promoter complex and inhibition of reverse transcriptase activity.<ref name="Thyagarajan1988"/><ref name="Lee1996"/>

=== Nephroprotective and Anti-Urolithic Effects ===
In agreement with its traditional ''Mutrala'' (diuretic) and urinary cleansing classification, ''P. amarus'' serves as an effective anti-stone agent.
* '''Mechanism:''' It disrupts the aggregation and endocytosis of calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals on tubular epithelium, alters urinary glycosaminoglycan profiles, and downregulates stone matrix crystallization promoters.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Preclinical and clinical models demonstrate that administration reduces urinary oxalate, uric acid, and calcium levels, facilitating spontaneous passage and preventing recurrent micro-calculi formation.<ref name="Freitas2002"/>

=== Anti-Inflammatory, Analgesic, and Immunomodulatory Actions ===
The herb exhibits potent anti-inflammatory effects that mitigate metabolic and inflammatory tissue destruction.
* '''Mechanism:''' Bioactive isolates like niranthin inhibit pro-inflammatory enzymes, notably cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), while suppressing the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In vivo assays demonstrate marked reductions in paw edema, thermal allodynia, and circulating TNF-α and IL-1β levels following oral extract administration.<ref name="Kassuya2006"/>

=== Anti-Diabetic and Hypolipidemic Efficacy ===
Corroborating the classical indication for ''Prameha'' (urinary and metabolic syndromes), the herb exerts systemic anti-diabetic and metabolic regulation.
* '''Mechanism:''' Extracts stimulate pancreatic β-cell insulin secretion, reduce hepatic glucose output, and competitively inhibit intestinal α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Preclinical studies show that continuous administration results in significant reductions in fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL levels, accompanied by improved cellular antioxidant status in pancreatic and vascular beds.<ref name="Adeneye2006"/>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' ''Phyllanthus amarus'' demonstrates a remarkably high margin of safety. Acute and subacute animal toxicity studies report no adverse mortality or behavioral alterations at oral doses exceeding 2,000–5,000 mg/kg body weight.<ref name="Patel2011"/>
* '''Precautions:''' Due to historical emmenagogue associations at excessive concentrations, caution is advised during early pregnancy unless supervised by an experienced practitioner.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Whole Plant Powder (Churna):'' 3–6 g daily in divided doses.
** ''Fresh Plant Juice (Swarasa):'' 10–20 ml twice daily before meals.
** ''Standardized Extract:'' 250–500 mg twice daily.

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Phyllanthus amarus''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Hepatotoxicity & Hepatitis'''
| Phyllanthin, Hypophyllanthin, Corilagin
| Hepatic cytoprotection, DNA polymerase inhibition, GSH restoration
|-
| '''Renal Calculi (Urolithiasis)'''
| Ellagitannins, Alkaloids, Flavonoids
| Crystal anti-adherence, Diuresis, Uric acid clearance
|-
| '''Metabolic Syndrome / Prameha'''
| Quercetin, Astragalin, Lignans
| α-glucosidase inhibition, Insulin stimulation, Lipid lowering
|-
| '''Chronic Inflammation'''
| Niranthin, Geraniin, Rutin
| NF-κB inhibition, COX-2 down-regulation, Cytokine suppression
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API1">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=1 |pages=70 |edition=Part I}}</ref>
<ref name="API2">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=1 |pages=70 |edition=Part I}}</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash1">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=K. C. |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Guduchyadi varga, verse 277 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash2">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=K. C. |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Guduchyadi varga, verse 277 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash3">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=K. C. |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Guduchyadi varga, verse 277 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash4">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=K. C. |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Guduchyadi varga, verse 277 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash5">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=K. C. |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Guduchyadi varga, verse 277 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
<ref name="API3">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=1 |pages=70-71 |edition=Part I}}</ref>
<ref name="API4">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=1 |pages=71 |edition=Part I}}</ref>
<ref name="API5">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=1 |pages=71 |edition=Part I}}</ref>
<ref name="Pramyothin2007">{{cite journal |last1=Pramyothin |first1=P. |last2=Ngamtin |first2=C. |last3=Poungrickhyo |first3=S. |last4=Suttisri |first4=R. |year=2007 |title=Hepatoprotective activity of Phyllanthus amarus Schum. & Thonn. extract in ethanol-treated rats: in vitro and in vivo studies |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=112 |issue=3 |pages=452–458}}</ref>
<ref name="Thyagarajan1988">{{cite journal |last1=Thyagarajan |first1=S. P. |last2=Subramanian |first2=S. |last3=Thirunalasundari |first3=T. |last4=Venkateswaran |first4=P. S. |last5=Blumberg |first5=B. S. |year=1988 |title=Effect of Phyllanthus amarus on chronic carriers of hepatitis B virus |journal=Lancet |volume=2 |issue=8614 |pages=764–766}}</ref>
<ref name="Lee1996">{{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=C. D. |last2=Ott |first2=M. |last3=Thyagarajan |first3=S. P. |last4=Shafritz |first4=D. A. |last5=Burk |first5=R. D. |last6=Gupta |first6=S. |year=1996 |title=Phyllanthus amarus down-regulates hepatitis B virus mRNA transcription and inhibits HBV polymerase activity |journal=European Journal of Clinical Investigation |volume=26 |issue=12 |pages=1069–1076}}</ref>
<ref name="Freitas2002">{{cite journal |last1=Freitas |first1=A. M. |last2=Schor |first2=N. |last3=Boim |first3=M. A. |year=2002 |title=The effect of Phyllanthus niruri on urinary inhibitors of calcium oxalate crystallization and skeletal retention of 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate |journal=BJU International |volume=89 |issue=9 |pages=829–834}}</ref>
<ref name="Kassuya2006">{{cite journal |last1=Kassuya |first1=C. A. L. |last2=Silvestre |first2=A. |last3=Menezes-de-Lima |first3=O. |last4=Marotta |first4=D. M. |last5=Rehder |first5=V. L. G. |last6=Calixto |first6=J. B. |year=2006 |title=Antiinflammatory and antiallodynic actions of the lignan niranthin isolated from Phyllanthus amarus |journal=European Journal of Pharmacology |volume=546 |issue=1-3 |pages=182–188}}</ref>
<ref name="Adeneye2006">{{cite journal |last1=Adeneye |first1=A. A. |last2=Amole |first2=O. O. |last3=Adeneye |first3=A. K. |year=2006 |title=Hypoglycemic and hypocholesterolemic activities of the aqueous leaf and seed extract of Phyllanthus amarus in mice |journal=Fitoterapia |volume=77 |issue=7-8 |pages=511–514}}</ref>
<ref name="Patel2011">{{cite journal |last1=Patel |first1=J. R. |last2=Tripathi |first2=P. |last3=Sharma |first3=V. |last4=Chauhan |first4=N. S. |last5=Dixit |first5=V. K. |year=2011 |title=Phyllanthus amarus: ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology: a review |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=138 |issue=2 |pages=286–313}}</ref>
}}

== External links ==

[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Phyllanthus%20amarus IMPPAT database]
[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals|Herbs]]

File:Bhumyamalaki.jpg

2026-09-08T10:13:22Z

Agnivesha:

Bhumyamalaki (Phyllanthus amarus)

Bhumyamalaki

2026-09-08T10:10:12Z

Agnivesha: Created page with "{{#seo: |title=Charak Samhita |titlemode=append |keywords=Bhumyamalaki, Phyllanthus amarus, Carry me seed, Gale of the wind, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samh..."

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Bhumyamalaki, Phyllanthus amarus, Carry me seed, Gale of the wind, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=Bhumyamalaki (Tamalaki) is a renowned Ayurvedic herb classified for its hepatoprotective, diuretic, antiviral, and Pitta-pacifying properties. It is indicated in liver diseases, fever, cough, dysuria, and metabolic disorders.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllanthus_amarus Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn.]

{{Infobox
|title = Tamalaki (Bhumyamalaki)
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Tamalaki
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllanthus_amarus Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Phyllanthaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllanthus_amarus Phyllanthus amarus]''' (also known as '''Tamalaki'''; Latin: ''Phyllanthus amarus'') is a small, erect annual herb belonging to the family Phyllanthaceae. Highly revered in [[Ayurveda]], it is renowned for its hepatoprotective, diuretic (''Mutrala''), anti-inflammatory, and Pitta-pacifying (''Pittasamana'') properties.<ref name="API1" />

==English name ==
Carry me seed / Gale of the wind

==Other Varieties / Other Botanical names==
* ''Phyllanthus niruri'' sensu auct. non L.
* ''Phyllanthus fraternus'' G.L.Webster
* ''Phyllanthus nanus'' Hook.f.
* ''Phyllanthus asperulatus'' Hutch.
* ''Diasperus amarus'' (Schumach. & Thonn.) Kuntze

== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
In traditional medicine, Bhumyamalaki is regarded as an exceptionally potent cooling, metabolic, and liver-protective herb. It is known to mitigate morbid Pitta and Kapha doshas while cleansing Rakta dhatu (blood tissue) and Mutravaha srotas (urinary tract). Its historical indications span acute and chronic jaundiced states, burning sensations, intermittent fevers, respiratory complaints, and kidney stones.

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Tamalaki, Bhumyamalaki

==Additional Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==
* ''Shiva'' – Highly potent medicine and regarded as one of the best therapeutic herbs.<ref name="Bhavaprakash1" />
* ''Tamalaki'' – A very small and tender herb.<ref name="Bhavaprakash2" />
* ''Bahupatra'' – Characterized by numerous small leaves.<ref name="Bhavaprakash3" />
* ''Bahuphala'' – Yields a large number of tiny fruits along the branchlets.<ref name="Bhavaprakash4" />
* ''Bahuvirya'' – Endowed with potent and multi-faceted medicinal efficacy.<ref name="Bhavaprakash5" />

==Therapeutic Use==
Bhumyamalaki is clinically indicated in the management of:<ref name="API2" />
* ''Amlapitta'' (Gastritis / Hyperacidity)
* ''Kasa'' (Cough)
* ''Kshaya'' (Chronic debility / Wasting)
* ''Kushtha'' (Dermatological disorders / Skin diseases)
* ''Pandu'' (Anemia)
* ''Prameha'' (Urinary disorders / Diabetes mellitus)
* ''Trushna'' (Excessive thirst / Polydipsia)
* ''Mutra Roga'' (Urinary system disorders)

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
According to Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics, the properties (''Rasa Panchaka'') of Bhumyamalaki are summarized below:<ref name="API3" />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
| 1 || '''Taste (''[[Rasa]]'')''' || Sweet (''Madhura''), Bitter (''Tikta''), Astringent (''Kashaya'')
|-
| 2 || '''Potency (''[[Veerya]]'')''' || Cold (''Sita'')
|-
| 3 || '''Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'')''' || Sweet (''Madhura'')
|-
| 4 || '''Qualities (''[[Guna]]'')''' || Light (''Laghu''), Dry (''Ruksha'')
|-
| 5 || '''Actions (''[[Karma]]'')''' || ''Mutrala'' (diuretic), ''Rochana'' (appetite and taste enhancer), ''Dahanashini'' (reduces burning sensation), ''Pittasamana'' (pacifies Pitta dosha)
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
Bhumyamalaki (Tamalaki) is widely referenced across numerous clinical contexts and therapeutic formulations in the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity / Indication / Formulation
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/36 || Cough-relieving group (''Kasahara Mahakashaya'')
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/37 || Anti-dyspneic / respiratory-easing group (''Swasahara Mahakashaya'')
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/63 || Key ingredient of ''Chyavanprasha''
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/219 || Ingredient of medicated ghee (''Ghrita Yoga'')
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/225 || Ingredient of medicated ghee (''Ghrita Yoga'')
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/119 || Ingredient of ''Trayamanadi Ghrita''
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/70 || Dietary article in the management of tuberculosis / wasting (''Rajayakshma'')
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/108 || Ingredient of ''Duralabhadi Ghrita''
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/112 || Ingredient of ''Jivantyadi Ghrita''
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/37 || Ingredient of ''Amritaprasa Ghrita''
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/102 || Ingredient of ''Dashamuladi Yavagu''
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/123 || Ingredient of ''Shatyadi Churna''
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/130 || Ingredient of medicated nasal formulation (''Nasya'')
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/142 || Ingredient of ''Tejovatyadi Ghrita''
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/40 || Ingredient of ''Tryushanadi Ghrita''
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/101 || Indicated in the management of Pitta-dominant cough (''Pittaja Kasa'')
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/120 || Indicated in the management of Kapha-dominant cough (''Kaphaja Kasa'')
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/127 || Ingredient of ''Kantakari Ghrita''
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/178 || Ingredient of ''Padmakadi Leha''
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87 || Indicated in the management of Vata-dominant heart disease (''Vataja Hridroga'')
|-
| 21 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/170 || Ingredient of ''Maha Mayura Ghrita''
|-
| 22 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/159 || Ingredient of ''Amritadi Taila''
|-
| 23 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/58 || Ingredient of ''Parushaka Ghrita''
|-
| 24 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/93 || Ingredient of ''Madhuparnyadi Taila''
|-
| 25 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/153 || Indicated in the treatment of gout / arthritis (''Vatarakta'')
|-
| 26 || Cha.Sa.[[Siddhi Sthana]] 12/19 || Ingredient of ''Baladi Sneha Basti'' (unctuous enema)
|}

==Dose==
* '''Fresh Juice (''Swarasa''):''' 10 – 20 ml of the expressed juice.<ref name="API4" />
* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 3 – 6 g of the dried drug powder.<ref name="API5" />

==Important Formulations==
* ''Chyavanprasha''
* ''Chitraka Haritaki''
* ''Madhuyastyadi Taila''
* ''Pippalyadi Ghrita''
* ''Shatavari Guda''

== Current availability==
Available
* '''Status:''' Widely distributed and cultivated as a medicinal weed throughout the tropical and subtropical plains of India.
* '''Global Distribution:''' Indigenous and naturalized across South Asia, Southeast Asia, tropical Africa, and the Caribbean.

== Current researches ==
== Phytochemical Composition ==
The therapeutic potential of ''Phyllanthus amarus'' stems from a rich array of secondary metabolites extracted across the aerial and root parts:
* '''Lignans:''' Phyllanthin, hypophyllanthin, phyltetralin, niranthin, nirtetralin, and lintetralin.
* '''Hydrolyzable Tannins & Polyphenols:''' Geraniin, corilagin, amariin, furosin, and gallic acid derivatives.
* '''Flavonoids:''' Quercetin, quercitrin, isoquercitrin, astragalin, and rutin.
* '''Alkaloids & Terpenoids:''' Securinine-type alkaloids (norsecurinine, securinine), lupeol, and lupeol acetate.

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
=== Hepatoprotective and Membrane-Stabilizing Activity ===
''Phyllanthus amarus'' is globally acknowledged for its capacity to protect the liver parenchyma from acute and chronic insults.
* '''Mechanism:''' The principal lignans—phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin—inhibit microsomal lipid peroxidation, restore reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, and preserve membrane ATPase enzymes in damaged hepatocytes.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Experimental studies show that standardized extracts markedly attenuate drug-, alcohol-, and chemical-induced increases in serum transaminases (ALT, AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and direct bilirubin, promoting accelerated hepatocellular regeneration.<ref name="Pramyothin2007"/>

=== Antiviral and Anti-Hepatitis B Activity ===
The herb possesses pronounced inhibitory properties against pathogenic hepatic and enveloped viruses.
* '''Mechanism:''' Polyphenolic constituents and ellagitannins disrupt viral replication by downregulating viral mRNA transcription, inhibiting viral DNA polymerase, and blocking core antigen secretion.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Seminal research by Thyagarajan and Blumberg established significant clearance of the hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) in chronic HBV carriers. Subsequent molecular investigations have confirmed down-regulation of the HBV enhancer I/X promoter complex and inhibition of reverse transcriptase activity.<ref name="Thyagarajan1988"/><ref name="Lee1996"/>

=== Nephroprotective and Anti-Urolithic Effects ===
In agreement with its traditional ''Mutrala'' (diuretic) and urinary cleansing classification, ''P. amarus'' serves as an effective anti-stone agent.
* '''Mechanism:''' It disrupts the aggregation and endocytosis of calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals on tubular epithelium, alters urinary glycosaminoglycan profiles, and downregulates stone matrix crystallization promoters.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Preclinical and clinical models demonstrate that administration reduces urinary oxalate, uric acid, and calcium levels, facilitating spontaneous passage and preventing recurrent micro-calculi formation.<ref name="Freitas2002"/>

=== Anti-Inflammatory, Analgesic, and Immunomodulatory Actions ===
The herb exhibits potent anti-inflammatory effects that mitigate metabolic and inflammatory tissue destruction.
* '''Mechanism:''' Bioactive isolates like niranthin inhibit pro-inflammatory enzymes, notably cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), while suppressing the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In vivo assays demonstrate marked reductions in paw edema, thermal allodynia, and circulating TNF-α and IL-1β levels following oral extract administration.<ref name="Kassuya2006"/>

=== Anti-Diabetic and Hypolipidemic Efficacy ===
Corroborating the classical indication for ''Prameha'' (urinary and metabolic syndromes), the herb exerts systemic anti-diabetic and metabolic regulation.
* '''Mechanism:''' Extracts stimulate pancreatic β-cell insulin secretion, reduce hepatic glucose output, and competitively inhibit intestinal α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Preclinical studies show that continuous administration results in significant reductions in fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL levels, accompanied by improved cellular antioxidant status in pancreatic and vascular beds.<ref name="Adeneye2006"/>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' ''Phyllanthus amarus'' demonstrates a remarkably high margin of safety. Acute and subacute animal toxicity studies report no adverse mortality or behavioral alterations at oral doses exceeding 2,000–5,000 mg/kg body weight.<ref name="Patel2011"/>
* '''Precautions:''' Due to historical emmenagogue associations at excessive concentrations, caution is advised during early pregnancy unless supervised by an experienced practitioner.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Whole Plant Powder (Churna):'' 3–6 g daily in divided doses.
** ''Fresh Plant Juice (Swarasa):'' 10–20 ml twice daily before meals.
** ''Standardized Extract:'' 250–500 mg twice daily.

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Phyllanthus amarus''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Hepatotoxicity & Hepatitis'''
| Phyllanthin, Hypophyllanthin, Corilagin
| Hepatic cytoprotection, DNA polymerase inhibition, GSH restoration
|-
| '''Renal Calculi (Urolithiasis)'''
| Ellagitannins, Alkaloids, Flavonoids
| Crystal anti-adherence, Diuresis, Uric acid clearance
|-
| '''Metabolic Syndrome / Prameha'''
| Quercetin, Astragalin, Lignans
| α-glucosidase inhibition, Insulin stimulation, Lipid lowering
|-
| '''Chronic Inflammation'''
| Niranthin, Geraniin, Rutin
| NF-κB inhibition, COX-2 down-regulation, Cytokine suppression
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API1">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=1 |pages=70 |edition=Part I}}</ref>
<ref name="API2">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=1 |pages=70 |edition=Part I}}</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash1">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=K. C. |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Guduchyadi varga, verse 277 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash2">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=K. C. |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Guduchyadi varga, verse 277 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash3">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=K. C. |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Guduchyadi varga, verse 277 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash4">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=K. C. |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Guduchyadi varga, verse 277 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash5">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=K. C. |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Guduchyadi varga, verse 277 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
<ref name="API3">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=1 |pages=70-71 |edition=Part I}}</ref>
<ref name="API4">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=1 |pages=71 |edition=Part I}}</ref>
<ref name="API5">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=1 |pages=71 |edition=Part I}}</ref>
<ref name="Pramyothin2007">{{cite journal |last1=Pramyothin |first1=P. |last2=Ngamtin |first2=C. |last3=Poungrickhyo |first3=S. |last4=Suttisri |first4=R. |year=2007 |title=Hepatoprotective activity of Phyllanthus amarus Schum. & Thonn. extract in ethanol-treated rats: in vitro and in vivo studies |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=112 |issue=3 |pages=452–458}}</ref>
<ref name="Thyagarajan1988">{{cite journal |last1=Thyagarajan |first1=S. P. |last2=Subramanian |first2=S. |last3=Thirunalasundari |first3=T. |last4=Venkateswaran |first4=P. S. |last5=Blumberg |first5=B. S. |year=1988 |title=Effect of Phyllanthus amarus on chronic carriers of hepatitis B virus |journal=Lancet |volume=2 |issue=8614 |pages=764–766}}</ref>
<ref name="Lee1996">{{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=C. D. |last2=Ott |first2=M. |last3=Thyagarajan |first3=S. P. |last4=Shafritz |first4=D. A. |last5=Burk |first5=R. D. |last6=Gupta |first6=S. |year=1996 |title=Phyllanthus amarus down-regulates hepatitis B virus mRNA transcription and inhibits HBV polymerase activity |journal=European Journal of Clinical Investigation |volume=26 |issue=12 |pages=1069–1076}}</ref>
<ref name="Freitas2002">{{cite journal |last1=Freitas |first1=A. M. |last2=Schor |first2=N. |last3=Boim |first3=M. A. |year=2002 |title=The effect of Phyllanthus niruri on urinary inhibitors of calcium oxalate crystallization and skeletal retention of 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate |journal=BJU International |volume=89 |issue=9 |pages=829–834}}</ref>
<ref name="Kassuya2006">{{cite journal |last1=Kassuya |first1=C. A. L. |last2=Silvestre |first2=A. |last3=Menezes-de-Lima |first3=O. |last4=Marotta |first4=D. M. |last5=Rehder |first5=V. L. G. |last6=Calixto |first6=J. B. |year=2006 |title=Antiinflammatory and antiallodynic actions of the lignan niranthin isolated from Phyllanthus amarus |journal=European Journal of Pharmacology |volume=546 |issue=1-3 |pages=182–188}}</ref>
<ref name="Adeneye2006">{{cite journal |last1=Adeneye |first1=A. A. |last2=Amole |first2=O. O. |last3=Adeneye |first3=A. K. |year=2006 |title=Hypoglycemic and hypocholesterolemic activities of the aqueous leaf and seed extract of Phyllanthus amarus in mice |journal=Fitoterapia |volume=77 |issue=7-8 |pages=511–514}}</ref>
<ref name="Patel2011">{{cite journal |last1=Patel |first1=J. R. |last2=Tripathi |first2=P. |last3=Sharma |first3=V. |last4=Chauhan |first4=N. S. |last5=Dixit |first5=V. K. |year=2011 |title=Phyllanthus amarus: ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology: a review |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=138 |issue=2 |pages=286–313}}</ref>
}}

== External links ==

[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Phyllanthus%20amarus IMPPAT database]
[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals|Herbs]]

Talk:Bhumyamalaki

2026-09-08T10:09:19Z

Agnivesha:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Bhumyamalaki, Phyllanthus amarus, Carry me seed, Gale of the wind, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=Bhumyamalaki (Tamalaki) is a renowned Ayurvedic herb classified for its hepatoprotective, diuretic, antiviral, and Pitta-pacifying properties. It is indicated in liver diseases, fever, cough, dysuria, and metabolic disorders.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllanthus_amarus Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn.]

{{Infobox
|title = Tamalaki (Bhumyamalaki)
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Tamalaki
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllanthus_amarus Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn.]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Phyllanthaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllanthus_amarus Phyllanthus amarus]''' (also known as '''Tamalaki'''; Latin: ''Phyllanthus amarus'') is a small, erect annual herb belonging to the family Phyllanthaceae. Highly revered in [[Ayurveda]], it is renowned for its hepatoprotective, diuretic (''Mutrala''), anti-inflammatory, and Pitta-pacifying (''Pittasamana'') properties.<ref name="API1" />

==English name ==
Carry me seed / Gale of the wind

==Other Varieties / Other Botanical names==
* ''Phyllanthus niruri'' sensu auct. non L.
* ''Phyllanthus fraternus'' G.L.Webster
* ''Phyllanthus nanus'' Hook.f.
* ''Phyllanthus asperulatus'' Hutch.
* ''Diasperus amarus'' (Schumach. & Thonn.) Kuntze

== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
In traditional medicine, Bhumyamalaki is regarded as an exceptionally potent cooling, metabolic, and liver-protective herb. It is known to mitigate morbid Pitta and Kapha doshas while cleansing Rakta dhatu (blood tissue) and Mutravaha srotas (urinary tract). Its historical indications span acute and chronic jaundiced states, burning sensations, intermittent fevers, respiratory complaints, and kidney stones.

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Tamalaki, Bhumyamalaki

==Additional Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==
* ''Shiva'' – Highly potent medicine and regarded as one of the best therapeutic herbs.<ref name="Bhavaprakash1" />
* ''Tamalaki'' – A very small and tender herb.<ref name="Bhavaprakash2" />
* ''Bahupatra'' – Characterized by numerous small leaves.<ref name="Bhavaprakash3" />
* ''Bahuphala'' – Yields a large number of tiny fruits along the branchlets.<ref name="Bhavaprakash4" />
* ''Bahuvirya'' – Endowed with potent and multi-faceted medicinal efficacy.<ref name="Bhavaprakash5" />

==Therapeutic Use==
Bhumyamalaki is clinically indicated in the management of:<ref name="API2" />
* ''Amlapitta'' (Gastritis / Hyperacidity)
* ''Kasa'' (Cough)
* ''Kshaya'' (Chronic debility / Wasting)
* ''Kushtha'' (Dermatological disorders / Skin diseases)
* ''Pandu'' (Anemia)
* ''Prameha'' (Urinary disorders / Diabetes mellitus)
* ''Trushna'' (Excessive thirst / Polydipsia)
* ''Mutra Roga'' (Urinary system disorders)

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
According to Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics, the properties (''Rasa Panchaka'') of Bhumyamalaki are summarized below:<ref name="API3" />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
| 1 || '''Taste (''[[Rasa]]'')''' || Sweet (''Madhura''), Bitter (''Tikta''), Astringent (''Kashaya'')
|-
| 2 || '''Potency (''[[Veerya]]'')''' || Cold (''Sita'')
|-
| 3 || '''Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'')''' || Sweet (''Madhura'')
|-
| 4 || '''Qualities (''[[Guna]]'')''' || Light (''Laghu''), Dry (''Ruksha'')
|-
| 5 || '''Actions (''[[Karma]]'')''' || ''Mutrala'' (diuretic), ''Rochana'' (appetite and taste enhancer), ''Dahanashini'' (reduces burning sensation), ''Pittasamana'' (pacifies Pitta dosha)
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
Bhumyamalaki (Tamalaki) is widely referenced across numerous clinical contexts and therapeutic formulations in the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity / Indication / Formulation
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/36 || Cough-relieving group (''Kasahara Mahakashaya'')
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/37 || Anti-dyspneic / respiratory-easing group (''Swasahara Mahakashaya'')
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/63 || Key ingredient of ''Chyavanprasha''
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/219 || Ingredient of medicated ghee (''Ghrita Yoga'')
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/225 || Ingredient of medicated ghee (''Ghrita Yoga'')
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/119 || Ingredient of ''Trayamanadi Ghrita''
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/70 || Dietary article in the management of tuberculosis / wasting (''Rajayakshma'')
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/108 || Ingredient of ''Duralabhadi Ghrita''
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/112 || Ingredient of ''Jivantyadi Ghrita''
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/37 || Ingredient of ''Amritaprasa Ghrita''
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/102 || Ingredient of ''Dashamuladi Yavagu''
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/123 || Ingredient of ''Shatyadi Churna''
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/130 || Ingredient of medicated nasal formulation (''Nasya'')
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/142 || Ingredient of ''Tejovatyadi Ghrita''
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/40 || Ingredient of ''Tryushanadi Ghrita''
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/101 || Indicated in the management of Pitta-dominant cough (''Pittaja Kasa'')
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/120 || Indicated in the management of Kapha-dominant cough (''Kaphaja Kasa'')
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/127 || Ingredient of ''Kantakari Ghrita''
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/178 || Ingredient of ''Padmakadi Leha''
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87 || Indicated in the management of Vata-dominant heart disease (''Vataja Hridroga'')
|-
| 21 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/170 || Ingredient of ''Maha Mayura Ghrita''
|-
| 22 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/159 || Ingredient of ''Amritadi Taila''
|-
| 23 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/58 || Ingredient of ''Parushaka Ghrita''
|-
| 24 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/93 || Ingredient of ''Madhuparnyadi Taila''
|-
| 25 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/153 || Indicated in the treatment of gout / arthritis (''Vatarakta'')
|-
| 26 || Cha.Sa.[[Siddhi Sthana]] 12/19 || Ingredient of ''Baladi Sneha Basti'' (unctuous enema)
|}

==Dose==
* '''Fresh Juice (''Swarasa''):''' 10 – 20 ml of the expressed juice.<ref name="API4" />
* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 3 – 6 g of the dried drug powder.<ref name="API5" />

==Important Formulations==
* ''Chyavanprasha''
* ''Chitraka Haritaki''
* ''Madhuyastyadi Taila''
* ''Pippalyadi Ghrita''
* ''Shatavari Guda''

== Current availability==
Available
* '''Status:''' Widely distributed and cultivated as a medicinal weed throughout the tropical and subtropical plains of India.
* '''Global Distribution:''' Indigenous and naturalized across South Asia, Southeast Asia, tropical Africa, and the Caribbean.

== Current researches ==
== Phytochemical Composition ==
The therapeutic potential of ''Phyllanthus amarus'' stems from a rich array of secondary metabolites extracted across the aerial and root parts:
* '''Lignans:''' Phyllanthin, hypophyllanthin, phyltetralin, niranthin, nirtetralin, and lintetralin.
* '''Hydrolyzable Tannins & Polyphenols:''' Geraniin, corilagin, amariin, furosin, and gallic acid derivatives.
* '''Flavonoids:''' Quercetin, quercitrin, isoquercitrin, astragalin, and rutin.
* '''Alkaloids & Terpenoids:''' Securinine-type alkaloids (norsecurinine, securinine), lupeol, and lupeol acetate.

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
=== Hepatoprotective and Membrane-Stabilizing Activity ===
''Phyllanthus amarus'' is globally acknowledged for its capacity to protect the liver parenchyma from acute and chronic insults.
* '''Mechanism:''' The principal lignans—phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin—inhibit microsomal lipid peroxidation, restore reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, and preserve membrane ATPase enzymes in damaged hepatocytes.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Experimental studies show that standardized extracts markedly attenuate drug-, alcohol-, and chemical-induced increases in serum transaminases (ALT, AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and direct bilirubin, promoting accelerated hepatocellular regeneration.<ref name="Pramyothin2007"/>

=== Antiviral and Anti-Hepatitis B Activity ===
The herb possesses pronounced inhibitory properties against pathogenic hepatic and enveloped viruses.
* '''Mechanism:''' Polyphenolic constituents and ellagitannins disrupt viral replication by downregulating viral mRNA transcription, inhibiting viral DNA polymerase, and blocking core antigen secretion.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Seminal research by Thyagarajan and Blumberg established significant clearance of the hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) in chronic HBV carriers. Subsequent molecular investigations have confirmed down-regulation of the HBV enhancer I/X promoter complex and inhibition of reverse transcriptase activity.<ref name="Thyagarajan1988"/><ref name="Lee1996"/>

=== Nephroprotective and Anti-Urolithic Effects ===
In agreement with its traditional ''Mutrala'' (diuretic) and urinary cleansing classification, ''P. amarus'' serves as an effective anti-stone agent.
* '''Mechanism:''' It disrupts the aggregation and endocytosis of calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals on tubular epithelium, alters urinary glycosaminoglycan profiles, and downregulates stone matrix crystallization promoters.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Preclinical and clinical models demonstrate that administration reduces urinary oxalate, uric acid, and calcium levels, facilitating spontaneous passage and preventing recurrent micro-calculi formation.<ref name="Freitas2002"/>

=== Anti-Inflammatory, Analgesic, and Immunomodulatory Actions ===
The herb exhibits potent anti-inflammatory effects that mitigate metabolic and inflammatory tissue destruction.
* '''Mechanism:''' Bioactive isolates like niranthin inhibit pro-inflammatory enzymes, notably cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), while suppressing the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In vivo assays demonstrate marked reductions in paw edema, thermal allodynia, and circulating TNF-α and IL-1β levels following oral extract administration.<ref name="Kassuya2006"/>

=== Anti-Diabetic and Hypolipidemic Efficacy ===
Corroborating the classical indication for ''Prameha'' (urinary and metabolic syndromes), the herb exerts systemic anti-diabetic and metabolic regulation.
* '''Mechanism:''' Extracts stimulate pancreatic β-cell insulin secretion, reduce hepatic glucose output, and competitively inhibit intestinal α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Preclinical studies show that continuous administration results in significant reductions in fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL levels, accompanied by improved cellular antioxidant status in pancreatic and vascular beds.<ref name="Adeneye2006"/>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' ''Phyllanthus amarus'' demonstrates a remarkably high margin of safety. Acute and subacute animal toxicity studies report no adverse mortality or behavioral alterations at oral doses exceeding 2,000–5,000 mg/kg body weight.<ref name="Patel2011"/>
* '''Precautions:''' Due to historical emmenagogue associations at excessive concentrations, caution is advised during early pregnancy unless supervised by an experienced practitioner.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Whole Plant Powder (Churna):'' 3–6 g daily in divided doses.
** ''Fresh Plant Juice (Swarasa):'' 10–20 ml twice daily before meals.
** ''Standardized Extract:'' 250–500 mg twice daily.

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Phyllanthus amarus''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Hepatotoxicity & Hepatitis'''
| Phyllanthin, Hypophyllanthin, Corilagin
| Hepatic cytoprotection, DNA polymerase inhibition, GSH restoration
|-
| '''Renal Calculi (Urolithiasis)'''
| Ellagitannins, Alkaloids, Flavonoids
| Crystal anti-adherence, Diuresis, Uric acid clearance
|-
| '''Metabolic Syndrome / Prameha'''
| Quercetin, Astragalin, Lignans
| α-glucosidase inhibition, Insulin stimulation, Lipid lowering
|-
| '''Chronic Inflammation'''
| Niranthin, Geraniin, Rutin
| NF-κB inhibition, COX-2 down-regulation, Cytokine suppression
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API1">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=1 |pages=70 |edition=Part I}}</ref>
<ref name="API2">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=1 |pages=70 |edition=Part I}}</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash1">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=K. C. |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Guduchyadi varga, verse 277 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash2">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=K. C. |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Guduchyadi varga, verse 277 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash3">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=K. C. |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Guduchyadi varga, verse 277 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash4">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=K. C. |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Guduchyadi varga, verse 277 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash5">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=K. C. |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Guduchyadi varga, verse 277 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
<ref name="API3">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=1 |pages=70-71 |edition=Part I}}</ref>
<ref name="API4">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=1 |pages=71 |edition=Part I}}</ref>
<ref name="API5">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=1 |pages=71 |edition=Part I}}</ref>
<ref name="Pramyothin2007">{{cite journal |last1=Pramyothin |first1=P. |last2=Ngamtin |first2=C. |last3=Poungrickhyo |first3=S. |last4=Suttisri |first4=R. |year=2007 |title=Hepatoprotective activity of Phyllanthus amarus Schum. & Thonn. extract in ethanol-treated rats: in vitro and in vivo studies |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=112 |issue=3 |pages=452–458}}</ref>
<ref name="Thyagarajan1988">{{cite journal |last1=Thyagarajan |first1=S. P. |last2=Subramanian |first2=S. |last3=Thirunalasundari |first3=T. |last4=Venkateswaran |first4=P. S. |last5=Blumberg |first5=B. S. |year=1988 |title=Effect of Phyllanthus amarus on chronic carriers of hepatitis B virus |journal=Lancet |volume=2 |issue=8614 |pages=764–766}}</ref>
<ref name="Lee1996">{{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=C. D. |last2=Ott |first2=M. |last3=Thyagarajan |first3=S. P. |last4=Shafritz |first4=D. A. |last5=Burk |first5=R. D. |last6=Gupta |first6=S. |year=1996 |title=Phyllanthus amarus down-regulates hepatitis B virus mRNA transcription and inhibits HBV polymerase activity |journal=European Journal of Clinical Investigation |volume=26 |issue=12 |pages=1069–1076}}</ref>
<ref name="Freitas2002">{{cite journal |last1=Freitas |first1=A. M. |last2=Schor |first2=N. |last3=Boim |first3=M. A. |year=2002 |title=The effect of Phyllanthus niruri on urinary inhibitors of calcium oxalate crystallization and skeletal retention of 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate |journal=BJU International |volume=89 |issue=9 |pages=829–834}}</ref>
<ref name="Kassuya2006">{{cite journal |last1=Kassuya |first1=C. A. L. |last2=Silvestre |first2=A. |last3=Menezes-de-Lima |first3=O. |last4=Marotta |first4=D. M. |last5=Rehder |first5=V. L. G. |last6=Calixto |first6=J. B. |year=2006 |title=Antiinflammatory and antiallodynic actions of the lignan niranthin isolated from Phyllanthus amarus |journal=European Journal of Pharmacology |volume=546 |issue=1-3 |pages=182–188}}</ref>
<ref name="Adeneye2006">{{cite journal |last1=Adeneye |first1=A. A. |last2=Amole |first2=O. O. |last3=Adeneye |first3=A. K. |year=2006 |title=Hypoglycemic and hypocholesterolemic activities of the aqueous leaf and seed extract of Phyllanthus amarus in mice |journal=Fitoterapia |volume=77 |issue=7-8 |pages=511–514}}</ref>
<ref name="Patel2011">{{cite journal |last1=Patel |first1=J. R. |last2=Tripathi |first2=P. |last3=Sharma |first3=V. |last4=Chauhan |first4=N. S. |last5=Dixit |first5=V. K. |year=2011 |title=Phyllanthus amarus: ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology: a review |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=138 |issue=2 |pages=286–313}}</ref>
}}

== External links ==

[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Phyllanthus%20amarus IMPPAT database]
[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals|Herbs]]

Herbs details

2026-09-03T09:38:47Z

Agnivesha:

Herbs details:
Herbs in [[Charak Samhita]]

# [[Amalaki]]
# [[Bibhitaki]]
# [[Haritaki]]
# [[Shunthi]]
# [[Maricha]]
# [[Pippali]]
# [[Chitraka]]
# [[Vidanga]]
# [[Musta]]
# [[Guduchi]]
# [[Brahmi]]
# [[Shankhapushpi]]
# [[Ashwagandha]]
# [[Shatavari]]
# [[Haridra]]
# [[Arjuna]]
# [[Guggulu]]
# [[Yashtimadhu]]
# [[Lodhra]]
# [[Agnimantha]]
# [[Bilva]]
# [[Nimba]]
# [[Lashuna]]
# [[Punarnava]]
# [[Gokshura]]
# [[Surasa|Tulasi]] ([[Surasa]])
# [[Lavanga]]
# [[Manjishtha]]
# [[Karanja]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants and Botanical Names in Charak Samhita
! Sr. No. !! Sanskrit Name !! Synonyms !! Botanical Name
|-
| 1 || [[Bibhitaki|Aksha]]|| [[Bibhitaki|Bibhitaki, kaliphala, Bhutavasa, Kalidruma]]|| '''[[Bibhitaki|Terminalia bellirica Roxb]]'''
|-
| 2 || Aguru || Agaru, loha, krimija, rajarha || '''Aquilaria agallocha Roxb'''
|-
| 3 || [[Agnimantha]]|| Jaya, Sriparni, Ganikarika, Jayanti, Tarkari, Nadeyi, Vai jayanti || '''[[Agnimantha|Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn.f.]]'''
|-
| 4 || Ankola || Ankoda, Deerghakeela, Nikochaka, Tamraphala, Gupta Sneha || '''Alangium lamarkii Thw., (Alangium salviifolium)'''
|-
| 5 || Ajamoda || Karavi, Deepyaka, Shikhimoda || '''Apium graveolens'''
|-
| 6 || Atasi || uma, picchila, devi, medagandha, madotkata, kshuma, hemavati,masruna || '''Linum usitatissimum Linn.'''
|-
| 7 || Atibala || rishyaprokta, kankatika,Balika, Vatyapushpy, Bhuribala || '''Abutilon indicum. (Link)'''
|-
| 8 || Ativisha || shrungi, virupa, pittadivallabha, shwetvaca, visha, madri || '''Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. Cat.'''
|-
| 9 || Aparajita || Shanhapushpi,Girikarnika, Visnukranta,Sephanda || '''Clitoria ternatea L.'''
|-
| 10 || Apamarga || Shikhari,durgraha, adhashalya, karmanjri, pratyakpushpi || '''Achyranthes aspera Linn.'''
|-
| 11 || Ambashtaki || laghu patha,Uttanaparni, prachina,varatikta, Aviddhakarni,kuchelika || '''Cissampelos pareira Linn'''
|-
| 12 || Amlikakanda || || '''Dioscorea oppositifolia L.'''
|-
| 13 || Arimeda || Irimeda, Vidkhadira || '''Acacia leucophloea Willd.'''
|-
| 14 || Arka || Ravi, Bhanu, Tapana,Tulaphala, vikirana,ksheeraparna || '''Calotropis gigantea'''
|-
| 15 || [[Surasa|Surasa, Tulasi, Arjaka]]|| Kutherak, Phaninjhak, Arjaka(Tulsi bheda), Barbari,Shweta tulasi || '''[[Surasa|Ocimum sanctum L., (syn. Ocimum tenuiflorum L., Ocimum gratissimum L.)]]'''
|-
| 16 || [[Arjuna]]|| Indradru, Nadisarja, Dhavala, Kakubha, Partha, Shweta vaha, || '''[[Arjuna|Terminalia Arjuna]]'''
|-
| 17 || Avakpushpi || || '''Trichodesma indicum'''
|-
| 18 || Ashoka || Madhupushpa,Raktapallavaka, Hemapushpa, Pindipushpa, Nata, Pallavadru, || '''Saraca indica Linn.'''
|-
| 19 || Ashmantaka || Yugmapatra, yaalapatraka, kanchini || '''Bauhinia racemosa. Lam.'''
|-
| 20 || [[Ashwagandha]]|| [[Ashwagandha|Balada, kamarupini, vajini,Gandhapatri]]|| '''[[Ashwagandha|Withania somnifera]]'''
|-
| 21 || Aswattha || pippala, shrivriksha, sevya,bodhidru, pavitraka,krishnavasa || '''Ficus religiosa L.'''
|-
| 22 || Asana || Beejaka, Vijayasara || '''Bridelia Montana Wall., Pterocarpus marsupium'''
|-
| 23 || Akhuparni || vriddhadaru, akhukarni, shubhashreni, krushika, dravanti || '''Ipomoea reniformis Chois.'''
|-
| 24 || Adhaki || Tuvari, Shanapushpika, Kalavrunta || '''Cajanus indicus Spreng'''
|-
| 25 || Atmagupta || Kapikachu, kapiloma, swayamgupta,Markati || '''Mucuna pruriens D.C.'''
|-
| 26 || [[Amalaki]]|| [[Amalaki|Dhatri, Dhatriphala, Sriphala, Vayastha,vayasya]]|| '''[[Amalaki|Phyllanthus emblica L./ Emblica officinalis]]'''
|-
| 27 || Amra || Madhuphala, Madhuli, Madhavadruma, Sahakara, parapushta || '''Manjifera indica L.'''
|-
| 28 || Ikshu || Asipatra, Bhurirasa, Dirghacchada, Gudamula, Trnarasa || '''Saccharum officinarum L.'''
|-
| 29 || Ikshuraka || Kokilaksha? || '''Hygrophila spinosa T.Anderson'''
|-
| 30 || Ingudi || Higupatra, Tapasadruma,Angaravruksha,Pootikantaka || '''Balanites roxburghii Plauch., (Balanites aegyptiaca (Linn) Del.)'''
|-
| 31 || Itkada || Utkata, Vanajayanti || '''Sesbania aculeate Pers.'''
|-
| 32 || Ucchadaka || Uttingana? || '''Blepharis edulis Pers.'''
|-
| 33 || Udumbara || || '''Ficus glomerata Roxb., ( Ficus racemosa)'''
|-
| 34 || Upodika || || '''Basella rubra L.'''
|-
| 35 || Eraka || || '''Typha elephantine Roxb.'''
|-
| 36 || Ervaru || || '''Cucumis utilissimus L.'''
|-
| 37 || Eranda || || '''Ricinus communis L.'''
|-
| 38 || Katutumbi || || '''Lagenaria Vulgaris Ser.'''
|-
| 39 || Katuphala || || '''Hibiscus abelmoschus L.'''
|-
| 40 || Kandakari || || '''Solanum xanthocarpum Sche.'''
|-
| 41 || Kadamba || || '''Anthocephalus cadamba Miq.'''
|-
| 42 || Kadara || || '''Acacia Senegal Willd.'''
|-
| 43 || Kapittha || || '''Feronia elephantanum Correa.'''
|-
| 44 || Karamarda || || '''Carissa carandas L.'''
|-
| 45 || Karavira || || '''Nerium odorum Soland'''
|-
| 46 || Karira || || '''Copparis aphylla Roth'''
|-
| 47 || [[Karanja]]|| || '''[[Karanja|Pongamia pinnata/glabra Vent.]]'''
|-
| 48 || Karkatashrungi || || '''Rhuus succedanea L.'''
|-
| 49 || Karkandhu || || '''Zizyphus nummularia W.C.'''
|-
| 50 || Karpura || || '''Dryobalanops aromatic Goertn.'''
|-
| 51 || Kalaya || || '''Lathyrus sativus L.'''
|-
| 52 || Kasheruka || || '''Seirpus kysoor R.'''
|-
| 53 || Kakamachi || || '''Solanum nigrum L.'''
|-
| 54 || Karavellika || || '''Momordica charantia L.'''
|-
| 55 || Karpasa || || '''Gossypium herbacum L.'''
|-
| 56 || Kalanusariva || || '''Ichnocarpus frutenscens Br.'''
|-
| 57 || Kashmari || || '''Gmelina arborea L.'''
|-
| 58 || Kasamarda || || '''Cassia occidentalis L.'''
|-
| 59 || Kiratatikta || || '''Swertia chirata Ham.'''
|-
| 60 || Kutaja || || '''Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall.'''
|-
| 61 || Kutumbaka || || '''Leucas linifolia Spreng.'''
|-
| 62 || Kumarajeeva || || '''Putranjiva roxburghii Wall.'''
|-
| 63 || Kumbhi || || '''Careya arborea R.'''
|-
| 64 || Kurandaka || || '''Barleria prionitis L.'''
|-
| 65 || Kusumbha || || '''Carathmus tinctoricus L.'''
|-
| 66 || Kovidara || || '''Bauhinia variegate L.'''
|-
| 67 || Koshataki || || '''Luffa acutangula varamara Clerke'''
|-
| 68 || Koshamra || || '''Scheleichera trijuga Willd.'''
|-
| 69 || Kumkuma || || '''Crocus sativus L.'''
|-
| 70 || Khadira || || '''Acacia catechu Willd.'''
|-
| 71 || [[Guggulu]]|| || '''[[Guggulu|Commiphora/Balsamodendron mukul Hook.]]'''
|-
| 72 || Gunja || || '''Abrus precatorius L.'''
|-
| 73 || [[Guduchi]]|| || '''[[Guduchi|Tinospora cordifolia Miers.]]'''
|-
| 74 || [[Gokshura]]|| || '''[[Gokshura|Tribulus terrestris L.]]'''
|-
| 75 || Gojihwa || || '''Elephantopus scaber L.'''
|-
| 76 || Chakramarda || || '''Cassia tora L.'''
|-
| 77 || Chanchu || || '''Corchorus oilitorius L.'''
|-
| 78 || Chandana || || '''Santalum album L.'''
|-
| 79 || Charmakasha || || '''Acacia concinna D.C.'''
|-
| 80 || Charngeri || || '''Oxalis corniculata L.'''
|-
| 81 || [[Chitraka]]|| || '''[[Chitraka|Plumbago zeylanica L.]]'''
|-
| 82 || Chirabilva || || '''Holoptelia integrifolia Planch.'''
|-
| 83 || Chirmata || || '''Cucumis melo L.'''
|-
| 84 || Chilli || || '''Chenopodium album L.'''
|-
| 85 || Choraka || || '''Agelica glauca Edgew.'''
|-
| 86 || jambu || || '''Eugenia jambos Lamk.'''
|-
| 87 || jaya || || '''Sesbania egyptica Pers.'''
|-
| 88 || jalapippali || || '''Lippia nodiflora Rich.'''
|-
| 89 || Jati || || '''Myristica fragrens Houtt.'''
|-
| 90 || Jingini || || '''Odina wodier Roxb.'''
|-
| 91 || Jeeraka || || '''Cuminum cyminum L.'''
|-
| 92 || Jyotishmati || || '''Celestrus paniculata Willd.'''
|-
| 93 || Tamala || || '''Cinnamomum tamala Fr. Nees.'''
|-
| 94 || Tintidika || || '''Tamarindus indica L.'''
|-
| 95 || Tinduka || || '''Diospyros embryopteris Pers.'''
|-
| 96 || Tila || || '''Sesamum indicum L.'''
|-
| 97 || Tilaparni || || '''Gynandropis pentaphylla D.C'''
|-
| 98 || Tumburu || || '''Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb.'''
|-
| 99 || Tuda || || '''Morus indica L.'''
|-
| 100 || Trivrut || || '''Ipomea turpethum Br.'''
|-
| 101 || Dadima || || '''Punica granatum L.'''
|-
| 102 || Daruharidra || || '''Berberis aristata D.C'''
|-
| 103 || Dipyaka || || '''Carum copticum Benth.'''
|-
| 104 || Dugdhika || || '''Euphorbia pilulifera L.'''
|-
| 105 || Duralabha || || '''Fagonia Arabica L.'''
|-
| 106 || Durva || || '''Cynodon dactylon Pers.'''
|-
| 107 || Draksha || || '''Vitis vinifera L.'''
|-
| 108 || Dhanvana || || '''Grewia tiliefolia Vahl.'''
|-
| 109 || Dhava || || '''Anogeisssus latifolia Wall.'''
|-
| 110 || Dhataki || || '''Woodfordia floribunda Slisb.'''
|-
| 111 || Dhanyaka || || '''Coriandrum sativum'''
|-
| 112 || Nanditaka || || '''Ficus retusa L.'''
|-
| 113 || Nalika || || '''Onosma echioides L.'''
|-
| 114 || Naranga || || '''Citrus aurantium L.'''
|-
| 115 || Nadi || || '''Ipomea aquatica Forsk.'''
|-
| 116 || [[Nimba]]|| || '''[[Nimba|Azadirachta indica]] '''
|-
| 117 || Nirgundi || || '''Vitex negundo L.'''
|-
| 118 || Nilika || || '''Indigofera tinctoria L.'''
|-
| 119 || Nyagrodha || || '''Ficus bengalensis L.'''
|-
| 120 || Patola || || '''Trichosanthes dioica Roxb.'''
|-
| 121 || Patra || || '''Cinnamomum iners Reinw.'''
|-
| 122 || Padmaka || || '''Prunus puddum Roxb.'''
|-
| 123 || Parushaka || || '''Grewia asiatica L.'''
|-
| 124 || Parpataka || || '''Rangia repens Nees.'''
|-
| 125 || Paravata || || '''Psidium guyava L.'''
|-
| 126 || Pashanabheda || || '''Saxifraga lingulata Wall.'''
|-
| 127 || [[Pippali]]|| || '''[[Pippali|Piper longum L.]]'''
|-
| 128 || Pilu || || '''Salvadora persica L.'''
|-
| 129 || [[Punarnava]]|| || '''[[Punarnava|Boerhavia diffusa L.]]'''
|-
| 130 || Prasarani || || '''Pederia fetida L.'''
|-
| 131 || Prachinamalaka || || '''Flacourtia cataphracta Roxb.'''
|-
| 132 || Piyala || || '''Aglaia roxburghiana Miq.'''
|-
| 133 || Plaksha || || '''Ficus tsiela Roxb.'''
|-
| 134 || Phenila || || '''Sapindus trifoliatus L.'''
|-
| 135 || Bakula || || '''Mimusops elengi L.'''
|-
| 136 || Badara || || '''Zizyphus jujube Lamk.'''
|-
| 137 || [[Bilva]]|| || '''[[Bilva|Aegle marmelos Corr.]]'''
|-
| 138 || Bijaka || || '''Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.'''
|-
| 139 || Bijapuraka || || '''Citrus medica L.'''
|-
| 140 || Bruhati || || '''Solanum indicum L.'''
|-
| 141 || [[Brahmi]]|| || '''[[Brahmi|Bacopa monnieri]]'''
|-
| 142 || Bhavya || || '''Dillenia indica L.'''
|-
| 143 || Bhrigaraja || || '''Eclipta alba Hassk.'''
|-
| 144 || Mandukaparni || || '''Hydrocotyle asiatica L.'''
|-
| 145 || Madana || || '''Randia dumatorum Lam.'''
|-
| 146 || Madhuka || || '''Bassia latifolia Roxb.'''
|-
| 147 || [[Maricha]]|| || '''Piper nigrum L.'''
|-
| 148 || Mamsi || || '''Nardostachys jatamansi D.C'''
|-
| 149 || Mudga || || '''Phaseolus mungo L.'''
|-
| 150 || [[Musta]]|| || '''[[Musta|Cyperus rotundus L.]]'''
|-
| 151 || Murva || || '''Clematis triloba Heyne.'''
|-
| 152 || Mulaka || || '''Raphanus sativus L.'''
|-
| 153 || Yava || || '''Hordeum vulgarae L.'''
|-
| 154 || Yavasaka || || '''Alhagi maumorum Desv.'''
|-
| 155 || Raktotpala || || '''Nymphoea lotus L.'''
|-
| 156 || Rajakshavaka || || '''Doemia extensa Br.'''
|-
| 157 || Rajamasha || || '''Vigna catiang Endl.'''
|-
| 158 || Rajadana || || '''Mimusops hexandra Roxb.'''
|-
| 159 || Rasna || || '''Pluchea lanceolata Oliv.'''
|-
| 160 || Ruha || || '''Loranthus falcatus L.'''
|-
| 161 || Rohini || || '''Soymida febrifuge Juss.'''
|-
| 162 || [[Lashuna]]|| || '''[[Lashuna|Allium sativum L.]]'''
|-
| 163 || Likucha || || '''Artocarpus lokoocha Roxb.'''
|-
| 164 || Lonika || || '''Portulaca oleracea L.'''
|-
| 165 || [[Lodhra]]|| || '''[[Lodhra|Symplocos recemosa Roxb.]]'''
|-
| 166 || Vacha || || '''Acorus calamus L.'''
|-
| 167 || Vanjula || || '''Salix tetrasperma Roxb.'''
|-
| 168 || Varuna || || '''Cratoeva religiosa Forst.'''
|-
| 169 || Vatama || || '''Prunus amygdalus Baill.'''
|-
| 170 || Vartaka || || '''Solanum melongena L.'''
|-
| 171 || Vasa || || '''Adhatoda vasica Nees.'''
|-
| 172 || Vikankata || || '''Gymnosporia Montana Benth.'''
|-
| 173 || [[Vidanga]]|| || '''[[Vidanga|Embelia ribes Burn.]]'''
|-
| 174 || Vidari || || '''Ipomea digitata L.'''
|-
| 175 || [[Shankhapushpi]]|| Shankhahva, Mangalyakusuma, Keshi, Vishnukranta|| '''[[Shankhapushpi|Evolvulus alsinoides L.]]'''
|-
| 176 || Shana || || '''Crotalaria juncea L.'''
|-
| 177 || Shanapushpi || || '''Crotalaria verrucosa L.'''
|-
| 178 || Shatapushpa || || '''Peucedanum graveolens Benth.'''
|-
| 179 || [[Shatavari]]|| || '''[[Shatavari|Asparagus racemosus Willd.]]'''
|-
| 180 || Shami || || '''Prosopis spicigera L.'''
|-
| 181 || Shallaki || || '''Boswellia serrate Roxb.'''
|-
| 182 || Shaliparni || || '''Desmodium gangeticum D.C.'''
|-
| 183 || Shalmali || || '''Bambox malabarica D.C.'''
|-
| 184 || Shimshapa || || '''Dalbergia sisso Roxb.'''
|-
| 185 || Shigru || || '''Moringa pterygosperma Goertn.'''
|-
| 186 || Shirisha || || '''Albezzia lebbeck Benth.'''
|-
| 187 || [[Shunthi|Shringavera]] [[Shunthi|(Shunthi/Aardraka)]]|| || '''Zingiber officinale Rose.'''
|-
| 188 || Shringataka || || '''Trapa bispinosa Roxb.'''
|-
| 189 || Saptaparna || || '''Alstonia scholaris R. Br.'''
|-
| 190 || Sarja || || '''Shorea robusta'''
|-
| 191 || Sarshapa || || '''Brassica campestris L.'''
|-
| 192 || Sariva || || '''Hemmidesmus indicus Br.'''
|-
| 193 || Sudha || || '''Euphorbia nerifolia L.'''
|-
| 194 || Surasa || || '''Ocimum sanctum L.'''
|-
| 195 || Somaraji || || '''Proralea corylifolia L.'''
|-
| 196 || Hamsapadi || || '''Adjantum lunulatum Burm.'''
|-
| 197 || Hapusha || || '''Juniperus communis L.'''
|-
| 198 || Hastidanti || || '''Croton oblongifolius Roxb.'''
|-
| 199 || [[Haridra]]|| || '''[[Haridra|Curcuma longa L.]]'''
|-
| 200 || Hemadugdha || || '''Argimone mexicana L.'''
|}

Karanja

2026-09-03T09:36:27Z

Agnivesha:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= Karanja,Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre,Indian beech, Pongam oil tree, Fabaceae (Papilionaceae),Naktamala, Chirabilvaka, skin and hair oil, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Karanja(Pongamia pinnata Pierre, English: Indian beech) is celebrated for its potent anthelmintic (Krumighna), wound-cleansing and healing (Vrana Shodhana), and dermatological (Kushthaghna) properties.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pongamia Karanja (Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre)]

{{Infobox
|title = Karanja
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Manjishtha
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre (Synonyms: Millettia pinnata (L.) Panigrahi, Pongamia glabra Vent.
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Fabaceae (Papilionaceae)
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}
[[File:Karanja.jpg|thumb|'''Karanja (''Pongamia pinnata'')''']]
'''Karanja''' (Latin: ''Pongamia pinnata'' Pierre, English: '''Indian beech''') is a medium-sized deciduous or evergreen tree belonging to the family Fabaceae (traditionally Papilionaceae). In Ayurveda, it is celebrated for its potent anthelmintic (''Krumighna''), wound-cleansing and healing (''Vrana Shodhana''), and dermatological (''Kushthaghna'') properties.<ref name="API">Anonymous. ''The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India''. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1: 40.</ref>

== Synonyms in Classical Texts ==
* '''Synonyms in Bhavaprakash Nighantu:'''<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, ''Bhavaprakash Nighantu''. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Guduchyadi varga, verse no. 119–120.</ref>
** ''Karanja'' – The flowers of Karanja are curved/shaped like nails.
** ''Naktamala'' – The flowers bloom/blossom during the night.
** ''Chirabilvaka''
* '''Plant Parts Used:''' Seeds, seed oil, leaves, stem bark, flowers, and roots.

== Varieties ==
Classical texts recognize several varieties of Karanja:

=== According to Bhavaprakash Nighantu ===
# '''Ghrita Karanja'''
# '''Kantakari Karanja'''
# '''Karanji'''

=== According to Raja Nighantu ===
# '''Karanja'''
# '''Ghrita Karanja'''
# '''Mahakaranja'''
# '''Putikaranja'''
# '''Guccha Karanja'''
# '''Ritha Karanja'''<ref name="RajaNighantu">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, ''Raja Nighantu of Pandit Narhari''. Edition 2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, Prabhadradi varga, verse no. 62, 64, 67, 68, 70, 72.</ref>

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics, the properties (''Rasa Panchaka'') of Karanja are summarized below:<ref name="API" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
| 1 || '''Taste (''[[Rasa]]'')''' || Pungent (''Katu''), Bitter (''Tikta'')
|-
| 2 || '''Potency (''[[Veerya]]'')''' || Hot (''Ushna'')
|-
| 3 || '''Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'')''' || Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 4 || '''Qualities (''[[Guna]]'')''' || Sharp (''Tikshna'')
|-
| 5 || '''Actions (''[[Karma]]'')''' || ''Krumijit'' (anthelmintic / antiparasitic), ''Kushthaghna'' (cures skin diseases), ''Kaphavatahara'' (pacifies Kapha and Vata doshas), ''Vrana Shodhana'' (cleanses and purifies wounds/ulcers)
|}

== References in Charaka Samhita ==
Karanja is extensively mentioned in the ''Charaka Samhita'' across various clinical contexts and formulations:

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charaka Samhita !! Activity / Formulation / Indication
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 3/3 || Formulations used for local external application
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 3/13 || Rasanjanadi formulation
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 3/14 || Haridradi formulation
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 3/15 || Manahshiladi formulation
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/73 || Used as a tooth-cleaning twig (toothbrush / ''Dantadhavana'')
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 13/10 || Classification as vegetable/plant sources of lipids (''Sneha Dravya'')
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 14/31 || Ingredient of decoction used for steam fomentation (''Nadi Sweda'')
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 14/43 || Ingredient of decoction used for steam fomentation (''Nadi Sweda'')
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Nidana Sthana]] 2/4 || Mentioned in context as an etiological factor in bleeding disorders (''Raktapitta'')
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 7/17 || Used in the management and treatment of parasitic infestations (''Krumi Roga'')
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/48 || Ingredient of therapeutic formulations used in skin diseases (''Kushtha'')
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/56 || Ingredient of formulations used in the treatment of skin diseases (''Kushtha'')
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/91 || Ingredient of ''Siddharthaka Snana'' (medicated bath) for dermatoses
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/93 || Used as an external application (''Lepa'')
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/94 || Used as an external application (''Lepa'')
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/111 || Ingredient of ''Kanakaksheeri Tailam''
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/119 || Formulation drug (''Yoga Dravya'') used in skin diseases (''Kushtha'')
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/152 || Ingredient of ''Maha Khadira Ghrita''
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/158 || Formulation drug used in parasitic / infective dermatoses (''Krumi Kushtha'')
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/44 || Used in nasal errhines / errhine therapy (''Nasya'')
|-
| 21 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/67 || Ingredient of medicated water used for therapeutic baths
|-
| 22 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/57 || Formulation drug used for external therapeutic application
|-
| 23 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/101 || Formulation drug in the treatment of hemorrhoids associated with constipation
|-
| 24 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/179 || Ingredient in alkaline preparations (''Kshara Kalpana'')
|-
| 25 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/137 || Formulation drug used in the treatment of cystic erysipelas (''Granthi Visarpa'')
|-
| 26 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/69 || Formulation drug utilized for nasal administration (''Nasya'')
|-
| 27 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/70 || Ingredient of ''Gandhahasti Agada''
|-
| 28 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/79 || Ingredient of ''Mahagandhahastinama Agada''
|-
| 29 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/209 || Formulation drug used in scorpion bite poisoning
|-
| 30 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/216 || Formulation drug used in the treatment of house lizard venom poisoning
|-
| 31 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/246 || Ingredient of ''Amrita Ghrita''
|-
| 32 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/57 || Formulation drug used in the treatment of Kaphaja dysuria (''Kaphaja Mutrakruccha'')
|-
| 33 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/154 || Formulation drug used in Kaphaja coryza and chronic rhinitis (''Dushta Pratishyaya'')
|-
| 34 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/186 || Formulation drug in Kaphaja, Sannipatika, and parasite-induced head disorders (''Shiroroga'')
|-
| 35 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/34 || Used as a formulation drug (''Yoga Dravya'')
|-
| 36 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/49 || Used as an external application (''Lepa'')
|-
| 37 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/57 || Used as an external application (''Lepa'')
|-
| 38 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 11/11 || Classified as a purgative / therapeutic evacuation drug (''Virechana Dravya'')
|-
| 39 || [[Charaka Samhita]] [[Kalpa Sthana]] 11/14 || Ingredient of medicated ghee (''Ghrita'') preparation
|}

== Therapeutic Uses ==
Karanja is clinically indicated for:<ref name="API" />
* ''Vrana'' (Wounds, ulcers, and non-healing lesions)
* ''Krumi'' (Helminthiasis, worm infestations, and microbes)
* ''Kushtha'' (Dermatological conditions, leprosy, and stubborn skin diseases)

== Dosage & Administration ==
* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 0.25 g of the drug powder.<ref name="API" />
* '''Decoction (''Kwatha''):''' 5 – 10 g of the crude drug for preparing decoctions.<ref name="API" />

== Important Formulations ==
* ''Aragvadhadi Kwatha Churna''
* ''Pathyadi Lepa''

== Habitat & Availability ==
* '''Status:''' Available
* '''Geographical Distribution:''' Distributed throughout India, frequently growing along riverbanks, lakes, streams, and tidal forests.

== Current Research ==

== Major Phytochemical Profile ==
The therapeutic potential of ''P. pinnata'' is predominantly attributed to its rich content of furanoflavones and polyphenolic compounds:
* '''Furanoflavones:''' Karanjin, pongamol, pongapin, kanjone, and pongaglabrone.
* '''Fixed Oils:''' Oleic acid, linoleic acid, stearic acid, and ricinoleic acid isolated from seed oil.
* '''Flavonoids & Polyphenols:''' Quercetin, kaempferol, and condensed tannins present in the leaves and bark.

== Pharmacological Properties & Scientific Evidence ==

=== Anti-inflammatory & Analgesic Efficacy ===
* '''Mechanisms:''' Oral or topical administration of ''P. pinnata'' extracts suppresses pro-inflammatory cytokines, inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX-2) pathways, and stabilizes lysosomal membranes.
* '''Evidence:''' Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of ''P. pinnata'' stem bark and leaves have demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory activity in acute (carrageenan-induced paw edema) and chronic (cotton pellet granuloma) animal models.<ref name="Srinivasan2001">Srinivasan K, Muruganandan S, Lal J, Chandra S, Tandan SK, Prakash VR (2001). "Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of Pongamia pinnata leaves in rats". ''Journal of Ethnopharmacology''. '''78''' (2–3): 151–157. doi:10.1016/S0378-8741(01)00335-3.</ref> Notably, stem bark extracts demonstrate anti-inflammatory effects without producing gastric mucosal lesions or ulceration typical of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).<ref name="Smitha2010">Smitha GN, et al. (2010). "Anti-inflammatory activity of Pongamia Pinnata stem bark in rats". ''Journal of Pharmacy Research''. '''3''' (4): 818–820.</ref>

=== Antimicrobial & Antifungal Activity ===
* '''Mechanisms:''' Active principles such as karanjin and pongamol disrupt microbial cell membrane integrity and inhibit bacterial cell invasion.
* '''Evidence:''' Crude extracts and seed oil display broad-spectrum activity against pathogens including ''Staphylococcus aureus'', ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'', and ''Escherichia coli''.<ref name="Bajpai2009">Bajpai VK, et al. (2009). "Antibacterial activity of Pongamia pinnata extracts against pathogenic microorganisms". ''Journal of Applied Biomedicine''. '''7''': 201–208.</ref> Seed oil formulations have proven effective against dermatophytes (such as ''Trichophyton rubrum'') and ''Candida albicans'', validating traditional applications in managing scabies and eczema. Leaf decoctions also exhibit selective antidiarrheal action by inhibiting cholera toxin production and protecting epithelial cells against invasion.<ref name="Brijesh2006">Brijesh S, Daswani P, Tetali P, Antarkar RV, Birdi TJ (2006). "Studies on Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre leaves: understanding the mechanism(s) of action in infectious diarrhoea". ''Journal of Zhejiang University Science B''. '''7''' (8): 665–674. doi:10.1631/jzus.2006.B0665.</ref>

=== Antidiabetic & Metabolic Regulation ===
* '''Mechanisms:''' Enhances peripheral glucose utilization, inhibits $\alpha$-glucosidase and $\alpha$-amylase enzymes, and decreases lipid peroxidation in pancreatic islet cells.
* '''Evidence:''' Administration of ethanolic leaf and flower extracts produces significant antihyperglycemic effects in diabetic models, restoring plasma glucose levels and tissue antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT) comparable to standard glibenclamide treatment.<ref name="Punitha2006">Punitha R, Manoharan S (2006). "Antihyperglycemic and antilipidperoxidative effects of Pongamia pinnata (Linn.) Pierre flowers in alloxan induced diabetic rats". ''Journal of Ethnopharmacology''. '''105''' (1–2): 39–46. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2005.09.043.</ref><ref name="Sikarwar2010">Sikarwar MS, Patil MB (2010). "Antidiabetic activity of Pongamia pinnata leaf extracts in alloxan-induced diabetic rats". ''International Journal of Ayurveda Research''. '''1''' (4): 199–204. doi:10.4103/0974-7788.76780.</ref>

=== Antioxidant & Cytoprotective Properties ===
* '''Mechanisms:''' Direct free radical scavenging (DPPH, superoxide, ABTS) mediated by high polyphenolic concentrations.
* '''Evidence:''' Leaf and root extracts exhibit strong free radical scavenging capacity, marked by reduced concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA)—a key marker of oxidative stress and tissue damage.

=== Wound Healing Efficacy ===
* '''Evidence:''' Topically applied seed oil and leaf pastes accelerate wound retraction and epithelialization in excision wound models by facilitating collagen synthesis and minimizing secondary dermal bacterial infections.

== Safety Profile & Toxicity ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' Stem bark and aqueous leaf extracts exhibit a high margin of safety, showing no acute toxicity or mortality at oral doses up to 8,000 mg/kg in rodent toxicity screens.<ref name="Srinivasan2001" /><ref name="Smitha2010" />
* '''Precautions:''' Unrefined seed oil contains bitter furanoflavones (principally karanjin) that can induce gastrointestinal irritation if ingested without standard processing or purification.

== Summary Table of Therapeutic Indications ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Summary of Therapeutic Efficacy
|-
! Target Indication !! Active Plant Part !! Experimental / Clinical Focus !! Primary References
|-
| Inflammatory Conditions || Stem Bark / Leaves || Paw edema, granuloma models (non-ulcerogenic) || Srinivasan et al., 2001;<ref name="Srinivasan2001" /> Smitha et al., 2010<ref name="Smitha2010" />
|-
| Dermal & Fungal Infections || Seed Oil / Seeds || ''S. aureus'', ''C. albicans'', Dermatophytes || Bajpai et al., 2009<ref name="Bajpai2009" />
|-
| Enteric Pathogens & Diarrhea || Leaf Extract || Inhibition of cholera toxin production & invasion || Brijesh et al., 2006<ref name="Brijesh2006" />
|-
| Hyperglycemia & Diabetes || Flowers / Leaves || OGTT, Alloxan-induced diabetes models || Punitha & Manoharan, 2006;<ref name="Punitha2006" /> Sikarwar & Patil, 2010<ref name="Sikarwar2010" />
|}

== External links ==

* Phytochemical profile & research database: [https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Pongamia%20pinnata IMPPAT Phytochemical Profile: Pongamia pinnata]

== References ==
<references />

File:Karanja.jpg

2026-09-03T09:34:26Z

Agnivesha:

Karanja

2026-09-03T09:33:10Z

Agnivesha:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= Karanja,Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre,Indian beech, Pongam oil tree, Fabaceae (Papilionaceae),Naktamala, Chirabilvaka, skin and hair oil, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Karanja(Pongamia pinnata Pierre, English: Indian beech) is celebrated for its potent anthelmintic (Krumighna), wound-cleansing and healing (Vrana Shodhana), and dermatological (Kushthaghna) properties.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pongamia Karanja (Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre)]

{{Infobox
|title = Karanja
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Manjishtha
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre (Synonyms: Millettia pinnata (L.) Panigrahi, Pongamia glabra Vent.
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Fabaceae (Papilionaceae)
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''Karanja''' (Latin: ''Pongamia pinnata'' Pierre, English: '''Indian beech''') is a medium-sized deciduous or evergreen tree belonging to the family Fabaceae (traditionally Papilionaceae). In Ayurveda, it is celebrated for its potent anthelmintic (''Krumighna''), wound-cleansing and healing (''Vrana Shodhana''), and dermatological (''Kushthaghna'') properties.<ref name="API">Anonymous. ''The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India''. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1: 40.</ref>

== Synonyms in Classical Texts ==
* '''Synonyms in Bhavaprakash Nighantu:'''<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, ''Bhavaprakash Nighantu''. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Guduchyadi varga, verse no. 119–120.</ref>
** ''Karanja'' – The flowers of Karanja are curved/shaped like nails.
** ''Naktamala'' – The flowers bloom/blossom during the night.
** ''Chirabilvaka''
* '''Plant Parts Used:''' Seeds, seed oil, leaves, stem bark, flowers, and roots.

== Varieties ==
Classical texts recognize several varieties of Karanja:

=== According to Bhavaprakash Nighantu ===
# '''Ghrita Karanja'''
# '''Kantakari Karanja'''
# '''Karanji'''

=== According to Raja Nighantu ===
# '''Karanja'''
# '''Ghrita Karanja'''
# '''Mahakaranja'''
# '''Putikaranja'''
# '''Guccha Karanja'''
# '''Ritha Karanja'''<ref name="RajaNighantu">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, ''Raja Nighantu of Pandit Narhari''. Edition 2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, Prabhadradi varga, verse no. 62, 64, 67, 68, 70, 72.</ref>

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics, the properties (''Rasa Panchaka'') of Karanja are summarized below:<ref name="API" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
| 1 || '''Taste (''[[Rasa]]'')''' || Pungent (''Katu''), Bitter (''Tikta'')
|-
| 2 || '''Potency (''[[Veerya]]'')''' || Hot (''Ushna'')
|-
| 3 || '''Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'')''' || Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 4 || '''Qualities (''[[Guna]]'')''' || Sharp (''Tikshna'')
|-
| 5 || '''Actions (''[[Karma]]'')''' || ''Krumijit'' (anthelmintic / antiparasitic), ''Kushthaghna'' (cures skin diseases), ''Kaphavatahara'' (pacifies Kapha and Vata doshas), ''Vrana Shodhana'' (cleanses and purifies wounds/ulcers)
|}

== References in Charaka Samhita ==
Karanja is extensively mentioned in the ''Charaka Samhita'' across various clinical contexts and formulations:

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charaka Samhita !! Activity / Formulation / Indication
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 3/3 || Formulations used for local external application
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 3/13 || Rasanjanadi formulation
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 3/14 || Haridradi formulation
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 3/15 || Manahshiladi formulation
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/73 || Used as a tooth-cleaning twig (toothbrush / ''Dantadhavana'')
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 13/10 || Classification as vegetable/plant sources of lipids (''Sneha Dravya'')
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 14/31 || Ingredient of decoction used for steam fomentation (''Nadi Sweda'')
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 14/43 || Ingredient of decoction used for steam fomentation (''Nadi Sweda'')
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Nidana Sthana]] 2/4 || Mentioned in context as an etiological factor in bleeding disorders (''Raktapitta'')
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 7/17 || Used in the management and treatment of parasitic infestations (''Krumi Roga'')
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/48 || Ingredient of therapeutic formulations used in skin diseases (''Kushtha'')
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/56 || Ingredient of formulations used in the treatment of skin diseases (''Kushtha'')
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/91 || Ingredient of ''Siddharthaka Snana'' (medicated bath) for dermatoses
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/93 || Used as an external application (''Lepa'')
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/94 || Used as an external application (''Lepa'')
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/111 || Ingredient of ''Kanakaksheeri Tailam''
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/119 || Formulation drug (''Yoga Dravya'') used in skin diseases (''Kushtha'')
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/152 || Ingredient of ''Maha Khadira Ghrita''
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/158 || Formulation drug used in parasitic / infective dermatoses (''Krumi Kushtha'')
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/44 || Used in nasal errhines / errhine therapy (''Nasya'')
|-
| 21 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/67 || Ingredient of medicated water used for therapeutic baths
|-
| 22 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/57 || Formulation drug used for external therapeutic application
|-
| 23 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/101 || Formulation drug in the treatment of hemorrhoids associated with constipation
|-
| 24 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/179 || Ingredient in alkaline preparations (''Kshara Kalpana'')
|-
| 25 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/137 || Formulation drug used in the treatment of cystic erysipelas (''Granthi Visarpa'')
|-
| 26 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/69 || Formulation drug utilized for nasal administration (''Nasya'')
|-
| 27 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/70 || Ingredient of ''Gandhahasti Agada''
|-
| 28 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/79 || Ingredient of ''Mahagandhahastinama Agada''
|-
| 29 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/209 || Formulation drug used in scorpion bite poisoning
|-
| 30 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/216 || Formulation drug used in the treatment of house lizard venom poisoning
|-
| 31 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/246 || Ingredient of ''Amrita Ghrita''
|-
| 32 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/57 || Formulation drug used in the treatment of Kaphaja dysuria (''Kaphaja Mutrakruccha'')
|-
| 33 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/154 || Formulation drug used in Kaphaja coryza and chronic rhinitis (''Dushta Pratishyaya'')
|-
| 34 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/186 || Formulation drug in Kaphaja, Sannipatika, and parasite-induced head disorders (''Shiroroga'')
|-
| 35 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/34 || Used as a formulation drug (''Yoga Dravya'')
|-
| 36 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/49 || Used as an external application (''Lepa'')
|-
| 37 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/57 || Used as an external application (''Lepa'')
|-
| 38 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 11/11 || Classified as a purgative / therapeutic evacuation drug (''Virechana Dravya'')
|-
| 39 || [[Charaka Samhita]] [[Kalpa Sthana]] 11/14 || Ingredient of medicated ghee (''Ghrita'') preparation
|}

== Therapeutic Uses ==
Karanja is clinically indicated for:<ref name="API" />
* ''Vrana'' (Wounds, ulcers, and non-healing lesions)
* ''Krumi'' (Helminthiasis, worm infestations, and microbes)
* ''Kushtha'' (Dermatological conditions, leprosy, and stubborn skin diseases)

== Dosage & Administration ==
* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 0.25 g of the drug powder.<ref name="API" />
* '''Decoction (''Kwatha''):''' 5 – 10 g of the crude drug for preparing decoctions.<ref name="API" />

== Important Formulations ==
* ''Aragvadhadi Kwatha Churna''
* ''Pathyadi Lepa''

== Habitat & Availability ==
* '''Status:''' Available
* '''Geographical Distribution:''' Distributed throughout India, frequently growing along riverbanks, lakes, streams, and tidal forests.

== Current Research ==

== Major Phytochemical Profile ==
The therapeutic potential of ''P. pinnata'' is predominantly attributed to its rich content of [[furanoflavone]]s and polyphenolic compounds:
* '''Furanoflavones:''' [[Karanjin]], pongamol, pongapin, kanjone, and pongaglabrone.
* '''Fixed Oils:''' Oleic acid, linoleic acid, stearic acid, and ricinoleic acid isolated from seed oil.
* '''Flavonoids & Polyphenols:''' [[Quercetin]], [[kaempferol]], and condensed tannins present in the leaves and bark.

== Pharmacological Properties & Scientific Evidence ==

=== Anti-inflammatory & Analgesic Efficacy ===
* '''Mechanisms:''' Oral or topical administration of ''P. pinnata'' extracts suppresses pro-inflammatory cytokines, inhibits [[cyclooxygenase]] (COX-2) pathways, and stabilizes lysosomal membranes.
* '''Evidence:''' Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of ''P. pinnata'' stem bark and leaves have demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory activity in acute (carrageenan-induced paw edema) and chronic (cotton pellet granuloma) animal models.<ref name="Srinivasan2001">Srinivasan K, Muruganandan S, Lal J, Chandra S, Tandan SK, Prakash VR (2001). "Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of Pongamia pinnata leaves in rats". ''Journal of Ethnopharmacology''. '''78''' (2–3): 151–157. doi:10.1016/S0378-8741(01)00335-3.</ref> Notably, stem bark extracts demonstrate anti-inflammatory effects without producing gastric mucosal lesions or ulceration typical of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).<ref name="Smitha2010">Smitha GN, et al. (2010). "Anti-inflammatory activity of Pongamia Pinnata stem bark in rats". ''Journal of Pharmacy Research''. '''3''' (4): 818–820.</ref>

=== Antimicrobial & Antifungal Activity ===
* '''Mechanisms:''' Active principles such as karanjin and pongamol disrupt microbial cell membrane integrity and inhibit bacterial cell invasion.
* '''Evidence:''' Crude extracts and seed oil display broad-spectrum activity against pathogens including ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'', ''[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]'', and ''[[Escherichia coli]]''.<ref name="Bajpai2009">Bajpai VK, et al. (2009). "Antibacterial activity of Pongamia pinnata extracts against pathogenic microorganisms". ''Journal of Applied Biomedicine''. '''7''': 201–208.</ref> Seed oil formulations have proven effective against dermatophytes (such as ''[[Trichophyton rubrum]]'') and ''[[Candida albicans]]'', validating traditional applications in managing scabies and eczema. Leaf decoctions also exhibit selective antidiarrheal action by inhibiting cholera toxin production and protecting epithelial cells against invasion.<ref name="Brijesh2006">Brijesh S, Daswani P, Tetali P, Antarkar RV, Birdi TJ (2006). "Studies on Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre leaves: understanding the mechanism(s) of action in infectious diarrhoea". ''Journal of Zhejiang University Science B''. '''7''' (8): 665–674. doi:10.1631/jzus.2006.B0665.</ref>

=== Antidiabetic & Metabolic Regulation ===
* '''Mechanisms:''' Enhances peripheral glucose utilization, inhibits $\alpha$-glucosidase and $\alpha$-amylase enzymes, and decreases lipid peroxidation in pancreatic islet cells.
* '''Evidence:''' Administration of ethanolic leaf and flower extracts produces significant antihyperglycemic effects in diabetic models, restoring plasma glucose levels and tissue antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT) comparable to standard glibenclamide treatment.<ref name="Punitha2006">Punitha R, Manoharan S (2006). "Antihyperglycemic and antilipidperoxidative effects of Pongamia pinnata (Linn.) Pierre flowers in alloxan induced diabetic rats". ''Journal of Ethnopharmacology''. '''105''' (1–2): 39–46. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2005.09.043.</ref><ref name="Sikarwar2010">Sikarwar MS, Patil MB (2010). "Antidiabetic activity of Pongamia pinnata leaf extracts in alloxan-induced diabetic rats". ''International Journal of Ayurveda Research''. '''1''' (4): 199–204. doi:10.4103/0974-7788.76780.</ref>

=== Antioxidant & Cytoprotective Properties ===
* '''Mechanisms:''' Direct free radical scavenging (DPPH, superoxide, ABTS) mediated by high polyphenolic concentrations.
* '''Evidence:''' Leaf and root extracts exhibit strong free radical scavenging capacity, marked by reduced concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA)—a key marker of oxidative stress and tissue damage.

=== Wound Healing Efficacy ===
* '''Evidence:''' Topically applied seed oil and leaf pastes accelerate wound retraction and epithelialization in excision wound models by facilitating collagen synthesis and minimizing secondary dermal bacterial infections.

== Safety Profile & Toxicity ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' Stem bark and aqueous leaf extracts exhibit a high margin of safety, showing no acute toxicity or mortality at oral doses up to 8,000 mg/kg in rodent toxicity screens.<ref name="Srinivasan2001" /><ref name="Smitha2010" />
* '''Precautions:''' Unrefined seed oil contains bitter furanoflavones (principally karanjin) that can induce gastrointestinal irritation if ingested without standard processing or purification.

== Summary Table of Therapeutic Indications ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Summary of Therapeutic Efficacy
|-
! Target Indication !! Active Plant Part !! Experimental / Clinical Focus !! Primary References
|-
| Inflammatory Conditions || Stem Bark / Leaves || Paw edema, granuloma models (non-ulcerogenic) || Srinivasan et al., 2001;<ref name="Srinivasan2001" /> Smitha et al., 2010<ref name="Smitha2010" />
|-
| Dermal & Fungal Infections || Seed Oil / Seeds || ''S. aureus'', ''C. albicans'', Dermatophytes || Bajpai et al., 2009<ref name="Bajpai2009" />
|-
| Enteric Pathogens & Diarrhea || Leaf Extract || Inhibition of cholera toxin production & invasion || Brijesh et al., 2006<ref name="Brijesh2006" />
|-
| Hyperglycemia & Diabetes || Flowers / Leaves || OGTT, Alloxan-induced diabetes models || Punitha & Manoharan, 2006;<ref name="Punitha2006" /> Sikarwar & Patil, 2010<ref name="Sikarwar2010" />
|}

== External links ==

* Phytochemical profile & research database: [https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Pongamia%20pinnata IMPPAT Phytochemical Profile: Pongamia pinnata]

== References ==
<references />

Herbs details

2026-09-01T07:28:39Z

Agnivesha:

Herbs details:
Herbs in [[Charak Samhita]]

# [[Amalaki]]
# [[Bibhitaki]]
# [[Haritaki]]
# [[Shunthi]]
# [[Maricha]]
# [[Pippali]]
# [[Chitraka]]
# [[Vidanga]]
# [[Musta]]
# [[Guduchi]]
# [[Brahmi]]
# [[Shankhapushpi]]
# [[Ashwagandha]]
# [[Shatavari]]
# [[Haridra]]
# [[Arjuna]]
# [[Guggulu]]
# [[Yashtimadhu]]
# [[Lodhra]]
# [[Agnimantha]]
# [[Bilva]]
# [[Nimba]]
# [[Lashuna]]
# [[Punarnava]]
# [[Gokshura]]
# [[Surasa|Tulasi]] ([[Surasa]])
# [[Lavanga]]
# [[Manjishtha]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants and Botanical Names in Charak Samhita
! Sr. No. !! Sanskrit Name !! Synonyms !! Botanical Name
|-
| 1 || [[Bibhitaki|Aksha]]|| [[Bibhitaki|Bibhitaki, kaliphala, Bhutavasa, Kalidruma]]|| '''[[Bibhitaki|Terminalia bellirica Roxb]]'''
|-
| 2 || Aguru || Agaru, loha, krimija, rajarha || '''Aquilaria agallocha Roxb'''
|-
| 3 || [[Agnimantha]]|| Jaya, Sriparni, Ganikarika, Jayanti, Tarkari, Nadeyi, Vai jayanti || '''[[Agnimantha|Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn.f.]]'''
|-
| 4 || Ankola || Ankoda, Deerghakeela, Nikochaka, Tamraphala, Gupta Sneha || '''Alangium lamarkii Thw., (Alangium salviifolium)'''
|-
| 5 || Ajamoda || Karavi, Deepyaka, Shikhimoda || '''Apium graveolens'''
|-
| 6 || Atasi || uma, picchila, devi, medagandha, madotkata, kshuma, hemavati,masruna || '''Linum usitatissimum Linn.'''
|-
| 7 || Atibala || rishyaprokta, kankatika,Balika, Vatyapushpy, Bhuribala || '''Abutilon indicum. (Link)'''
|-
| 8 || Ativisha || shrungi, virupa, pittadivallabha, shwetvaca, visha, madri || '''Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. Cat.'''
|-
| 9 || Aparajita || Shanhapushpi,Girikarnika, Visnukranta,Sephanda || '''Clitoria ternatea L.'''
|-
| 10 || Apamarga || Shikhari,durgraha, adhashalya, karmanjri, pratyakpushpi || '''Achyranthes aspera Linn.'''
|-
| 11 || Ambashtaki || laghu patha,Uttanaparni, prachina,varatikta, Aviddhakarni,kuchelika || '''Cissampelos pareira Linn'''
|-
| 12 || Amlikakanda || || '''Dioscorea oppositifolia L.'''
|-
| 13 || Arimeda || Irimeda, Vidkhadira || '''Acacia leucophloea Willd.'''
|-
| 14 || Arka || Ravi, Bhanu, Tapana,Tulaphala, vikirana,ksheeraparna || '''Calotropis gigantea'''
|-
| 15 || [[Surasa|Surasa, Tulasi, Arjaka]]|| Kutherak, Phaninjhak, Arjaka(Tulsi bheda), Barbari,Shweta tulasi || '''[[Surasa|Ocimum sanctum L., (syn. Ocimum tenuiflorum L., Ocimum gratissimum L.)]]'''
|-
| 16 || [[Arjuna]]|| Indradru, Nadisarja, Dhavala, Kakubha, Partha, Shweta vaha, || '''[[Arjuna|Terminalia Arjuna]]'''
|-
| 17 || Avakpushpi || || '''Trichodesma indicum'''
|-
| 18 || Ashoka || Madhupushpa,Raktapallavaka, Hemapushpa, Pindipushpa, Nata, Pallavadru, || '''Saraca indica Linn.'''
|-
| 19 || Ashmantaka || Yugmapatra, yaalapatraka, kanchini || '''Bauhinia racemosa. Lam.'''
|-
| 20 || [[Ashwagandha]]|| [[Ashwagandha|Balada, kamarupini, vajini,Gandhapatri]]|| '''[[Ashwagandha|Withania somnifera]]'''
|-
| 21 || Aswattha || pippala, shrivriksha, sevya,bodhidru, pavitraka,krishnavasa || '''Ficus religiosa L.'''
|-
| 22 || Asana || Beejaka, Vijayasara || '''Bridelia Montana Wall., Pterocarpus marsupium'''
|-
| 23 || Akhuparni || vriddhadaru, akhukarni, shubhashreni, krushika, dravanti || '''Ipomoea reniformis Chois.'''
|-
| 24 || Adhaki || Tuvari, Shanapushpika, Kalavrunta || '''Cajanus indicus Spreng'''
|-
| 25 || Atmagupta || Kapikachu, kapiloma, swayamgupta,Markati || '''Mucuna pruriens D.C.'''
|-
| 26 || [[Amalaki]]|| [[Amalaki|Dhatri, Dhatriphala, Sriphala, Vayastha,vayasya]]|| '''[[Amalaki|Phyllanthus emblica L./ Emblica officinalis]]'''
|-
| 27 || Amra || Madhuphala, Madhuli, Madhavadruma, Sahakara, parapushta || '''Manjifera indica L.'''
|-
| 28 || Ikshu || Asipatra, Bhurirasa, Dirghacchada, Gudamula, Trnarasa || '''Saccharum officinarum L.'''
|-
| 29 || Ikshuraka || Kokilaksha? || '''Hygrophila spinosa T.Anderson'''
|-
| 30 || Ingudi || Higupatra, Tapasadruma,Angaravruksha,Pootikantaka || '''Balanites roxburghii Plauch., (Balanites aegyptiaca (Linn) Del.)'''
|-
| 31 || Itkada || Utkata, Vanajayanti || '''Sesbania aculeate Pers.'''
|-
| 32 || Ucchadaka || Uttingana? || '''Blepharis edulis Pers.'''
|-
| 33 || Udumbara || || '''Ficus glomerata Roxb., ( Ficus racemosa)'''
|-
| 34 || Upodika || || '''Basella rubra L.'''
|-
| 35 || Eraka || || '''Typha elephantine Roxb.'''
|-
| 36 || Ervaru || || '''Cucumis utilissimus L.'''
|-
| 37 || Eranda || || '''Ricinus communis L.'''
|-
| 38 || Katutumbi || || '''Lagenaria Vulgaris Ser.'''
|-
| 39 || Katuphala || || '''Hibiscus abelmoschus L.'''
|-
| 40 || Kandakari || || '''Solanum xanthocarpum Sche.'''
|-
| 41 || Kadamba || || '''Anthocephalus cadamba Miq.'''
|-
| 42 || Kadara || || '''Acacia Senegal Willd.'''
|-
| 43 || Kapittha || || '''Feronia elephantanum Correa.'''
|-
| 44 || Karamarda || || '''Carissa carandas L.'''
|-
| 45 || Karavira || || '''Nerium odorum Soland'''
|-
| 46 || Karira || || '''Copparis aphylla Roth'''
|-
| 47 || Karanja || || '''Pongamia glabra Vent.'''
|-
| 48 || Karkatashrungi || || '''Rhuus succedanea L.'''
|-
| 49 || Karkandhu || || '''Zizyphus nummularia W.C.'''
|-
| 50 || Karpura || || '''Dryobalanops aromatic Goertn.'''
|-
| 51 || Kalaya || || '''Lathyrus sativus L.'''
|-
| 52 || Kasheruka || || '''Seirpus kysoor R.'''
|-
| 53 || Kakamachi || || '''Solanum nigrum L.'''
|-
| 54 || Karavellika || || '''Momordica charantia L.'''
|-
| 55 || Karpasa || || '''Gossypium herbacum L.'''
|-
| 56 || Kalanusariva || || '''Ichnocarpus frutenscens Br.'''
|-
| 57 || Kashmari || || '''Gmelina arborea L.'''
|-
| 58 || Kasamarda || || '''Cassia occidentalis L.'''
|-
| 59 || Kiratatikta || || '''Swertia chirata Ham.'''
|-
| 60 || Kutaja || || '''Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall.'''
|-
| 61 || Kutumbaka || || '''Leucas linifolia Spreng.'''
|-
| 62 || Kumarajeeva || || '''Putranjiva roxburghii Wall.'''
|-
| 63 || Kumbhi || || '''Careya arborea R.'''
|-
| 64 || Kurandaka || || '''Barleria prionitis L.'''
|-
| 65 || Kusumbha || || '''Carathmus tinctoricus L.'''
|-
| 66 || Kovidara || || '''Bauhinia variegate L.'''
|-
| 67 || Koshataki || || '''Luffa acutangula varamara Clerke'''
|-
| 68 || Koshamra || || '''Scheleichera trijuga Willd.'''
|-
| 69 || Kumkuma || || '''Crocus sativus L.'''
|-
| 70 || Khadira || || '''Acacia catechu Willd.'''
|-
| 71 || [[Guggulu]]|| || '''[[Guggulu|Commiphora/Balsamodendron mukul Hook.]]'''
|-
| 72 || Gunja || || '''Abrus precatorius L.'''
|-
| 73 || [[Guduchi]]|| || '''[[Guduchi|Tinospora cordifolia Miers.]]'''
|-
| 74 || [[Gokshura]]|| || '''[[Gokshura|Tribulus terrestris L.]]'''
|-
| 75 || Gojihwa || || '''Elephantopus scaber L.'''
|-
| 76 || Chakramarda || || '''Cassia tora L.'''
|-
| 77 || Chanchu || || '''Corchorus oilitorius L.'''
|-
| 78 || Chandana || || '''Santalum album L.'''
|-
| 79 || Charmakasha || || '''Acacia concinna D.C.'''
|-
| 80 || Charngeri || || '''Oxalis corniculata L.'''
|-
| 81 || [[Chitraka]]|| || '''[[Chitraka|Plumbago zeylanica L.]]'''
|-
| 82 || Chirabilva || || '''Holoptelia integrifolia Planch.'''
|-
| 83 || Chirmata || || '''Cucumis melo L.'''
|-
| 84 || Chilli || || '''Chenopodium album L.'''
|-
| 85 || Choraka || || '''Agelica glauca Edgew.'''
|-
| 86 || jambu || || '''Eugenia jambos Lamk.'''
|-
| 87 || jaya || || '''Sesbania egyptica Pers.'''
|-
| 88 || jalapippali || || '''Lippia nodiflora Rich.'''
|-
| 89 || Jati || || '''Myristica fragrens Houtt.'''
|-
| 90 || Jingini || || '''Odina wodier Roxb.'''
|-
| 91 || Jeeraka || || '''Cuminum cyminum L.'''
|-
| 92 || Jyotishmati || || '''Celestrus paniculata Willd.'''
|-
| 93 || Tamala || || '''Cinnamomum tamala Fr. Nees.'''
|-
| 94 || Tintidika || || '''Tamarindus indica L.'''
|-
| 95 || Tinduka || || '''Diospyros embryopteris Pers.'''
|-
| 96 || Tila || || '''Sesamum indicum L.'''
|-
| 97 || Tilaparni || || '''Gynandropis pentaphylla D.C'''
|-
| 98 || Tumburu || || '''Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb.'''
|-
| 99 || Tuda || || '''Morus indica L.'''
|-
| 100 || Trivrut || || '''Ipomea turpethum Br.'''
|-
| 101 || Dadima || || '''Punica granatum L.'''
|-
| 102 || Daruharidra || || '''Berberis aristata D.C'''
|-
| 103 || Dipyaka || || '''Carum copticum Benth.'''
|-
| 104 || Dugdhika || || '''Euphorbia pilulifera L.'''
|-
| 105 || Duralabha || || '''Fagonia Arabica L.'''
|-
| 106 || Durva || || '''Cynodon dactylon Pers.'''
|-
| 107 || Draksha || || '''Vitis vinifera L.'''
|-
| 108 || Dhanvana || || '''Grewia tiliefolia Vahl.'''
|-
| 109 || Dhava || || '''Anogeisssus latifolia Wall.'''
|-
| 110 || Dhataki || || '''Woodfordia floribunda Slisb.'''
|-
| 111 || Dhanyaka || || '''Coriandrum sativum'''
|-
| 112 || Nanditaka || || '''Ficus retusa L.'''
|-
| 113 || Nalika || || '''Onosma echioides L.'''
|-
| 114 || Naranga || || '''Citrus aurantium L.'''
|-
| 115 || Nadi || || '''Ipomea aquatica Forsk.'''
|-
| 116 || [[Nimba]]|| || '''[[Nimba|Azadirachta indica]] '''
|-
| 117 || Nirgundi || || '''Vitex negundo L.'''
|-
| 118 || Nilika || || '''Indigofera tinctoria L.'''
|-
| 119 || Nyagrodha || || '''Ficus bengalensis L.'''
|-
| 120 || Patola || || '''Trichosanthes dioica Roxb.'''
|-
| 121 || Patra || || '''Cinnamomum iners Reinw.'''
|-
| 122 || Padmaka || || '''Prunus puddum Roxb.'''
|-
| 123 || Parushaka || || '''Grewia asiatica L.'''
|-
| 124 || Parpataka || || '''Rangia repens Nees.'''
|-
| 125 || Paravata || || '''Psidium guyava L.'''
|-
| 126 || Pashanabheda || || '''Saxifraga lingulata Wall.'''
|-
| 127 || [[Pippali]]|| || '''[[Pippali|Piper longum L.]]'''
|-
| 128 || Pilu || || '''Salvadora persica L.'''
|-
| 129 || [[Punarnava]]|| || '''[[Punarnava|Boerhavia diffusa L.]]'''
|-
| 130 || Prasarani || || '''Pederia fetida L.'''
|-
| 131 || Prachinamalaka || || '''Flacourtia cataphracta Roxb.'''
|-
| 132 || Piyala || || '''Aglaia roxburghiana Miq.'''
|-
| 133 || Plaksha || || '''Ficus tsiela Roxb.'''
|-
| 134 || Phenila || || '''Sapindus trifoliatus L.'''
|-
| 135 || Bakula || || '''Mimusops elengi L.'''
|-
| 136 || Badara || || '''Zizyphus jujube Lamk.'''
|-
| 137 || [[Bilva]]|| || '''[[Bilva|Aegle marmelos Corr.]]'''
|-
| 138 || Bijaka || || '''Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.'''
|-
| 139 || Bijapuraka || || '''Citrus medica L.'''
|-
| 140 || Bruhati || || '''Solanum indicum L.'''
|-
| 141 || [[Brahmi]]|| || '''[[Brahmi|Bacopa monnieri]]'''
|-
| 142 || Bhavya || || '''Dillenia indica L.'''
|-
| 143 || Bhrigaraja || || '''Eclipta alba Hassk.'''
|-
| 144 || Mandukaparni || || '''Hydrocotyle asiatica L.'''
|-
| 145 || Madana || || '''Randia dumatorum Lam.'''
|-
| 146 || Madhuka || || '''Bassia latifolia Roxb.'''
|-
| 147 || [[Maricha]]|| || '''Piper nigrum L.'''
|-
| 148 || Mamsi || || '''Nardostachys jatamansi D.C'''
|-
| 149 || Mudga || || '''Phaseolus mungo L.'''
|-
| 150 || [[Musta]]|| || '''[[Musta|Cyperus rotundus L.]]'''
|-
| 151 || Murva || || '''Clematis triloba Heyne.'''
|-
| 152 || Mulaka || || '''Raphanus sativus L.'''
|-
| 153 || Yava || || '''Hordeum vulgarae L.'''
|-
| 154 || Yavasaka || || '''Alhagi maumorum Desv.'''
|-
| 155 || Raktotpala || || '''Nymphoea lotus L.'''
|-
| 156 || Rajakshavaka || || '''Doemia extensa Br.'''
|-
| 157 || Rajamasha || || '''Vigna catiang Endl.'''
|-
| 158 || Rajadana || || '''Mimusops hexandra Roxb.'''
|-
| 159 || Rasna || || '''Pluchea lanceolata Oliv.'''
|-
| 160 || Ruha || || '''Loranthus falcatus L.'''
|-
| 161 || Rohini || || '''Soymida febrifuge Juss.'''
|-
| 162 || [[Lashuna]]|| || '''[[Lashuna|Allium sativum L.]]'''
|-
| 163 || Likucha || || '''Artocarpus lokoocha Roxb.'''
|-
| 164 || Lonika || || '''Portulaca oleracea L.'''
|-
| 165 || [[Lodhra]]|| || '''[[Lodhra|Symplocos recemosa Roxb.]]'''
|-
| 166 || Vacha || || '''Acorus calamus L.'''
|-
| 167 || Vanjula || || '''Salix tetrasperma Roxb.'''
|-
| 168 || Varuna || || '''Cratoeva religiosa Forst.'''
|-
| 169 || Vatama || || '''Prunus amygdalus Baill.'''
|-
| 170 || Vartaka || || '''Solanum melongena L.'''
|-
| 171 || Vasa || || '''Adhatoda vasica Nees.'''
|-
| 172 || Vikankata || || '''Gymnosporia Montana Benth.'''
|-
| 173 || [[Vidanga]]|| || '''[[Vidanga|Embelia ribes Burn.]]'''
|-
| 174 || Vidari || || '''Ipomea digitata L.'''
|-
| 175 || [[Shankhapushpi]]|| Shankhahva, Mangalyakusuma, Keshi, Vishnukranta|| '''[[Shankhapushpi|Evolvulus alsinoides L.]]'''
|-
| 176 || Shana || || '''Crotalaria juncea L.'''
|-
| 177 || Shanapushpi || || '''Crotalaria verrucosa L.'''
|-
| 178 || Shatapushpa || || '''Peucedanum graveolens Benth.'''
|-
| 179 || [[Shatavari]]|| || '''[[Shatavari|Asparagus racemosus Willd.]]'''
|-
| 180 || Shami || || '''Prosopis spicigera L.'''
|-
| 181 || Shallaki || || '''Boswellia serrate Roxb.'''
|-
| 182 || Shaliparni || || '''Desmodium gangeticum D.C.'''
|-
| 183 || Shalmali || || '''Bambox malabarica D.C.'''
|-
| 184 || Shimshapa || || '''Dalbergia sisso Roxb.'''
|-
| 185 || Shigru || || '''Moringa pterygosperma Goertn.'''
|-
| 186 || Shirisha || || '''Albezzia lebbeck Benth.'''
|-
| 187 || [[Shunthi|Shringavera]] [[Shunthi|(Shunthi/Aardraka)]]|| || '''Zingiber officinale Rose.'''
|-
| 188 || Shringataka || || '''Trapa bispinosa Roxb.'''
|-
| 189 || Saptaparna || || '''Alstonia scholaris R. Br.'''
|-
| 190 || Sarja || || '''Shorea robusta'''
|-
| 191 || Sarshapa || || '''Brassica campestris L.'''
|-
| 192 || Sariva || || '''Hemmidesmus indicus Br.'''
|-
| 193 || Sudha || || '''Euphorbia nerifolia L.'''
|-
| 194 || Surasa || || '''Ocimum sanctum L.'''
|-
| 195 || Somaraji || || '''Proralea corylifolia L.'''
|-
| 196 || Hamsapadi || || '''Adjantum lunulatum Burm.'''
|-
| 197 || Hapusha || || '''Juniperus communis L.'''
|-
| 198 || Hastidanti || || '''Croton oblongifolius Roxb.'''
|-
| 199 || [[Haridra]]|| || '''[[Haridra|Curcuma longa L.]]'''
|-
| 200 || Hemadugdha || || '''Argimone mexicana L.'''
|}

Karanja

2026-09-01T06:07:42Z

Agnivesha:

{{#seo:
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|description=
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|type=article
}}

{{Infobox plant
| name = Karanja
| image = Pongamia_pinnata.jpg
| image_caption = Foliage and flowers of ''Pongamia pinnata'' (Indian beech)
| binomial_name = ''Pongamia pinnata'' (L.) Pierre
| family = Fabaceae (Papilionaceae)
| common_names = Indian beech, Pongam oil tree
| synonyms = ''Naktamala'', ''Chirabilvaka''
}}

'''Karanja''' (Latin: ''Pongamia pinnata'' Pierre, English: '''Indian beech''') is a medium-sized deciduous or evergreen tree belonging to the family Fabaceae (traditionally Papilionaceae). In Ayurveda, it is celebrated for its potent anthelmintic (''Krumighna''), wound-cleansing and healing (''Vrana Shodhana''), and dermatological (''Kushthaghna'') properties.<ref name="API">Anonymous. ''The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India''. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1: 40.</ref>

== Botanical & Vernacular Names ==
* '''Botanical Name:''' ''Pongamia pinnata'' (L.) Pierre
* '''Family:''' Papilionaceae (Fabaceae)
* '''English Name:''' Indian beech
* '''Sanskrit / Classical Name:''' Karanja

== Synonyms in Classical Texts ==
* '''Synonyms in Bhavaprakash Nighantu:'''<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, ''Bhavaprakash Nighantu''. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Guduchyadi varga, verse no. 119–120.</ref>
** ''Karanja'' – The flowers of Karanja are curved/shaped like nails.
** ''Naktamala'' – The flowers bloom/blossom during the night.
** ''Chirabilvaka''

== Varieties ==
Classical texts recognize several varieties of Karanja:

=== According to Bhavaprakash Nighantu ===
# '''Ghrita Karanja'''
# '''Kantakari Karanja'''
# '''Karanji'''

=== According to Raja Nighantu ===
# '''Karanja'''
# '''Ghrita Karanja'''
# '''Mahakaranja'''
# '''Putikaranja'''
# '''Guccha Karanja'''
# '''Ritha Karanja'''<ref name="RajaNighantu">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, ''Raja Nighantu of Pandit Narhari''. Edition 2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, Prabhadradi varga, verse no. 62, 64, 67, 68, 70, 72.</ref>

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics, the properties (''Rasa Panchaka'') of Karanja are summarized below:<ref name="API" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
| 1 || '''Taste (''[[Rasa]]'')''' || Pungent (''Katu''), Bitter (''Tikta'')
|-
| 2 || '''Potency (''[[Veerya]]'')''' || Hot (''Ushna'')
|-
| 3 || '''Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'')''' || Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 4 || '''Qualities (''[[Guna]]'')''' || Sharp (''Tikshna'')
|-
| 5 || '''Actions (''[[Karma]]'')''' || ''Krumijit'' (anthelmintic / antiparasitic), ''Kushthaghna'' (cures skin diseases), ''Kaphavatahara'' (pacifies Kapha and Vata doshas), ''Vrana Shodhana'' (cleanses and purifies wounds/ulcers)
|}

== References in Charaka Samhita ==
Karanja is extensively mentioned in the ''Charaka Samhita'' across various clinical contexts and formulations:

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charaka Samhita !! Activity / Formulation / Indication
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 3/3 || Formulations used for local external application
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 3/13 || Rasanjanadi formulation
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 3/14 || Haridradi formulation
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 3/15 || Manahshiladi formulation
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/73 || Used as a tooth-cleaning twig (toothbrush / ''Dantadhavana'')
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 13/10 || Classification as vegetable/plant sources of lipids (''Sneha Dravya'')
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 14/31 || Ingredient of decoction used for steam fomentation (''Nadi Sweda'')
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 14/43 || Ingredient of decoction used for steam fomentation (''Nadi Sweda'')
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Nidana Sthana]] 2/4 || Mentioned in context as an etiological factor in bleeding disorders (''Raktapitta'')
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 7/17 || Used in the management and treatment of parasitic infestations (''Krumi Roga'')
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/48 || Ingredient of therapeutic formulations used in skin diseases (''Kushtha'')
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/56 || Ingredient of formulations used in the treatment of skin diseases (''Kushtha'')
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/91 || Ingredient of ''Siddharthaka Snana'' (medicated bath) for dermatoses
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/93 || Used as an external application (''Lepa'')
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/94 || Used as an external application (''Lepa'')
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/111 || Ingredient of ''Kanakaksheeri Tailam''
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/119 || Formulation drug (''Yoga Dravya'') used in skin diseases (''Kushtha'')
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/152 || Ingredient of ''Maha Khadira Ghrita''
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/158 || Formulation drug used in parasitic / infective dermatoses (''Krumi Kushtha'')
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/44 || Used in nasal errhines / errhine therapy (''Nasya'')
|-
| 21 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/67 || Ingredient of medicated water used for therapeutic baths
|-
| 22 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/57 || Formulation drug used for external therapeutic application
|-
| 23 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/101 || Formulation drug in the treatment of hemorrhoids associated with constipation
|-
| 24 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/179 || Ingredient in alkaline preparations (''Kshara Kalpana'')
|-
| 25 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/137 || Formulation drug used in the treatment of cystic erysipelas (''Granthi Visarpa'')
|-
| 26 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/69 || Formulation drug utilized for nasal administration (''Nasya'')
|-
| 27 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/70 || Ingredient of ''Gandhahasti Agada''
|-
| 28 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/79 || Ingredient of ''Mahagandhahastinama Agada''
|-
| 29 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/209 || Formulation drug used in scorpion bite poisoning
|-
| 30 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/216 || Formulation drug used in the treatment of house lizard venom poisoning
|-
| 31 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/246 || Ingredient of ''Amrita Ghrita''
|-
| 32 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/57 || Formulation drug used in the treatment of Kaphaja dysuria (''Kaphaja Mutrakruccha'')
|-
| 33 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/154 || Formulation drug used in Kaphaja coryza and chronic rhinitis (''Dushta Pratishyaya'')
|-
| 34 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/186 || Formulation drug in Kaphaja, Sannipatika, and parasite-induced head disorders (''Shiroroga'')
|-
| 35 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/34 || Used as a formulation drug (''Yoga Dravya'')
|-
| 36 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/49 || Used as an external application (''Lepa'')
|-
| 37 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/57 || Used as an external application (''Lepa'')
|-
| 38 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 11/11 || Classified as a purgative / therapeutic evacuation drug (''Virechana Dravya'')
|-
| 39 || [[Charaka Samhita]] [[Kalpa Sthana]] 11/14 || Ingredient of medicated ghee (''Ghrita'') preparation
|}

== Therapeutic Uses ==
Karanja is clinically indicated for:<ref name="API" />
* ''Vrana'' (Wounds, ulcers, and non-healing lesions)
* ''Krumi'' (Helminthiasis, worm infestations, and microbes)
* ''Kustha'' (Dermatological conditions, leprosy, and stubborn skin diseases)

== Dosage & Administration ==
* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 0.25 g of the drug powder.<ref name="API" />
* '''Decoction (''Kwatha''):''' 5 – 10 g of the crude drug for preparing decoctions.<ref name="API" />

== Important Formulations ==
* ''Aragvadhadi Kwatha Churna''
* ''Pathyadi Lepa''

== Habitat & Availability ==
* '''Status:''' Available
* '''Geographical Distribution:''' Distributed throughout India, frequently growing along riverbanks, lakes, streams, and tidal forests.

== Current Research ==
* Phytochemical profile & research database: [https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Pongamia%20pinnata IMPPAT Phytochemical Profile: Pongamia pinnata]

== References ==
<references />

Manjishtha

2026-09-01T05:55:33Z

Agnivesha:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= Manjishtha,Manjistha,Rubia cordifolia, Indian Madder, Therapeutic use, blood purifier herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=Manjistha (Rubia cordifolia, Indian Madder) is a perennial climbing plant belonging to the family Rubiaceae. It is renowned as one of the most potent blood-purifying (Raktashodhaka) and complexion-enhancing (Varnya) herbs, extensively cited across classical Ayurvedic scriptures.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
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}}
''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubia_cordifolia Rubia cordifolia]'' (Manjishtha)

{{Infobox
|title = Manjishtha
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Manjishtha
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Rubia cordifolia
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Rubiaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubia_cordifolia Rubia cordifolia]'' (Manjishtha) is a perennial climbing herb distributed widely across the Indian subcontinent, East Asia, and parts of Africa. Historically categorized in Ayurvedic pharmacopeias as a primary ''Raktashodhaka'' (blood-purifying agent) and ''Varnya'' (complexion-enhancing herb).<ref name="API">Anonymous. ''The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India''. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3: 52.</ref> Modern pharmacological investigations validate its multi-target therapeutic activities. Its principal active constituents—anthraquinones, naphthoquinones, bicyclic hexapeptides, and triterpenoids—exhibit documented anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, dermatological, immunomodulatory, and neuroprotective properties.[[File:Manjishtha.jpg|thumb|'''Manjishtha(''Rubia cordifolia'')''']]

== Synonyms in Classical Texts ==
* '''Synonyms in Charaka Samhita:'''
** ''Samanga''
* '''Synonyms in Bhavaprakash Nighantu:'''<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, ''Bhavaprakash Nighantu''. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Haritakyadi varga, verse no. 189–190.</ref>
** ''Vikasa'' – Spreads over the ground.
** ''Jingi''
** ''Kalameshika'' – When completely dried, the root turns black in colour.
** ''Mandukaparni''
** ''Bhandiri'' / ''Bhandi'' – Spreads extensively on the land.
** ''Yojanavalli'' – A long climber that spreads over large distances on the ground.
** ''Rasayani'' – Possessing rejuvenating properties.
** ''Aruna'' / ''Kaala''
** ''Raktanga'' – Fresh root and stem are red in colour.
** ''Raktayastika'' – Stem is slender and red in colour.
** ''Bhanditaki''
** ''Gandiri''
** ''Manjusha''
** ''Vastraranjini'' – Imparts red colour to cloth, hence traditionally used as a dyeing agent.

== Varieties ==
According to ''Raja Nighantu'', four major varieties of Manjistha are described:<ref name="RajaNighantu">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, ''Raja Nighantu of Pandit Narhari''. Edition 2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, Pippalyadi varga, verse no. 195.</ref>
# '''Cola'''
# '''Yojani'''
# '''Crounchi'''
# '''Simhali'''

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics, the properties (''Rasa Panchaka'') of Manjistha are summarized below:<ref name="API" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
| 1 || '''Taste (''[[Rasa]]'')''' || Sweet (''Madhura''), Bitter (''Tikta''), Astringent (''Kashaya'')
|-
| 2 || '''Potency (''[[Veerya]]'')''' || Hot (''Ushna'')
|-
| 3 || '''Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'')''' || Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 4 || '''Qualities (''[[Guna]]'')''' || Heavy (''Guru'')
|-
| 5 || '''Actions (''[[Karma]]'')''' || ''Krumighna'' (anthelmintic / antimicrobial), ''Kaphapitta Shamaka'' (pacifies Kapha and Pitta), ''Svarya'' (improves voice), ''Vrushya'' (aphrodisiac), ''Sothaghna'' (anti-inflammatory / anti-edema), ''Kushthaghna'' (cures skin disorders), ''Pramehaghna'' (anti-diabetic), ''Stambhana'' (astringent / styptic), ''Artavajanana'' (emmenagogue / regulates menstruation), ''Rasayana'' (rejuvenative), ''Sonitasthapana'' (hemostatic / blood restorer)
|}

== References in Charaka Samhita ==
Manjistha is mentioned across numerous contexts and formulations in the ''Charaka Samhita'':

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charaka Samhita !! Activity / Indication / Formulation
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9/8 || Complexion-promoting group (''Varnya Mahakashaya'')
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9/16 || Anti-toxic / antidote group (''Vishaghna Mahakashaya'')
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9/39 || Antipyretic / fever-relieving group (''Jwarahara Mahakashaya'')
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Nidana Sthana]] 4/33 || Describing the colour and characteristics of urine (''Mutra'')
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/144 || Astringent drug group (''Kashaya-skandha'')
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/32 || Treatment of striae gravidarum / pregnancy stretch marks (''Kikkisa'')
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/258 || Ingredient of ''Chandanadhya Taila''
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/39 || Medicated oil for the treatment of ''Prameha'' (diabetes and urinary disorders)
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/65 || Ingredient of ''Mustadi Churna''
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/100 || Ingredient of decoction drug (''Kwatha Dravya'') for ''Kushtha'' (skin disorders)
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/120 || Ingredient of ''Vipadikahara Ghrita'' and ''Taila'' (for cracked heels / dermatoses)
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/83 || External application (''Lepa'')
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/36 || Ingredient of ''Kalyanaka Ghrita''
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/70 || External application in Vata-Kapha dominant insanity / psychosis (''Unmada'')
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/44 || Ingredient of ''Shvadamshtradi Ghrita''
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/68 || External application in Pitta-dominant swelling (''Shotha'')
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/159 || Ingredient of ''Kanakarishta''
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/147 || Ingredient of ''Madhukasava''
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/158 || Ingredient of ''Moolasava''
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/105 || Ingredient of ''Gauda Arishta''
|-
| 21 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/145 || Ingredient of ''Manahshiladi Ghrita''
|-
| 22 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/76 || External application (''Lepa'')
|-
| 23 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/50 || Ingredient of formulation used in the 6th stage of poisoning management
|-
| 24 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/79 || Ingredient of ''Mahagandhahastinama Agada''
|-
| 25 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/185 || Management of toxic effects localized in the colon region
|-
| 26 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/196 || Treatment of ''Mandali'' (viperine) snake bites
|-
| 27 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/114 || External application for wound care (''Vrana'')
|-
| 28 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/208 || Ingredient of ''Khadiradi Gutika''
|-
| 29 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/234 || Formulation drug used in the treatment of eye disorders (''Akshi Roga'')
|-
| 30 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/238 || Formulation drug used in the treatment of eye disorders (''Akshi Roga'')
|-
| 31 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/270 || Formulation drug used in the management of premature greying (''Palitya'') and alopecia (''Khalitya'')
|-
| 32 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/150 || Ingredient of ''Baladi Taila''
|-
| 33 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/162 || Ingredient of ''Amritadi Taila''
|-
| 34 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/94 || Ingredient of ''Madhuparnyadi Taila''
|-
| 35 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/107 || Ingredient of ''Amritadya Taila''
|-
| 36 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/113 || Ingredient of ''Mahapadma Taila''
|-
| 37 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/114 || Ingredient of ''Khuddaka Padmaka Taila''
|-
| 38 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/123 || Ingredient of ''Pinda Taila''
|-
| 39 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/134 || Medicated formulation drug in Vatarakta
|-
| 40 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/275 || Management of disorders caused by vitiated breast milk (''Stanya Dosha'')
|-
| 41 || Cha.Sa.[[Siddhi Sthana]] 3/48 || Ingredient of medicated enema formulation (''Basti Dravya'')
|-
| 42 || Cha.Sa.[[Siddhi Sthana]] 10/21 || Ingredient of Pitta-pacifying enema (''Pitta Dosha Nashaka Basti'')
|-
| 43 || Cha.Sa.[[Siddhi Sthana]] 10/43 || Basti formulation in bleeding disorders (''Raktapitta'') and diabetes/polyuria (''Prameha'')
|}

== Therapeutic Uses ==
Manjistha is indicated in classical Ayurvedic literature for the management of the following conditions:<ref name="API" />
* ''Yoni Roga'' (Gynecological and vaginal diseases)
* ''Akshi Roga'' (Eye diseases)
* ''Shleshmaja Shotha'' (Kapha-dominant swelling / edema)
* ''Karna Roga'' (Ear disorders)
* ''Manjistha Meha'' (Urinary condition with reddish urine)
* ''Raktatisara'' (Bloody diarrhea / dysentery)
* ''Kushtha'' (Obstinate skin disorders / psoriasis / eczema)
* ''Visarpa'' (Erysipelas / herpes)
* ''Prameha'' (Urinary disorders / diabetes mellitus)
* ''Sarpavisha'' (Snake venom poisoning)
* ''Bhagna'' (Fractures / bone healing)
* ''Arsha'' (Hemorrhoids / piles)
* ''Vyanga'' (Hyperpigmentation / facial melasma)

== Dosage & Administration ==

* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 2 – 4 g of the drug.<ref name="API" />

== Important Formulations ==
* ''Aravindasava''
* ''Ashvagandharishta''
* ''Ushirasava''
* ''Chandanasava''
* ''Brihat Manjisthadi Kwatha''
* ''Manjisthadi Taila''
* ''Khadiradi Gutika''

== Habitat & Availability ==
* '''Status:''' Available

== Current Research ==

== Scientific Monograph: Therapeutic Efficacy of ''Rubia cordifolia'' L. (Manjishtha) ==

=== Phytochemical Profile ===
The primary therapeutic actions of ''R. cordifolia'' stem from its diverse array of secondary metabolites extracted predominantly from the roots and rhizomes:
* '''Anthraquinones & Naphthoquinones:''' Purpurin, munjistin, alizarin, mollugin, rubiadin, and physcion.
* '''Bicyclic Hexapeptides:''' RA (Rubia Alkaloid) series (RA-I to RA-XXIV), which demonstrate cytotoxic and antitumor activity.
* '''Triterpenoids:''' Rubiprasin A–C, ursolic acid, and oleanolic acid.
* '''Flavonoids & Phenolics:''' Quercetin, rutin, and gallic acid derivatives contributing to free radical scavenging capacity.

=== Pharmacological Properties & Mechanisms of Action ===

==== A. Dermatological & Anti-Acne Efficacy ====
''R. cordifolia'' demonstrates targeted activity against common cutaneous pathologies, including ''Acne vulgaris'', psoriasis, and eczema.
* '''Antibacterial Action:''' Extract formulations rich in anthraquinones exhibit strong minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) against ''Cutibacterium acnes'' (formerly ''Propionibacterium acnes''), ''Staphylococcus epidermidis'', and ''Malassezia furfur'' <ref name="Nipanikar2017">Nipanikar, S. U., Nagore, D., Chitlange, S. S., & Buzruk, D. (2017). Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity of AHPL/AYTOP/0213 cream. ''AYU (An International Quarterly Journal of Research in Ayurveda)'', ''38''(1), 82. https://doi.org/10.4103/ayu.ayu_150_17</ref>.
* '''Antipsoriatic Mechanism:''' Topical quinones (alizarin, purpurin, mollugin) significantly downregulate pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine expression (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) in hyperactive keratinocytes. In vivo models show an increased granular layer thickness and reduced keratinocyte apoptosis <ref name="Lin2025">Lin, C. F. (2025). Harnessing Quinone Derivatives from Rubia cordifolia for Topical. ''Journal of Ethnopharmacology''.</ref>.

==== B. Anti-Inflammatory & Immunomodulatory Activity ====
* '''Cytokine Suppression:''' Alcoholic and ethyl acetate root extracts inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) pathways and reduce inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression.
* '''T-Cell Regulation:''' In autoimmune and chronic inflammatory models (e.g., lichen planus), ''Rubia'' diesters downregulate activation markers like CD69 on surface membranes and attenuate T-cell proliferation by reducing systemic IFN-γ, IL-2, and TNF-α.

==== C. Antioxidant & Neuroprotective Potential ====
* '''Radical Scavenging:''' High phenolic content allows ''R. cordifolia'' to neutralize DPPH and superoxide radicals, inhibiting lipid peroxidation in tissue membranes.
* '''Diabetic Neuropathy:''' Administration of ''R. cordifolia'' extracts suppresses cleaved caspase-3 and normalizes the Bax:Bcl-2 apoptosis ratio in sciatic nerve and brain tissue, restoring nerve conduction velocity and reducing oxidative damage <ref name="Bana2023">Bana, S., Kumar, N., Sartaj, A., Alhalmi, A., Qurtam, A. A., Nasr, F. A., Al-Zharani, M., Singh, N., Gaur, P., Mishra, R., Bhardwaj, S., Ali, H., & Goel, R. (2023). Rubia cordifolia L. Attenuates Diabetic Neuropathy by Inhibiting Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress in Rats. ''Pharmaceuticals'', ''16''(11), 1586. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16111586</ref>.

==== D. Hepatoprotective & Cardiovascular Effects ====
* '''Hepatoprotection:''' Protects hepatocytes against carbon tetrachloride (CCl<sub>4</sub>)-induced toxicity by stabilizing serum transaminases (ALT, AST) and maintaining endogenous glutathione (GSH) levels.
* '''Vascular Health:''' Anthraquinones exert anti-platelet activating factor (Anti-PAF) activity, preventing pathological thrombus formation and modulating vascular smooth muscle tone.

=== Summary of Scientific Studies ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Target Domain !! Experimental Model !! Key Findings / Outcome
|-
| '''Dermatology''' || In vitro / In vivo (Psoriasis Models) || Quinones (Alizarin, Purpurin) suppressed TNF-α-activated keratinocytes; reduced epidermal hyperplasia.<ref name="Lin2025" />
|-
| '''Microbiology''' || In vitro Anti-acne assays || Ethanolic extracts inhibited ''C. acnes'' and ''S. epidermidis'' growth comparably to standard clindamycin gel formulations.<ref name="Nipanikar2017" />
|-
| '''Neuroprotection''' || STZ-induced Diabetic Rats || Attenuated neuropathic pain; lowered Bax:Bcl-2 apoptosis ratio and cleaved caspase-3 in sciatic nerves.<ref name="Bana2023" />
|-
| '''Immunology''' || Inflammatory Skin Models (Lichen Planus) || Downregulated CD69 expression, reducing T-cell proliferation and serum IL-2/IFN-γ levels.
|-
| '''Antioxidant''' || Lipid Peroxidation Assays || Inhibited TBARS formation and scavenged free DPPH radicals in a dose-dependent manner.
|}

=== Dosage, Administration & Safety Profile ===

==== Recommended Standard Dosing (Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India) ====
* '''Root Powder (''Churna''):''' 1 to 3 grams daily, divided into equal doses with warm water or milk.
* '''Decoction (''Kwatha''):''' 30 to 50 mL daily.
* '''Topical Applications:''' 0.1% to 4% standardized extract formulated in gel or ointment bases for cutaneous lesions.

==== Safety & Toxicology ====
* '''Toxicity:''' Standard therapeutic doses demonstrate a high safety margin with negligible acute oral toxicity in rodent models.
* '''Chromaturia:''' Patients should be advised that anthraquinone metabolites may cause harmless dark red or reddish-brown discoloration of urine during active oral therapy.
* '''Precautions:''' Due to a lack of comprehensive safety data on uterine dynamics, high-dose administration during pregnancy should be avoided unless supervised by a physician.

=== Conclusion ===
The pharmacological validation of ''Rubia cordifolia'' aligns closely with its classical medicinal usage. Its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant capacities support its efficacy as a dermatological agent and systemic immunomodulator. Further clinical trials on standardized anthraquinone fractions will help establish specific dosing guidelines for modern dermatological and metabolic applications.

== External links ==
* [https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Rubia%20cordifolia%20IMPPAT%20Phytochemical%20Profile:%20Rubia%20cordifolia Phytochemical profile & research database]

== References ==
<references />

Manjishtha

2026-09-01T05:55:03Z

Agnivesha:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= Manjishtha,Manjistha,Rubia cordifolia, Indian Madder, Therapeutic use, blood purifier herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=Manjistha (Rubia cordifolia, Indian Madder) is a perennial climbing plant belonging to the family Rubiaceae. It is renowned as one of the most potent blood-purifying (Raktashodhaka) and complexion-enhancing (Varnya) herbs, extensively cited across classical Ayurvedic scriptures.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubia_cordifolia Rubia cordifolia]'' (Manjishtha)
{{Infobox
|title = Manjishtha
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Manjishtha
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Rubia cordifolia
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Rubiaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}
''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubia_cordifolia Rubia cordifolia]'' (Manjishtha) is a perennial climbing herb distributed widely across the Indian subcontinent, East Asia, and parts of Africa. Historically categorized in Ayurvedic pharmacopeias as a primary ''Raktashodhaka'' (blood-purifying agent) and ''Varnya'' (complexion-enhancing herb).<ref name="API">Anonymous. ''The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India''. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3: 52.</ref> Modern pharmacological investigations validate its multi-target therapeutic activities. Its principal active constituents—anthraquinones, naphthoquinones, bicyclic hexapeptides, and triterpenoids—exhibit documented anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, dermatological, immunomodulatory, and neuroprotective properties.[[File:Manjishtha.jpg|thumb|'''Manjishtha(''Rubia cordifolia'')''']]

== Synonyms in Classical Texts ==
* '''Synonyms in Charaka Samhita:'''
** ''Samanga''
* '''Synonyms in Bhavaprakash Nighantu:'''<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, ''Bhavaprakash Nighantu''. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Haritakyadi varga, verse no. 189–190.</ref>
** ''Vikasa'' – Spreads over the ground.
** ''Jingi''
** ''Kalameshika'' – When completely dried, the root turns black in colour.
** ''Mandukaparni''
** ''Bhandiri'' / ''Bhandi'' – Spreads extensively on the land.
** ''Yojanavalli'' – A long climber that spreads over large distances on the ground.
** ''Rasayani'' – Possessing rejuvenating properties.
** ''Aruna'' / ''Kaala''
** ''Raktanga'' – Fresh root and stem are red in colour.
** ''Raktayastika'' – Stem is slender and red in colour.
** ''Bhanditaki''
** ''Gandiri''
** ''Manjusha''
** ''Vastraranjini'' – Imparts red colour to cloth, hence traditionally used as a dyeing agent.

== Varieties ==
According to ''Raja Nighantu'', four major varieties of Manjistha are described:<ref name="RajaNighantu">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, ''Raja Nighantu of Pandit Narhari''. Edition 2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, Pippalyadi varga, verse no. 195.</ref>
# '''Cola'''
# '''Yojani'''
# '''Crounchi'''
# '''Simhali'''

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics, the properties (''Rasa Panchaka'') of Manjistha are summarized below:<ref name="API" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
| 1 || '''Taste (''[[Rasa]]'')''' || Sweet (''Madhura''), Bitter (''Tikta''), Astringent (''Kashaya'')
|-
| 2 || '''Potency (''[[Veerya]]'')''' || Hot (''Ushna'')
|-
| 3 || '''Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'')''' || Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 4 || '''Qualities (''[[Guna]]'')''' || Heavy (''Guru'')
|-
| 5 || '''Actions (''[[Karma]]'')''' || ''Krumighna'' (anthelmintic / antimicrobial), ''Kaphapitta Shamaka'' (pacifies Kapha and Pitta), ''Svarya'' (improves voice), ''Vrushya'' (aphrodisiac), ''Sothaghna'' (anti-inflammatory / anti-edema), ''Kushthaghna'' (cures skin disorders), ''Pramehaghna'' (anti-diabetic), ''Stambhana'' (astringent / styptic), ''Artavajanana'' (emmenagogue / regulates menstruation), ''Rasayana'' (rejuvenative), ''Sonitasthapana'' (hemostatic / blood restorer)
|}

== References in Charaka Samhita ==
Manjistha is mentioned across numerous contexts and formulations in the ''Charaka Samhita'':

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charaka Samhita !! Activity / Indication / Formulation
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9/8 || Complexion-promoting group (''Varnya Mahakashaya'')
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9/16 || Anti-toxic / antidote group (''Vishaghna Mahakashaya'')
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9/39 || Antipyretic / fever-relieving group (''Jwarahara Mahakashaya'')
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Nidana Sthana]] 4/33 || Describing the colour and characteristics of urine (''Mutra'')
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/144 || Astringent drug group (''Kashaya-skandha'')
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/32 || Treatment of striae gravidarum / pregnancy stretch marks (''Kikkisa'')
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/258 || Ingredient of ''Chandanadhya Taila''
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/39 || Medicated oil for the treatment of ''Prameha'' (diabetes and urinary disorders)
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/65 || Ingredient of ''Mustadi Churna''
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/100 || Ingredient of decoction drug (''Kwatha Dravya'') for ''Kushtha'' (skin disorders)
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/120 || Ingredient of ''Vipadikahara Ghrita'' and ''Taila'' (for cracked heels / dermatoses)
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/83 || External application (''Lepa'')
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/36 || Ingredient of ''Kalyanaka Ghrita''
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/70 || External application in Vata-Kapha dominant insanity / psychosis (''Unmada'')
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/44 || Ingredient of ''Shvadamshtradi Ghrita''
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/68 || External application in Pitta-dominant swelling (''Shotha'')
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/159 || Ingredient of ''Kanakarishta''
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/147 || Ingredient of ''Madhukasava''
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/158 || Ingredient of ''Moolasava''
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/105 || Ingredient of ''Gauda Arishta''
|-
| 21 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/145 || Ingredient of ''Manahshiladi Ghrita''
|-
| 22 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/76 || External application (''Lepa'')
|-
| 23 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/50 || Ingredient of formulation used in the 6th stage of poisoning management
|-
| 24 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/79 || Ingredient of ''Mahagandhahastinama Agada''
|-
| 25 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/185 || Management of toxic effects localized in the colon region
|-
| 26 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/196 || Treatment of ''Mandali'' (viperine) snake bites
|-
| 27 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/114 || External application for wound care (''Vrana'')
|-
| 28 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/208 || Ingredient of ''Khadiradi Gutika''
|-
| 29 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/234 || Formulation drug used in the treatment of eye disorders (''Akshi Roga'')
|-
| 30 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/238 || Formulation drug used in the treatment of eye disorders (''Akshi Roga'')
|-
| 31 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/270 || Formulation drug used in the management of premature greying (''Palitya'') and alopecia (''Khalitya'')
|-
| 32 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/150 || Ingredient of ''Baladi Taila''
|-
| 33 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/162 || Ingredient of ''Amritadi Taila''
|-
| 34 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/94 || Ingredient of ''Madhuparnyadi Taila''
|-
| 35 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/107 || Ingredient of ''Amritadya Taila''
|-
| 36 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/113 || Ingredient of ''Mahapadma Taila''
|-
| 37 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/114 || Ingredient of ''Khuddaka Padmaka Taila''
|-
| 38 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/123 || Ingredient of ''Pinda Taila''
|-
| 39 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/134 || Medicated formulation drug in Vatarakta
|-
| 40 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/275 || Management of disorders caused by vitiated breast milk (''Stanya Dosha'')
|-
| 41 || Cha.Sa.[[Siddhi Sthana]] 3/48 || Ingredient of medicated enema formulation (''Basti Dravya'')
|-
| 42 || Cha.Sa.[[Siddhi Sthana]] 10/21 || Ingredient of Pitta-pacifying enema (''Pitta Dosha Nashaka Basti'')
|-
| 43 || Cha.Sa.[[Siddhi Sthana]] 10/43 || Basti formulation in bleeding disorders (''Raktapitta'') and diabetes/polyuria (''Prameha'')
|}

== Therapeutic Uses ==
Manjistha is indicated in classical Ayurvedic literature for the management of the following conditions:<ref name="API" />
* ''Yoni Roga'' (Gynecological and vaginal diseases)
* ''Akshi Roga'' (Eye diseases)
* ''Shleshmaja Shotha'' (Kapha-dominant swelling / edema)
* ''Karna Roga'' (Ear disorders)
* ''Manjistha Meha'' (Urinary condition with reddish urine)
* ''Raktatisara'' (Bloody diarrhea / dysentery)
* ''Kushtha'' (Obstinate skin disorders / psoriasis / eczema)
* ''Visarpa'' (Erysipelas / herpes)
* ''Prameha'' (Urinary disorders / diabetes mellitus)
* ''Sarpavisha'' (Snake venom poisoning)
* ''Bhagna'' (Fractures / bone healing)
* ''Arsha'' (Hemorrhoids / piles)
* ''Vyanga'' (Hyperpigmentation / facial melasma)

== Dosage & Administration ==

* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 2 – 4 g of the drug.<ref name="API" />

== Important Formulations ==
* ''Aravindasava''
* ''Ashvagandharishta''
* ''Ushirasava''
* ''Chandanasava''
* ''Brihat Manjisthadi Kwatha''
* ''Manjisthadi Taila''
* ''Khadiradi Gutika''

== Habitat & Availability ==
* '''Status:''' Available

== Current Research ==

== Scientific Monograph: Therapeutic Efficacy of ''Rubia cordifolia'' L. (Manjishtha) ==

=== Phytochemical Profile ===
The primary therapeutic actions of ''R. cordifolia'' stem from its diverse array of secondary metabolites extracted predominantly from the roots and rhizomes:
* '''Anthraquinones & Naphthoquinones:''' Purpurin, munjistin, alizarin, mollugin, rubiadin, and physcion.
* '''Bicyclic Hexapeptides:''' RA (Rubia Alkaloid) series (RA-I to RA-XXIV), which demonstrate cytotoxic and antitumor activity.
* '''Triterpenoids:''' Rubiprasin A–C, ursolic acid, and oleanolic acid.
* '''Flavonoids & Phenolics:''' Quercetin, rutin, and gallic acid derivatives contributing to free radical scavenging capacity.

=== Pharmacological Properties & Mechanisms of Action ===

==== A. Dermatological & Anti-Acne Efficacy ====
''R. cordifolia'' demonstrates targeted activity against common cutaneous pathologies, including ''Acne vulgaris'', psoriasis, and eczema.
* '''Antibacterial Action:''' Extract formulations rich in anthraquinones exhibit strong minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) against ''Cutibacterium acnes'' (formerly ''Propionibacterium acnes''), ''Staphylococcus epidermidis'', and ''Malassezia furfur'' <ref name="Nipanikar2017">Nipanikar, S. U., Nagore, D., Chitlange, S. S., & Buzruk, D. (2017). Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity of AHPL/AYTOP/0213 cream. ''AYU (An International Quarterly Journal of Research in Ayurveda)'', ''38''(1), 82. https://doi.org/10.4103/ayu.ayu_150_17</ref>.
* '''Antipsoriatic Mechanism:''' Topical quinones (alizarin, purpurin, mollugin) significantly downregulate pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine expression (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) in hyperactive keratinocytes. In vivo models show an increased granular layer thickness and reduced keratinocyte apoptosis <ref name="Lin2025">Lin, C. F. (2025). Harnessing Quinone Derivatives from Rubia cordifolia for Topical. ''Journal of Ethnopharmacology''.</ref>.

==== B. Anti-Inflammatory & Immunomodulatory Activity ====
* '''Cytokine Suppression:''' Alcoholic and ethyl acetate root extracts inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) pathways and reduce inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression.
* '''T-Cell Regulation:''' In autoimmune and chronic inflammatory models (e.g., lichen planus), ''Rubia'' diesters downregulate activation markers like CD69 on surface membranes and attenuate T-cell proliferation by reducing systemic IFN-γ, IL-2, and TNF-α.

==== C. Antioxidant & Neuroprotective Potential ====
* '''Radical Scavenging:''' High phenolic content allows ''R. cordifolia'' to neutralize DPPH and superoxide radicals, inhibiting lipid peroxidation in tissue membranes.
* '''Diabetic Neuropathy:''' Administration of ''R. cordifolia'' extracts suppresses cleaved caspase-3 and normalizes the Bax:Bcl-2 apoptosis ratio in sciatic nerve and brain tissue, restoring nerve conduction velocity and reducing oxidative damage <ref name="Bana2023">Bana, S., Kumar, N., Sartaj, A., Alhalmi, A., Qurtam, A. A., Nasr, F. A., Al-Zharani, M., Singh, N., Gaur, P., Mishra, R., Bhardwaj, S., Ali, H., & Goel, R. (2023). Rubia cordifolia L. Attenuates Diabetic Neuropathy by Inhibiting Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress in Rats. ''Pharmaceuticals'', ''16''(11), 1586. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16111586</ref>.

==== D. Hepatoprotective & Cardiovascular Effects ====
* '''Hepatoprotection:''' Protects hepatocytes against carbon tetrachloride (CCl<sub>4</sub>)-induced toxicity by stabilizing serum transaminases (ALT, AST) and maintaining endogenous glutathione (GSH) levels.
* '''Vascular Health:''' Anthraquinones exert anti-platelet activating factor (Anti-PAF) activity, preventing pathological thrombus formation and modulating vascular smooth muscle tone.

=== Summary of Scientific Studies ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Target Domain !! Experimental Model !! Key Findings / Outcome
|-
| '''Dermatology''' || In vitro / In vivo (Psoriasis Models) || Quinones (Alizarin, Purpurin) suppressed TNF-α-activated keratinocytes; reduced epidermal hyperplasia.<ref name="Lin2025" />
|-
| '''Microbiology''' || In vitro Anti-acne assays || Ethanolic extracts inhibited ''C. acnes'' and ''S. epidermidis'' growth comparably to standard clindamycin gel formulations.<ref name="Nipanikar2017" />
|-
| '''Neuroprotection''' || STZ-induced Diabetic Rats || Attenuated neuropathic pain; lowered Bax:Bcl-2 apoptosis ratio and cleaved caspase-3 in sciatic nerves.<ref name="Bana2023" />
|-
| '''Immunology''' || Inflammatory Skin Models (Lichen Planus) || Downregulated CD69 expression, reducing T-cell proliferation and serum IL-2/IFN-γ levels.
|-
| '''Antioxidant''' || Lipid Peroxidation Assays || Inhibited TBARS formation and scavenged free DPPH radicals in a dose-dependent manner.
|}

=== Dosage, Administration & Safety Profile ===

==== Recommended Standard Dosing (Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India) ====
* '''Root Powder (''Churna''):''' 1 to 3 grams daily, divided into equal doses with warm water or milk.
* '''Decoction (''Kwatha''):''' 30 to 50 mL daily.
* '''Topical Applications:''' 0.1% to 4% standardized extract formulated in gel or ointment bases for cutaneous lesions.

==== Safety & Toxicology ====
* '''Toxicity:''' Standard therapeutic doses demonstrate a high safety margin with negligible acute oral toxicity in rodent models.
* '''Chromaturia:''' Patients should be advised that anthraquinone metabolites may cause harmless dark red or reddish-brown discoloration of urine during active oral therapy.
* '''Precautions:''' Due to a lack of comprehensive safety data on uterine dynamics, high-dose administration during pregnancy should be avoided unless supervised by a physician.

=== Conclusion ===
The pharmacological validation of ''Rubia cordifolia'' aligns closely with its classical medicinal usage. Its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant capacities support its efficacy as a dermatological agent and systemic immunomodulator. Further clinical trials on standardized anthraquinone fractions will help establish specific dosing guidelines for modern dermatological and metabolic applications.

== External links ==
* [https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Rubia%20cordifolia%20IMPPAT%20Phytochemical%20Profile:%20Rubia%20cordifolia Phytochemical profile & research database]

== References ==
<references />

Manjishtha

2026-09-01T05:53:32Z

Agnivesha: /* Summary of Scientific Studies */

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= Manjishtha,Manjistha,Rubia cordifolia, Indian Madder, Therapeutic use, blood purifier herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=Manjistha (Rubia cordifolia, Indian Madder) is a perennial climbing plant belonging to the family Rubiaceae. It is renowned as one of the most potent blood-purifying (Raktashodhaka) and complexion-enhancing (Varnya) herbs, extensively cited across classical Ayurvedic scriptures.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
{{Infobox
|title = Manjishtha
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Manjishtha
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Rubia cordifolia
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Rubiaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}
[[File:Manjishtha.jpg|thumb|'''Manjishtha(''Rubia cordifolia'')''']]
''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubia_cordifolia Rubia cordifolia]'' (Manjishtha) is a perennial climbing herb distributed widely across the Indian subcontinent, East Asia, and parts of Africa. Historically categorized in Ayurvedic pharmacopeias as a primary ''Raktashodhaka'' (blood-purifying agent) and ''Varnya'' (complexion-enhancing herb).<ref name="API">Anonymous. ''The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India''. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3: 52.</ref> Modern pharmacological investigations validate its multi-target therapeutic activities. Its principal active constituents—anthraquinones, naphthoquinones, bicyclic hexapeptides, and triterpenoids—exhibit documented anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, dermatological, immunomodulatory, and neuroprotective properties.

== Synonyms in Classical Texts ==
* '''Synonyms in Charaka Samhita:'''
** ''Samanga''
* '''Synonyms in Bhavaprakash Nighantu:'''<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, ''Bhavaprakash Nighantu''. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Haritakyadi varga, verse no. 189–190.</ref>
** ''Vikasa'' – Spreads over the ground.
** ''Jingi''
** ''Kalameshika'' – When completely dried, the root turns black in colour.
** ''Mandukaparni''
** ''Bhandiri'' / ''Bhandi'' – Spreads extensively on the land.
** ''Yojanavalli'' – A long climber that spreads over large distances on the ground.
** ''Rasayani'' – Possessing rejuvenating properties.
** ''Aruna'' / ''Kaala''
** ''Raktanga'' – Fresh root and stem are red in colour.
** ''Raktayastika'' – Stem is slender and red in colour.
** ''Bhanditaki''
** ''Gandiri''
** ''Manjusha''
** ''Vastraranjini'' – Imparts red colour to cloth, hence traditionally used as a dyeing agent.

== Varieties ==
According to ''Raja Nighantu'', four major varieties of Manjistha are described:<ref name="RajaNighantu">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, ''Raja Nighantu of Pandit Narhari''. Edition 2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, Pippalyadi varga, verse no. 195.</ref>
# '''Cola'''
# '''Yojani'''
# '''Crounchi'''
# '''Simhali'''

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics, the properties (''Rasa Panchaka'') of Manjistha are summarized below:<ref name="API" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
| 1 || '''Taste (''[[Rasa]]'')''' || Sweet (''Madhura''), Bitter (''Tikta''), Astringent (''Kashaya'')
|-
| 2 || '''Potency (''[[Veerya]]'')''' || Hot (''Ushna'')
|-
| 3 || '''Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'')''' || Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 4 || '''Qualities (''[[Guna]]'')''' || Heavy (''Guru'')
|-
| 5 || '''Actions (''[[Karma]]'')''' || ''Krumighna'' (anthelmintic / antimicrobial), ''Kaphapitta Shamaka'' (pacifies Kapha and Pitta), ''Svarya'' (improves voice), ''Vrushya'' (aphrodisiac), ''Sothaghna'' (anti-inflammatory / anti-edema), ''Kushthaghna'' (cures skin disorders), ''Pramehaghna'' (anti-diabetic), ''Stambhana'' (astringent / styptic), ''Artavajanana'' (emmenagogue / regulates menstruation), ''Rasayana'' (rejuvenative), ''Sonitasthapana'' (hemostatic / blood restorer)
|}

== References in Charaka Samhita ==
Manjistha is mentioned across numerous contexts and formulations in the ''Charaka Samhita'':

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charaka Samhita !! Activity / Indication / Formulation
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9/8 || Complexion-promoting group (''Varnya Mahakashaya'')
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9/16 || Anti-toxic / antidote group (''Vishaghna Mahakashaya'')
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9/39 || Antipyretic / fever-relieving group (''Jwarahara Mahakashaya'')
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Nidana Sthana]] 4/33 || Describing the colour and characteristics of urine (''Mutra'')
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/144 || Astringent drug group (''Kashaya-skandha'')
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/32 || Treatment of striae gravidarum / pregnancy stretch marks (''Kikkisa'')
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/258 || Ingredient of ''Chandanadhya Taila''
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/39 || Medicated oil for the treatment of ''Prameha'' (diabetes and urinary disorders)
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/65 || Ingredient of ''Mustadi Churna''
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/100 || Ingredient of decoction drug (''Kwatha Dravya'') for ''Kushtha'' (skin disorders)
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/120 || Ingredient of ''Vipadikahara Ghrita'' and ''Taila'' (for cracked heels / dermatoses)
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/83 || External application (''Lepa'')
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/36 || Ingredient of ''Kalyanaka Ghrita''
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/70 || External application in Vata-Kapha dominant insanity / psychosis (''Unmada'')
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/44 || Ingredient of ''Shvadamshtradi Ghrita''
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/68 || External application in Pitta-dominant swelling (''Shotha'')
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/159 || Ingredient of ''Kanakarishta''
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/147 || Ingredient of ''Madhukasava''
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/158 || Ingredient of ''Moolasava''
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/105 || Ingredient of ''Gauda Arishta''
|-
| 21 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/145 || Ingredient of ''Manahshiladi Ghrita''
|-
| 22 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/76 || External application (''Lepa'')
|-
| 23 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/50 || Ingredient of formulation used in the 6th stage of poisoning management
|-
| 24 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/79 || Ingredient of ''Mahagandhahastinama Agada''
|-
| 25 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/185 || Management of toxic effects localized in the colon region
|-
| 26 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/196 || Treatment of ''Mandali'' (viperine) snake bites
|-
| 27 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/114 || External application for wound care (''Vrana'')
|-
| 28 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/208 || Ingredient of ''Khadiradi Gutika''
|-
| 29 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/234 || Formulation drug used in the treatment of eye disorders (''Akshi Roga'')
|-
| 30 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/238 || Formulation drug used in the treatment of eye disorders (''Akshi Roga'')
|-
| 31 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/270 || Formulation drug used in the management of premature greying (''Palitya'') and alopecia (''Khalitya'')
|-
| 32 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/150 || Ingredient of ''Baladi Taila''
|-
| 33 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/162 || Ingredient of ''Amritadi Taila''
|-
| 34 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/94 || Ingredient of ''Madhuparnyadi Taila''
|-
| 35 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/107 || Ingredient of ''Amritadya Taila''
|-
| 36 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/113 || Ingredient of ''Mahapadma Taila''
|-
| 37 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/114 || Ingredient of ''Khuddaka Padmaka Taila''
|-
| 38 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/123 || Ingredient of ''Pinda Taila''
|-
| 39 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/134 || Medicated formulation drug in Vatarakta
|-
| 40 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/275 || Management of disorders caused by vitiated breast milk (''Stanya Dosha'')
|-
| 41 || Cha.Sa.[[Siddhi Sthana]] 3/48 || Ingredient of medicated enema formulation (''Basti Dravya'')
|-
| 42 || Cha.Sa.[[Siddhi Sthana]] 10/21 || Ingredient of Pitta-pacifying enema (''Pitta Dosha Nashaka Basti'')
|-
| 43 || Cha.Sa.[[Siddhi Sthana]] 10/43 || Basti formulation in bleeding disorders (''Raktapitta'') and diabetes/polyuria (''Prameha'')
|}

== Therapeutic Uses ==
Manjistha is indicated in classical Ayurvedic literature for the management of the following conditions:<ref name="API" />
* ''Yoni Roga'' (Gynecological and vaginal diseases)
* ''Akshi Roga'' (Eye diseases)
* ''Shleshmaja Shotha'' (Kapha-dominant swelling / edema)
* ''Karna Roga'' (Ear disorders)
* ''Manjistha Meha'' (Urinary condition with reddish urine)
* ''Raktatisara'' (Bloody diarrhea / dysentery)
* ''Kushtha'' (Obstinate skin disorders / psoriasis / eczema)
* ''Visarpa'' (Erysipelas / herpes)
* ''Prameha'' (Urinary disorders / diabetes mellitus)
* ''Sarpavisha'' (Snake venom poisoning)
* ''Bhagna'' (Fractures / bone healing)
* ''Arsha'' (Hemorrhoids / piles)
* ''Vyanga'' (Hyperpigmentation / facial melasma)

== Dosage & Administration ==

* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 2 – 4 g of the drug.<ref name="API" />

== Important Formulations ==
* ''Aravindasava''
* ''Ashvagandharishta''
* ''Ushirasava''
* ''Chandanasava''
* ''Brihat Manjisthadi Kwatha''
* ''Manjisthadi Taila''
* ''Khadiradi Gutika''

== Habitat & Availability ==
* '''Status:''' Available

== Current Research ==

== Scientific Monograph: Therapeutic Efficacy of ''Rubia cordifolia'' L. (Manjishtha) ==

=== Phytochemical Profile ===
The primary therapeutic actions of ''R. cordifolia'' stem from its diverse array of secondary metabolites extracted predominantly from the roots and rhizomes:
* '''Anthraquinones & Naphthoquinones:''' Purpurin, munjistin, alizarin, mollugin, rubiadin, and physcion.
* '''Bicyclic Hexapeptides:''' RA (Rubia Alkaloid) series (RA-I to RA-XXIV), which demonstrate cytotoxic and antitumor activity.
* '''Triterpenoids:''' Rubiprasin A–C, ursolic acid, and oleanolic acid.
* '''Flavonoids & Phenolics:''' Quercetin, rutin, and gallic acid derivatives contributing to free radical scavenging capacity.

=== Pharmacological Properties & Mechanisms of Action ===

==== A. Dermatological & Anti-Acne Efficacy ====
''R. cordifolia'' demonstrates targeted activity against common cutaneous pathologies, including ''Acne vulgaris'', psoriasis, and eczema.
* '''Antibacterial Action:''' Extract formulations rich in anthraquinones exhibit strong minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) against ''Cutibacterium acnes'' (formerly ''Propionibacterium acnes''), ''Staphylococcus epidermidis'', and ''Malassezia furfur'' <ref name="Nipanikar2017">Nipanikar, S. U., Nagore, D., Chitlange, S. S., & Buzruk, D. (2017). Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity of AHPL/AYTOP/0213 cream. ''AYU (An International Quarterly Journal of Research in Ayurveda)'', ''38''(1), 82. https://doi.org/10.4103/ayu.ayu_150_17</ref>.
* '''Antipsoriatic Mechanism:''' Topical quinones (alizarin, purpurin, mollugin) significantly downregulate pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine expression (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) in hyperactive keratinocytes. In vivo models show an increased granular layer thickness and reduced keratinocyte apoptosis <ref name="Lin2025">Lin, C. F. (2025). Harnessing Quinone Derivatives from Rubia cordifolia for Topical. ''Journal of Ethnopharmacology''.</ref>.

==== B. Anti-Inflammatory & Immunomodulatory Activity ====
* '''Cytokine Suppression:''' Alcoholic and ethyl acetate root extracts inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) pathways and reduce inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression.
* '''T-Cell Regulation:''' In autoimmune and chronic inflammatory models (e.g., lichen planus), ''Rubia'' diesters downregulate activation markers like CD69 on surface membranes and attenuate T-cell proliferation by reducing systemic IFN-γ, IL-2, and TNF-α.

==== C. Antioxidant & Neuroprotective Potential ====
* '''Radical Scavenging:''' High phenolic content allows ''R. cordifolia'' to neutralize DPPH and superoxide radicals, inhibiting lipid peroxidation in tissue membranes.
* '''Diabetic Neuropathy:''' Administration of ''R. cordifolia'' extracts suppresses cleaved caspase-3 and normalizes the Bax:Bcl-2 apoptosis ratio in sciatic nerve and brain tissue, restoring nerve conduction velocity and reducing oxidative damage <ref name="Bana2023">Bana, S., Kumar, N., Sartaj, A., Alhalmi, A., Qurtam, A. A., Nasr, F. A., Al-Zharani, M., Singh, N., Gaur, P., Mishra, R., Bhardwaj, S., Ali, H., & Goel, R. (2023). Rubia cordifolia L. Attenuates Diabetic Neuropathy by Inhibiting Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress in Rats. ''Pharmaceuticals'', ''16''(11), 1586. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16111586</ref>.

==== D. Hepatoprotective & Cardiovascular Effects ====
* '''Hepatoprotection:''' Protects hepatocytes against carbon tetrachloride (CCl<sub>4</sub>)-induced toxicity by stabilizing serum transaminases (ALT, AST) and maintaining endogenous glutathione (GSH) levels.
* '''Vascular Health:''' Anthraquinones exert anti-platelet activating factor (Anti-PAF) activity, preventing pathological thrombus formation and modulating vascular smooth muscle tone.

=== Summary of Scientific Studies ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Target Domain !! Experimental Model !! Key Findings / Outcome
|-
| '''Dermatology''' || In vitro / In vivo (Psoriasis Models) || Quinones (Alizarin, Purpurin) suppressed TNF-α-activated keratinocytes; reduced epidermal hyperplasia.<ref name="Lin2025" />
|-
| '''Microbiology''' || In vitro Anti-acne assays || Ethanolic extracts inhibited ''C. acnes'' and ''S. epidermidis'' growth comparably to standard clindamycin gel formulations.<ref name="Nipanikar2017" />
|-
| '''Neuroprotection''' || STZ-induced Diabetic Rats || Attenuated neuropathic pain; lowered Bax:Bcl-2 apoptosis ratio and cleaved caspase-3 in sciatic nerves.<ref name="Bana2023" />
|-
| '''Immunology''' || Inflammatory Skin Models (Lichen Planus) || Downregulated CD69 expression, reducing T-cell proliferation and serum IL-2/IFN-γ levels.
|-
| '''Antioxidant''' || Lipid Peroxidation Assays || Inhibited TBARS formation and scavenged free DPPH radicals in a dose-dependent manner.
|}

=== Dosage, Administration & Safety Profile ===

==== Recommended Standard Dosing (Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India) ====
* '''Root Powder (''Churna''):''' 1 to 3 grams daily, divided into equal doses with warm water or milk.
* '''Decoction (''Kwatha''):''' 30 to 50 mL daily.
* '''Topical Applications:''' 0.1% to 4% standardized extract formulated in gel or ointment bases for cutaneous lesions.

==== Safety & Toxicology ====
* '''Toxicity:''' Standard therapeutic doses demonstrate a high safety margin with negligible acute oral toxicity in rodent models.
* '''Chromaturia:''' Patients should be advised that anthraquinone metabolites may cause harmless dark red or reddish-brown discoloration of urine during active oral therapy.
* '''Precautions:''' Due to a lack of comprehensive safety data on uterine dynamics, high-dose administration during pregnancy should be avoided unless supervised by a physician.

=== Conclusion ===
The pharmacological validation of ''Rubia cordifolia'' aligns closely with its classical medicinal usage. Its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant capacities support its efficacy as a dermatological agent and systemic immunomodulator. Further clinical trials on standardized anthraquinone fractions will help establish specific dosing guidelines for modern dermatological and metabolic applications.

== External links ==
* [https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Rubia%20cordifolia%20IMPPAT%20Phytochemical%20Profile:%20Rubia%20cordifolia Phytochemical profile & research database]

== References ==
<references />

Manjishtha

2026-09-01T05:52:06Z

Agnivesha:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= Manjishtha,Manjistha,Rubia cordifolia, Indian Madder, Therapeutic use, blood purifier herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=Manjistha (Rubia cordifolia, Indian Madder) is a perennial climbing plant belonging to the family Rubiaceae. It is renowned as one of the most potent blood-purifying (Raktashodhaka) and complexion-enhancing (Varnya) herbs, extensively cited across classical Ayurvedic scriptures.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
{{Infobox
|title = Manjishtha
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Manjishtha
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Rubia cordifolia
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Rubiaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}
[[File:Manjishtha.jpg|thumb|'''Manjishtha(''Rubia cordifolia'')''']]
''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubia_cordifolia Rubia cordifolia]'' (Manjishtha) is a perennial climbing herb distributed widely across the Indian subcontinent, East Asia, and parts of Africa. Historically categorized in Ayurvedic pharmacopeias as a primary ''Raktashodhaka'' (blood-purifying agent) and ''Varnya'' (complexion-enhancing herb).<ref name="API">Anonymous. ''The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India''. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3: 52.</ref> Modern pharmacological investigations validate its multi-target therapeutic activities. Its principal active constituents—anthraquinones, naphthoquinones, bicyclic hexapeptides, and triterpenoids—exhibit documented anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, dermatological, immunomodulatory, and neuroprotective properties.

== Synonyms in Classical Texts ==
* '''Synonyms in Charaka Samhita:'''
** ''Samanga''
* '''Synonyms in Bhavaprakash Nighantu:'''<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, ''Bhavaprakash Nighantu''. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Haritakyadi varga, verse no. 189–190.</ref>
** ''Vikasa'' – Spreads over the ground.
** ''Jingi''
** ''Kalameshika'' – When completely dried, the root turns black in colour.
** ''Mandukaparni''
** ''Bhandiri'' / ''Bhandi'' – Spreads extensively on the land.
** ''Yojanavalli'' – A long climber that spreads over large distances on the ground.
** ''Rasayani'' – Possessing rejuvenating properties.
** ''Aruna'' / ''Kaala''
** ''Raktanga'' – Fresh root and stem are red in colour.
** ''Raktayastika'' – Stem is slender and red in colour.
** ''Bhanditaki''
** ''Gandiri''
** ''Manjusha''
** ''Vastraranjini'' – Imparts red colour to cloth, hence traditionally used as a dyeing agent.

== Varieties ==
According to ''Raja Nighantu'', four major varieties of Manjistha are described:<ref name="RajaNighantu">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, ''Raja Nighantu of Pandit Narhari''. Edition 2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, Pippalyadi varga, verse no. 195.</ref>
# '''Cola'''
# '''Yojani'''
# '''Crounchi'''
# '''Simhali'''

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics, the properties (''Rasa Panchaka'') of Manjistha are summarized below:<ref name="API" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
| 1 || '''Taste (''[[Rasa]]'')''' || Sweet (''Madhura''), Bitter (''Tikta''), Astringent (''Kashaya'')
|-
| 2 || '''Potency (''[[Veerya]]'')''' || Hot (''Ushna'')
|-
| 3 || '''Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'')''' || Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 4 || '''Qualities (''[[Guna]]'')''' || Heavy (''Guru'')
|-
| 5 || '''Actions (''[[Karma]]'')''' || ''Krumighna'' (anthelmintic / antimicrobial), ''Kaphapitta Shamaka'' (pacifies Kapha and Pitta), ''Svarya'' (improves voice), ''Vrushya'' (aphrodisiac), ''Sothaghna'' (anti-inflammatory / anti-edema), ''Kushthaghna'' (cures skin disorders), ''Pramehaghna'' (anti-diabetic), ''Stambhana'' (astringent / styptic), ''Artavajanana'' (emmenagogue / regulates menstruation), ''Rasayana'' (rejuvenative), ''Sonitasthapana'' (hemostatic / blood restorer)
|}

== References in Charaka Samhita ==
Manjistha is mentioned across numerous contexts and formulations in the ''Charaka Samhita'':

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charaka Samhita !! Activity / Indication / Formulation
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9/8 || Complexion-promoting group (''Varnya Mahakashaya'')
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9/16 || Anti-toxic / antidote group (''Vishaghna Mahakashaya'')
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9/39 || Antipyretic / fever-relieving group (''Jwarahara Mahakashaya'')
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Nidana Sthana]] 4/33 || Describing the colour and characteristics of urine (''Mutra'')
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/144 || Astringent drug group (''Kashaya-skandha'')
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/32 || Treatment of striae gravidarum / pregnancy stretch marks (''Kikkisa'')
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/258 || Ingredient of ''Chandanadhya Taila''
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/39 || Medicated oil for the treatment of ''Prameha'' (diabetes and urinary disorders)
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/65 || Ingredient of ''Mustadi Churna''
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/100 || Ingredient of decoction drug (''Kwatha Dravya'') for ''Kushtha'' (skin disorders)
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/120 || Ingredient of ''Vipadikahara Ghrita'' and ''Taila'' (for cracked heels / dermatoses)
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/83 || External application (''Lepa'')
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/36 || Ingredient of ''Kalyanaka Ghrita''
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/70 || External application in Vata-Kapha dominant insanity / psychosis (''Unmada'')
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/44 || Ingredient of ''Shvadamshtradi Ghrita''
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/68 || External application in Pitta-dominant swelling (''Shotha'')
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/159 || Ingredient of ''Kanakarishta''
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/147 || Ingredient of ''Madhukasava''
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/158 || Ingredient of ''Moolasava''
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/105 || Ingredient of ''Gauda Arishta''
|-
| 21 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/145 || Ingredient of ''Manahshiladi Ghrita''
|-
| 22 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/76 || External application (''Lepa'')
|-
| 23 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/50 || Ingredient of formulation used in the 6th stage of poisoning management
|-
| 24 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/79 || Ingredient of ''Mahagandhahastinama Agada''
|-
| 25 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/185 || Management of toxic effects localized in the colon region
|-
| 26 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/196 || Treatment of ''Mandali'' (viperine) snake bites
|-
| 27 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/114 || External application for wound care (''Vrana'')
|-
| 28 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/208 || Ingredient of ''Khadiradi Gutika''
|-
| 29 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/234 || Formulation drug used in the treatment of eye disorders (''Akshi Roga'')
|-
| 30 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/238 || Formulation drug used in the treatment of eye disorders (''Akshi Roga'')
|-
| 31 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/270 || Formulation drug used in the management of premature greying (''Palitya'') and alopecia (''Khalitya'')
|-
| 32 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/150 || Ingredient of ''Baladi Taila''
|-
| 33 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/162 || Ingredient of ''Amritadi Taila''
|-
| 34 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/94 || Ingredient of ''Madhuparnyadi Taila''
|-
| 35 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/107 || Ingredient of ''Amritadya Taila''
|-
| 36 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/113 || Ingredient of ''Mahapadma Taila''
|-
| 37 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/114 || Ingredient of ''Khuddaka Padmaka Taila''
|-
| 38 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/123 || Ingredient of ''Pinda Taila''
|-
| 39 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/134 || Medicated formulation drug in Vatarakta
|-
| 40 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/275 || Management of disorders caused by vitiated breast milk (''Stanya Dosha'')
|-
| 41 || Cha.Sa.[[Siddhi Sthana]] 3/48 || Ingredient of medicated enema formulation (''Basti Dravya'')
|-
| 42 || Cha.Sa.[[Siddhi Sthana]] 10/21 || Ingredient of Pitta-pacifying enema (''Pitta Dosha Nashaka Basti'')
|-
| 43 || Cha.Sa.[[Siddhi Sthana]] 10/43 || Basti formulation in bleeding disorders (''Raktapitta'') and diabetes/polyuria (''Prameha'')
|}

== Therapeutic Uses ==
Manjistha is indicated in classical Ayurvedic literature for the management of the following conditions:<ref name="API" />
* ''Yoni Roga'' (Gynecological and vaginal diseases)
* ''Akshi Roga'' (Eye diseases)
* ''Shleshmaja Shotha'' (Kapha-dominant swelling / edema)
* ''Karna Roga'' (Ear disorders)
* ''Manjistha Meha'' (Urinary condition with reddish urine)
* ''Raktatisara'' (Bloody diarrhea / dysentery)
* ''Kushtha'' (Obstinate skin disorders / psoriasis / eczema)
* ''Visarpa'' (Erysipelas / herpes)
* ''Prameha'' (Urinary disorders / diabetes mellitus)
* ''Sarpavisha'' (Snake venom poisoning)
* ''Bhagna'' (Fractures / bone healing)
* ''Arsha'' (Hemorrhoids / piles)
* ''Vyanga'' (Hyperpigmentation / facial melasma)

== Dosage & Administration ==

* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 2 – 4 g of the drug.<ref name="API" />

== Important Formulations ==
* ''Aravindasava''
* ''Ashvagandharishta''
* ''Ushirasava''
* ''Chandanasava''
* ''Brihat Manjisthadi Kwatha''
* ''Manjisthadi Taila''
* ''Khadiradi Gutika''

== Habitat & Availability ==
* '''Status:''' Available

== Current Research ==

== Scientific Monograph: Therapeutic Efficacy of ''Rubia cordifolia'' L. (Manjishtha) ==

=== Phytochemical Profile ===
The primary therapeutic actions of ''R. cordifolia'' stem from its diverse array of secondary metabolites extracted predominantly from the roots and rhizomes:
* '''Anthraquinones & Naphthoquinones:''' Purpurin, munjistin, alizarin, mollugin, rubiadin, and physcion.
* '''Bicyclic Hexapeptides:''' RA (Rubia Alkaloid) series (RA-I to RA-XXIV), which demonstrate cytotoxic and antitumor activity.
* '''Triterpenoids:''' Rubiprasin A–C, ursolic acid, and oleanolic acid.
* '''Flavonoids & Phenolics:''' Quercetin, rutin, and gallic acid derivatives contributing to free radical scavenging capacity.

=== Pharmacological Properties & Mechanisms of Action ===

==== A. Dermatological & Anti-Acne Efficacy ====
''R. cordifolia'' demonstrates targeted activity against common cutaneous pathologies, including ''Acne vulgaris'', psoriasis, and eczema.
* '''Antibacterial Action:''' Extract formulations rich in anthraquinones exhibit strong minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) against ''Cutibacterium acnes'' (formerly ''Propionibacterium acnes''), ''Staphylococcus epidermidis'', and ''Malassezia furfur'' <ref name="Nipanikar2017">Nipanikar, S. U., Nagore, D., Chitlange, S. S., & Buzruk, D. (2017). Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity of AHPL/AYTOP/0213 cream. ''AYU (An International Quarterly Journal of Research in Ayurveda)'', ''38''(1), 82. https://doi.org/10.4103/ayu.ayu_150_17</ref>.
* '''Antipsoriatic Mechanism:''' Topical quinones (alizarin, purpurin, mollugin) significantly downregulate pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine expression (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) in hyperactive keratinocytes. In vivo models show an increased granular layer thickness and reduced keratinocyte apoptosis <ref name="Lin2025">Lin, C. F. (2025). Harnessing Quinone Derivatives from Rubia cordifolia for Topical. ''Journal of Ethnopharmacology''.</ref>.

==== B. Anti-Inflammatory & Immunomodulatory Activity ====
* '''Cytokine Suppression:''' Alcoholic and ethyl acetate root extracts inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) pathways and reduce inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression.
* '''T-Cell Regulation:''' In autoimmune and chronic inflammatory models (e.g., lichen planus), ''Rubia'' diesters downregulate activation markers like CD69 on surface membranes and attenuate T-cell proliferation by reducing systemic IFN-γ, IL-2, and TNF-α.

==== C. Antioxidant & Neuroprotective Potential ====
* '''Radical Scavenging:''' High phenolic content allows ''R. cordifolia'' to neutralize DPPH and superoxide radicals, inhibiting lipid peroxidation in tissue membranes.
* '''Diabetic Neuropathy:''' Administration of ''R. cordifolia'' extracts suppresses cleaved caspase-3 and normalizes the Bax:Bcl-2 apoptosis ratio in sciatic nerve and brain tissue, restoring nerve conduction velocity and reducing oxidative damage <ref name="Bana2023">Bana, S., Kumar, N., Sartaj, A., Alhalmi, A., Qurtam, A. A., Nasr, F. A., Al-Zharani, M., Singh, N., Gaur, P., Mishra, R., Bhardwaj, S., Ali, H., & Goel, R. (2023). Rubia cordifolia L. Attenuates Diabetic Neuropathy by Inhibiting Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress in Rats. ''Pharmaceuticals'', ''16''(11), 1586. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16111586</ref>.

==== D. Hepatoprotective & Cardiovascular Effects ====
* '''Hepatoprotection:''' Protects hepatocytes against carbon tetrachloride (CCl<sub>4</sub>)-induced toxicity by stabilizing serum transaminases (ALT, AST) and maintaining endogenous glutathione (GSH) levels.
* '''Vascular Health:''' Anthraquinones exert anti-platelet activating factor (Anti-PAF) activity, preventing pathological thrombus formation and modulating vascular smooth muscle tone.

=== Summary of Scientific Studies ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Target Domain !! Experimental Model !! Key Findings / Outcome !! Citation
|-
| '''Dermatology''' || In vitro / In vivo (Psoriasis Models) || Quinones (Alizarin, Purpurin) suppressed TNF-α-activated keratinocytes; reduced epidermal hyperplasia. || <ref name="Lin2025" />
|-
| '''Microbiology''' || In vitro Anti-acne assays || Ethanolic extracts inhibited ''C. acnes'' and ''S. epidermidis'' growth comparably to standard clindamycin gel formulations. || <ref name="Nipanikar2017" />
|-
| '''Neuroprotection''' || STZ-induced Diabetic Rats || Attenuated neuropathic pain; lowered Bax:Bcl-2 apoptosis ratio and cleaved caspase-3 in sciatic nerves. || <ref name="Bana2023" />
|-
| '''Immunology''' || Inflammatory Skin Models (Lichen Planus) || Downregulated CD69 expression, reducing T-cell proliferation and serum IL-2/IFN-γ levels. ||
|-
| '''Antioxidant''' || Lipid Peroxidation Assays || Inhibited TBARS formation and scavenged free DPPH radicals in a dose-dependent manner. ||
|}

=== Dosage, Administration & Safety Profile ===

==== Recommended Standard Dosing (Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India) ====
* '''Root Powder (''Churna''):''' 1 to 3 grams daily, divided into equal doses with warm water or milk.
* '''Decoction (''Kwatha''):''' 30 to 50 mL daily.
* '''Topical Applications:''' 0.1% to 4% standardized extract formulated in gel or ointment bases for cutaneous lesions.

==== Safety & Toxicology ====
* '''Toxicity:''' Standard therapeutic doses demonstrate a high safety margin with negligible acute oral toxicity in rodent models.
* '''Chromaturia:''' Patients should be advised that anthraquinone metabolites may cause harmless dark red or reddish-brown discoloration of urine during active oral therapy.
* '''Precautions:''' Due to a lack of comprehensive safety data on uterine dynamics, high-dose administration during pregnancy should be avoided unless supervised by a physician.

=== Conclusion ===
The pharmacological validation of ''Rubia cordifolia'' aligns closely with its classical medicinal usage. Its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant capacities support its efficacy as a dermatological agent and systemic immunomodulator. Further clinical trials on standardized anthraquinone fractions will help establish specific dosing guidelines for modern dermatological and metabolic applications.

== External links ==
* [https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Rubia%20cordifolia%20IMPPAT%20Phytochemical%20Profile:%20Rubia%20cordifolia Phytochemical profile & research database]

== References ==
<references />

File:Manjishtha.jpg

2026-09-01T05:51:03Z

Agnivesha:

Manjishtha

2026-09-01T05:42:33Z

Agnivesha:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= Manjishtha,Manjistha,Rubia cordifolia, Indian Madder, Therapeutic use, blood purifier herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=Manjistha (Rubia cordifolia, Indian Madder) is a perennial climbing plant belonging to the family Rubiaceae. It is renowned as one of the most potent blood-purifying (Raktashodhaka) and complexion-enhancing (Varnya) herbs, extensively cited across classical Ayurvedic scriptures.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
{{Infobox
|title = Manjishtha
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Manjishtha
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Rubia cordifolia
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Rubiaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubia_cordifolia Rubia cordifolia]'' (Manjishtha) is a perennial climbing herb distributed widely across the Indian subcontinent, East Asia, and parts of Africa. Historically categorized in Ayurvedic pharmacopeias as a primary ''Raktashodhaka'' (blood-purifying agent) and ''Varnya'' (complexion-enhancing herb).<ref name="API">Anonymous. ''The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India''. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3: 52.</ref> Modern pharmacological investigations validate its multi-target therapeutic activities. Its principal active constituents—anthraquinones, naphthoquinones, bicyclic hexapeptides, and triterpenoids—exhibit documented anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, dermatological, immunomodulatory, and neuroprotective properties.

== Synonyms in Classical Texts ==
* '''Synonyms in Charaka Samhita:'''
** ''Samanga''
* '''Synonyms in Bhavaprakash Nighantu:'''<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, ''Bhavaprakash Nighantu''. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Haritakyadi varga, verse no. 189–190.</ref>
** ''Vikasa'' – Spreads over the ground.
** ''Jingi''
** ''Kalameshika'' – When completely dried, the root turns black in colour.
** ''Mandukaparni''
** ''Bhandiri'' / ''Bhandi'' – Spreads extensively on the land.
** ''Yojanavalli'' – A long climber that spreads over large distances on the ground.
** ''Rasayani'' – Possessing rejuvenating properties.
** ''Aruna'' / ''Kaala''
** ''Raktanga'' – Fresh root and stem are red in colour.
** ''Raktayastika'' – Stem is slender and red in colour.
** ''Bhanditaki''
** ''Gandiri''
** ''Manjusha''
** ''Vastraranjini'' – Imparts red colour to cloth, hence traditionally used as a dyeing agent.

== Varieties ==
According to ''Raja Nighantu'', four major varieties of Manjistha are described:<ref name="RajaNighantu">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, ''Raja Nighantu of Pandit Narhari''. Edition 2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, Pippalyadi varga, verse no. 195.</ref>
# '''Cola'''
# '''Yojani'''
# '''Crounchi'''
# '''Simhali'''

== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics, the properties (''Rasa Panchaka'') of Manjistha are summarized below:<ref name="API" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
| 1 || '''Taste (''[[Rasa]]'')''' || Sweet (''Madhura''), Bitter (''Tikta''), Astringent (''Kashaya'')
|-
| 2 || '''Potency (''[[Veerya]]'')''' || Hot (''Ushna'')
|-
| 3 || '''Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'')''' || Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
| 4 || '''Qualities (''[[Guna]]'')''' || Heavy (''Guru'')
|-
| 5 || '''Actions (''[[Karma]]'')''' || ''Krumighna'' (anthelmintic / antimicrobial), ''Kaphapitta Shamaka'' (pacifies Kapha and Pitta), ''Svarya'' (improves voice), ''Vrushya'' (aphrodisiac), ''Sothaghna'' (anti-inflammatory / anti-edema), ''Kushthaghna'' (cures skin disorders), ''Pramehaghna'' (anti-diabetic), ''Stambhana'' (astringent / styptic), ''Artavajanana'' (emmenagogue / regulates menstruation), ''Rasayana'' (rejuvenative), ''Sonitasthapana'' (hemostatic / blood restorer)
|}

== References in Charaka Samhita ==
Manjistha is mentioned across numerous contexts and formulations in the ''Charaka Samhita'':

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charaka Samhita !! Activity / Indication / Formulation
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9/8 || Complexion-promoting group (''Varnya Mahakashaya'')
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9/16 || Anti-toxic / antidote group (''Vishaghna Mahakashaya'')
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9/39 || Antipyretic / fever-relieving group (''Jwarahara Mahakashaya'')
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Nidana Sthana]] 4/33 || Describing the colour and characteristics of urine (''Mutra'')
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/144 || Astringent drug group (''Kashaya-skandha'')
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/32 || Treatment of striae gravidarum / pregnancy stretch marks (''Kikkisa'')
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/258 || Ingredient of ''Chandanadhya Taila''
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/39 || Medicated oil for the treatment of ''Prameha'' (diabetes and urinary disorders)
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/65 || Ingredient of ''Mustadi Churna''
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/100 || Ingredient of decoction drug (''Kwatha Dravya'') for ''Kushtha'' (skin disorders)
|-
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/120 || Ingredient of ''Vipadikahara Ghrita'' and ''Taila'' (for cracked heels / dermatoses)
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/83 || External application (''Lepa'')
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/36 || Ingredient of ''Kalyanaka Ghrita''
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/70 || External application in Vata-Kapha dominant insanity / psychosis (''Unmada'')
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/44 || Ingredient of ''Shvadamshtradi Ghrita''
|-
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/68 || External application in Pitta-dominant swelling (''Shotha'')
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/159 || Ingredient of ''Kanakarishta''
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/147 || Ingredient of ''Madhukasava''
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/158 || Ingredient of ''Moolasava''
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/105 || Ingredient of ''Gauda Arishta''
|-
| 21 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/145 || Ingredient of ''Manahshiladi Ghrita''
|-
| 22 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/76 || External application (''Lepa'')
|-
| 23 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/50 || Ingredient of formulation used in the 6th stage of poisoning management
|-
| 24 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/79 || Ingredient of ''Mahagandhahastinama Agada''
|-
| 25 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/185 || Management of toxic effects localized in the colon region
|-
| 26 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/196 || Treatment of ''Mandali'' (viperine) snake bites
|-
| 27 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/114 || External application for wound care (''Vrana'')
|-
| 28 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/208 || Ingredient of ''Khadiradi Gutika''
|-
| 29 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/234 || Formulation drug used in the treatment of eye disorders (''Akshi Roga'')
|-
| 30 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/238 || Formulation drug used in the treatment of eye disorders (''Akshi Roga'')
|-
| 31 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/270 || Formulation drug used in the management of premature greying (''Palitya'') and alopecia (''Khalitya'')
|-
| 32 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/150 || Ingredient of ''Baladi Taila''
|-
| 33 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/162 || Ingredient of ''Amritadi Taila''
|-
| 34 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/94 || Ingredient of ''Madhuparnyadi Taila''
|-
| 35 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/107 || Ingredient of ''Amritadya Taila''
|-
| 36 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/113 || Ingredient of ''Mahapadma Taila''
|-
| 37 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/114 || Ingredient of ''Khuddaka Padmaka Taila''
|-
| 38 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/123 || Ingredient of ''Pinda Taila''
|-
| 39 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/134 || Medicated formulation drug in Vatarakta
|-
| 40 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/275 || Management of disorders caused by vitiated breast milk (''Stanya Dosha'')
|-
| 41 || Cha.Sa.[[Siddhi Sthana]] 3/48 || Ingredient of medicated enema formulation (''Basti Dravya'')
|-
| 42 || Cha.Sa.[[Siddhi Sthana]] 10/21 || Ingredient of Pitta-pacifying enema (''Pitta Dosha Nashaka Basti'')
|-
| 43 || Cha.Sa.[[Siddhi Sthana]] 10/43 || Basti formulation in bleeding disorders (''Raktapitta'') and diabetes/polyuria (''Prameha'')
|}

== Therapeutic Uses ==
Manjistha is indicated in classical Ayurvedic literature for the management of the following conditions:<ref name="API" />
* ''Yoni Roga'' (Gynecological and vaginal diseases)
* ''Akshi Roga'' (Eye diseases)
* ''Shleshmaja Shotha'' (Kapha-dominant swelling / edema)
* ''Karna Roga'' (Ear disorders)
* ''Manjistha Meha'' (Urinary condition with reddish urine)
* ''Raktatisara'' (Bloody diarrhea / dysentery)
* ''Kushtha'' (Obstinate skin disorders / psoriasis / eczema)
* ''Visarpa'' (Erysipelas / herpes)
* ''Prameha'' (Urinary disorders / diabetes mellitus)
* ''Sarpavisha'' (Snake venom poisoning)
* ''Bhagna'' (Fractures / bone healing)
* ''Arsha'' (Hemorrhoids / piles)
* ''Vyanga'' (Hyperpigmentation / facial melasma)

== Dosage & Administration ==

* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 2 – 4 g of the drug.<ref name="API" />

== Important Formulations ==
* ''Aravindasava''
* ''Ashvagandharishta''
* ''Ushirasava''
* ''Chandanasava''
* ''Brihat Manjisthadi Kwatha''
* ''Manjisthadi Taila''
* ''Khadiradi Gutika''

== Habitat & Availability ==
* '''Status:''' Available

== Current Research ==

== Scientific Monograph: Therapeutic Efficacy of ''Rubia cordifolia'' L. (Manjishtha) ==

=== Phytochemical Profile ===
The primary therapeutic actions of ''R. cordifolia'' stem from its diverse array of secondary metabolites extracted predominantly from the roots and rhizomes:
* '''Anthraquinones & Naphthoquinones:''' Purpurin, munjistin, alizarin, mollugin, rubiadin, and physcion.
* '''Bicyclic Hexapeptides:''' RA (Rubia Alkaloid) series (RA-I to RA-XXIV), which demonstrate cytotoxic and antitumor activity.
* '''Triterpenoids:''' Rubiprasin A–C, ursolic acid, and oleanolic acid.
* '''Flavonoids & Phenolics:''' Quercetin, rutin, and gallic acid derivatives contributing to free radical scavenging capacity.

=== Pharmacological Properties & Mechanisms of Action ===

==== A. Dermatological & Anti-Acne Efficacy ====
''R. cordifolia'' demonstrates targeted activity against common cutaneous pathologies, including ''Acne vulgaris'', psoriasis, and eczema.
* '''Antibacterial Action:''' Extract formulations rich in anthraquinones exhibit strong minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) against ''Cutibacterium acnes'' (formerly ''Propionibacterium acnes''), ''Staphylococcus epidermidis'', and ''Malassezia furfur'' <ref name="Nipanikar2017">Nipanikar, S. U., Nagore, D., Chitlange, S. S., & Buzruk, D. (2017). Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity of AHPL/AYTOP/0213 cream. ''AYU (An International Quarterly Journal of Research in Ayurveda)'', ''38''(1), 82. https://doi.org/10.4103/ayu.ayu_150_17</ref>.
* '''Antipsoriatic Mechanism:''' Topical quinones (alizarin, purpurin, mollugin) significantly downregulate pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine expression (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) in hyperactive keratinocytes. In vivo models show an increased granular layer thickness and reduced keratinocyte apoptosis <ref name="Lin2025">Lin, C. F. (2025). Harnessing Quinone Derivatives from Rubia cordifolia for Topical. ''Journal of Ethnopharmacology''.</ref>.

==== B. Anti-Inflammatory & Immunomodulatory Activity ====
* '''Cytokine Suppression:''' Alcoholic and ethyl acetate root extracts inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) pathways and reduce inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression.
* '''T-Cell Regulation:''' In autoimmune and chronic inflammatory models (e.g., lichen planus), ''Rubia'' diesters downregulate activation markers like CD69 on surface membranes and attenuate T-cell proliferation by reducing systemic IFN-γ, IL-2, and TNF-α.

==== C. Antioxidant & Neuroprotective Potential ====
* '''Radical Scavenging:''' High phenolic content allows ''R. cordifolia'' to neutralize DPPH and superoxide radicals, inhibiting lipid peroxidation in tissue membranes.
* '''Diabetic Neuropathy:''' Administration of ''R. cordifolia'' extracts suppresses cleaved caspase-3 and normalizes the Bax:Bcl-2 apoptosis ratio in sciatic nerve and brain tissue, restoring nerve conduction velocity and reducing oxidative damage <ref name="Bana2023">Bana, S., Kumar, N., Sartaj, A., Alhalmi, A., Qurtam, A. A., Nasr, F. A., Al-Zharani, M., Singh, N., Gaur, P., Mishra, R., Bhardwaj, S., Ali, H., & Goel, R. (2023). Rubia cordifolia L. Attenuates Diabetic Neuropathy by Inhibiting Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress in Rats. ''Pharmaceuticals'', ''16''(11), 1586. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16111586</ref>.

==== D. Hepatoprotective & Cardiovascular Effects ====
* '''Hepatoprotection:''' Protects hepatocytes against carbon tetrachloride (CCl<sub>4</sub>)-induced toxicity by stabilizing serum transaminases (ALT, AST) and maintaining endogenous glutathione (GSH) levels.
* '''Vascular Health:''' Anthraquinones exert anti-platelet activating factor (Anti-PAF) activity, preventing pathological thrombus formation and modulating vascular smooth muscle tone.

=== Summary of Scientific Studies ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Target Domain !! Experimental Model !! Key Findings / Outcome !! Citation
|-
| '''Dermatology''' || In vitro / In vivo (Psoriasis Models) || Quinones (Alizarin, Purpurin) suppressed TNF-α-activated keratinocytes; reduced epidermal hyperplasia. || <ref name="Lin2025" />
|-
| '''Microbiology''' || In vitro Anti-acne assays || Ethanolic extracts inhibited ''C. acnes'' and ''S. epidermidis'' growth comparably to standard clindamycin gel formulations. || <ref name="Nipanikar2017" />
|-
| '''Neuroprotection''' || STZ-induced Diabetic Rats || Attenuated neuropathic pain; lowered Bax:Bcl-2 apoptosis ratio and cleaved caspase-3 in sciatic nerves. || <ref name="Bana2023" />
|-
| '''Immunology''' || Inflammatory Skin Models (Lichen Planus) || Downregulated CD69 expression, reducing T-cell proliferation and serum IL-2/IFN-γ levels. ||
|-
| '''Antioxidant''' || Lipid Peroxidation Assays || Inhibited TBARS formation and scavenged free DPPH radicals in a dose-dependent manner. ||
|}

=== Dosage, Administration & Safety Profile ===

==== Recommended Standard Dosing (Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India) ====
* '''Root Powder (''Churna''):''' 1 to 3 grams daily, divided into equal doses with warm water or milk.
* '''Decoction (''Kwatha''):''' 30 to 50 mL daily.
* '''Topical Applications:''' 0.1% to 4% standardized extract formulated in gel or ointment bases for cutaneous lesions.

==== Safety & Toxicology ====
* '''Toxicity:''' Standard therapeutic doses demonstrate a high safety margin with negligible acute oral toxicity in rodent models.
* '''Chromaturia:''' Patients should be advised that anthraquinone metabolites may cause harmless dark red or reddish-brown discoloration of urine during active oral therapy.
* '''Precautions:''' Due to a lack of comprehensive safety data on uterine dynamics, high-dose administration during pregnancy should be avoided unless supervised by a physician.

=== Conclusion ===
The pharmacological validation of ''Rubia cordifolia'' aligns closely with its classical medicinal usage. Its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant capacities support its efficacy as a dermatological agent and systemic immunomodulator. Further clinical trials on standardized anthraquinone fractions will help establish specific dosing guidelines for modern dermatological and metabolic applications.

== External links ==
* [https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Rubia%20cordifolia%20IMPPAT%20Phytochemical%20Profile:%20Rubia%20cordifolia Phytochemical profile & research database]

== References ==
<references />