Charak Samhita - User contributions [en]

Herbs details

2026-07-10T06:54:58Z

Agnivesha:

Herbs details:

# [[Amalaki]]
# [[Bibhitaki]]
# [[Haritaki]]
# [[Guduchi]]
# [[Ashwagandha]]
# [[Shunthi]]
# [[Maricha]]
# [[Pippali]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants and Botanical Names in Charak Samhita
! Sr. No. !! Sanskrit Name !! Synonyms !! Botanical Name
|-
| 1 || [[Bibhitaki|Aksha]]|| [[Bibhitaki|Bibhitaki, kaliphala, Bhutavasa, Kalidruma]]|| '''[[Bibhitaki|Terminalia bellirica Roxb]]'''
|-
| 2 || Aguru || Agaru, loha, krimija, rajarha || '''Aquilaria agallocha Roxb'''
|-
| 3 || Agnimantha || Jaya, Sriparni, Ganikarika, Jayanti, Tarkari, Nadeyi, Vai jayanti || '''Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn.f.'''
|-
| 4 || Ankola || Ankoda, Deerghakeela, Nikochaka, Tamraphala, Gupta Sneha || '''Alangium lamarkii Thw., (Alangium salviifolium)'''
|-
| 5 || Ajamoda || Karavi, Deepyaka, Shikhimoda || '''Apium graveolens'''
|-
| 6 || Atasi || uma, picchila, devi, medagandha, madotkata, kshuma, hemavati,masruna || '''Linum usitatissimum Linn.'''
|-
| 7 || Atibala || rishyaprokta, kankatika,Balika, Vatyapushpy, Bhuribala || '''Abutilon indicum. (Link)'''
|-
| 8 || Ativisha || shrungi, virupa, pittadivallabha, shwetvaca, visha, madri || '''Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. Cat.'''
|-
| 9 || Aparajita || Shanhapushpi,Girikarnika, Visnukranta,Sephanda || '''Clitoria ternatea L.'''
|-
| 10 || Apamarga || Shikhari,durgraha, adhashalya, karmanjri, pratyakpushpi || '''Achyranthes aspera Linn.'''
|-
| 11 || Ambashtaki || laghu patha,Uttanaparni, prachina,varatikta, Aviddhakarni,kuchelika || '''Cissampelos pareira Linn'''
|-
| 12 || Amlikakanda || || '''Dioscorea oppositifolia L.'''
|-
| 13 || Arimeda || Irimeda, Vidkhadira || '''Acacia leucophloea Willd.'''
|-
| 14 || Arka || Ravi, Bhanu, Tapana,Tulaphala, vikirana,ksheeraparna || '''Calotropis gigantea'''
|-
| 15 || Arjaka || Barbari,Sheta tulasi || '''Ocimum gratissimum L.'''
|-
| 16 || Arjuna || Indradru,Nadisarja,Dhavala,Kakubha, Partha, Shweta vaha, || '''Terminalia Arjuna'''
|-
| 17 || Avakpushpi || || '''Trichodesma indicum'''
|-
| 18 || Ashoka || Madhupushpa,Raktapallavaka, Hemapushpa, Pindipushpa, Nata, Pallavadru, || '''Saraca indica Linn.'''
|-
| 19 || Ashmantaka || Yugmapatra, yaalapatraka, kanchini || '''Bauhinia racemosa. Lam.'''
|-
| 20 || [[Ashwagandha]]|| [[Ashwagandha|Balada, kamarupini, vajini,Gandhapatri]]|| '''[[Ashwagandha|Withania somnifera]]'''
|-
| 21 || Aswattha || pippala, shrivriksha, sevya,bodhidru, pavitraka,krishnavasa || '''Ficus religiosa L.'''
|-
| 22 || Asana || Beejaka, Vijayasara || '''Bridelia Montana Wall., Pterocarpus marsupium'''
|-
| 23 || Akhuparni || vriddhadaru, akhukarni, shubhashreni, krushika, dravanti || '''Ipomoea reniformis Chois.'''
|-
| 24 || Adhaki || Tuvari, Shanapushpika, Kalavrunta || '''Cajanus indicus Spreng'''
|-
| 25 || Atmagupta || Kapikachu, kapiloma, swayamgupta,Markati || '''Mucuna pruriens D.C.'''
|-
| 26 || [[Amalaki]]|| [[Amalaki|Dhatri, Dhatriphala, Sriphala, Vayastha,vayasya]]|| '''[[Amalaki|Phyllanthus emblica L./ Emblica officinalis]]'''
|-
| 27 || Amra || Madhuphala, Madhuli, Madhavadruma, Sahakara, parapushta || '''Manjifera indica L.'''
|-
| 28 || Ikshu || Asipatra, Bhurirasa, Dirghacchada, Gudamula, Trnarasa || '''Saccharum officinarum L.'''
|-
| 29 || Ikshuraka || Kokilaksha? || '''Hygrophila spinosa T.Anderson'''
|-
| 30 || Ingudi || Higupatra, Tapasadruma,Angaravruksha,Pootikantaka || '''Balanites roxburghii Plauch., (Balanites aegyptiaca (Linn) Del.)'''
|-
| 31 || Itkada || Utkata, Vanajayanti || '''Sesbania aculeate Pers.'''
|-
| 32 || Ucchadaka || Uttingana? || '''Blepharis edulis Pers.'''
|-
| 33 || Udumbara || || '''Ficus glomerata Roxb., ( Ficus racemosa)'''
|-
| 34 || Upodika || || '''Basella rubra L.'''
|-
| 35 || Eraka || || '''Typha elephantine Roxb.'''
|-
| 36 || Ervaru || || '''Cucumis utilissimus L.'''
|-
| 37 || Eranda || || '''Ricinus communis L.'''
|-
| 38 || Katutumbi || || '''Lagenaria Vulgaris Ser.'''
|-
| 39 || Katuphala || || '''Hibiscus abelmoschus L.'''
|-
| 40 || Kandakari || || '''Solanum xanthocarpum Sche.'''
|-
| 41 || Kadamba || || '''Anthocephalus cadamba Miq.'''
|-
| 42 || Kadara || || '''Acacia Senegal Willd.'''
|-
| 43 || Kapittha || || '''Feronia elephantanum Correa.'''
|-
| 44 || Karamarda || || '''Carissa carandas L.'''
|-
| 45 || Karavira || || '''Nerium odorum Soland'''
|-
| 46 || Karira || || '''Copparis aphylla Roth'''
|-
| 47 || Karanja || || '''Pongamia glabra Vent.'''
|-
| 48 || Karkatashrungi || || '''Rhuus succedanea L.'''
|-
| 49 || Karkandhu || || '''Zizyphus nummularia W.C.'''
|-
| 50 || Karpura || || '''Dryobalanops aromatic Goertn.'''
|-
| 51 || Kalaya || || '''Lathyrus sativus L.'''
|-
| 52 || Kasheruka || || '''Seirpus kysoor R.'''
|-
| 53 || Kakamachi || || '''Solanum nigrum L.'''
|-
| 54 || Karavellika || || '''Momordica charantia L.'''
|-
| 55 || Karpasa || || '''Gossypium herbacum L.'''
|-
| 56 || Kalanusariva || || '''Ichnocarpus frutenscens Br.'''
|-
| 57 || Kashmari || || '''Gmelina arborea L.'''
|-
| 58 || Kasamarda || || '''Cassia occidentalis L.'''
|-
| 59 || Kiratatikta || || '''Swertia chirata Ham.'''
|-
| 60 || Kutaja || || '''Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall.'''
|-
| 61 || Kutumbaka || || '''Leucas linifolia Spreng.'''
|-
| 62 || Kumarajeeva || || '''Putranjiva roxburghii Wall.'''
|-
| 63 || Kumbhi || || '''Careya arborea R.'''
|-
| 64 || Kurandaka || || '''Barleria prionitis L.'''
|-
| 65 || Kusumbha || || '''Carathmus tinctoricus L.'''
|-
| 66 || Kovidara || || '''Bauhinia variegate L.'''
|-
| 67 || Koshataki || || '''Luffa acutangula varamara Clerke'''
|-
| 68 || Koshamra || || '''Scheleichera trijuga Willd.'''
|-
| 69 || Kumkuma || || '''Crocus sativus L.'''
|-
| 70 || Khadira || || '''Acacia catechu Willd.'''
|-
| 71 || Guggulu || || '''Balsamodendron mukul Hook.'''
|-
| 72 || Gunja || || '''Abrus precatorius L.'''
|-
| 73 || Guduchi || || '''Tinospora cordifolia Miers.'''
|-
| 74 || Gokshuraka || || '''Tribulus terrestris L.'''
|-
| 75 || Gojihwa || || '''Elephantopus scaber L.'''
|-
| 76 || Chakramarda || || '''Cassia tora L.'''
|-
| 77 || Chanchu || || '''Corchorus oilitorius L.'''
|-
| 78 || Chandana || || '''Santalum album L.'''
|-
| 79 || Charmakasha || || '''Acacia concinna D.C.'''
|-
| 80 || Charngeri || || '''Oxalis corniculata L.'''
|-
| 81 || Chitraka || || '''Plumbago zeylanica L.'''
|-
| 82 || Chirabilva || || '''Holoptelia integrifolia Planch.'''
|-
| 83 || Chirmata || || '''Cucumis melo L.'''
|-
| 84 || Chilli || || '''Chenopodium album L.'''
|-
| 85 || Choraka || || '''Agelica glauca Edgew.'''
|-
| 86 || jambu || || '''Eugenia jambos Lamk.'''
|-
| 87 || jaya || || '''Sesbania egyptica Pers.'''
|-
| 88 || jalapippali || || '''Lippia nodiflora Rich.'''
|-
| 89 || Jati || || '''Myristica fragrens Houtt.'''
|-
| 90 || Jingini || || '''Odina wodier Roxb.'''
|-
| 91 || Jeeraka || || '''Cuminum cyminum L.'''
|-
| 92 || Jyotishmati || || '''Celestrus paniculata Willd.'''
|-
| 93 || Tamala || || '''Cinnamomum tamala Fr. Nees.'''
|-
| 94 || Tintidika || || '''Tamarindus indica L.'''
|-
| 95 || Tinduka || || '''Diospyros embryopteris Pers.'''
|-
| 96 || Tila || || '''Sesamum indicum L.'''
|-
| 97 || Tilaparni || || '''Gynandropis pentaphylla D.C'''
|-
| 98 || Tumburu || || '''Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb.'''
|-
| 99 || Tuda || || '''Morus indica L.'''
|-
| 100 || Trivrut || || '''Ipomea turpethum Br.'''
|-
| 101 || Dadima || || '''Punica granatum L.'''
|-
| 102 || Daruharidra || || '''Berberis aristata D.C'''
|-
| 103 || Dipyaka || || '''Carum copticum Benth.'''
|-
| 104 || Dugdhika || || '''Euphorbia pilulifera L.'''
|-
| 105 || Duralabha || || '''Fagonia Arabica L.'''
|-
| 106 || Durva || || '''Cynodon dactylon Pers.'''
|-
| 107 || Draksha || || '''Vitis vinifera L.'''
|-
| 108 || Dhanvana || || '''Grewia tiliefolia Vahl.'''
|-
| 109 || Dhava || || '''Anogeisssus latifolia Wall.'''
|-
| 110 || Dhataki || || '''Woodfordia floribunda Slisb.'''
|-
| 111 || Dhanyaka || || '''Coriandrum sativum'''
|-
| 112 || Nanditaka || || '''Ficus retusa L.'''
|-
| 113 || Nalika || || '''Onosma echioides L.'''
|-
| 114 || Naranga || || '''Citrus aurantium L.'''
|-
| 115 || Nadi || || '''Ipomea aquatica Forsk.'''
|-
| 116 || Nimba || || '''Melia azadirachta L.'''
|-
| 117 || Nirgundi || || '''Vitex negundo L.'''
|-
| 118 || Nilika || || '''Indigofera tinctoria L.'''
|-
| 119 || Nyagrodha || || '''Ficus bengalensis L.'''
|-
| 120 || Patola || || '''Trichosanthes dioica Roxb.'''
|-
| 121 || Patra || || '''Cinnamomum iners Reinw.'''
|-
| 122 || Padmaka || || '''Prunus puddum Roxb.'''
|-
| 123 || Parushaka || || '''Grewia asiatica L.'''
|-
| 124 || Parpataka || || '''Rangia repens Nees.'''
|-
| 125 || Paravata || || '''Psidium guyava L.'''
|-
| 126 || Pashanabheda || || '''Saxifraga lingulata Wall.'''
|-
| 127 || [[Pippali]]|| || '''[[Pippali|Piper longum L.]]'''
|-
| 128 || Pilu || || '''Salvadora persica L.'''
|-
| 129 || Punarnava || || '''Berhavia repens L.'''
|-
| 130 || Prasarani || || '''Pederia fetida L.'''
|-
| 131 || Prachinamalaka || || '''Flacourtia cataphracta Roxb.'''
|-
| 132 || Piyala || || '''Aglaia roxburghiana Miq.'''
|-
| 133 || Plaksha || || '''Ficus tsiela Roxb.'''
|-
| 134 || Phenila || || '''Sapindus trifoliatus L.'''
|-
| 135 || Bakula || || '''Mimusops elengi L.'''
|-
| 136 || Badara || || '''Zizyphus jujube Lamk.'''
|-
| 137 || Bilwa || || '''Aegle marmelos Corr.'''
|-
| 138 || Bijaka || || '''Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.'''
|-
| 139 || Bijapuraka || || '''Citrus medica L.'''
|-
| 140 || Bruhati || || '''Solanum indicum L.'''
|-
| 141 || Brahmi || || '''Herpestis monniera Benth.'''
|-
| 142 || Bhavya || || '''Dillenia indica L.'''
|-
| 143 || Bhrigaraja || || '''Eclipta alba Hassk.'''
|-
| 144 || Mandukaparni || || '''Hydrocotyle asiatica L.'''
|-
| 145 || Madana || || '''Randia dumatorum Lam.'''
|-
| 146 || Madhuka || || '''Bassia latifolia Roxb.'''
|-
| 147 || [[Maricha]]|| || '''Piper nigrum L.'''
|-
| 148 || Mamsi || || '''Nardostachys jatamansi D.C'''
|-
| 149 || Mudga || || '''Phaseolus mungo L.'''
|-
| 150 || Musta || || '''Cyperus rotundus L.'''
|-
| 151 || Murva || || '''Clematis triloba Heyne.'''
|-
| 152 || Mulaka || || '''Raphanus sativus L.'''
|-
| 153 || Yava || || '''Hordeum vulgarae L.'''
|-
| 154 || Yavasaka || || '''Alhagi maumorum Desv.'''
|-
| 155 || Raktotpala || || '''Nymphoea lotus L.'''
|-
| 156 || Rajakshavaka || || '''Doemia extensa Br.'''
|-
| 157 || Rajamasha || || '''Vigna catiang Endl.'''
|-
| 158 || Rajadana || || '''Mimusops hexandra Roxb.'''
|-
| 159 || Rasna || || '''Pluchea lanceolata Oliv.'''
|-
| 160 || Ruha || || '''Loranthus falcatus L.'''
|-
| 161 || Rohini || || '''Soymida febrifuge Juss.'''
|-
| 162 || Lashuna || || '''Allium sativum L.'''
|-
| 163 || Likucha || || '''Artocarpus lokoocha Roxb.'''
|-
| 164 || Lonika || || '''Portulaca oleracea L.'''
|-
| 165 || Lodhra || || '''Symplocos recemosa Roxb.'''
|-
| 166 || Vacha || || '''Acorus calamus L.'''
|-
| 167 || Vanjula || || '''Salix tetrasperma Roxb.'''
|-
| 168 || Varuna || || '''Cratoeva religiosa Forst.'''
|-
| 169 || Vatama || || '''Prunus amygdalus Baill.'''
|-
| 170 || Vartaka || || '''Solanum melongena L.'''
|-
| 171 || Vasa || || '''Adhatoda vasica Nees.'''
|-
| 172 || Vikankata || || '''Gymnosporia Montana Benth.'''
|-
| 173 || Vidanga || || '''Embelia ribes Burn.'''
|-
| 174 || Vidari || || '''Ipomea digitata L.'''
|-
| 175 || Shankhapushpi || || '''Evolvulus alsinoides L.'''
|-
| 176 || Shana || || '''Crotalaria juncea L.'''
|-
| 177 || Shanapushpi || || '''Crotalaria verrucosa L.'''
|-
| 178 || Shatapushpa || || '''Peucedanum graveolens Benth.'''
|-
| 179 || Shatavari || || '''Asparagus racemosus Willd.'''
|-
| 180 || Shami || || '''Prosopis spicigera L.'''
|-
| 181 || Shallaki || || '''Boswellia serrate Roxb.'''
|-
| 182 || Shaliparni || || '''Desmodium gangeticum D.C.'''
|-
| 183 || Shalmali || || '''Bambox malabarica D.C.'''
|-
| 184 || Shimshapa || || '''Dalbergia sisso Roxb.'''
|-
| 185 || Shigru || || '''Moringa pterygosperma Goertn.'''
|-
| 186 || Shirisha || || '''Albezzia lebbeck Benth.'''
|-
| 187 || [[Shunthi|Shringavera]] [[Shunthi|(Shunthi/Aardraka)]]|| || '''Zingiber officinale Rose.'''
|-
| 188 || Shringataka || || '''Trapa bispinosa Roxb.'''
|-
| 189 || Saptaparna || || '''Alstonia scholaris R. Br.'''
|-
| 190 || Sarja || || '''Shorea robusta'''
|-
| 191 || Sarshapa || || '''Brassica campestris L.'''
|-
| 192 || Sariva || || '''Hemmidesmus indicus Br.'''
|-
| 193 || Sudha || || '''Euphorbia nerifolia L.'''
|-
| 194 || Surasa || || '''Ocimum sanctum L.'''
|-
| 195 || Somaraji || || '''Proralea corylifolia L.'''
|-
| 196 || Hamsapadi || || '''Adjantum lunulatum Burm.'''
|-
| 197 || Hapusha || || '''Juniperus communis L.'''
|-
| 198 || Hastidanti || || '''Croton oblongifolius Roxb.'''
|-
| 199 || Haridraka || || '''Adina cordifolia Hook.'''
|-
| 200 || Hemadugdha || || '''Argimone mexicana L.'''
|}

Trikatu

2026-07-10T06:21:24Z

Agnivesha: Created page with "It is a combined formulation of three herbs with equal parts of # ''Pippali'', # ''Maricha'', and # ''Shunthi''"

It is a combined formulation of three herbs with equal parts of

# ''[[Pippali]]'',
# ''[[Maricha]]'', and
# ''[[Shunthi]]''

Pippali

2026-07-10T06:17:05Z

Agnivesha: /* Clinical Indications, Dosage, and Safety Profile */

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= Pippali,Piper longum L.,Long Pepper, Indian Long Pepper, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description='''''Piper longum''''' Linn., commonly known as Long Pepper or '''Pippali''', is a cornerstone herb in traditional Asian medicine systems, notably [[Ayurveda]]
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long%20pepper Piper longum L.]

{{Infobox
|title = Pippali
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Pippali
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Piper longum L.
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Piperaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = Dravyaguna Team
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

== Introduction and Botanical Characterization ==

'''''Piper longum''''' Linn., commonly known as Long Pepper or '''Pippali''', is a cornerstone herb in traditional Asian medicine systems, notably [[Ayurveda]], Unani, and Siddha. Belonging to the family Piperaceae, it is a slender, aromatic, perennial climber with woody roots and creeping jointed stems that root at the nodes.

Indigenous to the tropical rainforests of the Indo-Malaya region, it grows wild along the hotter regions of India, Nepal, Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, and the Philippines. The primary economically and therapeutically viable parts are its dried, unripe fruit spikes and its thick, perennial roots (known classically as ''Pippalimula'').

=== Taxonomical Hierarchy ===
* '''Kingdom:''' Plantae
* '''Order:''' Piperales
* '''Family:''' Piperaceae
* '''Genus:''' ''Piper''
* '''Species:''' ''P. longum''
[[File:Pippali.jpg|thumb|'''Pippali (''Piper longum'')''']]

=== Vernacular Names ===
* '''Sanskrit:''' Pippali, Magadhi, Kana, Ushana, Chapala
* '''Hindi:''' Pipal, Pipli
* '''English:''' Long Pepper, Indian Long Pepper
* '''Tamil:''' Thippili
* '''Telugu:''' Pippallu

==Therapeutic uses==
Shula(Colic), Chhardi(vomiting), Kaasa(Cough), [[Jwara]](Fever)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2:60</ref>

==Types==
===Raja Nighantu===
Mentioned 4 types<ref>Dr. Indradev Tripathi , Raja Nighantu of pandit Narhari, ed.2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, pippalyadi varga, verse no. 15,18,20,23</ref>
# Pippali
# Gaja pippali
# Simhali Pippali
# Vanaadi pippali

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==

Pippali, Krishna(Dry fruit are black in colour), Magadhi(it is abunduntly available in magadha desh), Upakulya(Pippali grows near or along side of water streams), Kana(fruits are small berries), Vaidehi(it is very common in videha desa), Chapala(Which cure many disease), Kolaa(Pippali has got pungent taste , if taken causes burning sensation in tongue), Tikshnatandula(Seeds of pippali is spicy)

==Synonyms in bhavprakash nighantu==
Shaundi<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 53, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020;</ref>

== Traditional Ayurvedic Pharmacodynamics ==

In classical Ayurvedic Dravyaguna (pharmacology), Pippali holds a unique, paradoxical status. While most pungent herbs aggravate systemic heat, Pippali's distinct post-digestive conversion allows it to serve as a premier ''Rasayana'' (rejuvenator).

{| class="wikitable"
! Pharmacological Parameter !! Ayurvedic Attribute !! Clinical / Physiological Influence
|-
| '''Rasa''' (Taste) || ''Katu'' (Pungent) || Ignites gastric juices, breaks down metabolic endotoxins (''Ama'')
|-
| '''Guna''' (Attributes) || ''Laghu'' (Light), ''Snigdha'' (Unctuous) || Deeply penetrates tissues without causing systemic dryness
|-
| '''Virya''' (Potency) || ''Anushna-Sheeta'' / ''Ushna'' (Mildly Warm) || Stimulates metabolic rate (''Agni'') without excessively raising systemic heat
|-
| '''Vipaka''' (Post-digestive effect) || ''Madhura'' (Sweet) || Exerts an anabolic, tissue-nourishing effect upon long-term assimilation
|-
| '''Dosha Karma''' (Humoral action) || ''Kapha-Vata Shamak'' || Pacifies pathological accumulations of mucus (''Kapha'') and nervous imbalances (''Vata'')
|}

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties of dry and wet forms==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties (Dry) !! Properties (Wet)
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Pungent (katu) || Sweet (madhura)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Neither too hot nor too cold (anushnasheeta) || Cold (sheeta)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura) ||--
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Unctuous (snigdha), Sharp (tikshna) || Heavy (guru)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[kapha]] and [[vata]]|| Increases [[vata]] and [[kapha]], pacify [[pitta]]
|-
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/3 || Shirovirechana (Catharsis of Cephalic Region)
|-
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/7 || [[Vamana]] Dravya (Herbs used for Therapeutic Emesis)
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/18 || Deepaniya – Shulaghni yavagu (Gruel for enhancing digestion and colic pain)
|-
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/23 || Pipasaghni yavagu(Gruels for excess thirst )
|-
| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/29 || Vatanulomini yavagu(Gruels for flatulence)
|-
| 6 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/31 || Kantha Roghni yavagu(Gruel for throat disorders)
|-
| 9 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(6) || Deepaniya mahakashaya(Appetisers)
|-
| 10 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(9)|| Kanthya mahakashaya(beneficial for throat & voice)
|-
| 11 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(11)|| Truptighna mahakashaya(anti-satiety)
|-
| 12 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(15)|| Krimighna mahakashaya(anti-helmintics)
|-
| 13 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(25)|| Asthapanopaga mahakashaya(helping corrective enema)
|-
| 14 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(27)|| Shirovirechanopa gmahakashaya( helping nasal errhine therapy)
|-
| 15 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(30)|| Hikkanigrahana mahakashaya(reducing hiccups)
|-
| 16 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(36)|| Kasahara mahakashaya(relieving cough)
|-
| 17 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(42)|| Sheetaprashamana mahakashaya(pacifying cold)
|-
| 18 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(45)|| Shoolaprashamana mahakashaya(anti-spasmodics)
|-
| 19 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/35
| Santarpanajanya vikara chikitsa(Management of diseases due to undernutrition)
|-
| 20 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 24/50
| Mada Murccha Chikitsa
|-
| 21 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40
| Agrya Sangraha (collections of best food articles, factors and drugs in various conditions)
|-
| 22 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/4
| Natural qualities
|-
| 23 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/256
| Krutanna Varga
|-
| 24 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/297
| Krutanna Varga
|-
| 25 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/51
| [[Veerya]] varnana(potency)
|-
| 26 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/84
| Viruddha ahara(incompatible substances)
|-
| 27 ||Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 1/15
| Nitya asevaniya padarth varnana (Dravya that are not recommended for daily use)
|-
| 28 ||Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/17
| Abhyantara Krimi Chikitsa
|-
| 29 ||Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/18
| Abhyantara Krimi Chikitsa
|-
| 30 ||Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135
| [[Vamana]] dravyani(as an ingredient of List of medicines used in therapeutic emesis)
|-
| 31 ||Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/142
| Katu skandha(group of pungent drugs)
|-
|32
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/34
|Garbhasya pratimasik karma
|-
|33
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/41
|Prajata stree paricharya(use as an ingredient in Procedure to remove placenta post-delivery)
|-
|34
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/41
|Prajata stree paricharya(use as an ingredient in Procedure to remove placenta post-delivery)
|-
|35
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/48
|Nadi kalpana
|-
|36
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/22
|Vamanartha
|-
|37
|Cha.Sa[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/23
|Vamanartha
|-
|38
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/15
|Preparations of Trivrut
|-
|39
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/29
|Preparations of Trivrut Awaleha
|-
|40
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/36
|Preparations of Modaka
|-
|41
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/37
|Preparations of Avaleha
|-
|42
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/40
|Preparation of Kalyanaka Guda
|-
|43
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/56
|Preparation of Varshakalina Trivrut Yoga
|-
|44
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/70
|Madya Yoga
|-
|45
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 9/7
|Tilvaka Yoga
|-
|46
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/5
|Danti-Dravanti Sangraha
|-
|47
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/27
|Modak Yoga
|-
|48
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/32
|Arishta Yoga
|-
|49
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/2/7
|In formulation of Amalaka avaleha
|-
|50
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/1/27
|Ingredient in Bruhaniya Gutika
|-
|51
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/1/37
|Ingredient in [[Vajikarana]] Ghrita
|-
|52
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/2/21
|Ingredient in Vrushya Ghrita
|-
|53
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/3/12
|Ingredient of Vrushya pippali yoga
|-
|54
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/3/18
|Ingredient of Vrushya Shatavari Ghrita
|-
|55
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/25
|Ingredient in Apatyakara Ghrita
|-
|56
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/31
|Ingredient in Vrushya Gutika
|-
|57
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/179
|Used as lajapeya with Shunthi where agni is manda but kshudha is present
|-
|58
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/184
|Used as peya with Ghrita where jwara is associated with Constipation(Doshanulomaka)
|-
|59
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/219
|As an ingredient of Pippalyadi Ghrita for jeerna jwara
|-
|60
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/223
|As an ingredient of Vasadi Ghrita
|-
|61
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/228
|Used for [[Vamana]] karma
|-
|62
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/243
|As an ingredient of Patoladi niruha basti
|-
|63
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/248
|Used in [[Asthapana basti|Niruha]] basti as kalka
|-
|64
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/250
|As an ingredient of Jivantyadi anuvasan basti
|-
|65
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267
|As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
|-
|66
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/303
|Used in Vishama jwara.
|-
|67
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/78
|Raktapitta- shamaka yoga in ugra raktapitta.
|-
|68
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/65
|Ingredient in Trayushanaadi ghrita
|-
|69
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/69
|Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya ghrita
|-
|70
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/71
|Ingredient of Hapushadya ghrita
|-
|71
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/74
|Ingredient of Pippalyadya ghrita
|-
|72
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/79
|Ingredient of Hingvadi churna
|-
|73
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/98
|Yush in Vataja Gulma
|-
|74
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/142
|Ingredient of Dashamuli Ghrita
|-
|75
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/144
|Ingredient in Bhallatakadya Ghrit for Kaphaj Gulma
|-
|76
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/147
|Ingredient in Kshir Shatpala Ghrita
|-
|77
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/156
|Ingredient of Danti-Haritaki
|-
|78
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/164
|Pathya Diet in Gulma
|-
|79
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/48
|As Nasya in Kushtha
|-
|80
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/61
|Ingredient in Kushthaghna Yoga
|-
|81
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/65
|Ingredient in Mustadi Churna
|-
|82
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/68
|Ingredient in Triphaladi Churna
|-
|83
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/77
|Ingredient in Kanakabindurishta
|-
|84
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/109
|Ingredient in Tiktekshvadi Taila for Abhyanga in Vata-Kaphaja Kushtha
|-
|85
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/113
|Ingredient in Kanakakshiri Taila
|-
|86
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/141
|Ingredient in Tiktashatpala Ghrita
|-
|87
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/145
|Ingredient in Mahatikta Ghrita
|-
|88
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/161
|Kushthahar Yoga
|-
|89
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/171
|Shvitra nashak Lepa
|-
|90
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/67
|Pathya diet for Pinas in treatment of Rajayakshma
|-
|91
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/91
|As a Nasya dravya(nasal errhines)
|-
|92
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/96
|Ingredient in Kharjuradi Avaleha
|-
|93
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/97
|Ingredient in Avaleha
|-
|94
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/100
|Ingredient in Avaleha
|-
|95
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/101
|Ingredient in Avaleha
|-
|96
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/103
|Ingredient in Sitopaladi Churna
|-
|97
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/108
|Ingredient in Duralabhadi Ghrita
|-
|98
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/112
|Ingredient in Jivantyadi Ghrita
|-
|99
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/115
|Ingredient in Baladi Kshirapaka
|-
|100
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/137
|As a Kaval dravya for Mukhashodhanartha
|-
|101
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/142
|Ingredient in Yavani shadava
|-
|102
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/145
|Ingredient in Talishadi Churna
|-
|103
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/169
|Ingredient in Strotosuddhikar Ghrit
|-
|104
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/169
|Ingredient in Strotosuddhikara Ghrit
|-
|105
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/171
|Ingredient in Yakshmanashak Ghrita
|-
|106
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/34
|Ingredient in Hingvadi Ghrita
|-
|107
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/49
|Ingredient in Lasunadya Ghrita
|-
|108
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/54
|Ingredient in Apara Lasunadya Ghrita
|-
|109
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/65
|Used as Nashya and Anjan prayogartha
|-
|110
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/70
|Ingredient in Siddharthakadi Agada
|-
|111
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/20
|Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrita
|-
|112
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/37
|Ingredient in Apasmar nashak Dhupa and Pradeha
|-
|113
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/43
|As a Nasya dravya
|-
|114
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/45
|As a Pradhaman nasya dravya
|-
|115
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/46
|Ingredient in Kayasthadi varti
|-
|116
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/48
|Ingredient in Mustadi varti
|-
|117
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/20
|As a diet and drinks in treatment of Kshatakshin
|-
|118
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/21
|Ingerdient in Eladi Gutika
|-
|119
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/30
|As a diet in treatment of Kshatakshina
|-
|120
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/33
|As a diet in treatment of Kshatakshina
|-
|121
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/37
|Ingredient in Amrutprash Ghrita
|-
|122
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/48
|Ingredient in Samasaktu Ghrita
|-
|123
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/58
|Ingredient in Dvitiya Sarpiguda
|-
|124
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/66
|Ingredient in Chaturtha Sarpiguda
|-
|125
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/72
|Ingredient in Pancham Sarpimodaka
|-
|126
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/79
|For Kasa and Jvara roga in Kshatkshina
|-
|127
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/21
|In treatment of Kaphaja Shvayathu
|-
|128
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/23
|In treatment of Vataja Shvayathu
|-
|129
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/24
|In treatment of Vataja Shvayathu
|-
|130
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/27
|For bhinna varch in treatment of Vataja Shvayathu
|-
|131
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/29
|Ingredient in Gandiradhyarishta
|-
|132
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/30
|Ingredient in Gandiradhyarishta
|-
|133
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/32
|Ingredient in Ashtashatorishta
|-
|134
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/39
|Ingredient in Triphaladhyarishta
|-
|135
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/41
|Ingredient in Krishnadi Churna
|-
|136
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/42
|Ingredient in Krishnadi Churna
|-
|137
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43
|Ingredient in Kshara Gudika
|-
|138
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/50
|Ingredient in Kansaharitaki Avaleh
|-
|139
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/53
|Ingredient in Patolamuladi Kwatha
|-
|140
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/55
|Ingredient in Chitrakadi Ghrita
|-
|141
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/62
|As a Pathya Diet in treatment of Shvayathu
|-
|142
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/62
|As a Pathya Diet in treatment of Shvayathu
|-
|143
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/66
|For Lepa, Abhyangadi Bahyaprayogartha
|-
|144
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/70
|Bahyaprayogarth Lepa in Kaphaja Shvayathu
|-
|145
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/79
|In treatment of plihodara
|-
|146
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/84
|In formulation of rohitaka ghrita
|-
|147
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/102
|In treatment of sannipataja udara roga (takraprayoga)
|-
|148
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/105
|In treatment of vatodara (takra prayoga)
|-
|149
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/106
|In treatment of chhidrodara (takraprayoga)
|-
|150
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/106
|In treatment of dakodar(takraprayoga)
|-
|151
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/108
|As an ingredient of udara roganashaka lepa
|-
|152
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/112
|In formulation of panchkola ghrita
|-
|153
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/122
|After virechana (balavruddhi arthe) mixed with dugdha
|-
|154
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/126
|As an ingredient of Narayana churna
|-
|155
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/134
|As an ingredient of Hapushadya churna
|-
|156
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/137
|As an ingredient of Nilinadya churna
|-
|157
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/158
|As an ingredient of Pippalyadi lavana
|-
|158
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/163
|As an ingredient of kshara vatika
|-
|159
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/148
|Kalka used in udara roga with milk
|-
|160
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/50
|Dhupan yoga in arsha roga (Recipes for smearing and fumigation)
|-
|161
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/52
|Used as lepa over arsha
|-
|162
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/54
|Used as lepa (external application)
|-
|163
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/62
|As an ingredient of Traushnadi churna
|-
|164
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/71
|Panchakola churna is given with takra
|-
|165
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/72
|As an ingredient of takrarishta
|-
|166
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/89
|Used in peya, khada yusha, ghrita, siddha jala
|-
|167
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/92
|Used in yavagu
|-
|168
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/103
|Use with phanita and goghrita
|-
|169
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/104
|As an ingredient of pippalyadi ghrita
|-
|170
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/106
|Removes vata and vibandha
|-
|171
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/107
|As an ingredient of Cavyadi ghrita
|-
|172
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/110
|As an ingredient of Nagaradya ghrita
|-
|173
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/131
|Used in anuvasana basti
|-
|174
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/138
|As an ingredient of Abhayarishta
|-
|175
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/155
|As an ingredient of dvitiya phalarista
|-
|176
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/158
|As an ingredient of Kanakarista
|-
|177
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/235
|As an ingredient of Sunishanak changeri ghrit
|-
|178
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/74
|Used for vamana in amaja grahani roga(for emesis therapy)
|-
|179
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/76
|Panchakola sadhita peya and Anna is given in Amaja grahani roga
|-
|180
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/82
|As an ingredient of dashmuladya ghrita
|-
|181
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/87
|As an ingredient of traushnaadi ghrita
|-
|182
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/88
|As an ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrita evum churna
|-
|183
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/96
|As an ingredient of chitrakadhya gutika
|-
|184
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/105
|Used in kaphapittaja grahani
|-
|185
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/106
|Agnivruddhiartha and for alleviating kostha gaya kayu in grahani roga
|-
|186
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/112
|Used as ingredient of yavagu
|-
|187
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/127
|As an ingredient of Chandanadhya ghrita(kalka dravya)
|-
|188
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/132
|This drug is used in treatment of pittaja grahani as an ingredient of Bhunimbadhya churna
|-
|189
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/137
|As an ingredient of Kiratadya churna (Pittaja Grahani chiktsa)
|-
|190
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/142
|Used as peya padartha in Kaphaja grahani
|-
|191
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/154
|As an ingredient of Duralabhasava(Kaphaja grahani )
|-
|192
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/160
|As an ingredient of Pindasava
|-
|193
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/163
|As an ingredient of Madhvarishta
|-
|194
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/168
|Used in treatment of Kaphaja grahani
|-
|195
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/173
|As an ingredient of Pippalimooladi Kshara
|-
|196
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/177
|ingredient of Bhallataka Kshara
|-
|197
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/178
|As an ingredient of Bhallataka Kshara
|-
|198
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/189
|As an ingredient of Bhallataka Kshara
|-
|199
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/75
|Used for vamana in hikka shwasa roga(For emesis)
|-
|200
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/97
|Used in yusha preparation for hikka shvasa
|-
|201
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/104
|Used as annapana for hikka shvasa
|-
|202
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/108
|As an ingredient of hingvadi churna
|-
|203
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/111
|Used in preparation of Utkarika
|-
|204
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/112
|Siddha ghrit is used in vatanubandhi shvasa
|-
|205
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/123
|As an ingredient of shatyadi churna
|-
|206
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/136
|Used as lihya
|-
|207
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/140
|As an ingredient of dashamuladhya ghrita
|-
|208
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/141
|As an ingredient of Tejovatyadi ghrita
|-
|209
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/36
|As a ghrita dravya
|-
|210
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/47
|As an ingredient of yoga dravya
|-
|211
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/51
|As an ingredient of leha dravya
|-
|212
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/55
|Use as an ingredient of chitrakadi leha
|-
|213
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/60
|Use as an ingredient of Agastya haritaki
|-
|214
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/63
|Use as an ingredient of Saindhavadi yoga
|-
|215
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/64
|Use as an ingredient of Khadirasara yoga
|-
|216
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/71
|Use as an ingredient of praproundarika dhuma
|-
|217
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/74
|Use as an ingredient of dhumapana yoga(medicated smoke inhalation)
|-
|218
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/77
|Use as an ingredient of peya yoga
|-
|219
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/87
|Use as an ingredient of leha yoga in pittaja kasa
|-
|220
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/87
|Use as an ingredient of leha yoga in pittaja kasa
|-
|221
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/88
|Use as an ingredient of leha yoga in pittaja kasa
|-
|222
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/89
|Use as an ingredient of leha yoga in pittaja kasa
|-
|223
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/91
|Use as an ingredient of mrudvikadi leha
|-
|224
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/94
|Use as an ingredient of pippalyadi leha
|-
|225
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/100
|Use as an ingredient of kshirapaka
|-
|226
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/103
|Use as an ingredient of yoga dravya
|-
|227
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/109
|Use as an ingredient of yusha dravya in kaphaja kasa
|-
|228
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/114
|Use as an ingredient of pathadi kalka
|-
|229
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/118
|Use as an ingredient of vatanubandhi kaphaja kasa treatment
|-
|230
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/116
|Use it as a kwatha dravya(decoction)
|-
|231
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/119
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|232
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/120
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|233
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/120
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|234
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/121
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|235
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/122
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|236
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/135
|Use as an ingredient of pippalyadi leha
|-
|237
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/159
|Use as an ingredient of dwipanchamuladi ghrita
|-
|238
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/161
|Use as an ingredient of guduchyadi ghrita
|-
|239
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/163
|Use as an ingredient of kashmaryadi ghrita
|-
|240
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/166
|Use as an ingredient of ghrita yoga
|-
|241
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/169
|Use as an ingredient of haritaki leha
|-
|242
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/172
|Use as a yoga dravya in treatment of kshayaja kasa
|-
|243
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/20
|Use as a pramathya dravya
|-
|244
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/27
|
As a ingridient of dipaniya and sangrahi gana
|-
|245
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/80
|As a dravya in Darvyadi ghrita preparation
|-
|246
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/106
|As a kwatha dravya
|-
|247
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/114
|
As a dravya in yoga
|-
|248
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/118
|
As a piccha basti dravya
|-
|249
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/113
|Use it with madhu
|-
|250
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/28
|As an ingredient of lehya prayoga in Pittaja chhardi
|-
|251
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/34
|For vamana in Kaphaja chhardi(for emesis)
|-
|252
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/39
|As an ingredient of Manahshiladi yoga
|-
|253
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/31
|As a pana yoga in Pittaja chhardi
|-
|254
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/52
|For Vamana karma(for emesis)
|-
|255
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/129
|Used in granthi visarpa
|-
|256
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 22/53
|For cleansing the mouth
|-
|257
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/50
|For sangyasthapana in 6th vega of visha
|-
|258
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/56
|As an ingredient of Mritasanjeevana Agada
|-
|259
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/183
|Used in netragata visha, as anjana prayoga
|-
|260
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/185
|Used in the treatment of pakvashaya - gata visha
|-
|261
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/189
|Used in the treatment of Kapha pradhana visha, as a pratisarana prayoga
|-
|262
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/96
|As an ingredient of Hingvadi yoga
|-
|263
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/12
|Used to make Udavarta varti
|-
|264
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/14
|Used in udavarta for pradhamana
|-
|265
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/14
|Used in udavarta for pradhamana
|-
|266
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/21
|As an ingredient of Vachadi churna
|-
|267
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/55
|As an ingredient of Vyoshadi churn used in Kaphaja mutrakruchhra
|-
|268
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/60
|As an ingredient of Pashanbhedadi churna
|-
|269
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87
|As an ingredient of Trushanadi Ghrita
|-
|270
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/97
|Used in Kaphaja Hrudroga
|-
|271
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/98
|As an ingredient of Udumbaravleha
|-
|272
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/145
|Used as nasya in Pakva peenasa
|-
|273
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/150
|Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya
|-
|274
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/152
|Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya for pradhamana
|-
|275
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/153
|As an ingredient of Bhargyadi taila
|-
|276
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/156
|Pathya anna in kaphaja pratishyaya
|-
|277
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/186
|Used in Kaphaja Siroroga for Avapeeda nasya
|-
|278
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/188
|As an ingredient of Pippalyadi churna for kavala karma
|-
|279
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/192
|As an ingredient of Kshara gutika
|-
|280
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/194
|As an ingredient of Kalaka churna
|-
|281
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/198
|As an ingredient of Mrudvikadi churna
|-
|282
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/216,217
|Used in Kavala in Arochaka
|-
|283
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/242
|As an ingredient of Saindhavadi churna
|-
|284
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/247
|As an ingredient of Churnanjana
|-
|285
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/252
|As an ingredient of Sukhavati varti
|-
|286
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/258
|As an ingredient of Pippalyadi rasakriya
|-
|287
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/261
|As an ingredient of Dhatryadi rasakriya
|-
|288
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/270
|As an ingredient of Mahaneela taila
|-
|289
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/276
|As an ingredient of Prapoundrakadi taila
|-
|290
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/287
|Used in Kaphaja swarbheda(Treatment of hoarseness of voice)
|-
|291
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/28

|As Urustambha Nashaka Dravya(disease of thigh)
|-
|292
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/31
|As an ingredient of Urustambha nashaka Yoga
|-
|293
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/32
|As an ingredient of Urustambha nashaka Yoga
|-
|294
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/38
|As an ingredient of Swarnakshiradi Yoga
|-
|295
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/122
|As an ingredient of Chitrakadi ghrita
|-
|296
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/168
|As an ingredient of Mulakadya taila
|-
|297
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/64
|As an ingredient of Jeevaniya Ghrita
|-
|298
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/80
|Used as Shruta
|-
|299
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/99
|As an ingredient of Sukumaraka taila
|-
|300
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/152
|As an ingredient of Triphaladi kalka in tridoshaja shoola
|-
|301
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/50
|As an ingredient of Baladi sneha, used in the treatment of Vata – Pittaja yoni roga
|-
|302
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/54
|As an ingredient of Pippalyadi yoga
|-
|303
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/57
|As an ingredient of Vrushakadi churna, used in the treatment of Vataja yoni
|-
|304
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/66
|As an ingredient of Bruhad Shatavari ghrita
|-
|305
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/72
|As an ingredient of Pippalyadi varti
|-
|306
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/84
|As an ingredient of Pippalyadi Churna
|-
|307
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/109
|Used in the treatment of Karnini
|-
|308
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/280
|Used in the treatment of Gaurava stanya dosha, as an ingredient of Pippalyadi kwatha
|-
|309
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/119
|Used in the treatment of Shveta pradara
|-
|310
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/150
|Magadhi rasayana, used in the treatment of Kapha dushta shukra dosha
|-
|}

==Dose==
* 1-3 gm churna<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2:60</ref>
==Useful part==
* Fruit<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2:60</ref>
==Important Formulation==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2:60</ref>
* Amrutarishta
* Ayaskruti
* Cyavanaprash Avaleha
* Gudapippali
* Kumaryasava
* Chandanasava
* Shiva gulika
* Kaishora Guggulu
== Current availability==

Available

* In India: Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Tamilanadu.

== Current researches ==

== Phytochemical Composition ==
The therapeutic matrix of ''Piper longum'' features an array of secondary metabolites distributed across its fruits and roots. The biological activity is primarily attributed to its nitrogenous plant bases.

* '''Alkaloids & Amides:''' The primary bioactive markers are amide alkaloids, with '''piperine''' being the most abundant (ranging from 5% to 9% in the fruit spikes). Other critical structural analogs include '''piperlongumine''' (piplartine), '''piperlonguminine''', '''pipermondeine''', '''chavicine''', and '''sylvatine'''.
** ''Chemical Formula of Piperine:'' C17H19NO3
* '''Lignans:''' It contains dense phenolic compounds like '''sesamin''', '''asarinin''', and '''fargesin''', which exhibit robust antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties.
* '''Essential Oils:''' The volatile fraction (approx. 1%) contains complex sesquiterpenes and monoterpenes, predominantly '''β-caryophyllene''', '''limonene''', '''sabinene''', '''pinene''', and '''p-cymene'''.

<blockquote>'''Classical Safety Maxim:''' Ancient texts (e.g., ''Charaka Samhita, Vimana Sthana'') warn that despite its vast therapeutic applications, isolated Pippali should not be used in high doses continuously over long durations unless processed via specialized, graduated administrative protocols such as '''Vardhamana Pippali Rasayana''' (a controlled, step-up/step-down daily dosing system).</blockquote>

== Evidence-Based Therapeutic Efficacy and Pharmacological Actions ==

=== Bioavailability Enhancement (Bioenhancer Activity) ===
Pippali is celebrated as the world's first scientifically validated bioenhancer. Through its major alkaloid, piperine, it significantly alters the pharmacokinetics of a wide spectrum of co-administered drugs and micronutrients.

* '''Mechanism:''' Piperine enhances absorption by increasing gastrointestinal blood supply and altering membrane dynamics. Simultaneously, it acts as a potent inhibitor of '''Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)''' enzymes and '''P-glycoprotein (P-gp)''' efflux pumps, downregulating the first-pass hepatic metabolism and intestinal elimination of foreign molecules. It also inhibits hepatic glucuronidation.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Clinical and preclinical studies demonstrate that co-administering piperine with anti-tubercular drugs (Rifampicin, Isoniazid), antibiotics, and poorly absorbed phytochemicals (like curcumin) boosts their peak plasma concentration (Cmax) and bioavailability by up to 2000%, allowing for a reduction in standard synthetic drug dosages and their subsequent side effects.<ref name="Johri1992" /><ref name="Shoba1998" />

=== Immunomodulatory and Antitumor Efficacy ===
Extracts of ''Piper longum'' demonstrate a distinct dual action: selective cytotoxicity against malignant cell lines alongside immunostimulatory activity in healthy tissues.

* '''Mechanism:''' The alkaloid '''piperlongumine''' selectively induces apoptosis in cancer cells by accelerating reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and downregulating anti-apoptotic signals like Bcl-2 and Nuclear Factor-kappa B (NF-κB), while sparing healthy cell architectures. Concurrently, it stimulates bone marrow hematopoietic lineages.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Oral administration of an alcoholic extract of ''P. longum'' (10 mg/dose/animal) and isolated piperine (1.14 mg/dose/animal) significantly restricted solid tumor development induced by Dalton's Lymphoma Ascites (DLA) cells. It extended the life span of Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) tumor-bearing mice by 37.3% and 58.8%, respectively, while actively increasing total White Blood Cell (WBC) counts and bone marrow cellularity.<ref name="Sunila2004" />

=== Respiratory and Antiasthmatic Activity ===
Pippali is traditionally indicated for ''Kasa'' (cough) and ''Shwasa'' (asthma). Modern pharmacology supports this through its profound anti-allergic and bronchodilatory properties.

* '''Mechanism:''' Active amides modulate the degranulation of mast cells, significantly suppressing the release of inflammatory mediators like histamine, leukotrienes, and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-4).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Clinical evaluations of ''Piper longum'' fruit powder in children with bronchial asthma revealed a distinct reduction in the severity of asthmatic attacks, improvement in peak expiratory flow rates, and a decrease in absolute eosinophil counts, validating its historical role as a lung tonic.<ref name="Dahanukar1984" />

=== Anti-inflammatory and Anti-arthritic Action ===
The underlying amides in Pippali target chronic inflammatory pathways driving musculoskeletal and joint disorders.

* '''Mechanism:''' ''P. longum'' constituents inhibit the expression of '''cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)''' and lipoxygenase (LOX) pathways, thereby impeding the biosynthesis of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In vivo studies using Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis models showed that treated animal cohorts experienced a significant reduction in paw edema and structural joint degradation. The anti-inflammatory effect was comparable to standard NSAIDs like indomethacin, but without the associated gastric mucosal erosion.<ref name="Stohr2001" />

=== Hepatoprotective Profile ===
''Piper longum'' acts as a metabolic safeguard against xenobiotic-induced hepatotoxicity.

* '''Mechanism:''' Its secondary metabolites combat lipid peroxidation, preserving hepatic structural integrity and boosting endogenous antioxidant enzymes such as Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), and reduced Glutathione (GSH).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' When tested against anti-tubercular drug-induced liver injury, aqueous extracts of ''P. longum'' successfully normalized serum biomarker enzymes—including Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) and Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)—shielding hepatic tissue from oxidative stress.

== Clinical Indications, Dosage, and Safety Profile ==

=== Primary Clinical Indications ===
# '''Pulmonary Conditions:''' Obstructive airway diseases, chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, and recurrent cough.
# '''Gastrointestinal Disorders:''' Chronic indigestion (''Agnimandya''), flatulence, anorexia, and malabsorption syndromes.
# '''Systemic & Metabolic Conditions:''' Chronic low-grade inflammation, splenomegaly, obesity, and intermittent fevers.

=== Standard Therapeutic Dosage ===
* '''Crude Fruit Powder (''Churna''):''' 0.5 to 1.5 g per day in divided doses, traditionally administered with honey, warm water, or clarified butter (''Ghruta'').
* '''Classic Formulations:''' ''[[Trikatu]] Churna'' (equal parts ''Pippali'', ''[[Maricha]]'', and ''[[Shunthi]]''), ''Pippali [[Rasayana]]'', ''Pippaliasava''.

=== Safety, Toxicity, and Contraindications ===
Toxicological profiles show that ''Piper longum'' is highly safe when used within traditional therapeutic dose boundaries. Acute and sub-chronic toxicity studies in animal models demonstrate no significant target organ toxicity.

However, because it significantly modulates drug-metabolizing enzymes (CYP3A4) and P-glycoprotein, patients on critical, narrow-therapeutic-index prescription medications (e.g., phenytoin, propranolol, theophylline, rifampicin) should use Pippali under medical supervision to avoid unintended spikes in therapeutic drug concentrations.

== References ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="Dahanukar1984">Dahanukar, S. A., Karandikar, S. M., & Desai, M. (1984). Efficacy of ''Piper longum'' in childhood asthma. ''Journal of Postgraduate Medicine'', 30(4), 205–207.</ref>

<ref name="Johri1992">Johri, R. K., & Zutshi, U. (1992). An Ayurvedic formulation ‘Trikatu’ and its constituents. ''Journal of Ethnopharmacology'', 37(2), 85–91.</ref>

<ref name="Shoba1998">Shoba, G., Joy, D., Joseph, T., Majeed, M., Rajendran, R., & Srinivas, P. S. (1998). Influence of piperine on the pharmacokinetics of curcumin in animals and human volunteers. ''Planta Medica'', 64(04), 353–356.</ref>

<ref name="Stohr2001">Stöhr, J. R., Xiao, P. G., & Bauer, R. (2001). Constituents of ''Piper longum'' and their inhibitory effects on prostaglandin and leukotriene biosynthesis. ''Journal of Ethnopharmacology'', 75(2-3), 133–139.</ref>

<ref name="Sunila2004">Sunila, E. S., & Kuttan, G. (2004). Immunomodulatory and antitumor activity of ''Piper longum'' Linn. and piperine. ''Journal of Ethnopharmacology'', 90(2-3), 339–346.</ref>
}}

== External links==

[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Piper%20longum IMPPAT Database]

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Pippali

2026-07-10T06:15:45Z

Agnivesha:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= Pippali,Piper longum L.,Long Pepper, Indian Long Pepper, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description='''''Piper longum''''' Linn., commonly known as Long Pepper or '''Pippali''', is a cornerstone herb in traditional Asian medicine systems, notably [[Ayurveda]]
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
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[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long%20pepper Piper longum L.]

{{Infobox
|title = Pippali
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Pippali
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Piper longum L.
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Piperaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = Dravyaguna Team
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

== Introduction and Botanical Characterization ==

'''''Piper longum''''' Linn., commonly known as Long Pepper or '''Pippali''', is a cornerstone herb in traditional Asian medicine systems, notably [[Ayurveda]], Unani, and Siddha. Belonging to the family Piperaceae, it is a slender, aromatic, perennial climber with woody roots and creeping jointed stems that root at the nodes.

Indigenous to the tropical rainforests of the Indo-Malaya region, it grows wild along the hotter regions of India, Nepal, Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, and the Philippines. The primary economically and therapeutically viable parts are its dried, unripe fruit spikes and its thick, perennial roots (known classically as ''Pippalimula'').

=== Taxonomical Hierarchy ===
* '''Kingdom:''' Plantae
* '''Order:''' Piperales
* '''Family:''' Piperaceae
* '''Genus:''' ''Piper''
* '''Species:''' ''P. longum''
[[File:Pippali.jpg|thumb|'''Pippali (''Piper longum'')''']]

=== Vernacular Names ===
* '''Sanskrit:''' Pippali, Magadhi, Kana, Ushana, Chapala
* '''Hindi:''' Pipal, Pipli
* '''English:''' Long Pepper, Indian Long Pepper
* '''Tamil:''' Thippili
* '''Telugu:''' Pippallu

==Therapeutic uses==
Shula(Colic), Chhardi(vomiting), Kaasa(Cough), [[Jwara]](Fever)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2:60</ref>

==Types==
===Raja Nighantu===
Mentioned 4 types<ref>Dr. Indradev Tripathi , Raja Nighantu of pandit Narhari, ed.2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, pippalyadi varga, verse no. 15,18,20,23</ref>
# Pippali
# Gaja pippali
# Simhali Pippali
# Vanaadi pippali

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==

Pippali, Krishna(Dry fruit are black in colour), Magadhi(it is abunduntly available in magadha desh), Upakulya(Pippali grows near or along side of water streams), Kana(fruits are small berries), Vaidehi(it is very common in videha desa), Chapala(Which cure many disease), Kolaa(Pippali has got pungent taste , if taken causes burning sensation in tongue), Tikshnatandula(Seeds of pippali is spicy)

==Synonyms in bhavprakash nighantu==
Shaundi<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 53, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020;</ref>

== Traditional Ayurvedic Pharmacodynamics ==

In classical Ayurvedic Dravyaguna (pharmacology), Pippali holds a unique, paradoxical status. While most pungent herbs aggravate systemic heat, Pippali's distinct post-digestive conversion allows it to serve as a premier ''Rasayana'' (rejuvenator).

{| class="wikitable"
! Pharmacological Parameter !! Ayurvedic Attribute !! Clinical / Physiological Influence
|-
| '''Rasa''' (Taste) || ''Katu'' (Pungent) || Ignites gastric juices, breaks down metabolic endotoxins (''Ama'')
|-
| '''Guna''' (Attributes) || ''Laghu'' (Light), ''Snigdha'' (Unctuous) || Deeply penetrates tissues without causing systemic dryness
|-
| '''Virya''' (Potency) || ''Anushna-Sheeta'' / ''Ushna'' (Mildly Warm) || Stimulates metabolic rate (''Agni'') without excessively raising systemic heat
|-
| '''Vipaka''' (Post-digestive effect) || ''Madhura'' (Sweet) || Exerts an anabolic, tissue-nourishing effect upon long-term assimilation
|-
| '''Dosha Karma''' (Humoral action) || ''Kapha-Vata Shamak'' || Pacifies pathological accumulations of mucus (''Kapha'') and nervous imbalances (''Vata'')
|}

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties of dry and wet forms==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties (Dry) !! Properties (Wet)
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Pungent (katu) || Sweet (madhura)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Neither too hot nor too cold (anushnasheeta) || Cold (sheeta)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura) ||--
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Unctuous (snigdha), Sharp (tikshna) || Heavy (guru)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[kapha]] and [[vata]]|| Increases [[vata]] and [[kapha]], pacify [[pitta]]
|-
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/3 || Shirovirechana (Catharsis of Cephalic Region)
|-
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/7 || [[Vamana]] Dravya (Herbs used for Therapeutic Emesis)
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/18 || Deepaniya – Shulaghni yavagu (Gruel for enhancing digestion and colic pain)
|-
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/23 || Pipasaghni yavagu(Gruels for excess thirst )
|-
| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/29 || Vatanulomini yavagu(Gruels for flatulence)
|-
| 6 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/31 || Kantha Roghni yavagu(Gruel for throat disorders)
|-
| 9 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(6) || Deepaniya mahakashaya(Appetisers)
|-
| 10 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(9)|| Kanthya mahakashaya(beneficial for throat & voice)
|-
| 11 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(11)|| Truptighna mahakashaya(anti-satiety)
|-
| 12 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(15)|| Krimighna mahakashaya(anti-helmintics)
|-
| 13 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(25)|| Asthapanopaga mahakashaya(helping corrective enema)
|-
| 14 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(27)|| Shirovirechanopa gmahakashaya( helping nasal errhine therapy)
|-
| 15 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(30)|| Hikkanigrahana mahakashaya(reducing hiccups)
|-
| 16 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(36)|| Kasahara mahakashaya(relieving cough)
|-
| 17 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(42)|| Sheetaprashamana mahakashaya(pacifying cold)
|-
| 18 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(45)|| Shoolaprashamana mahakashaya(anti-spasmodics)
|-
| 19 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/35
| Santarpanajanya vikara chikitsa(Management of diseases due to undernutrition)
|-
| 20 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 24/50
| Mada Murccha Chikitsa
|-
| 21 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40
| Agrya Sangraha (collections of best food articles, factors and drugs in various conditions)
|-
| 22 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/4
| Natural qualities
|-
| 23 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/256
| Krutanna Varga
|-
| 24 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/297
| Krutanna Varga
|-
| 25 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/51
| [[Veerya]] varnana(potency)
|-
| 26 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/84
| Viruddha ahara(incompatible substances)
|-
| 27 ||Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 1/15
| Nitya asevaniya padarth varnana (Dravya that are not recommended for daily use)
|-
| 28 ||Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/17
| Abhyantara Krimi Chikitsa
|-
| 29 ||Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/18
| Abhyantara Krimi Chikitsa
|-
| 30 ||Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135
| [[Vamana]] dravyani(as an ingredient of List of medicines used in therapeutic emesis)
|-
| 31 ||Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/142
| Katu skandha(group of pungent drugs)
|-
|32
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/34
|Garbhasya pratimasik karma
|-
|33
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/41
|Prajata stree paricharya(use as an ingredient in Procedure to remove placenta post-delivery)
|-
|34
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/41
|Prajata stree paricharya(use as an ingredient in Procedure to remove placenta post-delivery)
|-
|35
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/48
|Nadi kalpana
|-
|36
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/22
|Vamanartha
|-
|37
|Cha.Sa[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/23
|Vamanartha
|-
|38
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/15
|Preparations of Trivrut
|-
|39
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/29
|Preparations of Trivrut Awaleha
|-
|40
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/36
|Preparations of Modaka
|-
|41
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/37
|Preparations of Avaleha
|-
|42
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/40
|Preparation of Kalyanaka Guda
|-
|43
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/56
|Preparation of Varshakalina Trivrut Yoga
|-
|44
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/70
|Madya Yoga
|-
|45
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 9/7
|Tilvaka Yoga
|-
|46
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/5
|Danti-Dravanti Sangraha
|-
|47
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/27
|Modak Yoga
|-
|48
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/32
|Arishta Yoga
|-
|49
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/2/7
|In formulation of Amalaka avaleha
|-
|50
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/1/27
|Ingredient in Bruhaniya Gutika
|-
|51
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/1/37
|Ingredient in [[Vajikarana]] Ghrita
|-
|52
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/2/21
|Ingredient in Vrushya Ghrita
|-
|53
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/3/12
|Ingredient of Vrushya pippali yoga
|-
|54
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/3/18
|Ingredient of Vrushya Shatavari Ghrita
|-
|55
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/25
|Ingredient in Apatyakara Ghrita
|-
|56
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/31
|Ingredient in Vrushya Gutika
|-
|57
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/179
|Used as lajapeya with Shunthi where agni is manda but kshudha is present
|-
|58
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/184
|Used as peya with Ghrita where jwara is associated with Constipation(Doshanulomaka)
|-
|59
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/219
|As an ingredient of Pippalyadi Ghrita for jeerna jwara
|-
|60
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/223
|As an ingredient of Vasadi Ghrita
|-
|61
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/228
|Used for [[Vamana]] karma
|-
|62
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/243
|As an ingredient of Patoladi niruha basti
|-
|63
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/248
|Used in [[Asthapana basti|Niruha]] basti as kalka
|-
|64
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/250
|As an ingredient of Jivantyadi anuvasan basti
|-
|65
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267
|As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
|-
|66
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/303
|Used in Vishama jwara.
|-
|67
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/78
|Raktapitta- shamaka yoga in ugra raktapitta.
|-
|68
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/65
|Ingredient in Trayushanaadi ghrita
|-
|69
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/69
|Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya ghrita
|-
|70
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/71
|Ingredient of Hapushadya ghrita
|-
|71
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/74
|Ingredient of Pippalyadya ghrita
|-
|72
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/79
|Ingredient of Hingvadi churna
|-
|73
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/98
|Yush in Vataja Gulma
|-
|74
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/142
|Ingredient of Dashamuli Ghrita
|-
|75
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/144
|Ingredient in Bhallatakadya Ghrit for Kaphaj Gulma
|-
|76
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/147
|Ingredient in Kshir Shatpala Ghrita
|-
|77
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/156
|Ingredient of Danti-Haritaki
|-
|78
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/164
|Pathya Diet in Gulma
|-
|79
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/48
|As Nasya in Kushtha
|-
|80
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/61
|Ingredient in Kushthaghna Yoga
|-
|81
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/65
|Ingredient in Mustadi Churna
|-
|82
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/68
|Ingredient in Triphaladi Churna
|-
|83
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/77
|Ingredient in Kanakabindurishta
|-
|84
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/109
|Ingredient in Tiktekshvadi Taila for Abhyanga in Vata-Kaphaja Kushtha
|-
|85
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/113
|Ingredient in Kanakakshiri Taila
|-
|86
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/141
|Ingredient in Tiktashatpala Ghrita
|-
|87
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/145
|Ingredient in Mahatikta Ghrita
|-
|88
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/161
|Kushthahar Yoga
|-
|89
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/171
|Shvitra nashak Lepa
|-
|90
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/67
|Pathya diet for Pinas in treatment of Rajayakshma
|-
|91
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/91
|As a Nasya dravya(nasal errhines)
|-
|92
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/96
|Ingredient in Kharjuradi Avaleha
|-
|93
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/97
|Ingredient in Avaleha
|-
|94
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/100
|Ingredient in Avaleha
|-
|95
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/101
|Ingredient in Avaleha
|-
|96
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/103
|Ingredient in Sitopaladi Churna
|-
|97
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/108
|Ingredient in Duralabhadi Ghrita
|-
|98
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/112
|Ingredient in Jivantyadi Ghrita
|-
|99
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/115
|Ingredient in Baladi Kshirapaka
|-
|100
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/137
|As a Kaval dravya for Mukhashodhanartha
|-
|101
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/142
|Ingredient in Yavani shadava
|-
|102
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/145
|Ingredient in Talishadi Churna
|-
|103
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/169
|Ingredient in Strotosuddhikar Ghrit
|-
|104
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/169
|Ingredient in Strotosuddhikara Ghrit
|-
|105
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/171
|Ingredient in Yakshmanashak Ghrita
|-
|106
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/34
|Ingredient in Hingvadi Ghrita
|-
|107
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/49
|Ingredient in Lasunadya Ghrita
|-
|108
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/54
|Ingredient in Apara Lasunadya Ghrita
|-
|109
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/65
|Used as Nashya and Anjan prayogartha
|-
|110
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/70
|Ingredient in Siddharthakadi Agada
|-
|111
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/20
|Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrita
|-
|112
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/37
|Ingredient in Apasmar nashak Dhupa and Pradeha
|-
|113
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/43
|As a Nasya dravya
|-
|114
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/45
|As a Pradhaman nasya dravya
|-
|115
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/46
|Ingredient in Kayasthadi varti
|-
|116
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/48
|Ingredient in Mustadi varti
|-
|117
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/20
|As a diet and drinks in treatment of Kshatakshin
|-
|118
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/21
|Ingerdient in Eladi Gutika
|-
|119
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/30
|As a diet in treatment of Kshatakshina
|-
|120
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/33
|As a diet in treatment of Kshatakshina
|-
|121
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/37
|Ingredient in Amrutprash Ghrita
|-
|122
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/48
|Ingredient in Samasaktu Ghrita
|-
|123
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/58
|Ingredient in Dvitiya Sarpiguda
|-
|124
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/66
|Ingredient in Chaturtha Sarpiguda
|-
|125
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/72
|Ingredient in Pancham Sarpimodaka
|-
|126
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/79
|For Kasa and Jvara roga in Kshatkshina
|-
|127
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/21
|In treatment of Kaphaja Shvayathu
|-
|128
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/23
|In treatment of Vataja Shvayathu
|-
|129
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/24
|In treatment of Vataja Shvayathu
|-
|130
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/27
|For bhinna varch in treatment of Vataja Shvayathu
|-
|131
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/29
|Ingredient in Gandiradhyarishta
|-
|132
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/30
|Ingredient in Gandiradhyarishta
|-
|133
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/32
|Ingredient in Ashtashatorishta
|-
|134
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/39
|Ingredient in Triphaladhyarishta
|-
|135
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/41
|Ingredient in Krishnadi Churna
|-
|136
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/42
|Ingredient in Krishnadi Churna
|-
|137
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43
|Ingredient in Kshara Gudika
|-
|138
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/50
|Ingredient in Kansaharitaki Avaleh
|-
|139
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/53
|Ingredient in Patolamuladi Kwatha
|-
|140
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/55
|Ingredient in Chitrakadi Ghrita
|-
|141
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/62
|As a Pathya Diet in treatment of Shvayathu
|-
|142
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/62
|As a Pathya Diet in treatment of Shvayathu
|-
|143
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/66
|For Lepa, Abhyangadi Bahyaprayogartha
|-
|144
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/70
|Bahyaprayogarth Lepa in Kaphaja Shvayathu
|-
|145
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/79
|In treatment of plihodara
|-
|146
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/84
|In formulation of rohitaka ghrita
|-
|147
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/102
|In treatment of sannipataja udara roga (takraprayoga)
|-
|148
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/105
|In treatment of vatodara (takra prayoga)
|-
|149
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/106
|In treatment of chhidrodara (takraprayoga)
|-
|150
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/106
|In treatment of dakodar(takraprayoga)
|-
|151
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/108
|As an ingredient of udara roganashaka lepa
|-
|152
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/112
|In formulation of panchkola ghrita
|-
|153
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/122
|After virechana (balavruddhi arthe) mixed with dugdha
|-
|154
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/126
|As an ingredient of Narayana churna
|-
|155
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/134
|As an ingredient of Hapushadya churna
|-
|156
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/137
|As an ingredient of Nilinadya churna
|-
|157
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/158
|As an ingredient of Pippalyadi lavana
|-
|158
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/163
|As an ingredient of kshara vatika
|-
|159
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/148
|Kalka used in udara roga with milk
|-
|160
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/50
|Dhupan yoga in arsha roga (Recipes for smearing and fumigation)
|-
|161
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/52
|Used as lepa over arsha
|-
|162
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/54
|Used as lepa (external application)
|-
|163
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/62
|As an ingredient of Traushnadi churna
|-
|164
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/71
|Panchakola churna is given with takra
|-
|165
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/72
|As an ingredient of takrarishta
|-
|166
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/89
|Used in peya, khada yusha, ghrita, siddha jala
|-
|167
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/92
|Used in yavagu
|-
|168
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/103
|Use with phanita and goghrita
|-
|169
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/104
|As an ingredient of pippalyadi ghrita
|-
|170
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/106
|Removes vata and vibandha
|-
|171
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/107
|As an ingredient of Cavyadi ghrita
|-
|172
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/110
|As an ingredient of Nagaradya ghrita
|-
|173
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/131
|Used in anuvasana basti
|-
|174
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/138
|As an ingredient of Abhayarishta
|-
|175
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/155
|As an ingredient of dvitiya phalarista
|-
|176
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/158
|As an ingredient of Kanakarista
|-
|177
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/235
|As an ingredient of Sunishanak changeri ghrit
|-
|178
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/74
|Used for vamana in amaja grahani roga(for emesis therapy)
|-
|179
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/76
|Panchakola sadhita peya and Anna is given in Amaja grahani roga
|-
|180
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/82
|As an ingredient of dashmuladya ghrita
|-
|181
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/87
|As an ingredient of traushnaadi ghrita
|-
|182
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/88
|As an ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrita evum churna
|-
|183
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/96
|As an ingredient of chitrakadhya gutika
|-
|184
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/105
|Used in kaphapittaja grahani
|-
|185
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/106
|Agnivruddhiartha and for alleviating kostha gaya kayu in grahani roga
|-
|186
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/112
|Used as ingredient of yavagu
|-
|187
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/127
|As an ingredient of Chandanadhya ghrita(kalka dravya)
|-
|188
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/132
|This drug is used in treatment of pittaja grahani as an ingredient of Bhunimbadhya churna
|-
|189
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/137
|As an ingredient of Kiratadya churna (Pittaja Grahani chiktsa)
|-
|190
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/142
|Used as peya padartha in Kaphaja grahani
|-
|191
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/154
|As an ingredient of Duralabhasava(Kaphaja grahani )
|-
|192
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/160
|As an ingredient of Pindasava
|-
|193
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/163
|As an ingredient of Madhvarishta
|-
|194
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/168
|Used in treatment of Kaphaja grahani
|-
|195
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/173
|As an ingredient of Pippalimooladi Kshara
|-
|196
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/177
|ingredient of Bhallataka Kshara
|-
|197
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/178
|As an ingredient of Bhallataka Kshara
|-
|198
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/189
|As an ingredient of Bhallataka Kshara
|-
|199
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/75
|Used for vamana in hikka shwasa roga(For emesis)
|-
|200
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/97
|Used in yusha preparation for hikka shvasa
|-
|201
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/104
|Used as annapana for hikka shvasa
|-
|202
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/108
|As an ingredient of hingvadi churna
|-
|203
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/111
|Used in preparation of Utkarika
|-
|204
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/112
|Siddha ghrit is used in vatanubandhi shvasa
|-
|205
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/123
|As an ingredient of shatyadi churna
|-
|206
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/136
|Used as lihya
|-
|207
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/140
|As an ingredient of dashamuladhya ghrita
|-
|208
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/141
|As an ingredient of Tejovatyadi ghrita
|-
|209
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/36
|As a ghrita dravya
|-
|210
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/47
|As an ingredient of yoga dravya
|-
|211
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/51
|As an ingredient of leha dravya
|-
|212
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/55
|Use as an ingredient of chitrakadi leha
|-
|213
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/60
|Use as an ingredient of Agastya haritaki
|-
|214
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/63
|Use as an ingredient of Saindhavadi yoga
|-
|215
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/64
|Use as an ingredient of Khadirasara yoga
|-
|216
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/71
|Use as an ingredient of praproundarika dhuma
|-
|217
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/74
|Use as an ingredient of dhumapana yoga(medicated smoke inhalation)
|-
|218
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/77
|Use as an ingredient of peya yoga
|-
|219
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/87
|Use as an ingredient of leha yoga in pittaja kasa
|-
|220
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/87
|Use as an ingredient of leha yoga in pittaja kasa
|-
|221
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/88
|Use as an ingredient of leha yoga in pittaja kasa
|-
|222
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/89
|Use as an ingredient of leha yoga in pittaja kasa
|-
|223
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/91
|Use as an ingredient of mrudvikadi leha
|-
|224
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/94
|Use as an ingredient of pippalyadi leha
|-
|225
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/100
|Use as an ingredient of kshirapaka
|-
|226
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/103
|Use as an ingredient of yoga dravya
|-
|227
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/109
|Use as an ingredient of yusha dravya in kaphaja kasa
|-
|228
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/114
|Use as an ingredient of pathadi kalka
|-
|229
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/118
|Use as an ingredient of vatanubandhi kaphaja kasa treatment
|-
|230
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/116
|Use it as a kwatha dravya(decoction)
|-
|231
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/119
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|232
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/120
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|233
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/120
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|234
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/121
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|235
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/122
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|236
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/135
|Use as an ingredient of pippalyadi leha
|-
|237
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/159
|Use as an ingredient of dwipanchamuladi ghrita
|-
|238
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/161
|Use as an ingredient of guduchyadi ghrita
|-
|239
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/163
|Use as an ingredient of kashmaryadi ghrita
|-
|240
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/166
|Use as an ingredient of ghrita yoga
|-
|241
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/169
|Use as an ingredient of haritaki leha
|-
|242
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/172
|Use as a yoga dravya in treatment of kshayaja kasa
|-
|243
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/20
|Use as a pramathya dravya
|-
|244
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/27
|
As a ingridient of dipaniya and sangrahi gana
|-
|245
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/80
|As a dravya in Darvyadi ghrita preparation
|-
|246
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/106
|As a kwatha dravya
|-
|247
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/114
|
As a dravya in yoga
|-
|248
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/118
|
As a piccha basti dravya
|-
|249
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/113
|Use it with madhu
|-
|250
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/28
|As an ingredient of lehya prayoga in Pittaja chhardi
|-
|251
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/34
|For vamana in Kaphaja chhardi(for emesis)
|-
|252
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/39
|As an ingredient of Manahshiladi yoga
|-
|253
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/31
|As a pana yoga in Pittaja chhardi
|-
|254
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/52
|For Vamana karma(for emesis)
|-
|255
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/129
|Used in granthi visarpa
|-
|256
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 22/53
|For cleansing the mouth
|-
|257
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/50
|For sangyasthapana in 6th vega of visha
|-
|258
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/56
|As an ingredient of Mritasanjeevana Agada
|-
|259
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/183
|Used in netragata visha, as anjana prayoga
|-
|260
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/185
|Used in the treatment of pakvashaya - gata visha
|-
|261
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/189
|Used in the treatment of Kapha pradhana visha, as a pratisarana prayoga
|-
|262
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/96
|As an ingredient of Hingvadi yoga
|-
|263
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/12
|Used to make Udavarta varti
|-
|264
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/14
|Used in udavarta for pradhamana
|-
|265
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/14
|Used in udavarta for pradhamana
|-
|266
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/21
|As an ingredient of Vachadi churna
|-
|267
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/55
|As an ingredient of Vyoshadi churn used in Kaphaja mutrakruchhra
|-
|268
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/60
|As an ingredient of Pashanbhedadi churna
|-
|269
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87
|As an ingredient of Trushanadi Ghrita
|-
|270
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/97
|Used in Kaphaja Hrudroga
|-
|271
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/98
|As an ingredient of Udumbaravleha
|-
|272
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/145
|Used as nasya in Pakva peenasa
|-
|273
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/150
|Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya
|-
|274
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/152
|Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya for pradhamana
|-
|275
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/153
|As an ingredient of Bhargyadi taila
|-
|276
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/156
|Pathya anna in kaphaja pratishyaya
|-
|277
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/186
|Used in Kaphaja Siroroga for Avapeeda nasya
|-
|278
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/188
|As an ingredient of Pippalyadi churna for kavala karma
|-
|279
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/192
|As an ingredient of Kshara gutika
|-
|280
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/194
|As an ingredient of Kalaka churna
|-
|281
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/198
|As an ingredient of Mrudvikadi churna
|-
|282
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/216,217
|Used in Kavala in Arochaka
|-
|283
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/242
|As an ingredient of Saindhavadi churna
|-
|284
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/247
|As an ingredient of Churnanjana
|-
|285
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/252
|As an ingredient of Sukhavati varti
|-
|286
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/258
|As an ingredient of Pippalyadi rasakriya
|-
|287
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/261
|As an ingredient of Dhatryadi rasakriya
|-
|288
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/270
|As an ingredient of Mahaneela taila
|-
|289
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/276
|As an ingredient of Prapoundrakadi taila
|-
|290
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/287
|Used in Kaphaja swarbheda(Treatment of hoarseness of voice)
|-
|291
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/28

|As Urustambha Nashaka Dravya(disease of thigh)
|-
|292
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/31
|As an ingredient of Urustambha nashaka Yoga
|-
|293
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/32
|As an ingredient of Urustambha nashaka Yoga
|-
|294
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/38
|As an ingredient of Swarnakshiradi Yoga
|-
|295
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/122
|As an ingredient of Chitrakadi ghrita
|-
|296
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/168
|As an ingredient of Mulakadya taila
|-
|297
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/64
|As an ingredient of Jeevaniya Ghrita
|-
|298
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/80
|Used as Shruta
|-
|299
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/99
|As an ingredient of Sukumaraka taila
|-
|300
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/152
|As an ingredient of Triphaladi kalka in tridoshaja shoola
|-
|301
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/50
|As an ingredient of Baladi sneha, used in the treatment of Vata – Pittaja yoni roga
|-
|302
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/54
|As an ingredient of Pippalyadi yoga
|-
|303
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/57
|As an ingredient of Vrushakadi churna, used in the treatment of Vataja yoni
|-
|304
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/66
|As an ingredient of Bruhad Shatavari ghrita
|-
|305
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/72
|As an ingredient of Pippalyadi varti
|-
|306
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/84
|As an ingredient of Pippalyadi Churna
|-
|307
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/109
|Used in the treatment of Karnini
|-
|308
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/280
|Used in the treatment of Gaurava stanya dosha, as an ingredient of Pippalyadi kwatha
|-
|309
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/119
|Used in the treatment of Shveta pradara
|-
|310
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/150
|Magadhi rasayana, used in the treatment of Kapha dushta shukra dosha
|-
|}

==Dose==
* 1-3 gm churna<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2:60</ref>
==Useful part==
* Fruit<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2:60</ref>
==Important Formulation==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2:60</ref>
* Amrutarishta
* Ayaskruti
* Cyavanaprash Avaleha
* Gudapippali
* Kumaryasava
* Chandanasava
* Shiva gulika
* Kaishora Guggulu
== Current availability==

Available

* In India: Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Tamilanadu.

== Current researches ==

== Phytochemical Composition ==
The therapeutic matrix of ''Piper longum'' features an array of secondary metabolites distributed across its fruits and roots. The biological activity is primarily attributed to its nitrogenous plant bases.

* '''Alkaloids & Amides:''' The primary bioactive markers are amide alkaloids, with '''piperine''' being the most abundant (ranging from 5% to 9% in the fruit spikes). Other critical structural analogs include '''piperlongumine''' (piplartine), '''piperlonguminine''', '''pipermondeine''', '''chavicine''', and '''sylvatine'''.
** ''Chemical Formula of Piperine:'' C17H19NO3
* '''Lignans:''' It contains dense phenolic compounds like '''sesamin''', '''asarinin''', and '''fargesin''', which exhibit robust antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties.
* '''Essential Oils:''' The volatile fraction (approx. 1%) contains complex sesquiterpenes and monoterpenes, predominantly '''β-caryophyllene''', '''limonene''', '''sabinene''', '''pinene''', and '''p-cymene'''.

<blockquote>'''Classical Safety Maxim:''' Ancient texts (e.g., ''Charaka Samhita, Vimana Sthana'') warn that despite its vast therapeutic applications, isolated Pippali should not be used in high doses continuously over long durations unless processed via specialized, graduated administrative protocols such as '''Vardhamana Pippali Rasayana''' (a controlled, step-up/step-down daily dosing system).</blockquote>

== Evidence-Based Therapeutic Efficacy and Pharmacological Actions ==

=== Bioavailability Enhancement (Bioenhancer Activity) ===
Pippali is celebrated as the world's first scientifically validated bioenhancer. Through its major alkaloid, piperine, it significantly alters the pharmacokinetics of a wide spectrum of co-administered drugs and micronutrients.

* '''Mechanism:''' Piperine enhances absorption by increasing gastrointestinal blood supply and altering membrane dynamics. Simultaneously, it acts as a potent inhibitor of '''Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)''' enzymes and '''P-glycoprotein (P-gp)''' efflux pumps, downregulating the first-pass hepatic metabolism and intestinal elimination of foreign molecules. It also inhibits hepatic glucuronidation.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Clinical and preclinical studies demonstrate that co-administering piperine with anti-tubercular drugs (Rifampicin, Isoniazid), antibiotics, and poorly absorbed phytochemicals (like curcumin) boosts their peak plasma concentration (Cmax) and bioavailability by up to 2000%, allowing for a reduction in standard synthetic drug dosages and their subsequent side effects.<ref name="Johri1992" /><ref name="Shoba1998" />

=== Immunomodulatory and Antitumor Efficacy ===
Extracts of ''Piper longum'' demonstrate a distinct dual action: selective cytotoxicity against malignant cell lines alongside immunostimulatory activity in healthy tissues.

* '''Mechanism:''' The alkaloid '''piperlongumine''' selectively induces apoptosis in cancer cells by accelerating reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and downregulating anti-apoptotic signals like Bcl-2 and Nuclear Factor-kappa B (NF-κB), while sparing healthy cell architectures. Concurrently, it stimulates bone marrow hematopoietic lineages.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Oral administration of an alcoholic extract of ''P. longum'' (10 mg/dose/animal) and isolated piperine (1.14 mg/dose/animal) significantly restricted solid tumor development induced by Dalton's Lymphoma Ascites (DLA) cells. It extended the life span of Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) tumor-bearing mice by 37.3% and 58.8%, respectively, while actively increasing total White Blood Cell (WBC) counts and bone marrow cellularity.<ref name="Sunila2004" />

=== Respiratory and Antiasthmatic Activity ===
Pippali is traditionally indicated for ''Kasa'' (cough) and ''Shwasa'' (asthma). Modern pharmacology supports this through its profound anti-allergic and bronchodilatory properties.

* '''Mechanism:''' Active amides modulate the degranulation of mast cells, significantly suppressing the release of inflammatory mediators like histamine, leukotrienes, and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-4).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Clinical evaluations of ''Piper longum'' fruit powder in children with bronchial asthma revealed a distinct reduction in the severity of asthmatic attacks, improvement in peak expiratory flow rates, and a decrease in absolute eosinophil counts, validating its historical role as a lung tonic.<ref name="Dahanukar1984" />

=== Anti-inflammatory and Anti-arthritic Action ===
The underlying amides in Pippali target chronic inflammatory pathways driving musculoskeletal and joint disorders.

* '''Mechanism:''' ''P. longum'' constituents inhibit the expression of '''cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)''' and lipoxygenase (LOX) pathways, thereby impeding the biosynthesis of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In vivo studies using Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis models showed that treated animal cohorts experienced a significant reduction in paw edema and structural joint degradation. The anti-inflammatory effect was comparable to standard NSAIDs like indomethacin, but without the associated gastric mucosal erosion.<ref name="Stohr2001" />

=== Hepatoprotective Profile ===
''Piper longum'' acts as a metabolic safeguard against xenobiotic-induced hepatotoxicity.

* '''Mechanism:''' Its secondary metabolites combat lipid peroxidation, preserving hepatic structural integrity and boosting endogenous antioxidant enzymes such as Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), and reduced Glutathione (GSH).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' When tested against anti-tubercular drug-induced liver injury, aqueous extracts of ''P. longum'' successfully normalized serum biomarker enzymes—including Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) and Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)—shielding hepatic tissue from oxidative stress.

== Clinical Indications, Dosage, and Safety Profile ==

=== Primary Clinical Indications ===
# '''Pulmonary Conditions:''' Obstructive airway diseases, chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, and recurrent cough.
# '''Gastrointestinal Disorders:''' Chronic indigestion (''Agnimandya''), flatulence, anorexia, and malabsorption syndromes.
# '''Systemic & Metabolic Conditions:''' Chronic low-grade inflammation, splenomegaly, obesity, and intermittent fevers.

=== Standard Therapeutic Dosage ===
* '''Crude Fruit Powder (''Churna''):''' 0.5 to 1.5 g per day in divided doses, traditionally administered with honey, warm water, or clarified butter (''Ghruta'').
* '''Classic Formulations:''' ''Trikatu Churna'' (equal parts ''Pippali'', ''Maricha'', and ''Shunthi''), ''Pippali Rasayana'', ''Pippaliasava''.

=== Safety, Toxicity, and Contraindications ===
Toxicological profiles show that ''Piper longum'' is highly safe when used within traditional therapeutic dose boundaries. Acute and sub-chronic toxicity studies in animal models demonstrate no significant target organ toxicity.

However, because it significantly modulates drug-metabolizing enzymes (CYP3A4) and P-glycoprotein, patients on critical, narrow-therapeutic-index prescription medications (e.g., phenytoin, propranolol, theophylline, rifampicin) should use Pippali under medical supervision to avoid unintended spikes in therapeutic drug concentrations.

== References ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="Dahanukar1984">Dahanukar, S. A., Karandikar, S. M., & Desai, M. (1984). Efficacy of ''Piper longum'' in childhood asthma. ''Journal of Postgraduate Medicine'', 30(4), 205–207.</ref>

<ref name="Johri1992">Johri, R. K., & Zutshi, U. (1992). An Ayurvedic formulation ‘Trikatu’ and its constituents. ''Journal of Ethnopharmacology'', 37(2), 85–91.</ref>

<ref name="Shoba1998">Shoba, G., Joy, D., Joseph, T., Majeed, M., Rajendran, R., & Srinivas, P. S. (1998). Influence of piperine on the pharmacokinetics of curcumin in animals and human volunteers. ''Planta Medica'', 64(04), 353–356.</ref>

<ref name="Stohr2001">Stöhr, J. R., Xiao, P. G., & Bauer, R. (2001). Constituents of ''Piper longum'' and their inhibitory effects on prostaglandin and leukotriene biosynthesis. ''Journal of Ethnopharmacology'', 75(2-3), 133–139.</ref>

<ref name="Sunila2004">Sunila, E. S., & Kuttan, G. (2004). Immunomodulatory and antitumor activity of ''Piper longum'' Linn. and piperine. ''Journal of Ethnopharmacology'', 90(2-3), 339–346.</ref>
}}

== External links==

[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Piper%20longum IMPPAT Database]

[[index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

File:Pippali.jpg

2026-07-10T06:14:33Z

Agnivesha:

Pippali

2026-07-10T06:09:23Z

Agnivesha:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= Pippali,Piper longum L.,Long Pepper, Indian Long Pepper, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description='''''Piper longum''''' Linn., commonly known as Long Pepper or '''Pippali''', is a cornerstone herb in traditional Asian medicine systems, notably [[Ayurveda]]
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long%20pepper Piper longum L.]

{{Infobox
|title = Pippali
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Pippali
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Piper longum L.
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Piperaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = Dravyaguna Team
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

== Introduction and Botanical Characterization ==

'''''Piper longum''''' Linn., commonly known as Long Pepper or '''Pippali''', is a cornerstone herb in traditional Asian medicine systems, notably [[Ayurveda]], [[Unani medicine|Unani]], and [[Siddha medicine|Siddha]]. Belonging to the family [[Piperaceae]], it is a slender, aromatic, perennial climber with woody roots and creeping jointed stems that root at the nodes.

Indigenous to the tropical rainforests of the Indo-Malaya region, it grows wild along the hotter regions of India, Nepal, Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, and the Philippines. The primary economically and therapeutically viable parts are its dried, unripe fruit spikes and its thick, perennial roots (known classically as ''Pippalimula'').

=== Taxonomical Hierarchy ===
* '''Kingdom:''' [[Plantae]]
* '''Order:''' [[Piperales]]
* '''Family:''' [[Piperaceae]]
* '''Genus:''' ''[[Piper (plant)|Piper]]''
* '''Species:''' ''P. longum''

=== Vernacular Names ===
* '''Sanskrit:''' Pippali, Magadhi, Kana, Ushana, Chapala
* '''Hindi:''' Pipal, Pipli
* '''English:''' Long Pepper, Indian Long Pepper
* '''Tamil:''' Thippili
* '''Telugu:''' Pippallu

==Therapeutic uses==
Shula(Colic), Chhardi(vomiting), Kaasa(Cough), [[Jwara]](Fever)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2:60</ref>

==Types==
===Raja Nighantu===
Mentioned 4 types<ref>Dr. Indradev Tripathi , Raja Nighantu of pandit Narhari, ed.2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, pippalyadi varga, verse no. 15,18,20,23</ref>
# Pippali
# Gaja pippali
# Simhali Pippali
# Vanaadi pippali

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==

Pippali, Krishna(Dry fruit are black in colour), Magadhi(it is abunduntly available in magadha desh), Upakulya(Pippali grows near or along side of water streams), Kana(fruits are small berries), Vaidehi(it is very common in videha desa), Chapala(Which cure many disease), Kolaa(Pippali has got pungent taste , if taken causes burning sensation in tongue), Tikshnatandula(Seeds of pippali is spicy)

==Synonyms in bhavprakash nighantu==
Shaundi<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 53, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020;</ref>

== Traditional Ayurvedic Pharmacodynamics ==

In classical Ayurvedic Dravyaguna (pharmacology), Pippali holds a unique, paradoxical status. While most pungent herbs aggravate systemic heat, Pippali's distinct post-digestive conversion allows it to serve as a premier ''Rasayana'' (rejuvenator).

{| class="wikitable"
! Pharmacological Parameter !! Ayurvedic Attribute !! Clinical / Physiological Influence
|-
| '''Rasa''' (Taste) || ''Katu'' (Pungent) || Ignites gastric juices, breaks down metabolic endotoxins (''Ama'')
|-
| '''Guna''' (Attributes) || ''Laghu'' (Light), ''Snigdha'' (Unctuous) || Deeply penetrates tissues without causing systemic dryness
|-
| '''Virya''' (Potency) || ''Anushna-Sheeta'' / ''Ushna'' (Mildly Warm) || Stimulates metabolic rate (''Agni'') without excessively raising systemic heat
|-
| '''Vipaka''' (Post-digestive effect) || ''Madhura'' (Sweet) || Exerts an anabolic, tissue-nourishing effect upon long-term assimilation
|-
| '''Dosha Karma''' (Humoral action) || ''Kapha-Vata Shamak'' || Pacifies pathological accumulations of mucus (''Kapha'') and nervous imbalances (''Vata'')
|}

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties of dry and wet forms==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties (Dry) !! Properties (Wet)
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Pungent (katu) || Sweet (madhura)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Neither too hot nor too cold (anushnasheeta) || Cold (sheeta)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura) ||--
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Unctuous (snigdha), Sharp (tikshna) || Heavy (guru)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[kapha]] and [[vata]] || Increases [[vata]] and [[kapha]], pacify [[pitta]]
|-
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/3 || Shirovirechana (Catharsis of Cephalic Region)
|-
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/7 || [[Vamana]] Dravya (Herbs used for Therapeutic Emesis)
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/18 || Deepaniya – Shulaghni yavagu (Gruel for enhancing digestion and colic pain)
|-
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/23 || Pipasaghni yavagu(Gruels for excess thirst )
|-
| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/29 || Vatanulomini yavagu(Gruels for flatulence)
|-
| 6 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/31 || Kantha Roghni yavagu(Gruel for throat disorders)
|-
| 9 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(6) || Deepaniya mahakashaya(Appetisers)
|-
| 10 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(9)|| Kanthya mahakashaya(beneficial for throat & voice)
|-
| 11 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(11)|| Truptighna mahakashaya(anti-satiety)
|-
| 12 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(15)|| Krimighna mahakashaya(anti-helmintics)
|-
| 13 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(25)|| Asthapanopaga mahakashaya(helping corrective enema)
|-
| 14 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(27)|| Shirovirechanopa gmahakashaya( helping nasal errhine therapy)
|-
| 15 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(30)|| Hikkanigrahana mahakashaya(reducing hiccups)
|-
| 16 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(36)|| Kasahara mahakashaya(relieving cough)
|-
| 17 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(42)|| Sheetaprashamana mahakashaya(pacifying cold)
|-
| 18 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(45)|| Shoolaprashamana mahakashaya(anti-spasmodics)
|-
| 19 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/35
| Santarpanajanya vikara chikitsa(Management of diseases due to undernutrition)
|-
| 20 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 24/50
| Mada Murccha Chikitsa
|-
| 21 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40
| Agrya Sangraha (collections of best food articles, factors and drugs in various conditions)
|-
| 22 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/4
| Natural qualities
|-
| 23 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/256
| Krutanna Varga
|-
| 24 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/297
| Krutanna Varga
|-
| 25 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/51
| [[Veerya]] varnana(potency)
|-
| 26 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/84
| Viruddha ahara(incompatible substances)
|-
| 27 ||Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 1/15
| Nitya asevaniya padarth varnana (Dravya that are not recommended for daily use)
|-
| 28 ||Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/17
| Abhyantara Krimi Chikitsa
|-
| 29 ||Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/18
| Abhyantara Krimi Chikitsa
|-
| 30 ||Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135
| [[Vamana]] dravyani(as an ingredient of List of medicines used in therapeutic emesis)
|-
| 31 ||Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/142
| Katu skandha(group of pungent drugs)
|-
|32
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/34
|Garbhasya pratimasik karma
|-
|33
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/41
|Prajata stree paricharya(use as an ingredient in Procedure to remove placenta post-delivery)
|-
|34
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/41
|Prajata stree paricharya(use as an ingredient in Procedure to remove placenta post-delivery)
|-
|35
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/48
|Nadi kalpana
|-
|36
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/22
|Vamanartha
|-
|37
|Cha.Sa[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/23
|Vamanartha
|-
|38
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/15
|Preparations of Trivrut
|-
|39
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/29
|Preparations of Trivrut Awaleha
|-
|40
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/36
|Preparations of Modaka
|-
|41
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/37
|Preparations of Avaleha
|-
|42
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/40
|Preparation of Kalyanaka Guda
|-
|43
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/56
|Preparation of Varshakalina Trivrut Yoga
|-
|44
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/70
|Madya Yoga
|-
|45
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 9/7
|Tilvaka Yoga
|-
|46
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/5
|Danti-Dravanti Sangraha
|-
|47
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/27
|Modak Yoga
|-
|48
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/32
|Arishta Yoga
|-
|49
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/2/7
|In formulation of Amalaka avaleha
|-
|50
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/1/27
|Ingredient in Bruhaniya Gutika
|-
|51
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/1/37
|Ingredient in [[Vajikarana]] Ghrita
|-
|52
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/2/21
|Ingredient in Vrushya Ghrita
|-
|53
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/3/12
|Ingredient of Vrushya pippali yoga
|-
|54
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/3/18
|Ingredient of Vrushya Shatavari Ghrita
|-
|55
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/25
|Ingredient in Apatyakara Ghrita
|-
|56
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/31
|Ingredient in Vrushya Gutika
|-
|57
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/179
|Used as lajapeya with Shunthi where agni is manda but kshudha is present
|-
|58
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/184
|Used as peya with Ghrita where jwara is associated with Constipation(Doshanulomaka)
|-
|59
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/219
|As an ingredient of Pippalyadi Ghrita for jeerna jwara
|-
|60
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/223
|As an ingredient of Vasadi Ghrita
|-
|61
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/228
|Used for [[Vamana]] karma
|-
|62
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/243
|As an ingredient of Patoladi niruha basti
|-
|63
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/248
|Used in [[Niruha]] basti as kalka
|-
|64
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/250
|As an ingredient of Jivantyadi anuvasan basti
|-
|65
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267
|As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
|-
|66
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/303
|Used in Vishama jwara.
|-
|67
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/78
|Raktapitta- shamaka yoga in ugra raktapitta.
|-
|68
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/65
|Ingredient in Trayushanaadi ghrita
|-
|69
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/69
|Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya ghrita
|-
|70
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/71
|Ingredient of Hapushadya ghrita
|-
|71
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/74
|Ingredient of Pippalyadya ghrita
|-
|72
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/79
|Ingredient of Hingvadi churna
|-
|73
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/98
|Yush in Vataja Gulma
|-
|74
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/142
|Ingredient of Dashamuli Ghrita
|-
|75
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/144
|Ingredient in Bhallatakadya Ghrit for Kaphaj Gulma
|-
|76
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/147
|Ingredient in Kshir Shatpala Ghrita
|-
|77
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/156
|Ingredient of Danti-Haritaki
|-
|78
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/164
|Pathya Diet in Gulma
|-
|79
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/48
|As Nasya in Kushtha
|-
|80
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/61
|Ingredient in Kushthaghna Yoga
|-
|81
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/65
|Ingredient in Mustadi Churna
|-
|82
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/68
|Ingredient in Triphaladi Churna
|-
|83
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/77
|Ingredient in Kanakabindurishta
|-
|84
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/109
|Ingredient in Tiktekshvadi Taila for Abhyanga in Vata-Kaphaja Kushtha
|-
|85
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/113
|Ingredient in Kanakakshiri Taila
|-
|86
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/141
|Ingredient in Tiktashatpala Ghrita
|-
|87
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/145
|Ingredient in Mahatikta Ghrita
|-
|88
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/161
|Kushthahar Yoga
|-
|89
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/171
|Shvitra nashak Lepa
|-
|90
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/67
|Pathya diet for Pinas in treatment of Rajayakshma
|-
|91
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/91
|As a Nasya dravya(nasal errhines)
|-
|92
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/96
|Ingredient in Kharjuradi Avaleha
|-
|93
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/97
|Ingredient in Avaleha
|-
|94
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/100
|Ingredient in Avaleha
|-
|95
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/101
|Ingredient in Avaleha
|-
|96
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/103
|Ingredient in Sitopaladi Churna
|-
|97
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/108
|Ingredient in Duralabhadi Ghrita
|-
|98
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/112
|Ingredient in Jivantyadi Ghrita
|-
|99
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/115
|Ingredient in Baladi Kshirapaka
|-
|100
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/137
|As a Kaval dravya for Mukhashodhanartha
|-
|101
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/142
|Ingredient in Yavani shadava
|-
|102
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/145
|Ingredient in Talishadi Churna
|-
|103
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/169
|Ingredient in Strotosuddhikar Ghrit
|-
|104
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/169
|Ingredient in Strotosuddhikara Ghrit
|-
|105
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/171
|Ingredient in Yakshmanashak Ghrita
|-
|106
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/34
|Ingredient in Hingvadi Ghrita
|-
|107
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/49
|Ingredient in Lasunadya Ghrita
|-
|108
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/54
|Ingredient in Apara Lasunadya Ghrita
|-
|109
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/65
|Used as Nashya and Anjan prayogartha
|-
|110
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/70
|Ingredient in Siddharthakadi Agada
|-
|111
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/20
|Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrita
|-
|112
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/37
|Ingredient in Apasmar nashak Dhupa and Pradeha
|-
|113
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/43
|As a Nasya dravya
|-
|114
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/45
|As a Pradhaman nasya dravya
|-
|115
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/46
|Ingredient in Kayasthadi varti
|-
|116
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/48
|Ingredient in Mustadi varti
|-
|117
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/20
|As a diet and drinks in treatment of Kshatakshin
|-
|118
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/21
|Ingerdient in Eladi Gutika
|-
|119
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/30
|As a diet in treatment of Kshatakshina
|-
|120
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/33
|As a diet in treatment of Kshatakshina
|-
|121
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/37
|Ingredient in Amrutprash Ghrita
|-
|122
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/48
|Ingredient in Samasaktu Ghrita
|-
|123
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/58
|Ingredient in Dvitiya Sarpiguda
|-
|124
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/66
|Ingredient in Chaturtha Sarpiguda
|-
|125
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/72
|Ingredient in Pancham Sarpimodaka
|-
|126
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/79
|For Kasa and Jvara roga in Kshatkshina
|-
|127
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/21
|In treatment of Kaphaja Shvayathu
|-
|128
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/23
|In treatment of Vataja Shvayathu
|-
|129
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/24
|In treatment of Vataja Shvayathu
|-
|130
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/27
|For bhinna varch in treatment of Vataja Shvayathu
|-
|131
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/29
|Ingredient in Gandiradhyarishta
|-
|132
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/30
|Ingredient in Gandiradhyarishta
|-
|133
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/32
|Ingredient in Ashtashatorishta
|-
|134
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/39
|Ingredient in Triphaladhyarishta
|-
|135
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/41
|Ingredient in Krishnadi Churna
|-
|136
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/42
|Ingredient in Krishnadi Churna
|-
|137
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43
|Ingredient in Kshara Gudika
|-
|138
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/50
|Ingredient in Kansaharitaki Avaleh
|-
|139
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/53
|Ingredient in Patolamuladi Kwatha
|-
|140
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/55
|Ingredient in Chitrakadi Ghrita
|-
|141
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/62
|As a Pathya Diet in treatment of Shvayathu
|-
|142
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/62
|As a Pathya Diet in treatment of Shvayathu
|-
|143
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/66
|For Lepa, Abhyangadi Bahyaprayogartha
|-
|144
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/70
|Bahyaprayogarth Lepa in Kaphaja Shvayathu
|-
|145
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/79
|In treatment of plihodara
|-
|146
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/84
|In formulation of rohitaka ghrita
|-
|147
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/102
|In treatment of sannipataja udara roga (takraprayoga)
|-
|148
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/105
|In treatment of vatodara (takra prayoga)
|-
|149
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/106
|In treatment of chhidrodara (takraprayoga)
|-
|150
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/106
|In treatment of dakodar(takraprayoga)
|-
|151
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/108
|As an ingredient of udara roganashaka lepa
|-
|152
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/112
|In formulation of panchkola ghrita
|-
|153
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/122
|After virechana (balavruddhi arthe) mixed with dugdha
|-
|154
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/126
|As an ingredient of Narayana churna
|-
|155
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/134
|As an ingredient of Hapushadya churna
|-
|156
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/137
|As an ingredient of Nilinadya churna
|-
|157
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/158
|As an ingredient of Pippalyadi lavana
|-
|158
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/163
|As an ingredient of kshara vatika
|-
|159
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/148
|Kalka used in udara roga with milk
|-
|160
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/50
|Dhupan yoga in arsha roga (Recipes for smearing and fumigation
)
|-
|161
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/52
|Used as lepa over arsha
|-
|162
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/54
|Used as lepa (external application)
|-
|163
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/62
|As an ingredient of Traushnadi churna
|-
|164
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/71
|Panchakola churna is given with takra
|-
|165
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/72
|As an ingredient of takrarishta
|-
|166
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/89
|Used in peya, khada yusha, ghrita, siddha jala
|-
|167
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/92
|Used in yavagu
|-
|168
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/103
|Use with phanita and goghrita
|-
|169
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/104
|As an ingredient of pippalyadi ghrita
|-
|170
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/106
|Removes vata and vibandha
|-
|171
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/107
|As an ingredient of Cavyadi ghrita
|-
|172
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/110
|As an ingredient of Nagaradya ghrita
|-
|173
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/131
|Used in anuvasana basti
|-
|174
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/138
|As an ingredient of Abhayarishta
|-
|175
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/155
|As an ingredient of dvitiya phalarista
|-
|176
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/158
|As an ingredient of Kanakarista
|-
|177
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/235
|As an ingredient of Sunishanak changeri ghrit
|-
|178
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/74
|Used for vamana in amaja grahani roga(for emesis therapy)
|-
|179
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/76
|Panchakola sadhita peya and Anna is given in Amaja grahani roga
|-
|180
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/82
|As an ingredient of dashmuladya ghrita
|-
|181
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/87
|As an ingredient of traushnaadi ghrita
|-
|182
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/88
|As an ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrita evum churna
|-
|183
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/96
|As an ingredient of chitrakadhya gutika
|-
|184
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/105
|Used in kaphapittaja grahani
|-
|185
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/106
|Agnivruddhiartha and for alleviating kostha gaya kayu in grahani roga
|-
|186
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/112
|Used as ingredient of yavagu
|-
|187
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/127
|As an ingredient of Chandanadhya ghrita(kalka dravya)
|-
|188
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/132
|This drug is used in treatment of pittaja grahani as an ingredient of Bhunimbadhya churna
|-
|189
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/137
|As an ingredient of Kiratadya churna (Pittaja Grahani chiktsa)
|-
|190
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/142
|Used as peya padartha in Kaphaja grahani
|-
|191
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/154
|As an ingredient of Duralabhasava(Kaphaja grahani )
|-
|192
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/160
|As an ingredient of Pindasava
|-
|193
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/163
|As an ingredient of Madhvarishta
|-
|194
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/168
|Used in treatment of Kaphaja grahani
|-
|195
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/173
|As an ingredient of Pippalimooladi Kshara
|-
|196
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/177
|ingredient of Bhallataka Kshara
|-
|197
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/178
|As an ingredient of Bhallataka Kshara
|-
|198
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/189
|As an ingredient of Bhallataka Kshara
|-
|199
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/75
|Used for vamana in hikka shwasa roga(For emesis)
|-
|200
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/97
|Used in yusha preparation for hikka shvasa
|-
|201
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/104
|Used as annapana for hikka shvasa
|-
|202
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/108
|As an ingredient of hingvadi churna
|-
|203
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/111
|Used in preparation of Utkarika
|-
|204
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/112
|Siddha ghrit is used in vatanubandhi shvasa
|-
|205
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/123
|As an ingredient of shatyadi churna
|-
|206
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/136
|Used as lihya
|-
|207
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/140
|As an ingredient of dashamuladhya ghrita
|-
|208
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/141
|As an ingredient of Tejovatyadi ghrita
|-
|209
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/36
|As a ghrita dravya
|-
|210
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/47
|As an ingredient of yoga dravya
|-
|211
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/51
|As an ingredient of leha dravya
|-
|212
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/55
|Use as an ingredient of chitrakadi leha
|-
|213
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/60
|Use as an ingredient of Agastya haritaki
|-
|214
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/63
|Use as an ingredient of Saindhavadi yoga
|-
|215
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/64
|Use as an ingredient of Khadirasara yoga
|-
|216
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/71
|Use as an ingredient of praproundarika dhuma
|-
|217
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/74
|Use as an ingredient of dhumapana yoga(medicated smoke inhalation)
|-
|218
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/77
|Use as an ingredient of peya yoga
|-
|219
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/87
|Use as an ingredient of leha yoga in pittaja kasa
|-
|220
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/87
|Use as an ingredient of leha yoga in pittaja kasa
|-
|221
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/88
|Use as an ingredient of leha yoga in pittaja kasa
|-
|222
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/89
|Use as an ingredient of leha yoga in pittaja kasa
|-
|223
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/91
|Use as an ingredient of mrudvikadi leha
|-
|224
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/94
|Use as an ingredient of pippalyadi leha
|-
|225
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/100
|Use as an ingredient of kshirapaka
|-
|226
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/103
|Use as an ingredient of yoga dravya
|-
|227
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/109
|Use as an ingredient of yusha dravya in kaphaja kasa
|-
|228
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/114
|Use as an ingredient of pathadi kalka
|-
|229
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/118
|Use as an ingredient of vatanubandhi kaphaja kasa treatment
|-
|230
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/116
|Use it as a kwatha dravya(decoction)
|-
|231
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/119
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|232
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/120
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|233
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/120
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|234
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/121
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|235
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/122
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|236
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/135
|Use as an ingredient of pippalyadi leha
|-
|237
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/159
|Use as an ingredient of dwipanchamuladi ghrita
|-
|238
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/161
|Use as an ingredient of guduchyadi ghrita
|-
|239
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/163
|Use as an ingredient of kashmaryadi ghrita
|-
|240
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/166
|Use as an ingredient of ghrita yoga
|-
|241
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/169
|Use as an ingredient of haritaki leha
|-
|242
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/172
|Use as a yoga dravya in treatment of kshayaja kasa
|-
|243
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/20
|Use as a pramathya dravya
|-
|244
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/27
|
As a ingridient of dipaniya and sangrahi gana
|-
|245
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/80
|As a dravya in Darvyadi ghrita preparation
|-
|246
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/106
|As a kwatha dravya
|-
|247
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/114
|
As a dravya in yoga
|-
|248
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/118
|
As a piccha basti dravya
|-
|249
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/113
|Use it with madhu
|-
|250
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/28
|As an ingredient of lehya prayoga in Pittaja chhardi
|-
|251
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/34
|For vamana in Kaphaja chhardi(for emesis)
|-
|252
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/39
|As an ingredient of Manahshiladi yoga
|-
|253
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/31
|As a pana yoga in Pittaja chhardi
|-
|254
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/52
|For Vamana karma(for emesis)
|-
|255
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/129
|Used in granthi visarpa
|-
|256
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 22/53
|For cleansing the mouth
|-
|257
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/50
|For sangyasthapana in 6th vega of visha
|-
|258
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/56
|As an ingredient of Mritasanjeevana Agada
|-
|259
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/183
|Used in netragata visha, as anjana prayoga
|-
|260
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/185
|Used in the treatment of pakvashaya - gata visha
|-
|261
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/189
|Used in the treatment of Kapha pradhana visha, as a pratisarana prayoga
|-
|262
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/96
|As an ingredient of Hingvadi yoga
|-
|263
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/12
|Used to make Udavarta varti
|-
|264
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/14
|Used in udavarta for pradhamana
|-
|265
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/14
|Used in udavarta for pradhamana
|-
|266
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/21
|As an ingredient of Vachadi churna
|-
|267
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/55
|As an ingredient of Vyoshadi churn used in Kaphaja mutrakruchhra
|-
|268
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/60
|As an ingredient of Pashanbhedadi churna
|-
|269
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87
|As an ingredient of Trushanadi Ghrita
|-
|270
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/97
|Used in Kaphaja Hrudroga
|-
|271
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/98
|As an ingredient of Udumbaravleha
|-
|272
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/145
|Used as nasya in Pakva peenasa
|-
|273
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/150
|Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya
|-
|274
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/152
|Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya for pradhamana
|-
|275
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/153
|As an ingredient of Bhargyadi taila
|-
|276
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/156
|Pathya anna in kaphaja pratishyaya
|-
|277
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/186
|Used in Kaphaja Siroroga for Avapeeda nasya
|-
|278
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/188
|As an ingredient of Pippalyadi churna for kavala karma
|-
|279
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/192
|As an ingredient of Kshara gutika
|-
|280
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/194
|As an ingredient of Kalaka churna
|-
|281
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/198
|As an ingredient of Mrudvikadi churna
|-
|282
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/216,217
|Used in Kavala in Arochaka
|-
|283
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/242
|As an ingredient of Saindhavadi churna
|-
|284
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/247
|As an ingredient of Churnanjana
|-
|285
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/252
|As an ingredient of Sukhavati varti
|-
|286
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/258
|As an ingredient of Pippalyadi rasakriya
|-
|287
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/261
|As an ingredient of Dhatryadi rasakriya
|-
|288
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/270
|As an ingredient of Mahaneela taila
|-
|289
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/276
|As an ingredient of Prapoundrakadi taila
|-
|290
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/287
|Used in Kaphaja swarbheda(Treatment of hoarseness of voice)
|-
|291
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/28

|As Urustambha Nashaka Dravya(disease of thigh)
|-
|292
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/31
|As an ingredient of Urustambha nashaka Yoga
|-
|293
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/32
|As an ingredient of Urustambha nashaka Yoga
|-
|294
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/38
|As an ingredient of Swarnakshiradi Yoga
|-
|295
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/122
|As an ingredient of Chitrakadi ghrita
|-
|296
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/168
|As an ingredient of Mulakadya taila
|-
|297
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/64
|As an ingredient of Jeevaniya Ghrita
|-
|298
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/80
|Used as Shruta
|-
|299
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/99
|As an ingredient of Sukumaraka taila
|-
|300
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/152
|As an ingredient of Triphaladi kalka in tridoshaja shoola
|-
|301
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/50
|As an ingredient of Baladi sneha, used in the treatment of Vata – Pittaja yoni roga
|-
|302
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/54
|As an ingredient of Pippalyadi yoga
|-
|303
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/57
|As an ingredient of Vrushakadi churna, used in the treatment of Vataja yoni
|-
|304
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/66
|As an ingredient of Bruhad Shatavari ghrita
|-
|305
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/72
|As an ingredient of Pippalyadi varti
|-
|306
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/84
|As an ingredient of Pippalyadi Churna
|-
|307
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/109
|Used in the treatment of Karnini
|-
|308
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/280
|Used in the treatment of Gaurava stanya dosha, as an ingredient of Pippalyadi kwatha
|-
|309
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/119
|Used in the treatment of Shveta pradara
|-
|310
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/150
|Magadhi rasayana, used in the treatment of Kapha dushta sukra dosha
|-
|}

==Dose==
* 1-3 gm churna<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2:60</ref>
==Useful part==
* Fruit<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2:60</ref>

==Important Formulation==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2:60</ref>
* Amrutarishta
* Ayaskruti
* Cyavanaprash Avaleha
* Gudapippali
* Kumaryasava
* Chandanasava
* Shiva gulika
* Kaishora Guggulu

== Current availability==

Available

* In India: Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Tamilanadu.

== Current researches ==

== Phytochemical Composition ==
The therapeutic matrix of ''Piper longum'' features an array of secondary metabolites distributed across its fruits and roots. The biological activity is primarily attributed to its nitrogenous plant bases.

* '''Alkaloids & Amides:''' The primary bioactive markers are amide alkaloids, with '''piperine''' being the most abundant (ranging from 5% to 9% in the fruit spikes). Other critical structural analogs include '''piperlongumine''' (piplartine), '''piperlonguminine''', '''pipermondeine''', '''chavicine''', and '''sylvatine'''.
** ''Chemical Formula of Piperine:'' C17H19NO3
* '''Lignans:''' It contains dense phenolic compounds like '''sesamin''', '''asarinin''', and '''fargesin''', which exhibit robust antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties.
* '''Essential Oils:''' The volatile fraction (approx. 1%) contains complex sesquiterpenes and monoterpenes, predominantly '''β-caryophyllene''', '''limonene''', '''sabinene''', '''pinene''', and '''p-cymene'''.

<blockquote>'''Classical Safety Maxim:''' Ancient texts (e.g., ''Charaka Samhita, Vimana Sthana'') warn that despite its vast therapeutic applications, isolated Pippali should not be used in high doses continuously over long durations unless processed via specialized, graduated administrative protocols such as '''Vardhamana Pippali Rasayana''' (a controlled, step-up/step-down daily dosing system).</blockquote>

== Evidence-Based Therapeutic Efficacy and Pharmacological Actions ==

=== Bioavailability Enhancement (Bioenhancer Activity) ===
Pippali is celebrated as the world's first scientifically validated bioenhancer. Through its major alkaloid, piperine, it significantly alters the pharmacokinetics of a wide spectrum of co-administered drugs and micronutrients.

* '''Mechanism:''' Piperine enhances absorption by increasing gastrointestinal blood supply and altering membrane dynamics. Simultaneously, it acts as a potent inhibitor of '''Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)''' enzymes and '''P-glycoprotein (P-gp)''' efflux pumps, downregulating the first-pass hepatic metabolism and intestinal elimination of foreign molecules. It also inhibits hepatic glucuronidation.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Clinical and preclinical studies demonstrate that co-administering piperine with anti-tubercular drugs (Rifampicin, Isoniazid), antibiotics, and poorly absorbed phytochemicals (like curcumin) boosts their peak plasma concentration (Cmax) and bioavailability by up to 2000%, allowing for a reduction in standard synthetic drug dosages and their subsequent side effects.<ref name="Johri1992" /><ref name="Shoba1998" />

=== Immunomodulatory and Antitumor Efficacy ===
Extracts of ''Piper longum'' demonstrate a distinct dual action: selective cytotoxicity against malignant cell lines alongside immunostimulatory activity in healthy tissues.

* '''Mechanism:''' The alkaloid '''piperlongumine''' selectively induces apoptosis in cancer cells by accelerating reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and downregulating anti-apoptotic signals like Bcl-2 and Nuclear Factor-kappa B (NF-κB), while sparing healthy cell architectures. Concurrently, it stimulates bone marrow hematopoietic lineages.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Oral administration of an alcoholic extract of ''P. longum'' (10 mg/dose/animal) and isolated piperine (1.14 mg/dose/animal) significantly restricted solid tumor development induced by Dalton's Lymphoma Ascites (DLA) cells. It extended the life span of Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) tumor-bearing mice by 37.3% and 58.8%, respectively, while actively increasing total White Blood Cell (WBC) counts and bone marrow cellularity.<ref name="Sunila2004" />

=== Respiratory and Antiasthmatic Activity ===
Pippali is traditionally indicated for ''Kasa'' (cough) and ''Shwasa'' (asthma). Modern pharmacology supports this through its profound anti-allergic and bronchodilatory properties.

* '''Mechanism:''' Active amides modulate the degranulation of mast cells, significantly suppressing the release of inflammatory mediators like histamine, leukotrienes, and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-4).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Clinical evaluations of ''Piper longum'' fruit powder in children with bronchial asthma revealed a distinct reduction in the severity of asthmatic attacks, improvement in peak expiratory flow rates, and a decrease in absolute eosinophil counts, validating its historical role as a lung tonic.<ref name="Dahanukar1984" />

=== Anti-inflammatory and Anti-arthritic Action ===
The underlying amides in Pippali target chronic inflammatory pathways driving musculoskeletal and joint disorders.

* '''Mechanism:''' ''P. longum'' constituents inhibit the expression of '''cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)''' and lipoxygenase (LOX) pathways, thereby impeding the biosynthesis of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In vivo studies using Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis models showed that treated animal cohorts experienced a significant reduction in paw edema and structural joint degradation. The anti-inflammatory effect was comparable to standard NSAIDs like indomethacin, but without the associated gastric mucosal erosion.<ref name="Stohr2001" />

=== Hepatoprotective Profile ===
''Piper longum'' acts as a metabolic safeguard against xenobiotic-induced hepatotoxicity.

* '''Mechanism:''' Its secondary metabolites combat lipid peroxidation, preserving hepatic structural integrity and boosting endogenous antioxidant enzymes such as Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), and reduced Glutathione (GSH).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' When tested against anti-tubercular drug-induced liver injury, aqueous extracts of ''P. longum'' successfully normalized serum biomarker enzymes—including Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) and Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)—shielding hepatic tissue from oxidative stress.

== Clinical Indications, Dosage, and Safety Profile ==

=== Primary Clinical Indications ===
# '''Pulmonary Conditions:''' Obstructive airway diseases, chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, and recurrent cough.
# '''Gastrointestinal Disorders:''' Chronic indigestion (''Agnimandya''), flatulence, anorexia, and malabsorption syndromes.
# '''Systemic & Metabolic Conditions:''' Chronic low-grade inflammation, splenomegaly, obesity, and intermittent fevers.

=== Standard Therapeutic Dosage ===
* '''Crude Fruit Powder (''Churna''):''' 0.5 to 1.5 g per day in divided doses, traditionally administered with honey, warm water, or clarified butter (''Ghruta'').
* '''Classic Formulations:''' ''Trikatu Churna'' (equal parts ''Pippali'', ''Maricha'', and ''Shunthi''), ''Pippali Rasayana'', ''Pippaliasava''.

=== Safety, Toxicity, and Contraindications ===
Toxicological profiles show that ''Piper longum'' is highly safe when used within traditional therapeutic dose boundaries. Acute and sub-chronic toxicity studies in animal models demonstrate no significant target organ toxicity.

However, because it significantly modulates drug-metabolizing enzymes (CYP3A4) and P-glycoprotein, patients on critical, narrow-therapeutic-index prescription medications (e.g., phenytoin, propranolol, theophylline, rifampicin) should use Pippali under medical supervision to avoid unintended spikes in therapeutic drug concentrations.

== References ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="Dahanukar1984">Dahanukar, S. A., Karandikar, S. M., & Desai, M. (1984). Efficacy of ''Piper longum'' in childhood asthma. ''Journal of Postgraduate Medicine'', 30(4), 205–207.</ref>

<ref name="Johri1992">Johri, R. K., & Zutshi, U. (1992). An Ayurvedic formulation ‘Trikatu’ and its constituents. ''Journal of Ethnopharmacology'', 37(2), 85–91.</ref>

<ref name="Shoba1998">Shoba, G., Joy, D., Joseph, T., Majeed, M., Rajendran, R., & Srinivas, P. S. (1998). Influence of piperine on the pharmacokinetics of curcumin in animals and human volunteers. ''Planta Medica'', 64(04), 353–356.</ref>

<ref name="Stohr2001">Stöhr, J. R., Xiao, P. G., & Bauer, R. (2001). Constituents of ''Piper longum'' and their inhibitory effects on prostaglandin and leukotriene biosynthesis. ''Journal of Ethnopharmacology'', 75(2-3), 133–139.</ref>

<ref name="Sunila2004">Sunila, E. S., & Kuttan, G. (2004). Immunomodulatory and antitumor activity of ''Piper longum'' Linn. and piperine. ''Journal of Ethnopharmacology'', 90(2-3), 339–346.</ref>
}}

== External links==

[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Piper%20longum IMPPAT Database]

[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]

Talk:Pippali

2026-07-10T06:04:20Z

Agnivesha:

Piper longum L.

{{Infobox
|title = Pippali
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Pippali
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Piper longum L.
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Piperaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = --
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2025
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

== Introduction and Botanical Characterization ==

'''''Piper longum''''' Linn., commonly known as Long Pepper or '''Pippali''', is a cornerstone herb in traditional Asian medicine systems, notably [[Ayurveda]], [[Unani medicine|Unani]], and [[Siddha medicine|Siddha]]. Belonging to the family [[Piperaceae]], it is a slender, aromatic, perennial climber with woody roots and creeping jointed stems that root at the nodes.

Indigenous to the tropical rainforests of the Indo-Malaya region, it grows wild along the hotter regions of India, Nepal, Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, and the Philippines. The primary economically and therapeutically viable parts are its dried, unripe fruit spikes and its thick, perennial roots (known classically as ''Pippalimula'').

=== Taxonomical Hierarchy ===
* '''Kingdom:''' [[Plantae]]
* '''Order:''' [[Piperales]]
* '''Family:''' [[Piperaceae]]
* '''Genus:''' ''[[Piper (plant)|Piper]]''
* '''Species:''' ''P. longum''

=== Vernacular Names ===
* '''Sanskrit:''' Pippali, Magadhi, Kana, Ushana, Chapala
* '''Hindi:''' Pipal, Pipli
* '''English:''' Long Pepper, Indian Long Pepper
* '''Tamil:''' Thippili
* '''Telugu:''' Pippallu

==Therapeutic uses==
Shula(Colic), Chhardi(vomiting), Kaasa(Cough), [[Jwara]](Fever)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2:60</ref>

==Types==
===Raja Nighantu===
Mentioned 4 types<ref>Dr. Indradev Tripathi , Raja Nighantu of pandit Narhari, ed.2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, pippalyadi varga, verse no. 15,18,20,23</ref>
# Pippali
# Gaja pippali
# Simhali Pippali
# Vanaadi pippali

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==

Pippali, Krishna(Dry fruit are black in colour), Magadhi(it is abunduntly available in magadha desh), Upakulya(Pippali grows near or along side of water streams), Kana(fruits are small berries), Vaidehi(it is very common in videha desa), Chapala(Which cure many disease), Kolaa(Pippali has got pungent taste , if taken causes burning sensation in tongue), Tikshnatandula(Seeds of pippali is spicy)

==Synonyms in bhavprakash nighantu==
Shaundi<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 53, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020;</ref>

== Traditional Ayurvedic Pharmacodynamics ==

In classical Ayurvedic Dravyaguna (pharmacology), Pippali holds a unique, paradoxical status. While most pungent herbs aggravate systemic heat, Pippali's distinct post-digestive conversion allows it to serve as a premier ''Rasayana'' (rejuvenator).

{| class="wikitable"
! Pharmacological Parameter !! Ayurvedic Attribute !! Clinical / Physiological Influence
|-
| '''Rasa''' (Taste) || ''Katu'' (Pungent) || Ignites gastric juices, breaks down metabolic endotoxins (''Ama'')
|-
| '''Guna''' (Attributes) || ''Laghu'' (Light), ''Snigdha'' (Unctuous) || Deeply penetrates tissues without causing systemic dryness
|-
| '''Virya''' (Potency) || ''Anushna-Sheeta'' / ''Ushna'' (Mildly Warm) || Stimulates metabolic rate (''Agni'') without excessively raising systemic heat
|-
| '''Vipaka''' (Post-digestive effect) || ''Madhura'' (Sweet) || Exerts an anabolic, tissue-nourishing effect upon long-term assimilation
|-
| '''Dosha Karma''' (Humoral action) || ''Kapha-Vata Shamak'' || Pacifies pathological accumulations of mucus (''Kapha'') and nervous imbalances (''Vata'')
|}

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties of dry and wet forms==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties (Dry) !! Properties (Wet)
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Pungent (katu) || Sweet (madhura)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Neither too hot nor too cold (anushnasheeta) || Cold (sheeta)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura) ||--
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Unctuous (snigdha), Sharp (tikshna) || Heavy (guru)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[kapha]] and [[vata]] || Increases [[vata]] and [[kapha]], pacify [[pitta]]
|-
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/3 || Shirovirechana (Catharsis of Cephalic Region)
|-
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/7 || [[Vamana]] Dravya (Herbs used for Therapeutic Emesis)
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/18 || Deepaniya – Shulaghni yavagu (Gruel for enhancing digestion and colic pain)
|-
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/23 || Pipasaghni yavagu(Gruels for excess thirst )
|-
| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/29 || Vatanulomini yavagu(Gruels for flatulence)
|-
| 6 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/31 || Kantha Roghni yavagu(Gruel for throat disorders)
|-
| 9 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(6) || Deepaniya mahakashaya(Appetisers)
|-
| 10 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(9)|| Kanthya mahakashaya(beneficial for throat & voice)
|-
| 11 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(11)|| Truptighna mahakashaya(anti-satiety)
|-
| 12 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(15)|| Krimighna mahakashaya(anti-helmintics)
|-
| 13 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(25)|| Asthapanopaga mahakashaya(helping corrective enema)
|-
| 14 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(27)|| Shirovirechanopa gmahakashaya( helping nasal errhine therapy)
|-
| 15 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(30)|| Hikkanigrahana mahakashaya(reducing hiccups)
|-
| 16 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(36)|| Kasahara mahakashaya(relieving cough)
|-
| 17 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(42)|| Sheetaprashamana mahakashaya(pacifying cold)
|-
| 18 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(45)|| Shoolaprashamana mahakashaya(anti-spasmodics)
|-
| 19 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/35
| Santarpanajanya vikara chikitsa(Management of diseases due to undernutrition)
|-
| 20 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 24/50
| Mada Murccha Chikitsa
|-
| 21 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40
| Agrya Sangraha (collections of best food articles, factors and drugs in various conditions)
|-
| 22 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/4
| Natural qualities
|-
| 23 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/256
| Krutanna Varga
|-
| 24 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/297
| Krutanna Varga
|-
| 25 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/51
| [[Veerya]] varnana(potency)
|-
| 26 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/84
| Viruddha ahara(incompatible substances)
|-
| 27 ||Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 1/15
| Nitya asevaniya padarth varnana (Dravya that are not recommended for daily use)
|-
| 28 ||Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/17
| Abhyantara Krimi Chikitsa
|-
| 29 ||Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/18
| Abhyantara Krimi Chikitsa
|-
| 30 ||Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135
| [[Vamana]] dravyani(as an ingredient of List of medicines used in therapeutic emesis)
|-
| 31 ||Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/142
| Katu skandha(group of pungent drugs)
|-
|32
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/34
|Garbhasya pratimasik karma
|-
|33
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/41
|Prajata stree paricharya(use as an ingredient in Procedure to remove placenta post-delivery)
|-
|34
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/41
|Prajata stree paricharya(use as an ingredient in Procedure to remove placenta post-delivery)
|-
|35
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/48
|Nadi kalpana
|-
|36
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/22
|Vamanartha
|-
|37
|Cha.Sa[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/23
|Vamanartha
|-
|38
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/15
|Preparations of Trivrut
|-
|39
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/29
|Preparations of Trivrut Awaleha
|-
|40
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/36
|Preparations of Modaka
|-
|41
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/37
|Preparations of Avaleha
|-
|42
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/40
|Preparation of Kalyanaka Guda
|-
|43
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/56
|Preparation of Varshakalina Trivrut Yoga
|-
|44
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/70
|Madya Yoga
|-
|45
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 9/7
|Tilvaka Yoga
|-
|46
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/5
|Danti-Dravanti Sangraha
|-
|47
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/27
|Modak Yoga
|-
|48
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/32
|Arishta Yoga
|-
|49
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/2/7
|In formulation of Amalaka avaleha
|-
|50
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/1/27
|Ingredient in Bruhaniya Gutika
|-
|51
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/1/37
|Ingredient in [[Vajikarana]] Ghrita
|-
|52
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/2/21
|Ingredient in Vrushya Ghrita
|-
|53
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/3/12
|Ingredient of Vrushya pippali yoga
|-
|54
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/3/18
|Ingredient of Vrushya Shatavari Ghrita
|-
|55
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/25
|Ingredient in Apatyakara Ghrita
|-
|56
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/31
|Ingredient in Vrushya Gutika
|-
|57
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/179
|Used as lajapeya with Shunthi where agni is manda but kshudha is present
|-
|58
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/184
|Used as peya with Ghrita where jwara is associated with Constipation(Doshanulomaka)
|-
|59
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/219
|As an ingredient of Pippalyadi Ghrita for jeerna jwara
|-
|60
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/223
|As an ingredient of Vasadi Ghrita
|-
|61
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/228
|Used for [[Vamana]] karma
|-
|62
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/243
|As an ingredient of Patoladi niruha basti
|-
|63
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/248
|Used in [[Niruha]] basti as kalka
|-
|64
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/250
|As an ingredient of Jivantyadi anuvasan basti
|-
|65
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267
|As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
|-
|66
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/303
|Used in Vishama jwara.
|-
|67
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/78
|Raktapitta- shamaka yoga in ugra raktapitta.
|-
|68
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/65
|Ingredient in Trayushanaadi ghrita
|-
|69
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/69
|Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya ghrita
|-
|70
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/71
|Ingredient of Hapushadya ghrita
|-
|71
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/74
|Ingredient of Pippalyadya ghrita
|-
|72
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/79
|Ingredient of Hingvadi churna
|-
|73
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/98
|Yush in Vataja Gulma
|-
|74
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/142
|Ingredient of Dashamuli Ghrita
|-
|75
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/144
|Ingredient in Bhallatakadya Ghrit for Kaphaj Gulma
|-
|76
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/147
|Ingredient in Kshir Shatpala Ghrita
|-
|77
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/156
|Ingredient of Danti-Haritaki
|-
|78
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/164
|Pathya Diet in Gulma
|-
|79
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/48
|As Nasya in Kushtha
|-
|80
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/61
|Ingredient in Kushthaghna Yoga
|-
|81
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/65
|Ingredient in Mustadi Churna
|-
|82
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/68
|Ingredient in Triphaladi Churna
|-
|83
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/77
|Ingredient in Kanakabindurishta
|-
|84
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/109
|Ingredient in Tiktekshvadi Taila for Abhyanga in Vata-Kaphaja Kushtha
|-
|85
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/113
|Ingredient in Kanakakshiri Taila
|-
|86
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/141
|Ingredient in Tiktashatpala Ghrita
|-
|87
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/145
|Ingredient in Mahatikta Ghrita
|-
|88
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/161
|Kushthahar Yoga
|-
|89
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/171
|Shvitra nashak Lepa
|-
|90
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/67
|Pathya diet for Pinas in treatment of Rajayakshma
|-
|91
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/91
|As a Nasya dravya(nasal errhines)
|-
|92
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/96
|Ingredient in Kharjuradi Avaleha
|-
|93
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/97
|Ingredient in Avaleha
|-
|94
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/100
|Ingredient in Avaleha
|-
|95
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/101
|Ingredient in Avaleha
|-
|96
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/103
|Ingredient in Sitopaladi Churna
|-
|97
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/108
|Ingredient in Duralabhadi Ghrita
|-
|98
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/112
|Ingredient in Jivantyadi Ghrita
|-
|99
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/115
|Ingredient in Baladi Kshirapaka
|-
|100
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/137
|As a Kaval dravya for Mukhashodhanartha
|-
|101
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/142
|Ingredient in Yavani shadava
|-
|102
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/145
|Ingredient in Talishadi Churna
|-
|103
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/169
|Ingredient in Strotosuddhikar Ghrit
|-
|104
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/169
|Ingredient in Strotosuddhikara Ghrit
|-
|105
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/171
|Ingredient in Yakshmanashak Ghrita
|-
|106
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/34
|Ingredient in Hingvadi Ghrita
|-
|107
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/49
|Ingredient in Lasunadya Ghrita
|-
|108
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/54
|Ingredient in Apara Lasunadya Ghrita
|-
|109
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/65
|Used as Nashya and Anjan prayogartha
|-
|110
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/70
|Ingredient in Siddharthakadi Agada
|-
|111
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/20
|Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrita
|-
|112
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/37
|Ingredient in Apasmar nashak Dhupa and Pradeha
|-
|113
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/43
|As a Nasya dravya
|-
|114
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/45
|As a Pradhaman nasya dravya
|-
|115
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/46
|Ingredient in Kayasthadi varti
|-
|116
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/48
|Ingredient in Mustadi varti
|-
|117
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/20
|As a diet and drinks in treatment of Kshatakshin
|-
|118
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/21
|Ingerdient in Eladi Gutika
|-
|119
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/30
|As a diet in treatment of Kshatakshina
|-
|120
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/33
|As a diet in treatment of Kshatakshina
|-
|121
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/37
|Ingredient in Amrutprash Ghrita
|-
|122
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/48
|Ingredient in Samasaktu Ghrita
|-
|123
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/58
|Ingredient in Dvitiya Sarpiguda
|-
|124
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/66
|Ingredient in Chaturtha Sarpiguda
|-
|125
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/72
|Ingredient in Pancham Sarpimodaka
|-
|126
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/79
|For Kasa and Jvara roga in Kshatkshina
|-
|127
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/21
|In treatment of Kaphaja Shvayathu
|-
|128
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/23
|In treatment of Vataja Shvayathu
|-
|129
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/24
|In treatment of Vataja Shvayathu
|-
|130
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/27
|For bhinna varch in treatment of Vataja Shvayathu
|-
|131
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/29
|Ingredient in Gandiradhyarishta
|-
|132
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/30
|Ingredient in Gandiradhyarishta
|-
|133
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/32
|Ingredient in Ashtashatorishta
|-
|134
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/39
|Ingredient in Triphaladhyarishta
|-
|135
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/41
|Ingredient in Krishnadi Churna
|-
|136
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/42
|Ingredient in Krishnadi Churna
|-
|137
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43
|Ingredient in Kshara Gudika
|-
|138
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/50
|Ingredient in Kansaharitaki Avaleh
|-
|139
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/53
|Ingredient in Patolamuladi Kwatha
|-
|140
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/55
|Ingredient in Chitrakadi Ghrita
|-
|141
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/62
|As a Pathya Diet in treatment of Shvayathu
|-
|142
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/62
|As a Pathya Diet in treatment of Shvayathu
|-
|143
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/66
|For Lepa, Abhyangadi Bahyaprayogartha
|-
|144
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/70
|Bahyaprayogarth Lepa in Kaphaja Shvayathu
|-
|145
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/79
|In treatment of plihodara
|-
|146
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/84
|In formulation of rohitaka ghrita
|-
|147
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/102
|In treatment of sannipataja udara roga (takraprayoga)
|-
|148
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/105
|In treatment of vatodara (takra prayoga)
|-
|149
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/106
|In treatment of chhidrodara (takraprayoga)
|-
|150
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/106
|In treatment of dakodar(takraprayoga)
|-
|151
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/108
|As an ingredient of udara roganashaka lepa
|-
|152
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/112
|In formulation of panchkola ghrita
|-
|153
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/122
|After virechana (balavruddhi arthe) mixed with dugdha
|-
|154
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/126
|As an ingredient of Narayana churna
|-
|155
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/134
|As an ingredient of Hapushadya churna
|-
|156
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/137
|As an ingredient of Nilinadya churna
|-
|157
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/158
|As an ingredient of Pippalyadi lavana
|-
|158
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/163
|As an ingredient of kshara vatika
|-
|159
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/148
|Kalka used in udara roga with milk
|-
|160
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/50
|Dhupan yoga in arsha roga (Recipes for smearing and fumigation
)
|-
|161
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/52
|Used as lepa over arsha
|-
|162
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/54
|Used as lepa (external application)
|-
|163
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/62
|As an ingredient of Traushnadi churna
|-
|164
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/71
|Panchakola churna is given with takra
|-
|165
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/72
|As an ingredient of takrarishta
|-
|166
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/89
|Used in peya, khada yusha, ghrita, siddha jala
|-
|167
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/92
|Used in yavagu
|-
|168
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/103
|Use with phanita and goghrita
|-
|169
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/104
|As an ingredient of pippalyadi ghrita
|-
|170
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/106
|Removes vata and vibandha
|-
|171
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/107
|As an ingredient of Cavyadi ghrita
|-
|172
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/110
|As an ingredient of Nagaradya ghrita
|-
|173
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/131
|Used in anuvasana basti
|-
|174
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/138
|As an ingredient of Abhayarishta
|-
|175
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/155
|As an ingredient of dvitiya phalarista
|-
|176
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/158
|As an ingredient of Kanakarista
|-
|177
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/235
|As an ingredient of Sunishanak changeri ghrit
|-
|178
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/74
|Used for vamana in amaja grahani roga(for emesis therapy)
|-
|179
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/76
|Panchakola sadhita peya and Anna is given in Amaja grahani roga
|-
|180
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/82
|As an ingredient of dashmuladya ghrita
|-
|181
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/87
|As an ingredient of traushnaadi ghrita
|-
|182
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/88
|As an ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrita evum churna
|-
|183
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/96
|As an ingredient of chitrakadhya gutika
|-
|184
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/105
|Used in kaphapittaja grahani
|-
|185
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/106
|Agnivruddhiartha and for alleviating kostha gaya kayu in grahani roga
|-
|186
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/112
|Used as ingredient of yavagu
|-
|187
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/127
|As an ingredient of Chandanadhya ghrita(kalka dravya)
|-
|188
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/132
|This drug is used in treatment of pittaja grahani as an ingredient of Bhunimbadhya churna
|-
|189
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/137
|As an ingredient of Kiratadya churna (Pittaja Grahani chiktsa)
|-
|190
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/142
|Used as peya padartha in Kaphaja grahani
|-
|191
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/154
|As an ingredient of Duralabhasava(Kaphaja grahani )
|-
|192
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/160
|As an ingredient of Pindasava
|-
|193
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/163
|As an ingredient of Madhvarishta
|-
|194
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/168
|Used in treatment of Kaphaja grahani
|-
|195
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/173
|As an ingredient of Pippalimooladi Kshara
|-
|196
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/177
|ingredient of Bhallataka Kshara
|-
|197
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/178
|As an ingredient of Bhallataka Kshara
|-
|198
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/189
|As an ingredient of Bhallataka Kshara
|-
|199
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/75
|Used for vamana in hikka shwasa roga(For emesis)
|-
|200
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/97
|Used in yusha preparation for hikka shvasa
|-
|201
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/104
|Used as annapana for hikka shvasa
|-
|202
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/108
|As an ingredient of hingvadi churna
|-
|203
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/111
|Used in preparation of Utkarika
|-
|204
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/112
|Siddha ghrit is used in vatanubandhi shvasa
|-
|205
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/123
|As an ingredient of shatyadi churna
|-
|206
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/136
|Used as lihya
|-
|207
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/140
|As an ingredient of dashamuladhya ghrita
|-
|208
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/141
|As an ingredient of Tejovatyadi ghrita
|-
|209
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/36
|As a ghrita dravya
|-
|210
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/47
|As an ingredient of yoga dravya
|-
|211
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/51
|As an ingredient of leha dravya
|-
|212
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/55
|Use as an ingredient of chitrakadi leha
|-
|213
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/60
|Use as an ingredient of Agastya haritaki
|-
|214
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/63
|Use as an ingredient of Saindhavadi yoga
|-
|215
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/64
|Use as an ingredient of Khadirasara yoga
|-
|216
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/71
|Use as an ingredient of praproundarika dhuma
|-
|217
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/74
|Use as an ingredient of dhumapana yoga(medicated smoke inhalation)
|-
|218
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/77
|Use as an ingredient of peya yoga
|-
|219
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/87
|Use as an ingredient of leha yoga in pittaja kasa
|-
|220
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/87
|Use as an ingredient of leha yoga in pittaja kasa
|-
|221
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/88
|Use as an ingredient of leha yoga in pittaja kasa
|-
|222
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/89
|Use as an ingredient of leha yoga in pittaja kasa
|-
|223
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/91
|Use as an ingredient of mrudvikadi leha
|-
|224
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/94
|Use as an ingredient of pippalyadi leha
|-
|225
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/100
|Use as an ingredient of kshirapaka
|-
|226
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/103
|Use as an ingredient of yoga dravya
|-
|227
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/109
|Use as an ingredient of yusha dravya in kaphaja kasa
|-
|228
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/114
|Use as an ingredient of pathadi kalka
|-
|229
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/118
|Use as an ingredient of vatanubandhi kaphaja kasa treatment
|-
|230
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/116
|Use it as a kwatha dravya(decoction)
|-
|231
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/119
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|232
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/120
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|233
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/120
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|234
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/121
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|235
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/122
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|236
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/135
|Use as an ingredient of pippalyadi leha
|-
|237
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/159
|Use as an ingredient of dwipanchamuladi ghrita
|-
|238
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/161
|Use as an ingredient of guduchyadi ghrita
|-
|239
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/163
|Use as an ingredient of kashmaryadi ghrita
|-
|240
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/166
|Use as an ingredient of ghrita yoga
|-
|241
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/169
|Use as an ingredient of haritaki leha
|-
|242
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/172
|Use as a yoga dravya in treatment of kshayaja kasa
|-
|243
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/20
|Use as a pramathya dravya
|-
|244
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/27
|
As a ingridient of dipaniya and sangrahi gana
|-
|245
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/80
|As a dravya in Darvyadi ghrita preparation
|-
|246
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/106
|As a kwatha dravya
|-
|247
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/114
|
As a dravya in yoga
|-
|248
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/118
|
As a piccha basti dravya
|-
|249
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/113
|Use it with madhu
|-
|250
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/28
|As an ingredient of lehya prayoga in Pittaja chhardi
|-
|251
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/34
|For vamana in Kaphaja chhardi(for emesis)
|-
|252
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/39
|As an ingredient of Manahshiladi yoga
|-
|253
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/31
|As a pana yoga in Pittaja chhardi
|-
|254
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/52
|For Vamana karma(for emesis)
|-
|255
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/129
|Used in granthi visarpa
|-
|256
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 22/53
|For cleansing the mouth
|-
|257
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/50
|For sangyasthapana in 6th vega of visha
|-
|258
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/56
|As an ingredient of Mritasanjeevana Agada
|-
|259
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/183
|Used in netragata visha, as anjana prayoga
|-
|260
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/185
|Used in the treatment of pakvashaya - gata visha
|-
|261
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/189
|Used in the treatment of Kapha pradhana visha, as a pratisarana prayoga
|-
|262
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/96
|As an ingredient of Hingvadi yoga
|-
|263
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/12
|Used to make Udavarta varti
|-
|264
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/14
|Used in udavarta for pradhamana
|-
|265
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/14
|Used in udavarta for pradhamana
|-
|266
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/21
|As an ingredient of Vachadi churna
|-
|267
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/55
|As an ingredient of Vyoshadi churn used in Kaphaja mutrakruchhra
|-
|268
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/60
|As an ingredient of Pashanbhedadi churna
|-
|269
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87
|As an ingredient of Trushanadi Ghrita
|-
|270
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/97
|Used in Kaphaja Hrudroga
|-
|271
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/98
|As an ingredient of Udumbaravleha
|-
|272
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/145
|Used as nasya in Pakva peenasa
|-
|273
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/150
|Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya
|-
|274
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/152
|Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya for pradhamana
|-
|275
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/153
|As an ingredient of Bhargyadi taila
|-
|276
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/156
|Pathya anna in kaphaja pratishyaya
|-
|277
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/186
|Used in Kaphaja Siroroga for Avapeeda nasya
|-
|278
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/188
|As an ingredient of Pippalyadi churna for kavala karma
|-
|279
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/192
|As an ingredient of Kshara gutika
|-
|280
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/194
|As an ingredient of Kalaka churna
|-
|281
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/198
|As an ingredient of Mrudvikadi churna
|-
|282
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/216,217
|Used in Kavala in Arochaka
|-
|283
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/242
|As an ingredient of Saindhavadi churna
|-
|284
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/247
|As an ingredient of Churnanjana
|-
|285
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/252
|As an ingredient of Sukhavati varti
|-
|286
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/258
|As an ingredient of Pippalyadi rasakriya
|-
|287
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/261
|As an ingredient of Dhatryadi rasakriya
|-
|288
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/270
|As an ingredient of Mahaneela taila
|-
|289
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/276
|As an ingredient of Prapoundrakadi taila
|-
|290
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/287
|Used in Kaphaja swarbheda(Treatment of hoarseness of voice)
|-
|291
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/28

|As Urustambha Nashaka Dravya(disease of thigh)
|-
|292
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/31
|As an ingredient of Urustambha nashaka Yoga
|-
|293
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/32
|As an ingredient of Urustambha nashaka Yoga
|-
|294
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/38
|As an ingredient of Swarnakshiradi Yoga
|-
|295
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/122
|As an ingredient of Chitrakadi ghrita
|-
|296
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/168
|As an ingredient of Mulakadya taila
|-
|297
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/64
|As an ingredient of Jeevaniya Ghrita
|-
|298
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/80
|Used as Shruta
|-
|299
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/99
|As an ingredient of Sukumaraka taila
|-
|300
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/152
|As an ingredient of Triphaladi kalka in tridoshaja shoola
|-
|301
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/50
|As an ingredient of Baladi sneha, used in the treatment of Vata – Pittaja yoni roga
|-
|302
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/54
|As an ingredient of Pippalyadi yoga
|-
|303
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/57
|As an ingredient of Vrushakadi churna, used in the treatment of Vataja yoni
|-
|304
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/66
|As an ingredient of Bruhad Shatavari ghrita
|-
|305
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/72
|As an ingredient of Pippalyadi varti
|-
|306
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/84
|As an ingredient of Pippalyadi Churna
|-
|307
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/109
|Used in the treatment of Karnini
|-
|308
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/280
|Used in the treatment of Gaurava stanya dosha, as an ingredient of Pippalyadi kwatha
|-
|309
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/119
|Used in the treatment of Shveta pradara
|-
|310
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/150
|Magadhi rasayana, used in the treatment of Kapha dushta sukra dosha
|-
|}

==Dose==
* 1-3 gm churna<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2:60</ref>
==Useful part==
* Fruit<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2:60</ref>

==Important Formulation==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2:60</ref>
* Amrutarishta
* Ayaskruti
* Cyavanaprash Avaleha
* Gudapippali
* Kumaryasava
* Chandanasava
* Shiva gulika
* Kaishora Guggulu

== Current availability==

Available

* In India: Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Tamilanadu.

== Current researches ==

== Phytochemical Composition ==
The therapeutic matrix of ''Piper longum'' features an array of secondary metabolites distributed across its fruits and roots. The biological activity is primarily attributed to its nitrogenous plant bases.

* '''Alkaloids & Amides:''' The primary bioactive markers are amide alkaloids, with '''piperine''' being the most abundant (ranging from 5% to 9% in the fruit spikes). Other critical structural analogs include '''piperlongumine''' (piplartine), '''piperlonguminine''', '''pipermondeine''', '''chavicine''', and '''sylvatine'''.
** ''Chemical Formula of Piperine:'' C17H19NO3
* '''Lignans:''' It contains dense phenolic compounds like '''sesamin''', '''asarinin''', and '''fargesin''', which exhibit robust antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties.
* '''Essential Oils:''' The volatile fraction (approx. 1%) contains complex sesquiterpenes and monoterpenes, predominantly '''β-caryophyllene''', '''limonene''', '''sabinene''', '''pinene''', and '''p-cymene'''.

<blockquote>'''Classical Safety Maxim:''' Ancient texts (e.g., ''Charaka Samhita, Vimana Sthana'') warn that despite its vast therapeutic applications, isolated Pippali should not be used in high doses continuously over long durations unless processed via specialized, graduated administrative protocols such as '''Vardhamana Pippali Rasayana''' (a controlled, step-up/step-down daily dosing system).</blockquote>

== Evidence-Based Therapeutic Efficacy and Pharmacological Actions ==

=== Bioavailability Enhancement (Bioenhancer Activity) ===
Pippali is celebrated as the world's first scientifically validated bioenhancer. Through its major alkaloid, piperine, it significantly alters the pharmacokinetics of a wide spectrum of co-administered drugs and micronutrients.

* '''Mechanism:''' Piperine enhances absorption by increasing gastrointestinal blood supply and altering membrane dynamics. Simultaneously, it acts as a potent inhibitor of '''Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)''' enzymes and '''P-glycoprotein (P-gp)''' efflux pumps, downregulating the first-pass hepatic metabolism and intestinal elimination of foreign molecules. It also inhibits hepatic glucuronidation.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Clinical and preclinical studies demonstrate that co-administering piperine with anti-tubercular drugs (Rifampicin, Isoniazid), antibiotics, and poorly absorbed phytochemicals (like curcumin) boosts their peak plasma concentration (Cmax) and bioavailability by up to 2000%, allowing for a reduction in standard synthetic drug dosages and their subsequent side effects.<ref name="Johri1992" /><ref name="Shoba1998" />

=== Immunomodulatory and Antitumor Efficacy ===
Extracts of ''Piper longum'' demonstrate a distinct dual action: selective cytotoxicity against malignant cell lines alongside immunostimulatory activity in healthy tissues.

* '''Mechanism:''' The alkaloid '''piperlongumine''' selectively induces apoptosis in cancer cells by accelerating reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and downregulating anti-apoptotic signals like Bcl-2 and Nuclear Factor-kappa B (NF-κB), while sparing healthy cell architectures. Concurrently, it stimulates bone marrow hematopoietic lineages.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Oral administration of an alcoholic extract of ''P. longum'' (10 mg/dose/animal) and isolated piperine (1.14 mg/dose/animal) significantly restricted solid tumor development induced by Dalton's Lymphoma Ascites (DLA) cells. It extended the life span of Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) tumor-bearing mice by 37.3% and 58.8%, respectively, while actively increasing total White Blood Cell (WBC) counts and bone marrow cellularity.<ref name="Sunila2004" />

=== Respiratory and Antiasthmatic Activity ===
Pippali is traditionally indicated for ''Kasa'' (cough) and ''Shwasa'' (asthma). Modern pharmacology supports this through its profound anti-allergic and bronchodilatory properties.

* '''Mechanism:''' Active amides modulate the degranulation of mast cells, significantly suppressing the release of inflammatory mediators like histamine, leukotrienes, and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-4).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Clinical evaluations of ''Piper longum'' fruit powder in children with bronchial asthma revealed a distinct reduction in the severity of asthmatic attacks, improvement in peak expiratory flow rates, and a decrease in absolute eosinophil counts, validating its historical role as a lung tonic.<ref name="Dahanukar1984" />

=== Anti-inflammatory and Anti-arthritic Action ===
The underlying amides in Pippali target chronic inflammatory pathways driving musculoskeletal and joint disorders.

* '''Mechanism:''' ''P. longum'' constituents inhibit the expression of '''cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)''' and lipoxygenase (LOX) pathways, thereby impeding the biosynthesis of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In vivo studies using Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis models showed that treated animal cohorts experienced a significant reduction in paw edema and structural joint degradation. The anti-inflammatory effect was comparable to standard NSAIDs like indomethacin, but without the associated gastric mucosal erosion.<ref name="Stohr2001" />

=== Hepatoprotective Profile ===
''Piper longum'' acts as a metabolic safeguard against xenobiotic-induced hepatotoxicity.

* '''Mechanism:''' Its secondary metabolites combat lipid peroxidation, preserving hepatic structural integrity and boosting endogenous antioxidant enzymes such as Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), and reduced Glutathione (GSH).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' When tested against anti-tubercular drug-induced liver injury, aqueous extracts of ''P. longum'' successfully normalized serum biomarker enzymes—including Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) and Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)—shielding hepatic tissue from oxidative stress.

== Clinical Indications, Dosage, and Safety Profile ==

=== Primary Clinical Indications ===
# '''Pulmonary Conditions:''' Obstructive airway diseases, chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, and recurrent cough.
# '''Gastrointestinal Disorders:''' Chronic indigestion (''Agnimandya''), flatulence, anorexia, and malabsorption syndromes.
# '''Systemic & Metabolic Conditions:''' Chronic low-grade inflammation, splenomegaly, obesity, and intermittent fevers.

=== Standard Therapeutic Dosage ===
* '''Crude Fruit Powder (''Churna''):''' 0.5 to 1.5 g per day in divided doses, traditionally administered with honey, warm water, or clarified butter (''Ghruta'').
* '''Classic Formulations:''' ''Trikatu Churna'' (equal parts ''Pippali'', ''Maricha'', and ''Shunthi''), ''Pippali Rasayana'', ''Pippaliasava''.

=== Safety, Toxicity, and Contraindications ===
Toxicological profiles show that ''Piper longum'' is highly safe when used within traditional therapeutic dose boundaries. Acute and sub-chronic toxicity studies in animal models demonstrate no significant target organ toxicity.

However, because it significantly modulates drug-metabolizing enzymes (CYP3A4) and P-glycoprotein, patients on critical, narrow-therapeutic-index prescription medications (e.g., phenytoin, propranolol, theophylline, rifampicin) should use Pippali under medical supervision to avoid unintended spikes in therapeutic drug concentrations.

== References ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="Dahanukar1984">Dahanukar, S. A., Karandikar, S. M., & Desai, M. (1984). Efficacy of ''Piper longum'' in childhood asthma. ''Journal of Postgraduate Medicine'', 30(4), 205–207.</ref>

<ref name="Johri1992">Johri, R. K., & Zutshi, U. (1992). An Ayurvedic formulation ‘Trikatu’ and its constituents. ''Journal of Ethnopharmacology'', 37(2), 85–91.</ref>

<ref name="Shoba1998">Shoba, G., Joy, D., Joseph, T., Majeed, M., Rajendran, R., & Srinivas, P. S. (1998). Influence of piperine on the pharmacokinetics of curcumin in animals and human volunteers. ''Planta Medica'', 64(04), 353–356.</ref>

<ref name="Stohr2001">Stöhr, J. R., Xiao, P. G., & Bauer, R. (2001). Constituents of ''Piper longum'' and their inhibitory effects on prostaglandin and leukotriene biosynthesis. ''Journal of Ethnopharmacology'', 75(2-3), 133–139.</ref>

<ref name="Sunila2004">Sunila, E. S., & Kuttan, G. (2004). Immunomodulatory and antitumor activity of ''Piper longum'' Linn. and piperine. ''Journal of Ethnopharmacology'', 90(2-3), 339–346.</ref>
}}
https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Piper%20longum

[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]

Herbs details

2026-07-08T07:24:31Z

Agnivesha:

Herbs details:

# [[Amalaki]]
# [[Bibhitaki]]
# [[Haritaki]]
# [[Guduchi]]
# [[Ashwagandha]]
# [[Shunthi]]
# [[Maricha]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants and Botanical Names in Charak Samhita
! Sr. No. !! Sanskrit Name !! Synonyms !! Botanical Name
|-
| 1 || [[Bibhitaki|Aksha]]|| [[Bibhitaki|Bibhitaki, kaliphala, Bhutavasa, Kalidruma]]|| '''[[Bibhitaki|Terminalia bellirica Roxb]]'''
|-
| 2 || Aguru || Agaru, loha, krimija, rajarha || '''Aquilaria agallocha Roxb'''
|-
| 3 || Agnimantha || Jaya, Sriparni, Ganikarika, Jayanti, Tarkari, Nadeyi, Vai jayanti || '''Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn.f.'''
|-
| 4 || Ankola || Ankoda, Deerghakeela, Nikochaka, Tamraphala, Gupta Sneha || '''Alangium lamarkii Thw., (Alangium salviifolium)'''
|-
| 5 || Ajamoda || Karavi, Deepyaka, Shikhimoda || '''Apium graveolens'''
|-
| 6 || Atasi || uma, picchila, devi, medagandha, madotkata, kshuma, hemavati,masruna || '''Linum usitatissimum Linn.'''
|-
| 7 || Atibala || rishyaprokta, kankatika,Balika, Vatyapushpy, Bhuribala || '''Abutilon indicum. (Link)'''
|-
| 8 || Ativisha || shrungi, virupa, pittadivallabha, shwetvaca, visha, madri || '''Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. Cat.'''
|-
| 9 || Aparajita || Shanhapushpi,Girikarnika, Visnukranta,Sephanda || '''Clitoria ternatea L.'''
|-
| 10 || Apamarga || Shikhari,durgraha, adhashalya, karmanjri, pratyakpushpi || '''Achyranthes aspera Linn.'''
|-
| 11 || Ambashtaki || laghu patha,Uttanaparni, prachina,varatikta, Aviddhakarni,kuchelika || '''Cissampelos pareira Linn'''
|-
| 12 || Amlikakanda || || '''Dioscorea oppositifolia L.'''
|-
| 13 || Arimeda || Irimeda, Vidkhadira || '''Acacia leucophloea Willd.'''
|-
| 14 || Arka || Ravi, Bhanu, Tapana,Tulaphala, vikirana,ksheeraparna || '''Calotropis gigantea'''
|-
| 15 || Arjaka || Barbari,Sheta tulasi || '''Ocimum gratissimum L.'''
|-
| 16 || Arjuna || Indradru,Nadisarja,Dhavala,Kakubha, Partha, Shweta vaha, || '''Terminalia Arjuna'''
|-
| 17 || Avakpushpi || || '''Trichodesma indicum'''
|-
| 18 || Ashoka || Madhupushpa,Raktapallavaka, Hemapushpa, Pindipushpa, Nata, Pallavadru, || '''Saraca indica Linn.'''
|-
| 19 || Ashmantaka || Yugmapatra, yaalapatraka, kanchini || '''Bauhinia racemosa. Lam.'''
|-
| 20 || [[Ashwagandha]]|| [[Ashwagandha|Balada, kamarupini, vajini,Gandhapatri]]|| '''[[Ashwagandha|Withania somnifera]]'''
|-
| 21 || Aswattha || pippala, shrivriksha, sevya,bodhidru, pavitraka,krishnavasa || '''Ficus religiosa L.'''
|-
| 22 || Asana || Beejaka, Vijayasara || '''Bridelia Montana Wall., Pterocarpus marsupium'''
|-
| 23 || Akhuparni || vriddhadaru, akhukarni, shubhashreni, krushika, dravanti || '''Ipomoea reniformis Chois.'''
|-
| 24 || Adhaki || Tuvari, Shanapushpika, Kalavrunta || '''Cajanus indicus Spreng'''
|-
| 25 || Atmagupta || Kapikachu, kapiloma, swayamgupta,Markati || '''Mucuna pruriens D.C.'''
|-
| 26 || [[Amalaki]]|| [[Amalaki|Dhatri, Dhatriphala, Sriphala, Vayastha,vayasya]]|| '''[[Amalaki|Phyllanthus emblica L./ Emblica officinalis]]'''
|-
| 27 || Amra || Madhuphala, Madhuli, Madhavadruma, Sahakara, parapushta || '''Manjifera indica L.'''
|-
| 28 || Ikshu || Asipatra, Bhurirasa, Dirghacchada, Gudamula, Trnarasa || '''Saccharum officinarum L.'''
|-
| 29 || Ikshuraka || Kokilaksha? || '''Hygrophila spinosa T.Anderson'''
|-
| 30 || Ingudi || Higupatra, Tapasadruma,Angaravruksha,Pootikantaka || '''Balanites roxburghii Plauch., (Balanites aegyptiaca (Linn) Del.)'''
|-
| 31 || Itkada || Utkata, Vanajayanti || '''Sesbania aculeate Pers.'''
|-
| 32 || Ucchadaka || Uttingana? || '''Blepharis edulis Pers.'''
|-
| 33 || Udumbara || || '''Ficus glomerata Roxb., ( Ficus racemosa)'''
|-
| 34 || Upodika || || '''Basella rubra L.'''
|-
| 35 || Eraka || || '''Typha elephantine Roxb.'''
|-
| 36 || Ervaru || || '''Cucumis utilissimus L.'''
|-
| 37 || Eranda || || '''Ricinus communis L.'''
|-
| 38 || Katutumbi || || '''Lagenaria Vulgaris Ser.'''
|-
| 39 || Katuphala || || '''Hibiscus abelmoschus L.'''
|-
| 40 || Kandakari || || '''Solanum xanthocarpum Sche.'''
|-
| 41 || Kadamba || || '''Anthocephalus cadamba Miq.'''
|-
| 42 || Kadara || || '''Acacia Senegal Willd.'''
|-
| 43 || Kapittha || || '''Feronia elephantanum Correa.'''
|-
| 44 || Karamarda || || '''Carissa carandas L.'''
|-
| 45 || Karavira || || '''Nerium odorum Soland'''
|-
| 46 || Karira || || '''Copparis aphylla Roth'''
|-
| 47 || Karanja || || '''Pongamia glabra Vent.'''
|-
| 48 || Karkatashrungi || || '''Rhuus succedanea L.'''
|-
| 49 || Karkandhu || || '''Zizyphus nummularia W.C.'''
|-
| 50 || Karpura || || '''Dryobalanops aromatic Goertn.'''
|-
| 51 || Kalaya || || '''Lathyrus sativus L.'''
|-
| 52 || Kasheruka || || '''Seirpus kysoor R.'''
|-
| 53 || Kakamachi || || '''Solanum nigrum L.'''
|-
| 54 || Karavellika || || '''Momordica charantia L.'''
|-
| 55 || Karpasa || || '''Gossypium herbacum L.'''
|-
| 56 || Kalanusariva || || '''Ichnocarpus frutenscens Br.'''
|-
| 57 || Kashmari || || '''Gmelina arborea L.'''
|-
| 58 || Kasamarda || || '''Cassia occidentalis L.'''
|-
| 59 || Kiratatikta || || '''Swertia chirata Ham.'''
|-
| 60 || Kutaja || || '''Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall.'''
|-
| 61 || Kutumbaka || || '''Leucas linifolia Spreng.'''
|-
| 62 || Kumarajeeva || || '''Putranjiva roxburghii Wall.'''
|-
| 63 || Kumbhi || || '''Careya arborea R.'''
|-
| 64 || Kurandaka || || '''Barleria prionitis L.'''
|-
| 65 || Kusumbha || || '''Carathmus tinctoricus L.'''
|-
| 66 || Kovidara || || '''Bauhinia variegate L.'''
|-
| 67 || Koshataki || || '''Luffa acutangula varamara Clerke'''
|-
| 68 || Koshamra || || '''Scheleichera trijuga Willd.'''
|-
| 69 || Kumkuma || || '''Crocus sativus L.'''
|-
| 70 || Khadira || || '''Acacia catechu Willd.'''
|-
| 71 || Guggulu || || '''Balsamodendron mukul Hook.'''
|-
| 72 || Gunja || || '''Abrus precatorius L.'''
|-
| 73 || Guduchi || || '''Tinospora cordifolia Miers.'''
|-
| 74 || Gokshuraka || || '''Tribulus terrestris L.'''
|-
| 75 || Gojihwa || || '''Elephantopus scaber L.'''
|-
| 76 || Chakramarda || || '''Cassia tora L.'''
|-
| 77 || Chanchu || || '''Corchorus oilitorius L.'''
|-
| 78 || Chandana || || '''Santalum album L.'''
|-
| 79 || Charmakasha || || '''Acacia concinna D.C.'''
|-
| 80 || Charngeri || || '''Oxalis corniculata L.'''
|-
| 81 || Chitraka || || '''Plumbago zeylanica L.'''
|-
| 82 || Chirabilva || || '''Holoptelia integrifolia Planch.'''
|-
| 83 || Chirmata || || '''Cucumis melo L.'''
|-
| 84 || Chilli || || '''Chenopodium album L.'''
|-
| 85 || Choraka || || '''Agelica glauca Edgew.'''
|-
| 86 || jambu || || '''Eugenia jambos Lamk.'''
|-
| 87 || jaya || || '''Sesbania egyptica Pers.'''
|-
| 88 || jalapippali || || '''Lippia nodiflora Rich.'''
|-
| 89 || Jati || || '''Myristica fragrens Houtt.'''
|-
| 90 || Jingini || || '''Odina wodier Roxb.'''
|-
| 91 || Jeeraka || || '''Cuminum cyminum L.'''
|-
| 92 || Jyotishmati || || '''Celestrus paniculata Willd.'''
|-
| 93 || Tamala || || '''Cinnamomum tamala Fr. Nees.'''
|-
| 94 || Tintidika || || '''Tamarindus indica L.'''
|-
| 95 || Tinduka || || '''Diospyros embryopteris Pers.'''
|-
| 96 || Tila || || '''Sesamum indicum L.'''
|-
| 97 || Tilaparni || || '''Gynandropis pentaphylla D.C'''
|-
| 98 || Tumburu || || '''Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb.'''
|-
| 99 || Tuda || || '''Morus indica L.'''
|-
| 100 || Trivrut || || '''Ipomea turpethum Br.'''
|-
| 101 || Dadima || || '''Punica granatum L.'''
|-
| 102 || Daruharidra || || '''Berberis aristata D.C'''
|-
| 103 || Dipyaka || || '''Carum copticum Benth.'''
|-
| 104 || Dugdhika || || '''Euphorbia pilulifera L.'''
|-
| 105 || Duralabha || || '''Fagonia Arabica L.'''
|-
| 106 || Durva || || '''Cynodon dactylon Pers.'''
|-
| 107 || Draksha || || '''Vitis vinifera L.'''
|-
| 108 || Dhanvana || || '''Grewia tiliefolia Vahl.'''
|-
| 109 || Dhava || || '''Anogeisssus latifolia Wall.'''
|-
| 110 || Dhataki || || '''Woodfordia floribunda Slisb.'''
|-
| 111 || Dhanyaka || || '''Coriandrum sativum'''
|-
| 112 || Nanditaka || || '''Ficus retusa L.'''
|-
| 113 || Nalika || || '''Onosma echioides L.'''
|-
| 114 || Naranga || || '''Citrus aurantium L.'''
|-
| 115 || Nadi || || '''Ipomea aquatica Forsk.'''
|-
| 116 || Nimba || || '''Melia azadirachta L.'''
|-
| 117 || Nirgundi || || '''Vitex negundo L.'''
|-
| 118 || Nilika || || '''Indigofera tinctoria L.'''
|-
| 119 || Nyagrodha || || '''Ficus bengalensis L.'''
|-
| 120 || Patola || || '''Trichosanthes dioica Roxb.'''
|-
| 121 || Patra || || '''Cinnamomum iners Reinw.'''
|-
| 122 || Padmaka || || '''Prunus puddum Roxb.'''
|-
| 123 || Parushaka || || '''Grewia asiatica L.'''
|-
| 124 || Parpataka || || '''Rangia repens Nees.'''
|-
| 125 || Paravata || || '''Psidium guyava L.'''
|-
| 126 || Pashanabheda || || '''Saxifraga lingulata Wall.'''
|-
| 127 || Pippali || || '''Piper longum L.'''
|-
| 128 || Pilu || || '''Salvadora persica L.'''
|-
| 129 || Punarnava || || '''Berhavia repens L.'''
|-
| 130 || Prasarani || || '''Pederia fetida L.'''
|-
| 131 || Prachinamalaka || || '''Flacourtia cataphracta Roxb.'''
|-
| 132 || Piyala || || '''Aglaia roxburghiana Miq.'''
|-
| 133 || Plaksha || || '''Ficus tsiela Roxb.'''
|-
| 134 || Phenila || || '''Sapindus trifoliatus L.'''
|-
| 135 || Bakula || || '''Mimusops elengi L.'''
|-
| 136 || Badara || || '''Zizyphus jujube Lamk.'''
|-
| 137 || Bilwa || || '''Aegle marmelos Corr.'''
|-
| 138 || Bijaka || || '''Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.'''
|-
| 139 || Bijapuraka || || '''Citrus medica L.'''
|-
| 140 || Bruhati || || '''Solanum indicum L.'''
|-
| 141 || Brahmi || || '''Herpestis monniera Benth.'''
|-
| 142 || Bhavya || || '''Dillenia indica L.'''
|-
| 143 || Bhrigaraja || || '''Eclipta alba Hassk.'''
|-
| 144 || Mandukaparni || || '''Hydrocotyle asiatica L.'''
|-
| 145 || Madana || || '''Randia dumatorum Lam.'''
|-
| 146 || Madhuka || || '''Bassia latifolia Roxb.'''
|-
| 147 || [[Maricha]]|| || '''Piper nigrum L.'''
|-
| 148 || Mamsi || || '''Nardostachys jatamansi D.C'''
|-
| 149 || Mudga || || '''Phaseolus mungo L.'''
|-
| 150 || Musta || || '''Cyperus rotundus L.'''
|-
| 151 || Murva || || '''Clematis triloba Heyne.'''
|-
| 152 || Mulaka || || '''Raphanus sativus L.'''
|-
| 153 || Yava || || '''Hordeum vulgarae L.'''
|-
| 154 || Yavasaka || || '''Alhagi maumorum Desv.'''
|-
| 155 || Raktotpala || || '''Nymphoea lotus L.'''
|-
| 156 || Rajakshavaka || || '''Doemia extensa Br.'''
|-
| 157 || Rajamasha || || '''Vigna catiang Endl.'''
|-
| 158 || Rajadana || || '''Mimusops hexandra Roxb.'''
|-
| 159 || Rasna || || '''Pluchea lanceolata Oliv.'''
|-
| 160 || Ruha || || '''Loranthus falcatus L.'''
|-
| 161 || Rohini || || '''Soymida febrifuge Juss.'''
|-
| 162 || Lashuna || || '''Allium sativum L.'''
|-
| 163 || Likucha || || '''Artocarpus lokoocha Roxb.'''
|-
| 164 || Lonika || || '''Portulaca oleracea L.'''
|-
| 165 || Lodhra || || '''Symplocos recemosa Roxb.'''
|-
| 166 || Vacha || || '''Acorus calamus L.'''
|-
| 167 || Vanjula || || '''Salix tetrasperma Roxb.'''
|-
| 168 || Varuna || || '''Cratoeva religiosa Forst.'''
|-
| 169 || Vatama || || '''Prunus amygdalus Baill.'''
|-
| 170 || Vartaka || || '''Solanum melongena L.'''
|-
| 171 || Vasa || || '''Adhatoda vasica Nees.'''
|-
| 172 || Vikankata || || '''Gymnosporia Montana Benth.'''
|-
| 173 || Vidanga || || '''Embelia ribes Burn.'''
|-
| 174 || Vidari || || '''Ipomea digitata L.'''
|-
| 175 || Shankhapushpi || || '''Evolvulus alsinoides L.'''
|-
| 176 || Shana || || '''Crotalaria juncea L.'''
|-
| 177 || Shanapushpi || || '''Crotalaria verrucosa L.'''
|-
| 178 || Shatapushpa || || '''Peucedanum graveolens Benth.'''
|-
| 179 || Shatavari || || '''Asparagus racemosus Willd.'''
|-
| 180 || Shami || || '''Prosopis spicigera L.'''
|-
| 181 || Shallaki || || '''Boswellia serrate Roxb.'''
|-
| 182 || Shaliparni || || '''Desmodium gangeticum D.C.'''
|-
| 183 || Shalmali || || '''Bambox malabarica D.C.'''
|-
| 184 || Shimshapa || || '''Dalbergia sisso Roxb.'''
|-
| 185 || Shigru || || '''Moringa pterygosperma Goertn.'''
|-
| 186 || Shirisha || || '''Albezzia lebbeck Benth.'''
|-
| 187 || [[Shunthi|Shringavera]] [[Shunthi|(Shunthi/Aardraka)]]|| || '''Zingiber officinale Rose.'''
|-
| 188 || Shringataka || || '''Trapa bispinosa Roxb.'''
|-
| 189 || Saptaparna || || '''Alstonia scholaris R. Br.'''
|-
| 190 || Sarja || || '''Shorea robusta'''
|-
| 191 || Sarshapa || || '''Brassica campestris L.'''
|-
| 192 || Sariva || || '''Hemmidesmus indicus Br.'''
|-
| 193 || Sudha || || '''Euphorbia nerifolia L.'''
|-
| 194 || Surasa || || '''Ocimum sanctum L.'''
|-
| 195 || Somaraji || || '''Proralea corylifolia L.'''
|-
| 196 || Hamsapadi || || '''Adjantum lunulatum Burm.'''
|-
| 197 || Hapusha || || '''Juniperus communis L.'''
|-
| 198 || Hastidanti || || '''Croton oblongifolius Roxb.'''
|-
| 199 || Haridraka || || '''Adina cordifolia Hook.'''
|-
| 200 || Hemadugdha || || '''Argimone mexicana L.'''
|}

Herbs details

2026-07-08T07:22:27Z

Agnivesha:

Herbs details:

# [[Amalaki]]
# [[Bibhitaki]]
# [[Haritaki]]
# [[Guduchi]]
# [[Ashwagandha]]
# [[Shunthi]]
[[Shunthi|Shringavera]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants and Botanical Names in Charak Samhita
! Sr. No. !! Sanskrit Name !! Synonyms !! Botanical Name
|-
| 1 || [[Bibhitaki|Aksha]]|| [[Bibhitaki|Bibhitaki, kaliphala, Bhutavasa, Kalidruma]]|| '''[[Bibhitaki|Terminalia bellirica Roxb]]'''
|-
| 2 || Aguru || Agaru, loha, krimija, rajarha || '''Aquilaria agallocha Roxb'''
|-
| 3 || Agnimantha || Jaya, Sriparni, Ganikarika, Jayanti, Tarkari, Nadeyi, Vai jayanti || '''Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn.f.'''
|-
| 4 || Ankola || Ankoda, Deerghakeela, Nikochaka, Tamraphala, Gupta Sneha || '''Alangium lamarkii Thw., (Alangium salviifolium)'''
|-
| 5 || Ajamoda || Karavi, Deepyaka, Shikhimoda || '''Apium graveolens'''
|-
| 6 || Atasi || uma, picchila, devi, medagandha, madotkata, kshuma, hemavati,masruna || '''Linum usitatissimum Linn.'''
|-
| 7 || Atibala || rishyaprokta, kankatika,Balika, Vatyapushpy, Bhuribala || '''Abutilon indicum. (Link)'''
|-
| 8 || Ativisha || shrungi, virupa, pittadivallabha, shwetvaca, visha, madri || '''Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. Cat.'''
|-
| 9 || Aparajita || Shanhapushpi,Girikarnika, Visnukranta,Sephanda || '''Clitoria ternatea L.'''
|-
| 10 || Apamarga || Shikhari,durgraha, adhashalya, karmanjri, pratyakpushpi || '''Achyranthes aspera Linn.'''
|-
| 11 || Ambashtaki || laghu patha,Uttanaparni, prachina,varatikta, Aviddhakarni,kuchelika || '''Cissampelos pareira Linn'''
|-
| 12 || Amlikakanda || || '''Dioscorea oppositifolia L.'''
|-
| 13 || Arimeda || Irimeda, Vidkhadira || '''Acacia leucophloea Willd.'''
|-
| 14 || Arka || Ravi, Bhanu, Tapana,Tulaphala, vikirana,ksheeraparna || '''Calotropis gigantea'''
|-
| 15 || Arjaka || Barbari,Sheta tulasi || '''Ocimum gratissimum L.'''
|-
| 16 || Arjuna || Indradru,Nadisarja,Dhavala,Kakubha, Partha, Shweta vaha, || '''Terminalia Arjuna'''
|-
| 17 || Avakpushpi || || '''Trichodesma indicum'''
|-
| 18 || Ashoka || Madhupushpa,Raktapallavaka, Hemapushpa, Pindipushpa, Nata, Pallavadru, || '''Saraca indica Linn.'''
|-
| 19 || Ashmantaka || Yugmapatra, yaalapatraka, kanchini || '''Bauhinia racemosa. Lam.'''
|-
| 20 || [[Ashwagandha]]|| [[Ashwagandha|Balada, kamarupini, vajini,Gandhapatri]]|| '''[[Ashwagandha|Withania somnifera]]'''
|-
| 21 || Aswattha || pippala, shrivriksha, sevya,bodhidru, pavitraka,krishnavasa || '''Ficus religiosa L.'''
|-
| 22 || Asana || Beejaka, Vijayasara || '''Bridelia Montana Wall., Pterocarpus marsupium'''
|-
| 23 || Akhuparni || vriddhadaru, akhukarni, shubhashreni, krushika, dravanti || '''Ipomoea reniformis Chois.'''
|-
| 24 || Adhaki || Tuvari, Shanapushpika, Kalavrunta || '''Cajanus indicus Spreng'''
|-
| 25 || Atmagupta || Kapikachu, kapiloma, swayamgupta,Markati || '''Mucuna pruriens D.C.'''
|-
| 26 || [[Amalaki]]|| [[Amalaki|Dhatri, Dhatriphala, Sriphala, Vayastha,vayasya]]|| '''[[Amalaki|Phyllanthus emblica L./ Emblica officinalis]]'''
|-
| 27 || Amra || Madhuphala, Madhuli, Madhavadruma, Sahakara, parapushta || '''Manjifera indica L.'''
|-
| 28 || Ikshu || Asipatra, Bhurirasa, Dirghacchada, Gudamula, Trnarasa || '''Saccharum officinarum L.'''
|-
| 29 || Ikshuraka || Kokilaksha? || '''Hygrophila spinosa T.Anderson'''
|-
| 30 || Ingudi || Higupatra, Tapasadruma,Angaravruksha,Pootikantaka || '''Balanites roxburghii Plauch., (Balanites aegyptiaca (Linn) Del.)'''
|-
| 31 || Itkada || Utkata, Vanajayanti || '''Sesbania aculeate Pers.'''
|-
| 32 || Ucchadaka || Uttingana? || '''Blepharis edulis Pers.'''
|-
| 33 || Udumbara || || '''Ficus glomerata Roxb., ( Ficus racemosa)'''
|-
| 34 || Upodika || || '''Basella rubra L.'''
|-
| 35 || Eraka || || '''Typha elephantine Roxb.'''
|-
| 36 || Ervaru || || '''Cucumis utilissimus L.'''
|-
| 37 || Eranda || || '''Ricinus communis L.'''
|-
| 38 || Katutumbi || || '''Lagenaria Vulgaris Ser.'''
|-
| 39 || Katuphala || || '''Hibiscus abelmoschus L.'''
|-
| 40 || Kandakari || || '''Solanum xanthocarpum Sche.'''
|-
| 41 || Kadamba || || '''Anthocephalus cadamba Miq.'''
|-
| 42 || Kadara || || '''Acacia Senegal Willd.'''
|-
| 43 || Kapittha || || '''Feronia elephantanum Correa.'''
|-
| 44 || Karamarda || || '''Carissa carandas L.'''
|-
| 45 || Karavira || || '''Nerium odorum Soland'''
|-
| 46 || Karira || || '''Copparis aphylla Roth'''
|-
| 47 || Karanja || || '''Pongamia glabra Vent.'''
|-
| 48 || Karkatashrungi || || '''Rhuus succedanea L.'''
|-
| 49 || Karkandhu || || '''Zizyphus nummularia W.C.'''
|-
| 50 || Karpura || || '''Dryobalanops aromatic Goertn.'''
|-
| 51 || Kalaya || || '''Lathyrus sativus L.'''
|-
| 52 || Kasheruka || || '''Seirpus kysoor R.'''
|-
| 53 || Kakamachi || || '''Solanum nigrum L.'''
|-
| 54 || Karavellika || || '''Momordica charantia L.'''
|-
| 55 || Karpasa || || '''Gossypium herbacum L.'''
|-
| 56 || Kalanusariva || || '''Ichnocarpus frutenscens Br.'''
|-
| 57 || Kashmari || || '''Gmelina arborea L.'''
|-
| 58 || Kasamarda || || '''Cassia occidentalis L.'''
|-
| 59 || Kiratatikta || || '''Swertia chirata Ham.'''
|-
| 60 || Kutaja || || '''Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall.'''
|-
| 61 || Kutumbaka || || '''Leucas linifolia Spreng.'''
|-
| 62 || Kumarajeeva || || '''Putranjiva roxburghii Wall.'''
|-
| 63 || Kumbhi || || '''Careya arborea R.'''
|-
| 64 || Kurandaka || || '''Barleria prionitis L.'''
|-
| 65 || Kusumbha || || '''Carathmus tinctoricus L.'''
|-
| 66 || Kovidara || || '''Bauhinia variegate L.'''
|-
| 67 || Koshataki || || '''Luffa acutangula varamara Clerke'''
|-
| 68 || Koshamra || || '''Scheleichera trijuga Willd.'''
|-
| 69 || Kumkuma || || '''Crocus sativus L.'''
|-
| 70 || Khadira || || '''Acacia catechu Willd.'''
|-
| 71 || Guggulu || || '''Balsamodendron mukul Hook.'''
|-
| 72 || Gunja || || '''Abrus precatorius L.'''
|-
| 73 || Guduchi || || '''Tinospora cordifolia Miers.'''
|-
| 74 || Gokshuraka || || '''Tribulus terrestris L.'''
|-
| 75 || Gojihwa || || '''Elephantopus scaber L.'''
|-
| 76 || Chakramarda || || '''Cassia tora L.'''
|-
| 77 || Chanchu || || '''Corchorus oilitorius L.'''
|-
| 78 || Chandana || || '''Santalum album L.'''
|-
| 79 || Charmakasha || || '''Acacia concinna D.C.'''
|-
| 80 || Charngeri || || '''Oxalis corniculata L.'''
|-
| 81 || Chitraka || || '''Plumbago zeylanica L.'''
|-
| 82 || Chirabilva || || '''Holoptelia integrifolia Planch.'''
|-
| 83 || Chirmata || || '''Cucumis melo L.'''
|-
| 84 || Chilli || || '''Chenopodium album L.'''
|-
| 85 || Choraka || || '''Agelica glauca Edgew.'''
|-
| 86 || jambu || || '''Eugenia jambos Lamk.'''
|-
| 87 || jaya || || '''Sesbania egyptica Pers.'''
|-
| 88 || jalapippali || || '''Lippia nodiflora Rich.'''
|-
| 89 || Jati || || '''Myristica fragrens Houtt.'''
|-
| 90 || Jingini || || '''Odina wodier Roxb.'''
|-
| 91 || Jeeraka || || '''Cuminum cyminum L.'''
|-
| 92 || Jyotishmati || || '''Celestrus paniculata Willd.'''
|-
| 93 || Tamala || || '''Cinnamomum tamala Fr. Nees.'''
|-
| 94 || Tintidika || || '''Tamarindus indica L.'''
|-
| 95 || Tinduka || || '''Diospyros embryopteris Pers.'''
|-
| 96 || Tila || || '''Sesamum indicum L.'''
|-
| 97 || Tilaparni || || '''Gynandropis pentaphylla D.C'''
|-
| 98 || Tumburu || || '''Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb.'''
|-
| 99 || Tuda || || '''Morus indica L.'''
|-
| 100 || Trivrut || || '''Ipomea turpethum Br.'''
|-
| 101 || Dadima || || '''Punica granatum L.'''
|-
| 102 || Daruharidra || || '''Berberis aristata D.C'''
|-
| 103 || Dipyaka || || '''Carum copticum Benth.'''
|-
| 104 || Dugdhika || || '''Euphorbia pilulifera L.'''
|-
| 105 || Duralabha || || '''Fagonia Arabica L.'''
|-
| 106 || Durva || || '''Cynodon dactylon Pers.'''
|-
| 107 || Draksha || || '''Vitis vinifera L.'''
|-
| 108 || Dhanvana || || '''Grewia tiliefolia Vahl.'''
|-
| 109 || Dhava || || '''Anogeisssus latifolia Wall.'''
|-
| 110 || Dhataki || || '''Woodfordia floribunda Slisb.'''
|-
| 111 || Dhanyaka || || '''Coriandrum sativum'''
|-
| 112 || Nanditaka || || '''Ficus retusa L.'''
|-
| 113 || Nalika || || '''Onosma echioides L.'''
|-
| 114 || Naranga || || '''Citrus aurantium L.'''
|-
| 115 || Nadi || || '''Ipomea aquatica Forsk.'''
|-
| 116 || Nimba || || '''Melia azadirachta L.'''
|-
| 117 || Nirgundi || || '''Vitex negundo L.'''
|-
| 118 || Nilika || || '''Indigofera tinctoria L.'''
|-
| 119 || Nyagrodha || || '''Ficus bengalensis L.'''
|-
| 120 || Patola || || '''Trichosanthes dioica Roxb.'''
|-
| 121 || Patra || || '''Cinnamomum iners Reinw.'''
|-
| 122 || Padmaka || || '''Prunus puddum Roxb.'''
|-
| 123 || Parushaka || || '''Grewia asiatica L.'''
|-
| 124 || Parpataka || || '''Rangia repens Nees.'''
|-
| 125 || Paravata || || '''Psidium guyava L.'''
|-
| 126 || Pashanabheda || || '''Saxifraga lingulata Wall.'''
|-
| 127 || Pippali || || '''Piper longum L.'''
|-
| 128 || Pilu || || '''Salvadora persica L.'''
|-
| 129 || Punarnava || || '''Berhavia repens L.'''
|-
| 130 || Prasarani || || '''Pederia fetida L.'''
|-
| 131 || Prachinamalaka || || '''Flacourtia cataphracta Roxb.'''
|-
| 132 || Piyala || || '''Aglaia roxburghiana Miq.'''
|-
| 133 || Plaksha || || '''Ficus tsiela Roxb.'''
|-
| 134 || Phenila || || '''Sapindus trifoliatus L.'''
|-
| 135 || Bakula || || '''Mimusops elengi L.'''
|-
| 136 || Badara || || '''Zizyphus jujube Lamk.'''
|-
| 137 || Bilwa || || '''Aegle marmelos Corr.'''
|-
| 138 || Bijaka || || '''Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.'''
|-
| 139 || Bijapuraka || || '''Citrus medica L.'''
|-
| 140 || Bruhati || || '''Solanum indicum L.'''
|-
| 141 || Brahmi || || '''Herpestis monniera Benth.'''
|-
| 142 || Bhavya || || '''Dillenia indica L.'''
|-
| 143 || Bhrigaraja || || '''Eclipta alba Hassk.'''
|-
| 144 || Mandukaparni || || '''Hydrocotyle asiatica L.'''
|-
| 145 || Madana || || '''Randia dumatorum Lam.'''
|-
| 146 || Madhuka || || '''Bassia latifolia Roxb.'''
|-
| 147 || [[Maricha]] || || '''Piper nigrum L.'''
|-
| 148 || Mamsi || || '''Nardostachys jatamansi D.C'''
|-
| 149 || Mudga || || '''Phaseolus mungo L.'''
|-
| 150 || Musta || || '''Cyperus rotundus L.'''
|-
| 151 || Murva || || '''Clematis triloba Heyne.'''
|-
| 152 || Mulaka || || '''Raphanus sativus L.'''
|-
| 153 || Yava || || '''Hordeum vulgarae L.'''
|-
| 154 || Yavasaka || || '''Alhagi maumorum Desv.'''
|-
| 155 || Raktotpala || || '''Nymphoea lotus L.'''
|-
| 156 || Rajakshavaka || || '''Doemia extensa Br.'''
|-
| 157 || Rajamasha || || '''Vigna catiang Endl.'''
|-
| 158 || Rajadana || || '''Mimusops hexandra Roxb.'''
|-
| 159 || Rasna || || '''Pluchea lanceolata Oliv.'''
|-
| 160 || Ruha || || '''Loranthus falcatus L.'''
|-
| 161 || Rohini || || '''Soymida febrifuge Juss.'''
|-
| 162 || Lashuna || || '''Allium sativum L.'''
|-
| 163 || Likucha || || '''Artocarpus lokoocha Roxb.'''
|-
| 164 || Lonika || || '''Portulaca oleracea L.'''
|-
| 165 || Lodhra || || '''Symplocos recemosa Roxb.'''
|-
| 166 || Vacha || || '''Acorus calamus L.'''
|-
| 167 || Vanjula || || '''Salix tetrasperma Roxb.'''
|-
| 168 || Varuna || || '''Cratoeva religiosa Forst.'''
|-
| 169 || Vatama || || '''Prunus amygdalus Baill.'''
|-
| 170 || Vartaka || || '''Solanum melongena L.'''
|-
| 171 || Vasa || || '''Adhatoda vasica Nees.'''
|-
| 172 || Vikankata || || '''Gymnosporia Montana Benth.'''
|-
| 173 || Vidanga || || '''Embelia ribes Burn.'''
|-
| 174 || Vidari || || '''Ipomea digitata L.'''
|-
| 175 || Shankhapushpi || || '''Evolvulus alsinoides L.'''
|-
| 176 || Shana || || '''Crotalaria juncea L.'''
|-
| 177 || Shanapushpi || || '''Crotalaria verrucosa L.'''
|-
| 178 || Shatapushpa || || '''Peucedanum graveolens Benth.'''
|-
| 179 || Shatavari || || '''Asparagus racemosus Willd.'''
|-
| 180 || Shami || || '''Prosopis spicigera L.'''
|-
| 181 || Shallaki || || '''Boswellia serrate Roxb.'''
|-
| 182 || Shaliparni || || '''Desmodium gangeticum D.C.'''
|-
| 183 || Shalmali || || '''Bambox malabarica D.C.'''
|-
| 184 || Shimshapa || || '''Dalbergia sisso Roxb.'''
|-
| 185 || Shigru || || '''Moringa pterygosperma Goertn.'''
|-
| 186 || Shirisha || || '''Albezzia lebbeck Benth.'''
|-
| 187 || Shringavera || || '''Zingiber officinale Rose.'''
|-
| 188 || Shringataka || || '''Trapa bispinosa Roxb.'''
|-
| 189 || Saptaparna || || '''Alstonia scholaris R. Br.'''
|-
| 190 || Sarja || || '''Shorea robusta'''
|-
| 191 || Sarshapa || || '''Brassica campestris L.'''
|-
| 192 || Sariva || || '''Hemmidesmus indicus Br.'''
|-
| 193 || Sudha || || '''Euphorbia nerifolia L.'''
|-
| 194 || Surasa || || '''Ocimum sanctum L.'''
|-
| 195 || Somaraji || || '''Proralea corylifolia L.'''
|-
| 196 || Hamsapadi || || '''Adjantum lunulatum Burm.'''
|-
| 197 || Hapusha || || '''Juniperus communis L.'''
|-
| 198 || Hastidanti || || '''Croton oblongifolius Roxb.'''
|-
| 199 || Haridraka || || '''Adina cordifolia Hook.'''
|-
| 200 || Hemadugdha || || '''Argimone mexicana L.'''
|}

Maricha

2026-07-08T07:19:38Z

Agnivesha:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= Maricha, Piper nigrum, black pepper, Charak Samhita,Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description='''Maricha''', the dried fruit of ''[[Piper nigrum]]'' L. (Family: '''[[Piperaceae]]'''), is universally celebrated as the "King of Spices" and occupies a central position in traditional Ayurvedic formulations and modern evidence-based pharmacognosy.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20pepper Piper nigrum L.]

{{Infobox
|title = Maricha
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Maricha
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Piper nigrum L.
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Piperaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = Dravyaguna Team
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

== Introduction and Botanical Identity ==

'''Maricha''', the dried fruit of ''[[wikipedia:Black_pepper|Piper nigrum]]'' L. (Family: '''Piperaceae'''), is universally celebrated as the "King of Spices" and occupies a central position in traditional Ayurvedic formulations and modern evidence-based pharmacognosy.<ref name="Rather2022">Rather, M. A., et al. (2022). "Therapeutic Role of Piper nigrum L (Black Pepper) and Pharmacological Activities." ''International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research'', 73(1), 15-22.</ref> Characterized by its intense pungency, Maricha is a vital constituent of classical compounds like ''Trikatu Churna'' (the synergy of Shunthi, Pippali, and Maricha). In contemporary pharmacology, its primary crystalline alkaloid, '''piperine''', is recognized as the world's first documented natural bioavailability enhancer, revolutionizing the administration of phytopharmaceuticals and synthetic drugs alike.<ref name="Kesarwani2013">Kesarwani, K., & Gupta, R. (2013). "Bioavailability enhancers of herbal origin: An overview." ''Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine'', 3(4), 253-266.</ref>

* '''Botanical Name:''' ''Piper nigrum'' L.
* '''Family:''' Piperaceae
* '''Part Used:''' Dried Fruit (Peppercorns)
* '''Vernacular Names:''' Maricha (Sanskrit), Kali Mirch (Hindi), Black Pepper (English), Milagu (Tamil)
[[File:Maricha.jpg|thumb|'''Maricha (Piper nigrum)''']]

==English name ==

Black Pepper

==Therapeutic uses==
Shwasa, shula, krumiroga, tavakaroga<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3 :53</ref>

==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Maricha, Vellaja(plant is climber), Krushna(fruits are black in colour), Ushana(causing burning sensation), Suvruta, Katu(pungent taste), Dharmapatana(maricha is stored in ports as an item to export to different countries)

==Varieties==
===Raja Nighantu===
Mentioned 2 types of varieties<ref>Dr. Indradev Tripathi , Raja Nighantu of pandit Narhari, ed.2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, pippalyadi varga verse no- 32,34</ref>
# Maricha
# Shweta maricha

== Ayurvedic Pharmacodynamics (Dravyaguna Profile) ==

In classical Ayurvedic medicine, Maricha is distinct for its intense penetrating capability (''Tikshna Guna''). Unlike Shunthi, which transitions into a sweet post-digestive form, Maricha maintains its sharp, biting properties throughout its metabolic cycle, allowing it to cut through thick accumulations of mucus and clear obstructions in cellular channels (''Srotas'').<ref name="API">Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API). ''Piper nigrum L. - Fruit Monograph.'' Part-I, Volume I, Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Pharmacological Attribute
! Ayurvedic Classification
! Clinical Significance
|-
| '''Rasa (Taste)'''
| ''Katu'' (Pungent)
| Instantly stimulates taste receptors, ignites gastric fire (''Agni''), and treats anorexia.<ref name="API" />
|-
| '''Guna (Physical Quality)'''
| ''Laghu'' (Light), ''Tikshna'' (Sharp/Penetrating), ''Rooksha'' (Dry)
| Liquefies and scrapes away stagnant phlegm (''Chedana''); breaks down metabolic toxins (''Ama'').<ref name="API" />
|-
| '''Virya (Potency)'''
| ''Ushna'' (Hot)
| Strongly pacifies ''Kapha'' and ''Vata'' doshas; increases peripheral circulation.
|-
| '''Vipaka (Post-Digestive Taste)'''
| ''Katu'' (Pungent)
| Maintains a high catabolic and eliminative action post-digestion.<ref name="API" />
|-
| '''Karma (Primary Action)'''
| ''Pramathi'' / ''Krimighna''
| Mechanically expels toxins from deep tissues; exhibits direct antimicrobial properties.<ref name="Rather2022" />
|}

=== Difference in wet and dry form of Maricha ===

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties (Dry)!! Properties (Wet)
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Pungent (katu) || --
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)|| Not too hot (naatyushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu) || Sweet (madhura)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Sharp (tikshna) || Heavy (guru)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[vata]] and [[kapha]]|| --
|-
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/3 || Sirovirechana (Errhine therapy)
|-
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/23 || Krimighniyavagu (Gruel for krimi (worm infestation)
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(6) || Deepaniya (Appetisers)mahakashaya
|-
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(15) || Krimighna (anti-helmintics)mahakashaya
|-
| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(27) || Shirovirechanopag ( helping nasal errhine therapy)mahakashaya
|-
| 6 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(45) || Shoolaprashaman (anti-spasmodics)mahakashaya
|-
| 7 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/298
| Krutanna Varga
|-
| 8 ||Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/142
| Katuskandha (group of pungent drugs)
|-
| 9 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/15 || Preparations of Trivruta
|-
| 10 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/25 || Preparations of Trivrut Awaleha
|-
|11
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/40
|Preparation of Kalyanaka Guda
|-
|12
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/23
|Churna Yoga
|-
|13
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/1/30
|Ingredient in Bruhaniya Gutika
|-
|14
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/2/24
|Ingredient in Vrushya Dadhisar
|-
|15
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/11
|Ingredient in Vrushya mamsa Gutika
|-
|16
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/21
|Ingredient in Vrushya Pupalika
|-
|17
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/1/30
|Ingredient in Bruhaniya Gutika
|-
|18
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/2/24
|Ingredient in Vrushya Dadhisar
|-
|19
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/11
|Ingredient in Vrushya mamsa Gutika
|-
|20
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/21
|Ingredient in Vrushya Pupalika
|-
|21
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/65
|Ingredient in Trayushanaadi ghrita
|-
|22
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/69
|Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya ghrita
|-
|23
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/71
|Ingredient of Hapushadya ghrita
|-
|24
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/79
|Ingredient of Hingvadi churna
|-
|25
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/142
|Ingredient of Dashamuli Ghrita
|-
|26
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/42
|Ingredient in Madhvasav
|-
|27
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/48
|As Nashya in Kushth
|-
|28
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/61
|Ingredient in Kushthaghna Yoga
|-
|29
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/65
|Ingredient in Mustadi Churna
|-
|30
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/74
|Ingredient in Madhvasav
|-
|31
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/77
|Ingredient in Kanakabindurisht
|-
|32
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/87
|Bahyaprayogarth lepa in Kushth (external application)
|-
|33
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/109
|Ingredient in Tiktekshvadi Taila

For Abhyang in Vata-Kaphaj Kushth(skin disease)
|-
|34
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/113
|Ingredient in Kanakakshiri Taila
|-
|35
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/117
|Ingredient in Sidhma Lepa
|-
|36
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/142
|Ingredient in Yavani shadav
|-
|37
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/145
|Ingredient in Talishadi Churna
|-
|38
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/34
|Ingredient in Hingvadi Ghrita
|-
|39
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/49
|Ingredient in Lasunadya Ghrita
|-
|40
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/54
|Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrita
|-
|41
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/65
|Used as Nashya and Anjan prayogarth
|-
|42
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/67
|Used as Nashya and Anjan prayogarth
|-
|43
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/68
|Ingredient in Siddharthakadi Agad
|-
|44
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/70
|Ingredient in Siddharthakadi Agad
|-
|45
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/20
|Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrita
|-
|46
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/43
|As a Nasya dravya(nasal errhines)
|-
|47
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/46
|Ingredient in Kayasthadi varti
|-
|48
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/48
|Ingredient in Mustadi varti
|-
|49
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/40
|Ingredient in Amrutprash Ghrita
|-
|50
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/67
|Ingredient in Chaturtha Sarpigud
|-
|51
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/74
|Ingredient in Pancham Sarpimodak
|-
|52
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/86
|Ingredient in Saindhavadi Churna
|-
|53
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/21
|In treatment of Kaphaj Svayathu(oedema)
|-
|54
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/24
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu(oedema)
|-
|55
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/25
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu(oedema)
|-
|56
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/27
|For bhinna varch in treatment of Vataj Svayathu(oedema)
|-
|57
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/29
|Ingredient in Gandiradhyarisht
|-
|58
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/32
|Ingredient in Ashtashatorisht
|-
|59
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/36
|Ingredient in Punarnavadhyarisht
|-
|60
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/42
|Ingredient in Krishnadi Churna
|-
|61
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43
|Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
|-
|62
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/50
|Ingredient in Kansaharitaki Avaleh
|-
|63
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/55
|Ingredient in Chitrakadi Ghrita
|-
|64
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/62
|As a Pathya Diet In treatment of Shvayathu(oedema)
|-
|65
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/102
|In treatment of sannipata udararoga(Generalized enlargement of Abdomen)
|-
|66
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/103
|In treatment of kaphodara(takraprayoga)(Generalized enlargement of Abdomen)
|-
|67
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/105
|In treatment of dakodara(takraprayoga)
|-
|68
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/122
|After virechana (balavruddhi arthe) mixed with dugdha
|-
|69
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/126
|As an ingredient of narayan churna
|-
|70
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/137
|As an ingredient of nilinadya churna
|-
|71
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/148
|Kalka used in udara roga with ksheer
|-
|72
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/62
|As an ingredient of traushnadi churna
|-
|73
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/92
|Used in yavagu
|-
|74
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/107
|As an ingredient of cavyadighrit
|-
|75
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/138
|As an ingredient of abhayarista
|-
|76
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/158
|As an ingredient of kanakarista
|-
|77
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/87
|As an ingredient of traushnaadi ghrita
|-
|78
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/88
|As an ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrit evum churna
|-
|79
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/96
|As an ingredient of citrakadhya gutika
|-
|80
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/102
|In condition of chhardi,arsha,granthi,shoola(vomiting, analpolyp with pellet stool, pain in abdomen)
|-
|81
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/105
|Marica should be given with ajaji,haritaki etc
|-
|82
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/108
|Used in kaphapittaja grahani
|-
|83
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/112
|As an ingredient of maricadhya churna
|-
|84
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/120
|Used as ingredient of yavagu
|-
|85
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/132
|As an ingredient of takrarista
|-
|86
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/137
|This drug is used in treatment of pittajagrahani as an ingredient of Bhunimbadhya churna
|-
|87
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/164
|As an ingredient of Kiratadhya churna (Pittaja Grahani chiktsa)
|-
|88
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/168
|As an ingredient of Madhvarista
|-
|89
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/177
|Used in treatment of Kaphaja grahani
|-
|90
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/189
|As an ingredient of Bhallataka Kshara
|-
|91
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/129
|Used as Pathya in Shakhashrit Kamla(kamala in body tissue with obstructive pathology)
|-
|92
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/97, 17/98, 17/100
|Used in yusha preparation for hikka svasa
|-
|93
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/104
|Used as annapana for hikka svasa
|-
|94
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/110
|Kalka is used in hikka svasa
|-
|95
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/71
|As an ingredient of praproundarika dhuma
|-
|96
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/73
|As an ingredient of dhumapan yoga
|-
|97
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/104
|As a yoga dravya.
|-
|98
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/180
|As a leha dravya.
|-
|99
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/107
|As an ingredient of ajajyadi churna
|-
|100
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/111
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|101
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/35
|As a pathya ahara in kaphaja chhardi
|-
|102
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/39
|As an ingredient of Manahshiladi yoga
|-
|103
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/50

|For sangya -sthapana in 6th vega of visha
|-
|104
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/183
|Used in netra - gata visha, as a anjana prayoga
|-
|105
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/193
|As an ingredient of Sindhuvaradi yoga
|-
|106
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/127
|Used in vataja madatyaya(Intoxication) with Dadima swarasa
|-
|107
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/128
|Used as swarasa in Vataja madatyaya(Intoxication)
|-
|108
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/172
|As an ingredient of Vyosha yusha
|-
|109
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/177
|As an ingredient of Ashtanga lavana (Kaphaja madatyaya)
|-
|110
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/181
|Used as raga in kaphaja madatyaya (madatyaya)
|-
|111
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/183
|Used in pachana(digestant)
|-
|112
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/13
|Used to make Udavarta varti
|-
|113
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/55
|As an ingredient of Vyoshadi churn used in Kaphaja mutrakruchhra(dysuria)
|-
|114
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/60
|As an ingredient of Pashanbhedadi churna
|-
|115
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87
|As an ingredient of Trushanadi Ghrita
|-
|116
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/98
|As an ingredient of Udumbaravleha
|-
|117
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/138
|Used in vataja pratishyaya
|-
|118
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/150
|Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya
|-
|119
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/152
|Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya for pradhamana
|-
|120
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/156
|Pathya anna in kaphaja pratishyaya
|-
|121
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/186
|Used in Kaphaja Siroroga for Avapeeda nasya
|-
|122
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/192
|As an ingredient of Kshara gutika
|-
|123
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/194
|As an ingredient of Kalak churna
|-
|124
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/198
|As an ingredient of Mrudvikadi churna
|-
|125
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/216,217
|Used in Kavala in Arochaka
|-
|126
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/219
|Used in arochaka nashaka vati
|-
|127
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/242
|As an ingredient of Saindhavadi churna
|-
|128
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/247
|As an ingredient of Churnanjana
|-
|129
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/252
|As an ingredient of Sukhavati varti
|-
|130
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/261
|As an ingredient of Dhatryadi rasakriya
|-
|131
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/287
|Used in Kaphaja swarbheda
|-
|132
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/152
|As an ingredient of Triphaladi kalka in tridoshaja shola
|-
|133
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/72
|As an ingredient of Pippalyadi varti
|-
|134
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/92
|As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna
|-
|}

==Dose==
* 250 mg – 1 gm of the drug in powder form<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3 :53</ref>

==Important formulation==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3 :53</ref>
* Marichadi gutika
* Marichadi taila
* Trikatu churna

== Current availability==

Available
India – western coast of india

== Current researches ==

== Phytochemical Architecture ==
The unique therapeutic efficacy of Maricha lies within its specialized volatile fractions and alkaloidal profile localized in the pericarp and seed:<ref name="Rather2022" /><ref name="Zhai2020">Zhai, W. J., et al. (2020). "Piperine: A review of its biological effects and mechanisms of action." ''Phytomedicine'', 72, 153245.</ref>

* '''Piperine (1-piperoylpiperidine):''' The primary trans-trans alkaloid responsible for up to 5% to 9% of the fruit's crude weight. It serves as the lead chemical marker for its biological action.<ref name="Kesarwani2013" />
* '''Piper Isomers:''' Isopiperine, chavicine, and isochavicine, which modulate the subtle sensory profiles of the spice.
* '''Minor Alkaloids & Amides:''' Piperidine, piperettine, piperanine, and guineensine.
* '''Essential Volatile Oils:''' Rich in monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes (such as β-caryophyllene, pinene, limonene, and phellandrene), which provide its characteristic aromatic and warming benefits.<ref name="Zhai2020" />

== Modern Pharmacological Validation & Therapeutic Efficacy ==

=== Bioavailability Enhancement (The Natural Yogavahi Effect) ===
Maricha is a potent bioenhancer, significantly augmenting the systemic absorption, plasma concentration, and therapeutic half-life of co-administered drugs and nutrients.<ref name="Kesarwani2013" /><ref name="Atal1981">Atal, C. K., et al. (1981). "Biochemical basis of enhanced drug bioavailability by piperine: Evidence of drug metabolism inhibition." ''Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics'', 219(1), 164-171.</ref>

<blockquote>
'''Mechanisms of Bioenhancement:'''
# '''Enzymatic Inhibition:''' Piperine non-specifically inactivates major phase I drug-metabolizing enzymes—principally Cytochrome P450 '''CYP3A4'''—and phase II UDP-glucuronosyltransferases ('''UGT'''). This drastically curtails first-pass intestinal and hepatic degradation.<ref name="Atal1981" />
# '''Efflux Pump Suppression:''' It reversibly blocks '''P-glycoprotein (P-gp)''', preventing the active cellular expulsion of target molecules back into the intestinal lumen.<ref name="Kesarwani2013" />
# '''Mucosal Alteration:''' It increases local mesenteric blood supply and modifies epithelial cell dynamics, enhancing passive transcellular transport across the brush border membrane.<ref name="Zhai2020" />
</blockquote>

Through these combined pathways, small doses of piperine (5–20 mg) can elevate the oral bioavailability of compounds like Curcumin by up to 2000%, as well as enhance the performance of critical antibiotics (e.g., Rifampicin, Amoxicillin).<ref name="Kesarwani2013" />

=== Gastrointestinal Secretory and Prokinetic Action (Deepana & Pachana) ===

Maricha exerts a major regulatory influence across the alimentary canal:<ref name="Rather2022" />
* '''Enzymatic Activation:''' Ingestion triggers sensory receptors that stimulate a sharp rise in pancreatic lipase, amylase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin secretion, accelerating chemical digestion.<ref name="Rather2022" />
* '''Bile Secretion:''' It enhances the hepatic release of bile acids, optimizing the emulsification and absorption of dietary lipids and fat-soluble vitamins.<ref name="Zhai2020" />
* '''Motility Regulation:''' It exhibits a dual, balancing effect—relieving smooth muscle spasms to counteract diarrhea while accelerating gastric emptying to relieve flatulence and abdominal bloating.<ref name="Rather2022" />

=== Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Metabolic Regulation ===

* '''Inflammatory Axis:''' Piperine directly interrupts the signaling of Nuclear Factor-kappa B ('''NF-κB'''), resulting in the down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ('''TNF-α'''), Interleukin-6 ('''IL-6'''), and Cyclooxygenase-2 ('''COX-2''').<ref name="Zhai2020" /> This supports its traditional clinical use in chronic respiratory diseases like asthma.
* '''Metabolic Syndrome:''' Clinical trials indicate that Maricha extracts lower systemic oxidative stress, lower plasma cholesterol levels, and counteract insulin resistance by modifying lipid clearance and improving GLUT4 transporter translocation.<ref name="Derosa2016">Derosa, G., et al. (2016). "A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the effects of piperine on metabolic syndrome." ''Phytotherapy Research'', 30(11), 1800-1806.</ref>

<pre>
Maricha Fruit Extract (Piperine) [1,4]
│
┌──────────────────┼──────────────────┐
▼ ▼ ▼
Inhibition of Blockade of Inhibition of
Hepatic CYP3A4 [5] P-gp Efflux [2] NF-κB Pathway [4]
│ │ │
▼ ▼ ▼
↓ First-Pass ↓ Intestinal ↓ TNF-α, IL-6,
Metabolism Expulsion & COX-2
│ │ │
└─────────┬────────┘ ▼
▼ Clinical: Anti-Asthmatic
Clinical: Enhanced & Anti-Inflammatory [4]
Bioavailability of Drugs [2]
</pre>

== Clinical Safety, Dosage, and Contraindications ==

Maricha is designated as '''GRAS''' (Generally Recognized as Safe) for regular consumption. However, its highly penetrating and heating nature requires careful administration in therapeutic dosages.<ref name="API" />

* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Churna (Crude Powder):'' 250 mg to 1 g daily, ideally taken post-meals with honey or ghee to coat and protect the gastric mucosa.<ref name="API" />
** ''Standardized Piperine Extract (95%):'' 5 mg to 20 mg daily.
* '''Adverse Effects:''' Excessive therapeutic doses on an empty stomach can trigger localized gastric burning (''Daha''), esophageal reflux, or hyperacidity, particularly in individuals with a ''Pitta''-vitiated constitution.<ref name="API" />
* '''Drug Interactions:''' Because piperine actively alters '''CYP3A4''' and '''P-gp''' clearance, individuals taking narrow-therapeutic-index drugs (such as Phenytoin, Digoxin, or Theophylline) must exercise caution, as co-administration can increase serum drug concentrations to toxic levels.<ref name="Atal1981" />
* '''Contraindications:''' Acute peptic ulcers, ulcerative colitis, severe acid reflux disease, and active gastrointestinal bleeding.

== External links ==
https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Piper%20nigrum

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals|Herbs]]

Aardrak

2026-07-08T07:19:27Z

Agnivesha: Redirected page to Shunthi

#REDIRECT [[Shunthi]]

Shunthi

2026-07-08T07:18:00Z

Agnivesha:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= Shunthi,Sunthi, Aardrak, Ginger, Zingiber officinale Roscoe., Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= '''Shunthi''', the dried rhizome of ''Zingiber officinale'' Roscoe (Family: '''Zingiberaceae'''), stands as a cornerstone phytopharmaceutical in traditional systems of medicine—particularly Ayurveda—while simultaneously maintaining a robust profile in modern evidence-based pharmacology.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger Zingiber officinale Roscoe.]
{{Infobox
|title = Shunthi
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Shunthi
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Zingiber officinale Roscoe
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Zingiberaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = Dravyaguna Team
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

[[File:Shunthi.jpg|thumb|Shunthi & Aardrak (''Zingiber officinale)'']]

==English name ==

Ginger

== Botanical Identity ==

'''Shunthi''', the dried rhizome of ''Zingiber officinale'' Roscoe (Family: '''Zingiberaceae'''), stands as a cornerstone phytopharmaceutical in traditional systems of medicine—particularly Ayurveda—while simultaneously maintaining a robust profile in modern evidence-based pharmacology. Locally referred to as ''Sonth'' or dry ginger, its processing from fresh ginger (''Ardraka'') chemically transforms its active volatile and non-volatile profiles, resulting in a distinct therapeutic matrix that exhibits high bioavailability and pronounced efficacy across multiple physiological systems.

* '''Botanical Name:''' ''Zingiber officinale'' Roscoe
* '''Family:''' Zingiberaceae
* '''Part Used:''' Dried Rhizome
* '''Vernacular Names:''' Shunthi (Sanskrit), Sonth (Hindi), Dry Ginger (English), Shukku (Tamil)

== Ayurvedic Pharmacodynamics (Dravyaguna Profile) ==

In classical Ayurvedic pharmacology, the dehydration of ginger alters its fundamental properties. Unlike fresh ginger, which carries a sharp, drying post-digestive profile, Shunthi undergoes a metabolic transformation that yields a sweet post-digestive effect (''Madhura Vipaka''), rendering it far more tolerable for long-term therapeutic application without aggravating ''Pitta dosha'' excessively.

==Therapeutic Use==

Agnimandya, Bronchial asthma (swasa), Abdominal distension (adhmana), Rheumatoid arthritis (amavata), Anaemia (pandu), Abdominal disorders (udararoga)

==Varieties==

==Bhavaprakash Nighantu<ref>Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint.2015, Chaukhambha vishvabharti, Haritakyadi Varga, p.13.</ref>==
# Raktabha
# Shweta

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==

Shunthi, Nagara, Shrungavera, Vishwa-bheshajam, Mahaushadha, Ardraka, Vishwa.

==Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu<ref>Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint.2015, Chaukhambha vishvabharti, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no. 44, p.13.</ref>==

Shunthi, Vishva, Vishv, Nagar, Vishvabheshaja, Ushana, Katubhadra, Shringavera, Mahoshadha,

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties !! Clinical Significance
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Pungent (katu) || Stimulates gustatory receptors, secretes salivary and gastric enzymes.
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) ||Hot (ushna) || Enhances metabolic rate (''Agni'') and clears systemic micro-channels ([[Srotas]])
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Aardrak (Ginger) - Pungent (katu)
Shunthi (Dry Ginger) - Sweet (madhura)
| Imparts nourishing, tissue-protective, and rejuvenative (''Rasayana'') long-term effects.
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Aardrak (Ginger) - Heavy (guru), dryness (ruksha), Sharp (tikshna)
Shunthi (Dry Ginger)- Easy to digest (laghu), unctuous (snigdha)
| Ginger counteracts the coldness of ''Kapha,'' Dry ginger acts on dryness of Vata dosha
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify Vata and Kapha
|Useful in indigestion, swellings, stiffness
|-
| 6 || [[Prabhava]] (Special Action) || Amavataghni / Grahi || Specifically targets rheumatoid conditions; acts as a bowel-binding bio-absorbent.
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/5
| Shirovirechana (Errhine therapy)
|-
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/18
| Deepaniya and Shulaghni yavagu(gruel for enhancing digestion and colic pain)
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/21
| Raktatisara yavagu(gruel used in diarrhea with blood)
|-
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/22
| Amatisara yavagu(gruel for diarrhea with indigestion)
|-
| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/24
| Pipasaghni yavagu(gruel for excess thirst)
|-
|6
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(6)
|Deepaniya (appetizer) mahakashaya
|-
|7
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(11)
|Truptighna(anti-satiety) mahakashaya
|-
|8
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(12)
|Arshoghna(anti-haemorrhoidal) mahakashaya
|-
|9
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(18)
|Stanyashodhana(galactodepurent) mahakashaya
|-
|10
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(29)
|Trishna nigrahana(thirst alleviating) mahakashay
|-
|11
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(42)
|Sheetaprashamana(pacifying cold sensation) mahakashaya
|-
|12
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(45)
|Shoolaprashamana(pacifying pain) mahakashaya
|-
|13
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]]24/49
|Sanyas Chikitsa- to regain consciousness
|-
|14
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/38
|Hitatam ahardravya(wholesome food articles) -ginger among all rhizomes and roots.
|-
|15
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/4
|All substances with pungent taste, except long pepper and ginger, are vata stimulants and aphrodisiacs.
|-
|16
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/166
|One of the drug from Harita Varga (green herbs)
|-
|17
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/166
|One of the drug from Harita Varga (green herbs)
|-
|18
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/256
|One of the drug from Krutanna Varga (cooked food preparations)
|-
|19
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/296
|One of the drug from Krutanna Varga (cooked food preparations)
|-
|20
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/51
|Rasapvada (exception in pungent (katu) rasa.
|-
|21
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/17
|Abhyantar Krimi Chikitsa (treatment of internal worms).
|-
|22
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/18
|Abhyantar Krimi Chikitsa (treatment of internal worms).
|-
|23
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135
|Vaman dravyani (As a drug for therapeutic emesis)
|-
|24
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/142
|Katuskandha (group of pungent drugs)
|-
|25
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/56
|Kshira vishodhan dravya (ingredient of galactodepurant gana)
|-
|26
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/34
|Garbhasya pratimasik karma
|-
|27
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/41
|Prajata stree paricharya
|-
|28
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/48
|Nadi kalpana
|-
|29
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/22
|Vamanartha (for therapeutic emesis)
|-
|30
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/16
|Preparation of Trivrut
|-
|31
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/29
|Preparation of Trivrit Avaleha
|-
|32
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/54
|Varshakalin Trivrrita Yoga
|-
|33
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/23
|Churna Yoga
|-
|34
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/25
|Body purification before rasayana treatment
|-
|35
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/145

|When patient is suffering with thirst (pipasa) in fever (Jwara) as an ingredient of Shadangapaniya.
Used as shrutasheetajala as it is Pipasajwarshantaye.

Used as shrutasheetajala as it is Pipasajwarshantaye.
|-
|36
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/179
|Used as lajapeya with Pippali where agnimandya but kshudha is present.
|-
|37
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/180
|Who has desire to eat sour given with Dadima.
|-
|38
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/183
|Used as peya with amla in Jwaraatisara.
|-
|39
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/186
|Used as peya where jwara(fever) is associated with Constipation(vibandha) & Kostha shoola.
|-
|40
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/188
|Used as peya with Ghrita and Sarkara where jwara is associated with Anindra(insomia), Trushna(thirst) & asweda.
|-
|41
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/198

|Used as kwath or sheeta kashaya for trushna, deepana, doshapachana, jwar,aruchi and mukhavairasya.
|-
|42
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/202
|Used in Trutiyaka jwara.
|-
|43
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/210
|Used in Sannipata jwara.
|-
|44
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/211

|As an ingredient of shatyadi varga used in kasa, svasa, tandra,parshvashoola, hrdgraha and sannipata jwara.
|-
|45
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/223
|As an ingredient of Vasadi Ghrita.
|-
|46
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/236
|Used as ksheerpaka in varch-mutra vibandha and sopha.
|-
|47
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/237
|Used as ksheerapaka in pipasa ans jwara.
|-
|48
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/250
|As an ingredient of Jivantyadi anuvasana basti.
|-
|49
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267
|As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila.
|-
|50
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/65
|Ingredient in Trayushanaadi ghrit
|-
|51
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/69
|Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya ghrit
|-
|52
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/71
|Ingredient of Hapushadya ghrit
|-
|53
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/74
|Ingredient of Pippalyadya ghrit
|-
|54
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/79
|Ingredient of Hingvadi churna
|-
|55
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/91
|Ingredient of Nagaradi Yoga
|-
|56
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/142
|Ingredient of Dashamuli Ghrit
|-
|57
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/144
|Ingredient in Bhallatakadya Ghrit for Kaphaj Gulma
|-
|58
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/147
|Ingredient in Kshir Shatpal Ghrit
|-
|59
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/156
|Ingredient of Danti- Haritaki
|-
|60
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/164
|Pathya Diet in Gulma
|-
|61
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/61
|Ingredient in Kushthaghna Yog
|-
|62
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/62
|Ingredient in Patoladi Kwath
|-
|63
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]a 7/65
|Ingredient in Mustadi Churna
|-
|64
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/77
|Ingredient in Kanakabindurisht
|-
|65
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/85
|Bahyaprayogarth lepa in mandal Kushth
|-
|66
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/109
|Ingredient in Tiktekshvadi Taila for Abhyang in Vata-Kaphaj Kushth
|-
|67
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/113
|Ingredient in Kanakakshiri Tail
|-
|68
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/34
|Ingredient in Hingvadi Ghrit
|-
|69
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/49
|Ingredient in Lasunadya Ghrit
|-
|70
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/53
|Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrit
|-
|71
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/54
|Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrit
|-
|72
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/65
|Used as Nashya and Anjan prayogarth
|-
|73
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/70
|Ingredient in Siddharthakadi Agad
|-
|74
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/20
|Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrit
|-
|75
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/43
|As a Nasya dravya
|-
|76
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/46
|Ingredient in Kayasthadi varti
|-
|77
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/48
|Ingredient in Mustadi varti
|-
|78
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/35
|Ingredient in Amrutprash Ghrit
|-
|79
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/67
|Ingredient in Chaturtha Sarpigud
|-
|80
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/85
|Ingredient in Saindhavadi Churna
|-
|81
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/89
|Ingredient in Shadav
|-
|82
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]a 11/92
|As a Vardhaman Rasayan Prayog
|-
|83
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/21
|In treatment of Kaphaj Svayathu
|-
|84
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/22
|In treatment of Kaphaj Svayathu
|-
|85
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/23
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|86
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/23
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|87
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/24
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|88
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/25
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|89
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/25
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|90
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/27
|For bhinna varch in treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|91
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/27
|For vibaddha varch in treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|92
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/29
|Ingredient in Gandiradhyarisht
|-
|93
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/41
|Ingredient in Krishnadi Churna
|-
|94
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/42
|Ingredient in Krishnadi Churna
|-
|95
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/42
|Ingredient in Krishnadi Churna
|-
|96
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43
|Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
|-
|97
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/47
|Ingredient in Gudadrak prayog
|-
|98
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/47
|Ingredient in Gudadrak prayog
|-
|99
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/50
|Ingredient in Kansaharitaki Avaleh
|-
|100
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/55
|Ingredient in Chitrakadi Ghrit
|-
|101
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/62
|As a Pathya Diet In treatment of Shvayathu
|-
|102
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/70
|As a Snan dravya in Kaphaj Shvayathu
|-
|103
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/73
|As an Unmardan dravya in Kaphaj Shvayathu
|-
|104
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/79, 13/80
|In treatment of plihodara
|-
|105
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/84
|In formulation of rohitaka ghrit
|-
|106
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/102
|In treatment of sannipatodara
|-
|107
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/103
|In treatment of kaphodara(takraprayoga)
|-
|108
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/104
|In treatment of pleehodara(takraprayoga)
|-
|109
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/105
|In treatment of dakodara (takraprayoga)
|-
|110
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/110
|In treatment of udararoga (for parisheka)
|-
|111
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/112
|In formulation of panchkola ghrit
|-
|112
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/115
|As an ingredient of nagaradi ghrit
|-
|113
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/122
|After virechana (balvruddhi arthe) mixed with dugdha.
|-
|114
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/126
|As an ingredient of narayan churna
|-
|115
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/137
|As an ingredient of nilinadya churna
|-
|116
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/142
|Used in sunthi sadhita jala after virechana by snuhisadhit ghrit
|-
|117
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/148
|Kalka used in udara roga with ksheer
|-
|118
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/163
|As an ingredient of kshara vatika
|-
|119
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/153
|Aadraka swarasa with godugdha
|-
|120
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/62
|As an ingredient of traushnadi churna
|-
|121
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/68
|Sunthi churna with sidhu used in arsha roga
|-
|122
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/70
|Sunthi and bilva churna are given with yavani and chitraka kashaya
|-
|123
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/71
|Palncakola churna is given with takra
|-
|124
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/89
|Used in peya, khada yusha, ghrit, siddhant jala
|-
|125
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/92
|Used in yavagu
|-
|126
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/97
|It removes constipation with matsyandika or amlaphala rasa or guda
|-
|127
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/99
|Used for Anuloman
|-
|128
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/103
|Use with phanita and goghrit
|-
|129
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/104
|As an ingredient of pippalyadi ghrit
|-
|130
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/107
|As an ingredient of cavyadighrit
|-
|131
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/110
|As an ingredient of nagaradya ghrit
|-
|132
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/129
|Used as anupan in arsha
|-
|133
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/153
|As an ingredient of dvitiya phalarista
|-
|134
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/186

|Mixed with kutajtwak kwath it stops bleeding from arsha
|-
|135
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/195
|Used in rakta arsha shoola
|-
|136
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/231
|As an ingredient of hriberadi ghrit
|-
|137
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/234
|As an ingredient of sunishanak changeri ghrit
|-
|138
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/76
|Panchakola sadhit peya and Anna is given in Amaja grahani roga
|-
|139
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/82
|As an ingredient of dashmuladya ghrit
|-
|140
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/87
|As an ingredient of traushnaadi ghrit
|-
|141
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/88
|As an ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrit evum churna
|-
|142
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/96
|As an ingredient of citrakadhya gutika
|-
|143
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/98
|Kalka and churna is used for aam pachana(with usnodaka)
|-
|144
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/99
|Churna of this drug with combination of vaca,musta, etc. is given in aam and shoola yukta mala
|-
|145
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/103
|Used in condition of shoola in kaphapittaja grahani
|-
|146
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/105
|Used in kaphapittaja grahani
|-
|147
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/106
|Agnivruddhiartha and for alleviating koshtha gata vayu in grahaniroga
|-
|148
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/112
|Used as an yavagu
|-
|149
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/129
|ingredient of yavagu
|-
|150
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/132
|As an ingredient of Nagaradya churna
|-
|151
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/137
|This drug is used in treatment of pittajagrahani as an ingredient of Bhunimbadya churna
|-
|152
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/142
|As an ingredient of Kiratadya churna (Pittaja Grahani chiktsa)
|-
|153
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/168
|Used as peya padartha in Kaphaja grahani
|-
|154
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/171
|Used in treatment of Kaphaja grahani
|-
|155
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/177
|As an ingredient of Pipallimuladya Kshara
|-
|156
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/189
|As an ingredient of Bhallataka Kshara
|-
|157
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/89
|As an ingredient of pancamuladya ghrita evum churna
|-
|158
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/44

|As an ingredient of Dadimadi Ghrit
|-
|159
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/66
|Used in Swarnakshiradi yoga
|-
|160
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/72
|As in ingredient of mandur bhasma prayoga
|-
|161
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/87
|As in ingredient of Shilajatu Vataka
|-
|162
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/100
|As in ingredient of Dhatryavleha
|-
|163
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/129
|Used as Pathya in Shakhashrit Kamla
|-
|164
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/44

|As an ingredient of Dadimadi Ghrit
|-
|165
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/66
|Used in Swarnakshiradi yoga
|-
|166
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/72
|As in ingredient of mandur bhasma prayoga
|-
|167
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/87
|As in ingredient of Shilajatu Vataka
|-
|168
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/100
|As in ingredient of Dhatryavleha
|-
|169
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/129
|Used as Pathya in Shakhashrit Kamla
|-
|170
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/97
|Used in yusha preparation for hikka svasa
|-
|171
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/100
|Used in yusha preparation for hikka svasa
|-
|172
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/102
|Used in yavagu preparation for hikka svasa
|-
|173
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/104
|Used as annapana for hikka svasa
|-
|174
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/109
|As an ingredient of sauvarchaladi churna
|-
|175
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/110
|Kalka is used in hikka svasa
|-
|176
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/111
|Used in preparation of Utkarika.
|-
|177
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/123
|As an ingredient of shatyadi churna.
|-
|178
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/130
|Churna mixed with guda is used for prashana and nasya
|-
|179
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/136
|Used as lehya.
|-
|180
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/112

|Use as an ingredient of kataphaladi kwath.
|-
|181
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/114
|Use as an ingredient of pathadi kalka.
|-
|182
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/36
|As a ghrita dravya
|-
|183
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/47
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|184
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/49
|
As a yoga dravya
|-
|185
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/63
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|186
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/74
|As an ingredient of dhumapan yoga.
|-
|187
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/77
|As an ingredient of peya yoga.
|-
|188
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/99

|Use in treatment of pittaj kasa.
|-
|189
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/106
|As an ingredient of sarkaradi yoga.
|-
|190
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/115
|As an ingredient of nagaradi yoga.
|-
|191
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/118
|As an ingredient of yoga which use in vataanubandhi kapha.
|-
|192
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/122
|Use in vataj and kaphaj kasa.
|-
|193
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/146

|As an ingredient of manahsiladi dhoom.
|-
|194
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/159
|As an ingredient of dwipanchamuladi ghrita.
|-
|195
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/161
|As an ingredient of guduchyadi ghrita.
|-
|196
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/163
|As an ingredient of kasamaryadi ghrita.
|-
|197
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/87
|As a yoga dravya in treatmen of pittaj kasa
|-
|198
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/120
|As a yoga dravya.
|-
|199
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/20
|
As a pramthya dravya
|-
|200
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/26

|As a Ingridient of dipaniya and sangrahi gana
|-
|201
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/37
|As a prakshep dravya
|-
|202
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/40
|As a yoga dravya in treatment of purisha kshaya.
|-
|203
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/43
|As an ingredient of changeri ghrita
|-
|204
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/53
|As a yoga dravya in pittaj atisara.
|-
|205
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/54
|As a yoga dravya in pittaj atisara.
|-
|206
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/107
|As a yoga dravya in ajajyadi churna.
|-
|207
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/108
|As a yoga dravya in rasanjanadi churna.
|-
|208
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/109
|As a yoga dravya.
|-
|209
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/110
|As a yoga dravya.
|-
|210
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/111
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|211
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/54
|As a yoga dravya in treatment of pittaj atisara
|-
|212
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/22
|As a amapachak dravya
|-
|213
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/80
|As a ingredient of darvyadi ghrita .
|-
|214
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/104
|As a kwath dravya
|-
|215
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/114
|
As a yoga dravya
|-
|216
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/58
|For kashaya pana.
|-
|217
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/189

|Used in the treatment of Kapha pradhana visha, as a pratisarana prayoga.
|-
|218
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/205
|Used in the treatment of Mushika visha.
|-
|219
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/209
|Used in the treatment of vrushchika visha.
|-
|220
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/13
|Used to make Udavarta varti.
|-
|221
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/22
|As an ingredient of 2nd Dviruttarahingvadi churna.
|-
|222
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/55
|As an ingredient of Vyoshadi churn used in Kaphaja mutrakruchhra.
|-
|223
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/60
|As an ingredient of Pashanbhedadi churna.
|-
|224
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/83
|As an ingredient of Haritakyadi Ghrita.
|-
|225
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/84
|Used in Vataja Hrudroga.
|-
|226
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/85
|As an ingredient of Pushkarmuladi yoga.
|-
|227
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87
|As an ingredient of Trushanadi Ghrita.
|-
|228
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/94
|As an ingredient of Kasherukadi Ghrita.
|-
|229
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/97
|As an ingredient of Katphaladi kashaya used in kaphaja hrudroga.
|-
|230
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/97
|Used in kaphaja hrudroga.
|-
|231
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/98
|As an ingredient of Udumbaravleha.
|-
|232
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/144
|Used as shruta paya in kaphaja pratishyaya.
|-
|233
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/150
|Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya.
|-
|234
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/152
|Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya for pradhamana.
|-
|235
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/156
|Pathya anna in kaphaja pratishyaya.
|-
|236
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/186
|Used in Kaphaja Siroroga for Avapeeda nasya.
|-
|237
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/192
|As an ingredient of Kshara gutika.
|-
|238
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/194
|As an ingredient of Kalak churna.
|-
|239
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/198
|As an ingredient of Mrudvikadi churna.
|-
|240
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/217
|Used in Kavala in Arochaka.
|-
|241
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/222
|Used in Hingvadi taila in Karnapoorana.
|-
|242
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/223
|Used in Devadarvyadi taila in Karnashoola.
|-
|243
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/226
|As an ingredient of Kshara taila.
|-
|244
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/232
|Used in Vataja netra roga.
|-
|245
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/239
|Used in Kaphaja netra roga for Aaschotana karma.
|-
|246
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/242
|As an ingredient of Saindhavadi varti.
|-
|247
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/252
|As an ingredient of Sukhavati varti.
|-
|248
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/287
|Used in Kaphaja swarbheda.
|-
|249
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/45

|As an ingredient of Saindhavadi Taila
|-
|250
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/47
|As an ingredient of Ashtakatvar Taila
|-
|251
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/52
|As an ingredient of Tarkaryadi Parisechana
|-
|252
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/122
|As an ingredient of Chitrakadi ghrita.
|-
|253
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/137
|As an ingredient of Mulaka taila.
|-
|254
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/168
|As an ingredient of Mulakadhya taila.
|-
|255
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/172
|As an ingredient of Mulaka taila.
|-
|256
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/147
|As an ingredient of Shvdamstra taila.
|-
|257
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/89
|Used in the treatment of Vataja Asrigdara.
|-
|258
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/261
|As a paniya yoga, in the treatment of Stanya dosha.
|-
|259
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/266
|Used in the treatment of Phena sanghat.
|-
|260
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/266
|Used in the treatment of Phena sanghat, As an ingredient of Anjanadi lepa.
|-
|261
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/277
|Used in the treatment of Pichhila stanya.
|-
|262
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/280
|Used in the treatment of Gaurava stanya dosha, as an ingredient of Pippalyadi kwatha.
|-
|263
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/92
|As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna.
|-
|264
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/267
|Used in the treatment of Phena sanghat, As an ingredient of Kiratatiktadi kwatha.
|}

==Dose<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:65.</ref>==

* Churna – 1 – 2 gm

==Important formulations<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:65.</ref>==

* Saubhagya Shunthi
* Saubhagya Vati
* Trikatu Churna
* Vaishvanara Churna

== Current availability==

Available
* In India –
Kerala, Assam, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Karnataka, Odisha, West bengal
* Out of India –
China, Nigeria, Indonesia, Thailand, Jamaica, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Nepal, Vietnam, Philippines

== Current researches ==
== Phytochemical Architecture ==
The processing of fresh ginger into Shunthi significantly shifts its chemical composition. The primary thermogenic and bioactive markers are phenolic compounds and volatile oils<ref>'''Unuofin, J. O., et al.''' (2021). ''Phytochemical structures and therapeutic potentials of Zingiber officinale compounds.'' Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 273, 113997.</ref>:

* '''Gingerols ([6]-, [8]-, and [10]-gingerol):''' The primary pungent fluid components dominant in fresh ginger.
* '''Shogaols ([6]-, [8]-, and [10]-shogaol):''' Formed via the thermal dehydration of gingerols during the drying process. '''[6]-shogaol''' exhibits up to twice the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potency of its precursor, making Shunthi pharmacologically distinct from fresh ginger.<ref>'''Schepici, G., et al.''' (2021). ''The anti-inflammatory potential of ginger and its constituents in neurodegenerative and arthritic diseases.'' Molecules, 26(18), 5642.</ref>
* '''Zingerone & Paradols:''' Secondary degradation products that contribute significantly to free-radical scavenging.
* '''Volatile Oils (Sesquiterpenes):''' Comprising α-zingiberene, β-sesquiphellandrene, and ar-curcumene, responsible for its distinct aromatic properties.

== Modern Pharmacological Validation & Therapeutic Efficacy ==

=== A. Gastrointestinal Efficacy (Deepana, Pachana, & Anulomana) ===
Shunthi acts as a potent prokinetic and antiemetic agent via central and peripheral mechanisms.

* '''Antiemetic & Nausea Regulation:''' Clinical meta-analyses validate that oral doses ranging from 500 mg to 1,500 mg daily significantly reduce pregnancy-associated nausea and vomiting (NVP) as well as chemotherapy-induced emesis. The mechanism is mediated via the competitive antagonism of peripheral '''5-HT3 receptors''' and cholinergic M3 receptors in the gastrointestinal tract.<ref>'''Ernst, E., & Pittler, M. H.''' (2000). ''Efficacy of ginger for nausea and vomiting: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials.'' British Journal of Anaesthesia, 84(3), 367-371.</ref>
* '''Gastroprotective and Prokinetic Action:''' Shunthi accelerates gastric emptying and stimulates gastric acid, bile, and pancreatic enzyme secretion, effectively resolving functional dyspepsia, abdominal bloating, and colicky pain.

=== B. Anti-Inflammatory & Analgesic Efficacy (Amavataghni) ===
In conditions like Rheumatoid Arthritis (''Amavata'') and Osteoarthritis, Shunthi acts as a natural dual-inhibitor of inflammatory cascades.

: '''Biochemical Mechanism:''' The active fractions ([6]-shogaol and [6]-gingerol) suppress the activation of Nuclear Factor-kappa B ('''NF-κB'''). This leads to down-regulation of '''COX-2''' (Cyclooxygenase-2) and '''LOX''' (Lipoxygenase) pathways, preventing the synthesis of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins (PGE2) and leukotrienes.<ref>'''Jalali, M., et al.''' (2020). ''The effects of ginger supplementation on biomarkers of oxidative stress: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.'' Clinical Nutrition, 39(12), 3598-3606.</ref>

Unlike conventional Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), Shunthi exerts these anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive actions without compromising the gastric mucosa, due to its concurrent cytoprotective mucin-stimulating properties.

=== C. Cardio-Metabolic and Vascular Regulation (Hrudya) ===
Recent clinical and animal trials demonstrate that Shunthi exerts a multi-target protective effect on the cardiovascular and metabolic systems<ref name=":0">'''Wang, J., et al.''' (2017). ''Beneficial effects of ginger on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Syndrome: A systems-level overview.'' Phytomedicine, 34, 184-198.</ref>:

* '''Calcium Channel Blockade:''' Shunthi extracts display calcium (Ca2+) channel-blocking activity, shifting Ca2+ dose-response curves to relax vascular smooth muscles. This results in vasodilation and a systemic reduction in blood pressure.
* '''PPARα Agonism:''' It activates Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor alpha (PPARα), enhancing fatty acid oxidation in myocytes, thereby attenuating myocardial hypertrophy and reducing risks of atherosclerosis.
* '''Glycemic Control:''' Meta-analyses show that daily supplementation significantly lowers '''HbA1c''' and fasting blood glucose in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients by improving insulin sensitivity and up-regulating GLUT4 transporters.<ref name=":0" />

<pre>
[6]-Shogaol / [6]-Gingerol (Active Constituents)
│
┌────────────────┴────────────────┐
▼ ▼
Inhibition of NF-κB Ca²⁺ Channel Blockade
│ │
▼ ▼
↓ COX-2 & LOX Pathways Vasodilation of
(↓ CRP, ↓ TNF-α, ↓ PGE₂) Vascular Smooth Muscle
│ │
▼ ▼
Clinical: Alleviation of Clinical: Reduction of
Arthritis & Joint Pain Systemic Blood Pressure
</pre>

== Clinical Safety, Dosage, and Contraindications ==
Shunthi enjoys a wide therapeutic index and is designated as '''GRAS''' (Generally Recognized as Safe) by global regulatory bodies. However, its high thermal potency warrants structured clinical application.

* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Churna (Crude Powder):'' 1 - 3 g per day in divided doses.<ref>'''Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API).''' ''Zingiber officinale Rosc. - Rhizome Monograph.'' Part-I, Volume I, Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.</ref>
** ''Extract:'' 250 - 500 mg two to three times daily.
* '''Adverse Effects:''' Excessive consumption on an empty stomach may occasionally cause mild heartburn, eructation, or gastric irritation in highly sensitive ''Pitta''-dominant individuals.
* '''Drug Interactions:''' Due to its mild anti-platelet and calcium-channel-blocking properties, cautious monitoring is recommended when co-administered with high-dose synthetic anticoagulants (e.g., Warfarin) or prescription antihypertensives.
* '''Contraindications:''' Acute peptic ulceration, active GI bleeding, and inflammatory dermatological conditions characterized by extreme ''Pitta'' vitiation.

== References ==
[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Shunthi

2026-07-08T07:16:08Z

Agnivesha:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= Shunthi, Aardrak, Ginger, Zingiber officinale Roscoe., Charak Samhita, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= '''Shunthi''', the dried rhizome of ''Zingiber officinale'' Roscoe (Family: '''Zingiberaceae'''), stands as a cornerstone phytopharmaceutical in traditional systems of medicine—particularly Ayurveda—while simultaneously maintaining a robust profile in modern evidence-based pharmacology.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger Zingiber officinale Roscoe.]
{{Infobox
|title = Shunthi
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Shunthi
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Zingiber officinale Roscoe
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Zingiberaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = Dravyaguna Team
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

==English name ==

Ginger

== Botanical Identity ==

'''Shunthi''', the dried rhizome of ''Zingiber officinale'' Roscoe (Family: '''Zingiberaceae'''), stands as a cornerstone phytopharmaceutical in traditional systems of medicine—particularly Ayurveda—while simultaneously maintaining a robust profile in modern evidence-based pharmacology. Locally referred to as ''Sonth'' or dry ginger, its processing from fresh ginger (''Ardraka'') chemically transforms its active volatile and non-volatile profiles, resulting in a distinct therapeutic matrix that exhibits high bioavailability and pronounced efficacy across multiple physiological systems.

* '''Botanical Name:''' ''Zingiber officinale'' Roscoe
* '''Family:''' Zingiberaceae
* '''Part Used:''' Dried Rhizome
* [[File:Shunthi.jpg|thumb|Shunthi & Aardrak (''Zingiber officinale)'']]'''Vernacular Names:''' Shunthi (Sanskrit), Sonth (Hindi), Dry Ginger (English), Shukku (Tamil)

== Ayurvedic Pharmacodynamics (Dravyaguna Profile) ==

In classical Ayurvedic pharmacology, the dehydration of ginger alters its fundamental properties. Unlike fresh ginger, which carries a sharp, drying post-digestive profile, Shunthi undergoes a metabolic transformation that yields a sweet post-digestive effect (''Madhura Vipaka''), rendering it far more tolerable for long-term therapeutic application without aggravating ''Pitta dosha'' excessively.

==Therapeutic Use==

Agnimandya, Bronchial asthma (swasa), Abdominal distension (adhmana), Rheumatoid arthritis (amavata), Anaemia (pandu), Abdominal disorders (udararoga)

==Varieties==

==Bhavaprakash Nighantu<ref>Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint.2015, Chaukhambha vishvabharti, Haritakyadi Varga, p.13.</ref>==
# Raktabha
# Shweta

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==

Shunthi, Nagara, Shrungavera, Vishwa-bheshajam, Mahaushadha, Ardraka, Vishwa.

==Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu<ref>Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint.2015, Chaukhambha vishvabharti, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no. 44, p.13.</ref>==

Shunthi, Vishva, Vishv, Nagar, Vishvabheshaja, Ushana, Katubhadra, Shringavera, Mahoshadha,

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties !! Clinical Significance
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Pungent (katu) || Stimulates gustatory receptors, secretes salivary and gastric enzymes.
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) ||Hot (ushna) || Enhances metabolic rate (''Agni'') and clears systemic micro-channels ([[Srotas]])
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Aardrak (Ginger) - Pungent (katu)
Shunthi (Dry Ginger) - Sweet (madhura)
| Imparts nourishing, tissue-protective, and rejuvenative (''Rasayana'') long-term effects.
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Aardrak (Ginger) - Heavy (guru), dryness (ruksha), Sharp (tikshna)
Shunthi (Dry Ginger)- Easy to digest (laghu), unctuous (snigdha)
| Ginger counteracts the coldness of ''Kapha,'' Dry ginger acts on dryness of Vata dosha
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify Vata and Kapha
|Useful in indigestion, swellings, stiffness
|-
| 6 || [[Prabhava]] (Special Action) || Amavataghni / Grahi || Specifically targets rheumatoid conditions; acts as a bowel-binding bio-absorbent.
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/5
| Shirovirechana (Errhine therapy)
|-
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/18
| Deepaniya and Shulaghni yavagu(gruel for enhancing digestion and colic pain)
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/21
| Raktatisara yavagu(gruel used in diarrhea with blood)
|-
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/22
| Amatisara yavagu(gruel for diarrhea with indigestion)
|-
| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/24
| Pipasaghni yavagu(gruel for excess thirst)
|-
|6
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(6)
|Deepaniya (appetizer) mahakashaya
|-
|7
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(11)
|Truptighna(anti-satiety) mahakashaya
|-
|8
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(12)
|Arshoghna(anti-haemorrhoidal) mahakashaya
|-
|9
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(18)
|Stanyashodhana(galactodepurent) mahakashaya
|-
|10
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(29)
|Trishna nigrahana(thirst alleviating) mahakashay
|-
|11
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(42)
|Sheetaprashamana(pacifying cold sensation) mahakashaya
|-
|12
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(45)
|Shoolaprashamana(pacifying pain) mahakashaya
|-
|13
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]]24/49
|Sanyas Chikitsa- to regain consciousness
|-
|14
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/38
|Hitatam ahardravya(wholesome food articles) -ginger among all rhizomes and roots.
|-
|15
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/4
|All substances with pungent taste, except long pepper and ginger, are vata stimulants and aphrodisiacs.
|-
|16
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/166
|One of the drug from Harita Varga (green herbs)
|-
|17
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/166
|One of the drug from Harita Varga (green herbs)
|-
|18
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/256
|One of the drug from Krutanna Varga (cooked food preparations)
|-
|19
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/296
|One of the drug from Krutanna Varga (cooked food preparations)
|-
|20
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/51
|Rasapvada (exception in pungent (katu) rasa.
|-
|21
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/17
|Abhyantar Krimi Chikitsa (treatment of internal worms).
|-
|22
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/18
|Abhyantar Krimi Chikitsa (treatment of internal worms).
|-
|23
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135
|Vaman dravyani (As a drug for therapeutic emesis)
|-
|24
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/142
|Katuskandha (group of pungent drugs)
|-
|25
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/56
|Kshira vishodhan dravya (ingredient of galactodepurant gana)
|-
|26
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/34
|Garbhasya pratimasik karma
|-
|27
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/41
|Prajata stree paricharya
|-
|28
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/48
|Nadi kalpana
|-
|29
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/22
|Vamanartha (for therapeutic emesis)
|-
|30
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/16
|Preparation of Trivrut
|-
|31
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/29
|Preparation of Trivrit Avaleha
|-
|32
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/54
|Varshakalin Trivrrita Yoga
|-
|33
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/23
|Churna Yoga
|-
|34
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/25
|Body purification before rasayana treatment
|-
|35
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/145

|When patient is suffering with thirst (pipasa) in fever (Jwara) as an ingredient of Shadangapaniya.
Used as shrutasheetajala as it is Pipasajwarshantaye.

Used as shrutasheetajala as it is Pipasajwarshantaye.
|-
|36
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/179
|Used as lajapeya with Pippali where agnimandya but kshudha is present.
|-
|37
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/180
|Who has desire to eat sour given with Dadima.
|-
|38
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/183
|Used as peya with amla in Jwaraatisara.
|-
|39
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/186
|Used as peya where jwara(fever) is associated with Constipation(vibandha) & Kostha shoola.
|-
|40
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/188
|Used as peya with Ghrita and Sarkara where jwara is associated with Anindra(insomia), Trushna(thirst) & asweda.
|-
|41
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/198

|Used as kwath or sheeta kashaya for trushna, deepana, doshapachana, jwar,aruchi and mukhavairasya.
|-
|42
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/202
|Used in Trutiyaka jwara.
|-
|43
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/210
|Used in Sannipata jwara.
|-
|44
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/211

|As an ingredient of shatyadi varga used in kasa, svasa, tandra,parshvashoola, hrdgraha and sannipata jwara.
|-
|45
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/223
|As an ingredient of Vasadi Ghrita.
|-
|46
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/236
|Used as ksheerpaka in varch-mutra vibandha and sopha.
|-
|47
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/237
|Used as ksheerapaka in pipasa ans jwara.
|-
|48
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/250
|As an ingredient of Jivantyadi anuvasana basti.
|-
|49
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267
|As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila.
|-
|50
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/65
|Ingredient in Trayushanaadi ghrit
|-
|51
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/69
|Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya ghrit
|-
|52
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/71
|Ingredient of Hapushadya ghrit
|-
|53
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/74
|Ingredient of Pippalyadya ghrit
|-
|54
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/79
|Ingredient of Hingvadi churna
|-
|55
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/91
|Ingredient of Nagaradi Yoga
|-
|56
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/142
|Ingredient of Dashamuli Ghrit
|-
|57
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/144
|Ingredient in Bhallatakadya Ghrit for Kaphaj Gulma
|-
|58
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/147
|Ingredient in Kshir Shatpal Ghrit
|-
|59
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/156
|Ingredient of Danti- Haritaki
|-
|60
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/164
|Pathya Diet in Gulma
|-
|61
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/61
|Ingredient in Kushthaghna Yog
|-
|62
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/62
|Ingredient in Patoladi Kwath
|-
|63
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]a 7/65
|Ingredient in Mustadi Churna
|-
|64
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/77
|Ingredient in Kanakabindurisht
|-
|65
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/85
|Bahyaprayogarth lepa in mandal Kushth
|-
|66
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/109
|Ingredient in Tiktekshvadi Taila for Abhyang in Vata-Kaphaj Kushth
|-
|67
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/113
|Ingredient in Kanakakshiri Tail
|-
|68
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/34
|Ingredient in Hingvadi Ghrit
|-
|69
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/49
|Ingredient in Lasunadya Ghrit
|-
|70
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/53
|Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrit
|-
|71
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/54
|Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrit
|-
|72
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/65
|Used as Nashya and Anjan prayogarth
|-
|73
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/70
|Ingredient in Siddharthakadi Agad
|-
|74
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/20
|Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrit
|-
|75
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/43
|As a Nasya dravya
|-
|76
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/46
|Ingredient in Kayasthadi varti
|-
|77
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/48
|Ingredient in Mustadi varti
|-
|78
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/35
|Ingredient in Amrutprash Ghrit
|-
|79
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/67
|Ingredient in Chaturtha Sarpigud
|-
|80
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/85
|Ingredient in Saindhavadi Churna
|-
|81
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/89
|Ingredient in Shadav
|-
|82
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]a 11/92
|As a Vardhaman Rasayan Prayog
|-
|83
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/21
|In treatment of Kaphaj Svayathu
|-
|84
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/22
|In treatment of Kaphaj Svayathu
|-
|85
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/23
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|86
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/23
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|87
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/24
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|88
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/25
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|89
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/25
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|90
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/27
|For bhinna varch in treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|91
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/27
|For vibaddha varch in treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|92
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/29
|Ingredient in Gandiradhyarisht
|-
|93
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/41
|Ingredient in Krishnadi Churna
|-
|94
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/42
|Ingredient in Krishnadi Churna
|-
|95
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/42
|Ingredient in Krishnadi Churna
|-
|96
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43
|Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
|-
|97
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/47
|Ingredient in Gudadrak prayog
|-
|98
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/47
|Ingredient in Gudadrak prayog
|-
|99
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/50
|Ingredient in Kansaharitaki Avaleh
|-
|100
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/55
|Ingredient in Chitrakadi Ghrit
|-
|101
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/62
|As a Pathya Diet In treatment of Shvayathu
|-
|102
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/70
|As a Snan dravya in Kaphaj Shvayathu
|-
|103
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/73
|As an Unmardan dravya in Kaphaj Shvayathu
|-
|104
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/79, 13/80
|In treatment of plihodara
|-
|105
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/84
|In formulation of rohitaka ghrit
|-
|106
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/102
|In treatment of sannipatodara
|-
|107
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/103
|In treatment of kaphodara(takraprayoga)
|-
|108
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/104
|In treatment of pleehodara(takraprayoga)
|-
|109
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/105
|In treatment of dakodara (takraprayoga)
|-
|110
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/110
|In treatment of udararoga (for parisheka)
|-
|111
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/112
|In formulation of panchkola ghrit
|-
|112
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/115
|As an ingredient of nagaradi ghrit
|-
|113
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/122
|After virechana (balvruddhi arthe) mixed with dugdha.
|-
|114
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/126
|As an ingredient of narayan churna
|-
|115
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/137
|As an ingredient of nilinadya churna
|-
|116
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/142
|Used in sunthi sadhita jala after virechana by snuhisadhit ghrit
|-
|117
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/148
|Kalka used in udara roga with ksheer
|-
|118
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/163
|As an ingredient of kshara vatika
|-
|119
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/153
|Aadraka swarasa with godugdha
|-
|120
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/62
|As an ingredient of traushnadi churna
|-
|121
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/68
|Sunthi churna with sidhu used in arsha roga
|-
|122
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/70
|Sunthi and bilva churna are given with yavani and chitraka kashaya
|-
|123
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/71
|Palncakola churna is given with takra
|-
|124
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/89
|Used in peya, khada yusha, ghrit, siddhant jala
|-
|125
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/92
|Used in yavagu
|-
|126
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/97
|It removes constipation with matsyandika or amlaphala rasa or guda
|-
|127
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/99
|Used for Anuloman
|-
|128
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/103
|Use with phanita and goghrit
|-
|129
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/104
|As an ingredient of pippalyadi ghrit
|-
|130
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/107
|As an ingredient of cavyadighrit
|-
|131
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/110
|As an ingredient of nagaradya ghrit
|-
|132
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/129
|Used as anupan in arsha
|-
|133
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/153
|As an ingredient of dvitiya phalarista
|-
|134
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/186

|Mixed with kutajtwak kwath it stops bleeding from arsha
|-
|135
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/195
|Used in rakta arsha shoola
|-
|136
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/231
|As an ingredient of hriberadi ghrit
|-
|137
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/234
|As an ingredient of sunishanak changeri ghrit
|-
|138
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/76
|Panchakola sadhit peya and Anna is given in Amaja grahani roga
|-
|139
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/82
|As an ingredient of dashmuladya ghrit
|-
|140
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/87
|As an ingredient of traushnaadi ghrit
|-
|141
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/88
|As an ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrit evum churna
|-
|142
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/96
|As an ingredient of citrakadhya gutika
|-
|143
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/98
|Kalka and churna is used for aam pachana(with usnodaka)
|-
|144
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/99
|Churna of this drug with combination of vaca,musta, etc. is given in aam and shoola yukta mala
|-
|145
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/103
|Used in condition of shoola in kaphapittaja grahani
|-
|146
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/105
|Used in kaphapittaja grahani
|-
|147
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/106
|Agnivruddhiartha and for alleviating koshtha gata vayu in grahaniroga
|-
|148
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/112
|Used as an yavagu
|-
|149
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/129
|ingredient of yavagu
|-
|150
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/132
|As an ingredient of Nagaradya churna
|-
|151
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/137
|This drug is used in treatment of pittajagrahani as an ingredient of Bhunimbadya churna
|-
|152
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/142
|As an ingredient of Kiratadya churna (Pittaja Grahani chiktsa)
|-
|153
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/168
|Used as peya padartha in Kaphaja grahani
|-
|154
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/171
|Used in treatment of Kaphaja grahani
|-
|155
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/177
|As an ingredient of Pipallimuladya Kshara
|-
|156
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/189
|As an ingredient of Bhallataka Kshara
|-
|157
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/89
|As an ingredient of pancamuladya ghrita evum churna
|-
|158
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/44

|As an ingredient of Dadimadi Ghrit
|-
|159
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/66
|Used in Swarnakshiradi yoga
|-
|160
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/72
|As in ingredient of mandur bhasma prayoga
|-
|161
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/87
|As in ingredient of Shilajatu Vataka
|-
|162
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/100
|As in ingredient of Dhatryavleha
|-
|163
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/129
|Used as Pathya in Shakhashrit Kamla
|-
|164
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/44

|As an ingredient of Dadimadi Ghrit
|-
|165
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/66
|Used in Swarnakshiradi yoga
|-
|166
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/72
|As in ingredient of mandur bhasma prayoga
|-
|167
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/87
|As in ingredient of Shilajatu Vataka
|-
|168
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/100
|As in ingredient of Dhatryavleha
|-
|169
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/129
|Used as Pathya in Shakhashrit Kamla
|-
|170
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/97
|Used in yusha preparation for hikka svasa
|-
|171
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/100
|Used in yusha preparation for hikka svasa
|-
|172
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/102
|Used in yavagu preparation for hikka svasa
|-
|173
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/104
|Used as annapana for hikka svasa
|-
|174
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/109
|As an ingredient of sauvarchaladi churna
|-
|175
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/110
|Kalka is used in hikka svasa
|-
|176
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/111
|Used in preparation of Utkarika.
|-
|177
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/123
|As an ingredient of shatyadi churna.
|-
|178
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/130
|Churna mixed with guda is used for prashana and nasya
|-
|179
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/136
|Used as lehya.
|-
|180
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/112

|Use as an ingredient of kataphaladi kwath.
|-
|181
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/114
|Use as an ingredient of pathadi kalka.
|-
|182
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/36
|As a ghrita dravya
|-
|183
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/47
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|184
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/49
|
As a yoga dravya
|-
|185
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/63
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|186
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/74
|As an ingredient of dhumapan yoga.
|-
|187
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/77
|As an ingredient of peya yoga.
|-
|188
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/99

|Use in treatment of pittaj kasa.
|-
|189
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/106
|As an ingredient of sarkaradi yoga.
|-
|190
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/115
|As an ingredient of nagaradi yoga.
|-
|191
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/118
|As an ingredient of yoga which use in vataanubandhi kapha.
|-
|192
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/122
|Use in vataj and kaphaj kasa.
|-
|193
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/146

|As an ingredient of manahsiladi dhoom.
|-
|194
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/159
|As an ingredient of dwipanchamuladi ghrita.
|-
|195
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/161
|As an ingredient of guduchyadi ghrita.
|-
|196
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/163
|As an ingredient of kasamaryadi ghrita.
|-
|197
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/87
|As a yoga dravya in treatmen of pittaj kasa
|-
|198
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/120
|As a yoga dravya.
|-
|199
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/20
|
As a pramthya dravya
|-
|200
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/26

|As a Ingridient of dipaniya and sangrahi gana
|-
|201
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/37
|As a prakshep dravya
|-
|202
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/40
|As a yoga dravya in treatment of purisha kshaya.
|-
|203
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/43
|As an ingredient of changeri ghrita
|-
|204
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/53
|As a yoga dravya in pittaj atisara.
|-
|205
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/54
|As a yoga dravya in pittaj atisara.
|-
|206
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/107
|As a yoga dravya in ajajyadi churna.
|-
|207
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/108
|As a yoga dravya in rasanjanadi churna.
|-
|208
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/109
|As a yoga dravya.
|-
|209
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/110
|As a yoga dravya.
|-
|210
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/111
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|211
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/54
|As a yoga dravya in treatment of pittaj atisara
|-
|212
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/22
|As a amapachak dravya
|-
|213
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/80
|As a ingredient of darvyadi ghrita .
|-
|214
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/104
|As a kwath dravya
|-
|215
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/114
|
As a yoga dravya
|-
|216
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/58
|For kashaya pana.
|-
|217
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/189

|Used in the treatment of Kapha pradhana visha, as a pratisarana prayoga.
|-
|218
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/205
|Used in the treatment of Mushika visha.
|-
|219
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/209
|Used in the treatment of vrushchika visha.
|-
|220
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/13
|Used to make Udavarta varti.
|-
|221
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/22
|As an ingredient of 2nd Dviruttarahingvadi churna.
|-
|222
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/55
|As an ingredient of Vyoshadi churn used in Kaphaja mutrakruchhra.
|-
|223
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/60
|As an ingredient of Pashanbhedadi churna.
|-
|224
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/83
|As an ingredient of Haritakyadi Ghrita.
|-
|225
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/84
|Used in Vataja Hrudroga.
|-
|226
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/85
|As an ingredient of Pushkarmuladi yoga.
|-
|227
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87
|As an ingredient of Trushanadi Ghrita.
|-
|228
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/94
|As an ingredient of Kasherukadi Ghrita.
|-
|229
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/97
|As an ingredient of Katphaladi kashaya used in kaphaja hrudroga.
|-
|230
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/97
|Used in kaphaja hrudroga.
|-
|231
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/98
|As an ingredient of Udumbaravleha.
|-
|232
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/144
|Used as shruta paya in kaphaja pratishyaya.
|-
|233
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/150
|Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya.
|-
|234
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/152
|Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya for pradhamana.
|-
|235
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/156
|Pathya anna in kaphaja pratishyaya.
|-
|236
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/186
|Used in Kaphaja Siroroga for Avapeeda nasya.
|-
|237
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/192
|As an ingredient of Kshara gutika.
|-
|238
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/194
|As an ingredient of Kalak churna.
|-
|239
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/198
|As an ingredient of Mrudvikadi churna.
|-
|240
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/217
|Used in Kavala in Arochaka.
|-
|241
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/222
|Used in Hingvadi taila in Karnapoorana.
|-
|242
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/223
|Used in Devadarvyadi taila in Karnashoola.
|-
|243
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/226
|As an ingredient of Kshara taila.
|-
|244
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/232
|Used in Vataja netra roga.
|-
|245
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/239
|Used in Kaphaja netra roga for Aaschotana karma.
|-
|246
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/242
|As an ingredient of Saindhavadi varti.
|-
|247
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/252
|As an ingredient of Sukhavati varti.
|-
|248
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/287
|Used in Kaphaja swarbheda.
|-
|249
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/45

|As an ingredient of Saindhavadi Taila
|-
|250
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/47
|As an ingredient of Ashtakatvar Taila
|-
|251
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/52
|As an ingredient of Tarkaryadi Parisechana
|-
|252
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/122
|As an ingredient of Chitrakadi ghrita.
|-
|253
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/137
|As an ingredient of Mulaka taila.
|-
|254
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/168
|As an ingredient of Mulakadhya taila.
|-
|255
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/172
|As an ingredient of Mulaka taila.
|-
|256
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/147
|As an ingredient of Shvdamstra taila.
|-
|257
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/89
|Used in the treatment of Vataja Asrigdara.
|-
|258
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/261
|As a paniya yoga, in the treatment of Stanya dosha.
|-
|259
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/266
|Used in the treatment of Phena sanghat.
|-
|260
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/266
|Used in the treatment of Phena sanghat, As an ingredient of Anjanadi lepa.
|-
|261
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/277
|Used in the treatment of Pichhila stanya.
|-
|262
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/280
|Used in the treatment of Gaurava stanya dosha, as an ingredient of Pippalyadi kwatha.
|-
|263
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/92
|As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna.
|-
|264
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/267
|Used in the treatment of Phena sanghat, As an ingredient of Kiratatiktadi kwatha.
|}

==Dose<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:65.</ref>==

* Churna – 1 – 2 gm

==Important formulations<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:65.</ref>==

* Saubhagya Shunthi
* Saubhagya Vati
* Trikatu Churna
* Vaishvanara Churna

== Current availability==

Available
* In India –
Kerala, Assam, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Karnataka, Odisha, West bengal
* Out of India –
China, Nigeria, Indonesia, Thailand, Jamaica, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Nepal, Vietnam, Philippines

== Current researches ==
== Phytochemical Architecture ==
The processing of fresh ginger into Shunthi significantly shifts its chemical composition. The primary thermogenic and bioactive markers are phenolic compounds and volatile oils<ref>'''Unuofin, J. O., et al.''' (2021). ''Phytochemical structures and therapeutic potentials of Zingiber officinale compounds.'' Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 273, 113997.</ref>:

* '''Gingerols ([6]-, [8]-, and [10]-gingerol):''' The primary pungent fluid components dominant in fresh ginger.
* '''Shogaols ([6]-, [8]-, and [10]-shogaol):''' Formed via the thermal dehydration of gingerols during the drying process. '''[6]-shogaol''' exhibits up to twice the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potency of its precursor, making Shunthi pharmacologically distinct from fresh ginger.<ref>'''Schepici, G., et al.''' (2021). ''The anti-inflammatory potential of ginger and its constituents in neurodegenerative and arthritic diseases.'' Molecules, 26(18), 5642.</ref>
* '''Zingerone & Paradols:''' Secondary degradation products that contribute significantly to free-radical scavenging.
* '''Volatile Oils (Sesquiterpenes):''' Comprising α-zingiberene, β-sesquiphellandrene, and ar-curcumene, responsible for its distinct aromatic properties.

== Modern Pharmacological Validation & Therapeutic Efficacy ==

=== A. Gastrointestinal Efficacy (Deepana, Pachana, & Anulomana) ===
Shunthi acts as a potent prokinetic and antiemetic agent via central and peripheral mechanisms.

* '''Antiemetic & Nausea Regulation:''' Clinical meta-analyses validate that oral doses ranging from 500 mg to 1,500 mg daily significantly reduce pregnancy-associated nausea and vomiting (NVP) as well as chemotherapy-induced emesis. The mechanism is mediated via the competitive antagonism of peripheral '''5-HT3 receptors''' and cholinergic M3 receptors in the gastrointestinal tract.<ref>'''Ernst, E., & Pittler, M. H.''' (2000). ''Efficacy of ginger for nausea and vomiting: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials.'' British Journal of Anaesthesia, 84(3), 367-371.</ref>
* '''Gastroprotective and Prokinetic Action:''' Shunthi accelerates gastric emptying and stimulates gastric acid, bile, and pancreatic enzyme secretion, effectively resolving functional dyspepsia, abdominal bloating, and colicky pain.

=== B. Anti-Inflammatory & Analgesic Efficacy (Amavataghni) ===
In conditions like Rheumatoid Arthritis (''Amavata'') and Osteoarthritis, Shunthi acts as a natural dual-inhibitor of inflammatory cascades.

: '''Biochemical Mechanism:''' The active fractions ([6]-shogaol and [6]-gingerol) suppress the activation of Nuclear Factor-kappa B ('''NF-κB'''). This leads to down-regulation of '''COX-2''' (Cyclooxygenase-2) and '''LOX''' (Lipoxygenase) pathways, preventing the synthesis of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins (PGE2) and leukotrienes.<ref>'''Jalali, M., et al.''' (2020). ''The effects of ginger supplementation on biomarkers of oxidative stress: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.'' Clinical Nutrition, 39(12), 3598-3606.</ref>

Unlike conventional Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), Shunthi exerts these anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive actions without compromising the gastric mucosa, due to its concurrent cytoprotective mucin-stimulating properties.

=== C. Cardio-Metabolic and Vascular Regulation (Hrudya) ===
Recent clinical and animal trials demonstrate that Shunthi exerts a multi-target protective effect on the cardiovascular and metabolic systems<ref name=":0">'''Wang, J., et al.''' (2017). ''Beneficial effects of ginger on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Syndrome: A systems-level overview.'' Phytomedicine, 34, 184-198.</ref>:

* '''Calcium Channel Blockade:''' Shunthi extracts display calcium (Ca2+) channel-blocking activity, shifting Ca2+ dose-response curves to relax vascular smooth muscles. This results in vasodilation and a systemic reduction in blood pressure.
* '''PPARα Agonism:''' It activates Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor alpha (PPARα), enhancing fatty acid oxidation in myocytes, thereby attenuating myocardial hypertrophy and reducing risks of atherosclerosis.
* '''Glycemic Control:''' Meta-analyses show that daily supplementation significantly lowers '''HbA1c''' and fasting blood glucose in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients by improving insulin sensitivity and up-regulating GLUT4 transporters.<ref name=":0" />

<pre>
[6]-Shogaol / [6]-Gingerol (Active Constituents)
│
┌────────────────┴────────────────┐
▼ ▼
Inhibition of NF-κB Ca²⁺ Channel Blockade
│ │
▼ ▼
↓ COX-2 & LOX Pathways Vasodilation of
(↓ CRP, ↓ TNF-α, ↓ PGE₂) Vascular Smooth Muscle
│ │
▼ ▼
Clinical: Alleviation of Clinical: Reduction of
Arthritis & Joint Pain Systemic Blood Pressure
</pre>

== Clinical Safety, Dosage, and Contraindications ==
Shunthi enjoys a wide therapeutic index and is designated as '''GRAS''' (Generally Recognized as Safe) by global regulatory bodies. However, its high thermal potency warrants structured clinical application.

* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Churna (Crude Powder):'' 1 - 3 g per day in divided doses.<ref>'''Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API).''' ''Zingiber officinale Rosc. - Rhizome Monograph.'' Part-I, Volume I, Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.</ref>
** ''Extract:'' 250 - 500 mg two to three times daily.
* '''Adverse Effects:''' Excessive consumption on an empty stomach may occasionally cause mild heartburn, eructation, or gastric irritation in highly sensitive ''Pitta''-dominant individuals.
* '''Drug Interactions:''' Due to its mild anti-platelet and calcium-channel-blocking properties, cautious monitoring is recommended when co-administered with high-dose synthetic anticoagulants (e.g., Warfarin) or prescription antihypertensives.
* '''Contraindications:''' Acute peptic ulceration, active GI bleeding, and inflammatory dermatological conditions characterized by extreme ''Pitta'' vitiation.

== References ==
[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

File:Shunthi.jpg

2026-07-08T07:15:17Z

Agnivesha:

Shunthi

Maricha

2026-07-08T07:14:30Z

Agnivesha:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= Maricha, Piper nigrum, black pepper, Charak Samhita, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description='''Maricha''', the dried fruit of ''[[Piper nigrum]]'' L. (Family: '''[[Piperaceae]]'''), is universally celebrated as the "King of Spices" and occupies a central position in traditional Ayurvedic formulations and modern evidence-based pharmacognosy.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
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[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20pepper Piper nigrum L.]

{{Infobox
|title = Maricha
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Maricha
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Piper nigrum L.
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Piperaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = Dravyaguna Team
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

== Introduction and Botanical Identity ==

'''Maricha''', the dried fruit of ''[[wikipedia:Black_pepper|Piper nigrum]]'' L. (Family: '''Piperaceae'''), is universally celebrated as the "King of Spices" and occupies a central position in traditional Ayurvedic formulations and modern evidence-based pharmacognosy.<ref name="Rather2022">Rather, M. A., et al. (2022). "Therapeutic Role of Piper nigrum L (Black Pepper) and Pharmacological Activities." ''International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research'', 73(1), 15-22.</ref> Characterized by its intense pungency, Maricha is a vital constituent of classical compounds like ''Trikatu Churna'' (the synergy of Shunthi, Pippali, and Maricha). In contemporary pharmacology, its primary crystalline alkaloid, '''piperine''', is recognized as the world's first documented natural bioavailability enhancer, revolutionizing the administration of phytopharmaceuticals and synthetic drugs alike.<ref name="Kesarwani2013">Kesarwani, K., & Gupta, R. (2013). "Bioavailability enhancers of herbal origin: An overview." ''Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine'', 3(4), 253-266.</ref>

* '''Botanical Name:''' ''Piper nigrum'' L.
* '''Family:''' Piperaceae
* '''Part Used:''' Dried Fruit (Peppercorns)
* '''Vernacular Names:''' Maricha (Sanskrit), Kali Mirch (Hindi), Black Pepper (English), Milagu (Tamil)
[[File:Maricha.jpg|thumb|'''Maricha (Piper nigrum)''']]

==English name ==

Black Pepper

==Therapeutic uses==
Shwasa, shula, krumiroga, tavakaroga<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3 :53</ref>

==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Maricha, Vellaja(plant is climber), Krushna(fruits are black in colour), Ushana(causing burning sensation), Suvruta, Katu(pungent taste), Dharmapatana(maricha is stored in ports as an item to export to different countries)

==Varieties==
===Raja Nighantu===
Mentioned 2 types of varieties<ref>Dr. Indradev Tripathi , Raja Nighantu of pandit Narhari, ed.2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, pippalyadi varga verse no- 32,34</ref>
# Maricha
# Shweta maricha

== Ayurvedic Pharmacodynamics (Dravyaguna Profile) ==

In classical Ayurvedic medicine, Maricha is distinct for its intense penetrating capability (''Tikshna Guna''). Unlike Shunthi, which transitions into a sweet post-digestive form, Maricha maintains its sharp, biting properties throughout its metabolic cycle, allowing it to cut through thick accumulations of mucus and clear obstructions in cellular channels (''Srotas'').<ref name="API">Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API). ''Piper nigrum L. - Fruit Monograph.'' Part-I, Volume I, Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Pharmacological Attribute
! Ayurvedic Classification
! Clinical Significance
|-
| '''Rasa (Taste)'''
| ''Katu'' (Pungent)
| Instantly stimulates taste receptors, ignites gastric fire (''Agni''), and treats anorexia.<ref name="API" />
|-
| '''Guna (Physical Quality)'''
| ''Laghu'' (Light), ''Tikshna'' (Sharp/Penetrating), ''Rooksha'' (Dry)
| Liquefies and scrapes away stagnant phlegm (''Chedana''); breaks down metabolic toxins (''Ama'').<ref name="API" />
|-
| '''Virya (Potency)'''
| ''Ushna'' (Hot)
| Strongly pacifies ''Kapha'' and ''Vata'' doshas; increases peripheral circulation.
|-
| '''Vipaka (Post-Digestive Taste)'''
| ''Katu'' (Pungent)
| Maintains a high catabolic and eliminative action post-digestion.<ref name="API" />
|-
| '''Karma (Primary Action)'''
| ''Pramathi'' / ''Krimighna''
| Mechanically expels toxins from deep tissues; exhibits direct antimicrobial properties.<ref name="Rather2022" />
|}

=== Difference in wet and dry form of Maricha ===

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties (Dry)!! Properties (Wet)
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Pungent (katu) || --
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)|| Not too hot (naatyushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu) || Sweet (madhura)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Sharp (tikshna) || Heavy (guru)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[vata]] and [[kapha]]|| --
|-
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/3 || Sirovirechana (Errhine therapy)
|-
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/23 || Krimighniyavagu (Gruel for krimi (worm infestation)
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(6) || Deepaniya (Appetisers)mahakashaya
|-
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(15) || Krimighna (anti-helmintics)mahakashaya
|-
| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(27) || Shirovirechanopag ( helping nasal errhine therapy)mahakashaya
|-
| 6 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(45) || Shoolaprashaman (anti-spasmodics)mahakashaya
|-
| 7 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/298
| Krutanna Varga
|-
| 8 ||Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/142
| Katuskandha (group of pungent drugs)
|-
| 9 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/15 || Preparations of Trivruta
|-
| 10 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/25 || Preparations of Trivrut Awaleha
|-
|11
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/40
|Preparation of Kalyanaka Guda
|-
|12
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/23
|Churna Yoga
|-
|13
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/1/30
|Ingredient in Bruhaniya Gutika
|-
|14
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/2/24
|Ingredient in Vrushya Dadhisar
|-
|15
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/11
|Ingredient in Vrushya mamsa Gutika
|-
|16
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/21
|Ingredient in Vrushya Pupalika
|-
|17
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/1/30
|Ingredient in Bruhaniya Gutika
|-
|18
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/2/24
|Ingredient in Vrushya Dadhisar
|-
|19
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/11
|Ingredient in Vrushya mamsa Gutika
|-
|20
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/21
|Ingredient in Vrushya Pupalika
|-
|21
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/65
|Ingredient in Trayushanaadi ghrita
|-
|22
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/69
|Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya ghrita
|-
|23
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/71
|Ingredient of Hapushadya ghrita
|-
|24
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/79
|Ingredient of Hingvadi churna
|-
|25
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/142
|Ingredient of Dashamuli Ghrita
|-
|26
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/42
|Ingredient in Madhvasav
|-
|27
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/48
|As Nashya in Kushth
|-
|28
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/61
|Ingredient in Kushthaghna Yoga
|-
|29
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/65
|Ingredient in Mustadi Churna
|-
|30
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/74
|Ingredient in Madhvasav
|-
|31
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/77
|Ingredient in Kanakabindurisht
|-
|32
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/87
|Bahyaprayogarth lepa in Kushth (external application)
|-
|33
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/109
|Ingredient in Tiktekshvadi Taila

For Abhyang in Vata-Kaphaj Kushth(skin disease)
|-
|34
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/113
|Ingredient in Kanakakshiri Taila
|-
|35
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/117
|Ingredient in Sidhma Lepa
|-
|36
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/142
|Ingredient in Yavani shadav
|-
|37
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/145
|Ingredient in Talishadi Churna
|-
|38
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/34
|Ingredient in Hingvadi Ghrita
|-
|39
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/49
|Ingredient in Lasunadya Ghrita
|-
|40
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/54
|Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrita
|-
|41
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/65
|Used as Nashya and Anjan prayogarth
|-
|42
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/67
|Used as Nashya and Anjan prayogarth
|-
|43
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/68
|Ingredient in Siddharthakadi Agad
|-
|44
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/70
|Ingredient in Siddharthakadi Agad
|-
|45
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/20
|Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrita
|-
|46
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/43
|As a Nasya dravya(nasal errhines)
|-
|47
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/46
|Ingredient in Kayasthadi varti
|-
|48
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/48
|Ingredient in Mustadi varti
|-
|49
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/40
|Ingredient in Amrutprash Ghrita
|-
|50
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/67
|Ingredient in Chaturtha Sarpigud
|-
|51
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/74
|Ingredient in Pancham Sarpimodak
|-
|52
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/86
|Ingredient in Saindhavadi Churna
|-
|53
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/21
|In treatment of Kaphaj Svayathu(oedema)
|-
|54
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/24
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu(oedema)
|-
|55
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/25
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu(oedema)
|-
|56
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/27
|For bhinna varch in treatment of Vataj Svayathu(oedema)
|-
|57
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/29
|Ingredient in Gandiradhyarisht
|-
|58
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/32
|Ingredient in Ashtashatorisht
|-
|59
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/36
|Ingredient in Punarnavadhyarisht
|-
|60
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/42
|Ingredient in Krishnadi Churna
|-
|61
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43
|Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
|-
|62
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/50
|Ingredient in Kansaharitaki Avaleh
|-
|63
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/55
|Ingredient in Chitrakadi Ghrita
|-
|64
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/62
|As a Pathya Diet In treatment of Shvayathu(oedema)
|-
|65
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/102
|In treatment of sannipata udararoga(Generalized enlargement of Abdomen)
|-
|66
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/103
|In treatment of kaphodara(takraprayoga)(Generalized enlargement of Abdomen)
|-
|67
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/105
|In treatment of dakodara(takraprayoga)
|-
|68
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/122
|After virechana (balavruddhi arthe) mixed with dugdha
|-
|69
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/126
|As an ingredient of narayan churna
|-
|70
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/137
|As an ingredient of nilinadya churna
|-
|71
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/148
|Kalka used in udara roga with ksheer
|-
|72
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/62
|As an ingredient of traushnadi churna
|-
|73
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/92
|Used in yavagu
|-
|74
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/107
|As an ingredient of cavyadighrit
|-
|75
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/138
|As an ingredient of abhayarista
|-
|76
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/158
|As an ingredient of kanakarista
|-
|77
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/87
|As an ingredient of traushnaadi ghrita
|-
|78
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/88
|As an ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrit evum churna
|-
|79
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/96
|As an ingredient of citrakadhya gutika
|-
|80
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/102
|In condition of chhardi,arsha,granthi,shoola(vomiting, analpolyp with pellet stool, pain in abdomen)
|-
|81
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/105
|Marica should be given with ajaji,haritaki etc
|-
|82
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/108
|Used in kaphapittaja grahani
|-
|83
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/112
|As an ingredient of maricadhya churna
|-
|84
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/120
|Used as ingredient of yavagu
|-
|85
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/132
|As an ingredient of takrarista
|-
|86
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/137
|This drug is used in treatment of pittajagrahani as an ingredient of Bhunimbadhya churna
|-
|87
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/164
|As an ingredient of Kiratadhya churna (Pittaja Grahani chiktsa)
|-
|88
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/168
|As an ingredient of Madhvarista
|-
|89
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/177
|Used in treatment of Kaphaja grahani
|-
|90
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/189
|As an ingredient of Bhallataka Kshara
|-
|91
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/129
|Used as Pathya in Shakhashrit Kamla(kamala in body tissue with obstructive pathology)
|-
|92
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/97, 17/98, 17/100
|Used in yusha preparation for hikka svasa
|-
|93
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/104
|Used as annapana for hikka svasa
|-
|94
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/110
|Kalka is used in hikka svasa
|-
|95
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/71
|As an ingredient of praproundarika dhuma
|-
|96
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/73
|As an ingredient of dhumapan yoga
|-
|97
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/104
|As a yoga dravya.
|-
|98
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/180
|As a leha dravya.
|-
|99
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/107
|As an ingredient of ajajyadi churna
|-
|100
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/111
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|101
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/35
|As a pathya ahara in kaphaja chhardi
|-
|102
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/39
|As an ingredient of Manahshiladi yoga
|-
|103
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/50

|For sangya -sthapana in 6th vega of visha
|-
|104
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/183
|Used in netra - gata visha, as a anjana prayoga
|-
|105
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/193
|As an ingredient of Sindhuvaradi yoga
|-
|106
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/127
|Used in vataja madatyaya(Intoxication) with Dadima swarasa
|-
|107
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/128
|Used as swarasa in Vataja madatyaya(Intoxication)
|-
|108
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/172
|As an ingredient of Vyosha yusha
|-
|109
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/177
|As an ingredient of Ashtanga lavana (Kaphaja madatyaya)
|-
|110
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/181
|Used as raga in kaphaja madatyaya (madatyaya)
|-
|111
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/183
|Used in pachana(digestant)
|-
|112
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/13
|Used to make Udavarta varti
|-
|113
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/55
|As an ingredient of Vyoshadi churn used in Kaphaja mutrakruchhra(dysuria)
|-
|114
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/60
|As an ingredient of Pashanbhedadi churna
|-
|115
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87
|As an ingredient of Trushanadi Ghrita
|-
|116
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/98
|As an ingredient of Udumbaravleha
|-
|117
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/138
|Used in vataja pratishyaya
|-
|118
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/150
|Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya
|-
|119
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/152
|Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya for pradhamana
|-
|120
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/156
|Pathya anna in kaphaja pratishyaya
|-
|121
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/186
|Used in Kaphaja Siroroga for Avapeeda nasya
|-
|122
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/192
|As an ingredient of Kshara gutika
|-
|123
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/194
|As an ingredient of Kalak churna
|-
|124
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/198
|As an ingredient of Mrudvikadi churna
|-
|125
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/216,217
|Used in Kavala in Arochaka
|-
|126
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/219
|Used in arochaka nashaka vati
|-
|127
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/242
|As an ingredient of Saindhavadi churna
|-
|128
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/247
|As an ingredient of Churnanjana
|-
|129
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/252
|As an ingredient of Sukhavati varti
|-
|130
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/261
|As an ingredient of Dhatryadi rasakriya
|-
|131
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/287
|Used in Kaphaja swarbheda
|-
|132
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/152
|As an ingredient of Triphaladi kalka in tridoshaja shola
|-
|133
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/72
|As an ingredient of Pippalyadi varti
|-
|134
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/92
|As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna
|-
|}

==Dose==
* 250 mg – 1 gm of the drug in powder form<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3 :53</ref>

==Important formulation==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3 :53</ref>
* Marichadi gutika
* Marichadi taila
* Trikatu churna

== Current availability==

Available
India – western coast of india

== Current researches ==

== Phytochemical Architecture ==
The unique therapeutic efficacy of Maricha lies within its specialized volatile fractions and alkaloidal profile localized in the pericarp and seed:<ref name="Rather2022" /><ref name="Zhai2020">Zhai, W. J., et al. (2020). "Piperine: A review of its biological effects and mechanisms of action." ''Phytomedicine'', 72, 153245.</ref>

* '''Piperine (1-piperoylpiperidine):''' The primary trans-trans alkaloid responsible for up to 5% to 9% of the fruit's crude weight. It serves as the lead chemical marker for its biological action.<ref name="Kesarwani2013" />
* '''Piper Isomers:''' Isopiperine, chavicine, and isochavicine, which modulate the subtle sensory profiles of the spice.
* '''Minor Alkaloids & Amides:''' Piperidine, piperettine, piperanine, and guineensine.
* '''Essential Volatile Oils:''' Rich in monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes (such as β-caryophyllene, pinene, limonene, and phellandrene), which provide its characteristic aromatic and warming benefits.<ref name="Zhai2020" />

== Modern Pharmacological Validation & Therapeutic Efficacy ==

=== Bioavailability Enhancement (The Natural Yogavahi Effect) ===
Maricha is a potent bioenhancer, significantly augmenting the systemic absorption, plasma concentration, and therapeutic half-life of co-administered drugs and nutrients.<ref name="Kesarwani2013" /><ref name="Atal1981">Atal, C. K., et al. (1981). "Biochemical basis of enhanced drug bioavailability by piperine: Evidence of drug metabolism inhibition." ''Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics'', 219(1), 164-171.</ref>

<blockquote>
'''Mechanisms of Bioenhancement:'''
# '''Enzymatic Inhibition:''' Piperine non-specifically inactivates major phase I drug-metabolizing enzymes—principally Cytochrome P450 '''CYP3A4'''—and phase II UDP-glucuronosyltransferases ('''UGT'''). This drastically curtails first-pass intestinal and hepatic degradation.<ref name="Atal1981" />
# '''Efflux Pump Suppression:''' It reversibly blocks '''P-glycoprotein (P-gp)''', preventing the active cellular expulsion of target molecules back into the intestinal lumen.<ref name="Kesarwani2013" />
# '''Mucosal Alteration:''' It increases local mesenteric blood supply and modifies epithelial cell dynamics, enhancing passive transcellular transport across the brush border membrane.<ref name="Zhai2020" />
</blockquote>

Through these combined pathways, small doses of piperine (5–20 mg) can elevate the oral bioavailability of compounds like Curcumin by up to 2000%, as well as enhance the performance of critical antibiotics (e.g., Rifampicin, Amoxicillin).<ref name="Kesarwani2013" />

=== Gastrointestinal Secretory and Prokinetic Action (Deepana & Pachana) ===

Maricha exerts a major regulatory influence across the alimentary canal:<ref name="Rather2022" />
* '''Enzymatic Activation:''' Ingestion triggers sensory receptors that stimulate a sharp rise in pancreatic lipase, amylase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin secretion, accelerating chemical digestion.<ref name="Rather2022" />
* '''Bile Secretion:''' It enhances the hepatic release of bile acids, optimizing the emulsification and absorption of dietary lipids and fat-soluble vitamins.<ref name="Zhai2020" />
* '''Motility Regulation:''' It exhibits a dual, balancing effect—relieving smooth muscle spasms to counteract diarrhea while accelerating gastric emptying to relieve flatulence and abdominal bloating.<ref name="Rather2022" />

=== Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Metabolic Regulation ===

* '''Inflammatory Axis:''' Piperine directly interrupts the signaling of Nuclear Factor-kappa B ('''NF-κB'''), resulting in the down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ('''TNF-α'''), Interleukin-6 ('''IL-6'''), and Cyclooxygenase-2 ('''COX-2''').<ref name="Zhai2020" /> This supports its traditional clinical use in chronic respiratory diseases like asthma.
* '''Metabolic Syndrome:''' Clinical trials indicate that Maricha extracts lower systemic oxidative stress, lower plasma cholesterol levels, and counteract insulin resistance by modifying lipid clearance and improving GLUT4 transporter translocation.<ref name="Derosa2016">Derosa, G., et al. (2016). "A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the effects of piperine on metabolic syndrome." ''Phytotherapy Research'', 30(11), 1800-1806.</ref>

<pre>
Maricha Fruit Extract (Piperine) [1,4]
│
┌──────────────────┼──────────────────┐
▼ ▼ ▼
Inhibition of Blockade of Inhibition of
Hepatic CYP3A4 [5] P-gp Efflux [2] NF-κB Pathway [4]
│ │ │
▼ ▼ ▼
↓ First-Pass ↓ Intestinal ↓ TNF-α, IL-6,
Metabolism Expulsion & COX-2
│ │ │
└─────────┬────────┘ ▼
▼ Clinical: Anti-Asthmatic
Clinical: Enhanced & Anti-Inflammatory [4]
Bioavailability of Drugs [2]
</pre>

== Clinical Safety, Dosage, and Contraindications ==

Maricha is designated as '''GRAS''' (Generally Recognized as Safe) for regular consumption. However, its highly penetrating and heating nature requires careful administration in therapeutic dosages.<ref name="API" />

* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Churna (Crude Powder):'' 250 mg to 1 g daily, ideally taken post-meals with honey or ghee to coat and protect the gastric mucosa.<ref name="API" />
** ''Standardized Piperine Extract (95%):'' 5 mg to 20 mg daily.
* '''Adverse Effects:''' Excessive therapeutic doses on an empty stomach can trigger localized gastric burning (''Daha''), esophageal reflux, or hyperacidity, particularly in individuals with a ''Pitta''-vitiated constitution.<ref name="API" />
* '''Drug Interactions:''' Because piperine actively alters '''CYP3A4''' and '''P-gp''' clearance, individuals taking narrow-therapeutic-index drugs (such as Phenytoin, Digoxin, or Theophylline) must exercise caution, as co-administration can increase serum drug concentrations to toxic levels.<ref name="Atal1981" />
* '''Contraindications:''' Acute peptic ulcers, ulcerative colitis, severe acid reflux disease, and active gastrointestinal bleeding.

== External links ==
https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Piper%20nigrum

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals|Herbs]]

File:Maricha.jpg

2026-07-08T07:12:58Z

Agnivesha:

Maricha

Shunthi

2026-07-08T07:12:45Z

Agnivesha:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= Shunthi, Aardrak, Ginger, Zingiber officinale Roscoe., Charak Samhita, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= '''Shunthi''', the dried rhizome of ''Zingiber officinale'' Roscoe (Family: '''Zingiberaceae'''), stands as a cornerstone phytopharmaceutical in traditional systems of medicine—particularly Ayurveda—while simultaneously maintaining a robust profile in modern evidence-based pharmacology.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger Zingiber officinale Roscoe.]
{{Infobox
|title = Shunthi
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Shunthi
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Zingiber officinale Roscoe
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Zingiberaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = Dravyaguna Team
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

==English name ==

Ginger

== Botanical Identity ==

'''Shunthi''', the dried rhizome of ''Zingiber officinale'' Roscoe (Family: '''Zingiberaceae'''), stands as a cornerstone phytopharmaceutical in traditional systems of medicine—particularly Ayurveda—while simultaneously maintaining a robust profile in modern evidence-based pharmacology. Locally referred to as ''Sonth'' or dry ginger, its processing from fresh ginger (''Ardraka'') chemically transforms its active volatile and non-volatile profiles, resulting in a distinct therapeutic matrix that exhibits high bioavailability and pronounced efficacy across multiple physiological systems.

* '''Botanical Name:''' ''Zingiber officinale'' Roscoe
* '''Family:''' Zingiberaceae
* '''Part Used:''' Dried Rhizome
* '''Vernacular Names:''' Shunthi (Sanskrit), Sonth (Hindi), Dry Ginger (English), Shukku (Tamil)

== Ayurvedic Pharmacodynamics (Dravyaguna Profile) ==

In classical Ayurvedic pharmacology, the dehydration of ginger alters its fundamental properties. Unlike fresh ginger, which carries a sharp, drying post-digestive profile, Shunthi undergoes a metabolic transformation that yields a sweet post-digestive effect (''Madhura Vipaka''), rendering it far more tolerable for long-term therapeutic application without aggravating ''Pitta dosha'' excessively.

==Therapeutic Use==

Agnimandya, Bronchial asthma (swasa), Abdominal distension (adhmana), Rheumatoid arthritis (amavata), Anaemia (pandu), Abdominal disorders (udararoga)

==Varieties==

==Bhavaprakash Nighantu<ref>Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint.2015, Chaukhambha vishvabharti, Haritakyadi Varga, p.13.</ref>==
# Raktabha
# Shweta

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==

Shunthi, Nagara, Shrungavera, Vishwa-bheshajam, Mahaushadha, Ardraka, Vishwa.

==Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu<ref>Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint.2015, Chaukhambha vishvabharti, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no. 44, p.13.</ref>==

Shunthi, Vishva, Vishv, Nagar, Vishvabheshaja, Ushana, Katubhadra, Shringavera, Mahoshadha,

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties !! Clinical Significance
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Pungent (katu) || Stimulates gustatory receptors, secretes salivary and gastric enzymes.
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) ||Hot (ushna) || Enhances metabolic rate (''Agni'') and clears systemic micro-channels ([[Srotas]])
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Aardrak (Ginger) - Pungent (katu)
Shunthi (Dry Ginger) - Sweet (madhura)
| Imparts nourishing, tissue-protective, and rejuvenative (''Rasayana'') long-term effects.
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Aardrak (Ginger) - Heavy (guru), dryness (ruksha), Sharp (tikshna)
Shunthi (Dry Ginger)- Easy to digest (laghu), unctuous (snigdha)
| Ginger counteracts the coldness of ''Kapha,'' Dry ginger acts on dryness of Vata dosha
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify Vata and Kapha
|Useful in indigestion, swellings, stiffness
|-
| 6 || [[Prabhava]] (Special Action) || Amavataghni / Grahi || Specifically targets rheumatoid conditions; acts as a bowel-binding bio-absorbent.
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/5
| Shirovirechana (Errhine therapy)
|-
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/18
| Deepaniya and Shulaghni yavagu(gruel for enhancing digestion and colic pain)
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/21
| Raktatisara yavagu(gruel used in diarrhea with blood)
|-
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/22
| Amatisara yavagu(gruel for diarrhea with indigestion)
|-
| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/24
| Pipasaghni yavagu(gruel for excess thirst)
|-
|6
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(6)
|Deepaniya (appetizer) mahakashaya
|-
|7
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(11)
|Truptighna(anti-satiety) mahakashaya
|-
|8
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(12)
|Arshoghna(anti-haemorrhoidal) mahakashaya
|-
|9
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(18)
|Stanyashodhana(galactodepurent) mahakashaya
|-
|10
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(29)
|Trishna nigrahana(thirst alleviating) mahakashay
|-
|11
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(42)
|Sheetaprashamana(pacifying cold sensation) mahakashaya
|-
|12
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(45)
|Shoolaprashamana(pacifying pain) mahakashaya
|-
|13
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]]24/49
|Sanyas Chikitsa- to regain consciousness
|-
|14
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/38
|Hitatam ahardravya(wholesome food articles) -ginger among all rhizomes and roots.
|-
|15
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/4
|All substances with pungent taste, except long pepper and ginger, are vata stimulants and aphrodisiacs.
|-
|16
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/166
|One of the drug from Harita Varga (green herbs)
|-
|17
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/166
|One of the drug from Harita Varga (green herbs)
|-
|18
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/256
|One of the drug from Krutanna Varga (cooked food preparations)
|-
|19
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/296
|One of the drug from Krutanna Varga (cooked food preparations)
|-
|20
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/51
|Rasapvada (exception in pungent (katu) rasa.
|-
|21
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/17
|Abhyantar Krimi Chikitsa (treatment of internal worms).
|-
|22
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/18
|Abhyantar Krimi Chikitsa (treatment of internal worms).
|-
|23
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135
|Vaman dravyani (As a drug for therapeutic emesis)
|-
|24
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/142
|Katuskandha (group of pungent drugs)
|-
|25
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/56
|Kshira vishodhan dravya (ingredient of galactodepurant gana)
|-
|26
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/34
|Garbhasya pratimasik karma
|-
|27
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/41
|Prajata stree paricharya
|-
|28
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/48
|Nadi kalpana
|-
|29
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/22
|Vamanartha (for therapeutic emesis)
|-
|30
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/16
|Preparation of Trivrut
|-
|31
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/29
|Preparation of Trivrit Avaleha
|-
|32
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/54
|Varshakalin Trivrrita Yoga
|-
|33
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/23
|Churna Yoga
|-
|34
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/25
|Body purification before rasayana treatment
|-
|35
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/145

|When patient is suffering with thirst (pipasa) in fever (Jwara) as an ingredient of Shadangapaniya.
Used as shrutasheetajala as it is Pipasajwarshantaye.

Used as shrutasheetajala as it is Pipasajwarshantaye.
|-
|36
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/179
|Used as lajapeya with Pippali where agnimandya but kshudha is present.
|-
|37
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/180
|Who has desire to eat sour given with Dadima.
|-
|38
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/183
|Used as peya with amla in Jwaraatisara.
|-
|39
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/186
|Used as peya where jwara(fever) is associated with Constipation(vibandha) & Kostha shoola.
|-
|40
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/188
|Used as peya with Ghrita and Sarkara where jwara is associated with Anindra(insomia), Trushna(thirst) & asweda.
|-
|41
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/198

|Used as kwath or sheeta kashaya for trushna, deepana, doshapachana, jwar,aruchi and mukhavairasya.
|-
|42
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/202
|Used in Trutiyaka jwara.
|-
|43
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/210
|Used in Sannipata jwara.
|-
|44
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/211

|As an ingredient of shatyadi varga used in kasa, svasa, tandra,parshvashoola, hrdgraha and sannipata jwara.
|-
|45
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/223
|As an ingredient of Vasadi Ghrita.
|-
|46
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/236
|Used as ksheerpaka in varch-mutra vibandha and sopha.
|-
|47
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/237
|Used as ksheerapaka in pipasa ans jwara.
|-
|48
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/250
|As an ingredient of Jivantyadi anuvasana basti.
|-
|49
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267
|As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila.
|-
|50
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/65
|Ingredient in Trayushanaadi ghrit
|-
|51
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/69
|Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya ghrit
|-
|52
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/71
|Ingredient of Hapushadya ghrit
|-
|53
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/74
|Ingredient of Pippalyadya ghrit
|-
|54
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/79
|Ingredient of Hingvadi churna
|-
|55
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/91
|Ingredient of Nagaradi Yoga
|-
|56
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/142
|Ingredient of Dashamuli Ghrit
|-
|57
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/144
|Ingredient in Bhallatakadya Ghrit for Kaphaj Gulma
|-
|58
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/147
|Ingredient in Kshir Shatpal Ghrit
|-
|59
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/156
|Ingredient of Danti- Haritaki
|-
|60
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/164
|Pathya Diet in Gulma
|-
|61
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/61
|Ingredient in Kushthaghna Yog
|-
|62
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/62
|Ingredient in Patoladi Kwath
|-
|63
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]a 7/65
|Ingredient in Mustadi Churna
|-
|64
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/77
|Ingredient in Kanakabindurisht
|-
|65
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/85
|Bahyaprayogarth lepa in mandal Kushth
|-
|66
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/109
|Ingredient in Tiktekshvadi Taila for Abhyang in Vata-Kaphaj Kushth
|-
|67
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/113
|Ingredient in Kanakakshiri Tail
|-
|68
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/34
|Ingredient in Hingvadi Ghrit
|-
|69
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/49
|Ingredient in Lasunadya Ghrit
|-
|70
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/53
|Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrit
|-
|71
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/54
|Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrit
|-
|72
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/65
|Used as Nashya and Anjan prayogarth
|-
|73
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/70
|Ingredient in Siddharthakadi Agad
|-
|74
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/20
|Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrit
|-
|75
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/43
|As a Nasya dravya
|-
|76
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/46
|Ingredient in Kayasthadi varti
|-
|77
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/48
|Ingredient in Mustadi varti
|-
|78
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/35
|Ingredient in Amrutprash Ghrit
|-
|79
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/67
|Ingredient in Chaturtha Sarpigud
|-
|80
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/85
|Ingredient in Saindhavadi Churna
|-
|81
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/89
|Ingredient in Shadav
|-
|82
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]a 11/92
|As a Vardhaman Rasayan Prayog
|-
|83
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/21
|In treatment of Kaphaj Svayathu
|-
|84
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/22
|In treatment of Kaphaj Svayathu
|-
|85
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/23
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|86
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/23
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|87
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/24
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|88
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/25
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|89
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/25
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|90
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/27
|For bhinna varch in treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|91
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/27
|For vibaddha varch in treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|92
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/29
|Ingredient in Gandiradhyarisht
|-
|93
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/41
|Ingredient in Krishnadi Churna
|-
|94
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/42
|Ingredient in Krishnadi Churna
|-
|95
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/42
|Ingredient in Krishnadi Churna
|-
|96
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43
|Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
|-
|97
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/47
|Ingredient in Gudadrak prayog
|-
|98
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/47
|Ingredient in Gudadrak prayog
|-
|99
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/50
|Ingredient in Kansaharitaki Avaleh
|-
|100
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/55
|Ingredient in Chitrakadi Ghrit
|-
|101
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/62
|As a Pathya Diet In treatment of Shvayathu
|-
|102
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/70
|As a Snan dravya in Kaphaj Shvayathu
|-
|103
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/73
|As an Unmardan dravya in Kaphaj Shvayathu
|-
|104
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/79, 13/80
|In treatment of plihodara
|-
|105
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/84
|In formulation of rohitaka ghrit
|-
|106
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/102
|In treatment of sannipatodara
|-
|107
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/103
|In treatment of kaphodara(takraprayoga)
|-
|108
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/104
|In treatment of pleehodara(takraprayoga)
|-
|109
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/105
|In treatment of dakodara (takraprayoga)
|-
|110
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/110
|In treatment of udararoga (for parisheka)
|-
|111
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/112
|In formulation of panchkola ghrit
|-
|112
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/115
|As an ingredient of nagaradi ghrit
|-
|113
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/122
|After virechana (balvruddhi arthe) mixed with dugdha.
|-
|114
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/126
|As an ingredient of narayan churna
|-
|115
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/137
|As an ingredient of nilinadya churna
|-
|116
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/142
|Used in sunthi sadhita jala after virechana by snuhisadhit ghrit
|-
|117
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/148
|Kalka used in udara roga with ksheer
|-
|118
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/163
|As an ingredient of kshara vatika
|-
|119
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/153
|Aadraka swarasa with godugdha
|-
|120
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/62
|As an ingredient of traushnadi churna
|-
|121
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/68
|Sunthi churna with sidhu used in arsha roga
|-
|122
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/70
|Sunthi and bilva churna are given with yavani and chitraka kashaya
|-
|123
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/71
|Palncakola churna is given with takra
|-
|124
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/89
|Used in peya, khada yusha, ghrit, siddhant jala
|-
|125
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/92
|Used in yavagu
|-
|126
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/97
|It removes constipation with matsyandika or amlaphala rasa or guda
|-
|127
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/99
|Used for Anuloman
|-
|128
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/103
|Use with phanita and goghrit
|-
|129
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/104
|As an ingredient of pippalyadi ghrit
|-
|130
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/107
|As an ingredient of cavyadighrit
|-
|131
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/110
|As an ingredient of nagaradya ghrit
|-
|132
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/129
|Used as anupan in arsha
|-
|133
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/153
|As an ingredient of dvitiya phalarista
|-
|134
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/186

|Mixed with kutajtwak kwath it stops bleeding from arsha
|-
|135
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/195
|Used in rakta arsha shoola
|-
|136
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/231
|As an ingredient of hriberadi ghrit
|-
|137
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/234
|As an ingredient of sunishanak changeri ghrit
|-
|138
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/76
|Panchakola sadhit peya and Anna is given in Amaja grahani roga
|-
|139
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/82
|As an ingredient of dashmuladya ghrit
|-
|140
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/87
|As an ingredient of traushnaadi ghrit
|-
|141
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/88
|As an ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrit evum churna
|-
|142
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/96
|As an ingredient of citrakadhya gutika
|-
|143
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/98
|Kalka and churna is used for aam pachana(with usnodaka)
|-
|144
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/99
|Churna of this drug with combination of vaca,musta, etc. is given in aam and shoola yukta mala
|-
|145
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/103
|Used in condition of shoola in kaphapittaja grahani
|-
|146
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/105
|Used in kaphapittaja grahani
|-
|147
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/106
|Agnivruddhiartha and for alleviating koshtha gata vayu in grahaniroga
|-
|148
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/112
|Used as an yavagu
|-
|149
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/129
|ingredient of yavagu
|-
|150
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/132
|As an ingredient of Nagaradya churna
|-
|151
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/137
|This drug is used in treatment of pittajagrahani as an ingredient of Bhunimbadya churna
|-
|152
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/142
|As an ingredient of Kiratadya churna (Pittaja Grahani chiktsa)
|-
|153
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/168
|Used as peya padartha in Kaphaja grahani
|-
|154
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/171
|Used in treatment of Kaphaja grahani
|-
|155
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/177
|As an ingredient of Pipallimuladya Kshara
|-
|156
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/189
|As an ingredient of Bhallataka Kshara
|-
|157
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/89
|As an ingredient of pancamuladya ghrita evum churna
|-
|158
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/44

|As an ingredient of Dadimadi Ghrit
|-
|159
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/66
|Used in Swarnakshiradi yoga
|-
|160
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/72
|As in ingredient of mandur bhasma prayoga
|-
|161
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/87
|As in ingredient of Shilajatu Vataka
|-
|162
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/100
|As in ingredient of Dhatryavleha
|-
|163
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/129
|Used as Pathya in Shakhashrit Kamla
|-
|164
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/44

|As an ingredient of Dadimadi Ghrit
|-
|165
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/66
|Used in Swarnakshiradi yoga
|-
|166
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/72
|As in ingredient of mandur bhasma prayoga
|-
|167
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/87
|As in ingredient of Shilajatu Vataka
|-
|168
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/100
|As in ingredient of Dhatryavleha
|-
|169
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/129
|Used as Pathya in Shakhashrit Kamla
|-
|170
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/97
|Used in yusha preparation for hikka svasa
|-
|171
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/100
|Used in yusha preparation for hikka svasa
|-
|172
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/102
|Used in yavagu preparation for hikka svasa
|-
|173
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/104
|Used as annapana for hikka svasa
|-
|174
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/109
|As an ingredient of sauvarchaladi churna
|-
|175
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/110
|Kalka is used in hikka svasa
|-
|176
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/111
|Used in preparation of Utkarika.
|-
|177
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/123
|As an ingredient of shatyadi churna.
|-
|178
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/130
|Churna mixed with guda is used for prashana and nasya
|-
|179
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/136
|Used as lehya.
|-
|180
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/112

|Use as an ingredient of kataphaladi kwath.
|-
|181
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/114
|Use as an ingredient of pathadi kalka.
|-
|182
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/36
|As a ghrita dravya
|-
|183
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/47
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|184
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/49
|
As a yoga dravya
|-
|185
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/63
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|186
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/74
|As an ingredient of dhumapan yoga.
|-
|187
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/77
|As an ingredient of peya yoga.
|-
|188
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/99

|Use in treatment of pittaj kasa.
|-
|189
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/106
|As an ingredient of sarkaradi yoga.
|-
|190
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/115
|As an ingredient of nagaradi yoga.
|-
|191
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/118
|As an ingredient of yoga which use in vataanubandhi kapha.
|-
|192
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/122
|Use in vataj and kaphaj kasa.
|-
|193
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/146

|As an ingredient of manahsiladi dhoom.
|-
|194
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/159
|As an ingredient of dwipanchamuladi ghrita.
|-
|195
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/161
|As an ingredient of guduchyadi ghrita.
|-
|196
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/163
|As an ingredient of kasamaryadi ghrita.
|-
|197
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/87
|As a yoga dravya in treatmen of pittaj kasa
|-
|198
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/120
|As a yoga dravya.
|-
|199
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/20
|
As a pramthya dravya
|-
|200
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/26

|As a Ingridient of dipaniya and sangrahi gana
|-
|201
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/37
|As a prakshep dravya
|-
|202
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/40
|As a yoga dravya in treatment of purisha kshaya.
|-
|203
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/43
|As an ingredient of changeri ghrita
|-
|204
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/53
|As a yoga dravya in pittaj atisara.
|-
|205
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/54
|As a yoga dravya in pittaj atisara.
|-
|206
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/107
|As a yoga dravya in ajajyadi churna.
|-
|207
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/108
|As a yoga dravya in rasanjanadi churna.
|-
|208
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/109
|As a yoga dravya.
|-
|209
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/110
|As a yoga dravya.
|-
|210
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/111
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|211
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/54
|As a yoga dravya in treatment of pittaj atisara
|-
|212
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/22
|As a amapachak dravya
|-
|213
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/80
|As a ingredient of darvyadi ghrita .
|-
|214
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/104
|As a kwath dravya
|-
|215
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/114
|
As a yoga dravya
|-
|216
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/58
|For kashaya pana.
|-
|217
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/189

|Used in the treatment of Kapha pradhana visha, as a pratisarana prayoga.
|-
|218
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/205
|Used in the treatment of Mushika visha.
|-
|219
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/209
|Used in the treatment of vrushchika visha.
|-
|220
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/13
|Used to make Udavarta varti.
|-
|221
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/22
|As an ingredient of 2nd Dviruttarahingvadi churna.
|-
|222
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/55
|As an ingredient of Vyoshadi churn used in Kaphaja mutrakruchhra.
|-
|223
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/60
|As an ingredient of Pashanbhedadi churna.
|-
|224
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/83
|As an ingredient of Haritakyadi Ghrita.
|-
|225
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/84
|Used in Vataja Hrudroga.
|-
|226
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/85
|As an ingredient of Pushkarmuladi yoga.
|-
|227
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87
|As an ingredient of Trushanadi Ghrita.
|-
|228
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/94
|As an ingredient of Kasherukadi Ghrita.
|-
|229
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/97
|As an ingredient of Katphaladi kashaya used in kaphaja hrudroga.
|-
|230
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/97
|Used in kaphaja hrudroga.
|-
|231
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/98
|As an ingredient of Udumbaravleha.
|-
|232
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/144
|Used as shruta paya in kaphaja pratishyaya.
|-
|233
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/150
|Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya.
|-
|234
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/152
|Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya for pradhamana.
|-
|235
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/156
|Pathya anna in kaphaja pratishyaya.
|-
|236
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/186
|Used in Kaphaja Siroroga for Avapeeda nasya.
|-
|237
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/192
|As an ingredient of Kshara gutika.
|-
|238
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/194
|As an ingredient of Kalak churna.
|-
|239
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/198
|As an ingredient of Mrudvikadi churna.
|-
|240
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/217
|Used in Kavala in Arochaka.
|-
|241
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/222
|Used in Hingvadi taila in Karnapoorana.
|-
|242
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/223
|Used in Devadarvyadi taila in Karnashoola.
|-
|243
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/226
|As an ingredient of Kshara taila.
|-
|244
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/232
|Used in Vataja netra roga.
|-
|245
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/239
|Used in Kaphaja netra roga for Aaschotana karma.
|-
|246
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/242
|As an ingredient of Saindhavadi varti.
|-
|247
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/252
|As an ingredient of Sukhavati varti.
|-
|248
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/287
|Used in Kaphaja swarbheda.
|-
|249
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/45

|As an ingredient of Saindhavadi Taila
|-
|250
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/47
|As an ingredient of Ashtakatvar Taila
|-
|251
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/52
|As an ingredient of Tarkaryadi Parisechana
|-
|252
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/122
|As an ingredient of Chitrakadi ghrita.
|-
|253
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/137
|As an ingredient of Mulaka taila.
|-
|254
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/168
|As an ingredient of Mulakadhya taila.
|-
|255
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/172
|As an ingredient of Mulaka taila.
|-
|256
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/147
|As an ingredient of Shvdamstra taila.
|-
|257
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/89
|Used in the treatment of Vataja Asrigdara.
|-
|258
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/261
|As a paniya yoga, in the treatment of Stanya dosha.
|-
|259
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/266
|Used in the treatment of Phena sanghat.
|-
|260
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/266
|Used in the treatment of Phena sanghat, As an ingredient of Anjanadi lepa.
|-
|261
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/277
|Used in the treatment of Pichhila stanya.
|-
|262
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/280
|Used in the treatment of Gaurava stanya dosha, as an ingredient of Pippalyadi kwatha.
|-
|263
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/92
|As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna.
|-
|264
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/267
|Used in the treatment of Phena sanghat, As an ingredient of Kiratatiktadi kwatha.
|}

==Dose<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:65.</ref>==

* Churna – 1 – 2 gm

==Important formulations<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:65.</ref>==

* Saubhagya Shunthi
* Saubhagya Vati
* Trikatu Churna
* Vaishvanara Churna

== Current availability==

Available
* In India –
Kerala, Assam, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Karnataka, Odisha, West bengal
* Out of India –
China, Nigeria, Indonesia, Thailand, Jamaica, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Nepal, Vietnam, Philippines

== Current researches ==
== Phytochemical Architecture ==
The processing of fresh ginger into Shunthi significantly shifts its chemical composition. The primary thermogenic and bioactive markers are phenolic compounds and volatile oils<ref>'''Unuofin, J. O., et al.''' (2021). ''Phytochemical structures and therapeutic potentials of Zingiber officinale compounds.'' Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 273, 113997.</ref>:

* '''Gingerols ([6]-, [8]-, and [10]-gingerol):''' The primary pungent fluid components dominant in fresh ginger.
* '''Shogaols ([6]-, [8]-, and [10]-shogaol):''' Formed via the thermal dehydration of gingerols during the drying process. '''[6]-shogaol''' exhibits up to twice the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potency of its precursor, making Shunthi pharmacologically distinct from fresh ginger.<ref>'''Schepici, G., et al.''' (2021). ''The anti-inflammatory potential of ginger and its constituents in neurodegenerative and arthritic diseases.'' Molecules, 26(18), 5642.</ref>
* '''Zingerone & Paradols:''' Secondary degradation products that contribute significantly to free-radical scavenging.
* '''Volatile Oils (Sesquiterpenes):''' Comprising α-zingiberene, β-sesquiphellandrene, and ar-curcumene, responsible for its distinct aromatic properties.

== Modern Pharmacological Validation & Therapeutic Efficacy ==

=== A. Gastrointestinal Efficacy (Deepana, Pachana, & Anulomana) ===
Shunthi acts as a potent prokinetic and antiemetic agent via central and peripheral mechanisms.

* '''Antiemetic & Nausea Regulation:''' Clinical meta-analyses validate that oral doses ranging from 500 mg to 1,500 mg daily significantly reduce pregnancy-associated nausea and vomiting (NVP) as well as chemotherapy-induced emesis. The mechanism is mediated via the competitive antagonism of peripheral '''5-HT3 receptors''' and cholinergic M3 receptors in the gastrointestinal tract.<ref>'''Ernst, E., & Pittler, M. H.''' (2000). ''Efficacy of ginger for nausea and vomiting: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials.'' British Journal of Anaesthesia, 84(3), 367-371.</ref>
* '''Gastroprotective and Prokinetic Action:''' Shunthi accelerates gastric emptying and stimulates gastric acid, bile, and pancreatic enzyme secretion, effectively resolving functional dyspepsia, abdominal bloating, and colicky pain.

=== B. Anti-Inflammatory & Analgesic Efficacy (Amavataghni) ===
In conditions like Rheumatoid Arthritis (''Amavata'') and Osteoarthritis, Shunthi acts as a natural dual-inhibitor of inflammatory cascades.

: '''Biochemical Mechanism:''' The active fractions ([6]-shogaol and [6]-gingerol) suppress the activation of Nuclear Factor-kappa B ('''NF-κB'''). This leads to down-regulation of '''COX-2''' (Cyclooxygenase-2) and '''LOX''' (Lipoxygenase) pathways, preventing the synthesis of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins (PGE2) and leukotrienes.<ref>'''Jalali, M., et al.''' (2020). ''The effects of ginger supplementation on biomarkers of oxidative stress: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.'' Clinical Nutrition, 39(12), 3598-3606.</ref>

Unlike conventional Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), Shunthi exerts these anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive actions without compromising the gastric mucosa, due to its concurrent cytoprotective mucin-stimulating properties.

=== C. Cardio-Metabolic and Vascular Regulation (Hrudya) ===
Recent clinical and animal trials demonstrate that Shunthi exerts a multi-target protective effect on the cardiovascular and metabolic systems<ref name=":0">'''Wang, J., et al.''' (2017). ''Beneficial effects of ginger on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Syndrome: A systems-level overview.'' Phytomedicine, 34, 184-198.</ref>:

* '''Calcium Channel Blockade:''' Shunthi extracts display calcium (Ca2+) channel-blocking activity, shifting Ca2+ dose-response curves to relax vascular smooth muscles. This results in vasodilation and a systemic reduction in blood pressure.
* '''PPARα Agonism:''' It activates Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor alpha (PPARα), enhancing fatty acid oxidation in myocytes, thereby attenuating myocardial hypertrophy and reducing risks of atherosclerosis.
* '''Glycemic Control:''' Meta-analyses show that daily supplementation significantly lowers '''HbA1c''' and fasting blood glucose in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients by improving insulin sensitivity and up-regulating GLUT4 transporters.<ref name=":0" />

<pre>
[6]-Shogaol / [6]-Gingerol (Active Constituents)
│
┌────────────────┴────────────────┐
▼ ▼
Inhibition of NF-κB Ca²⁺ Channel Blockade
│ │
▼ ▼
↓ COX-2 & LOX Pathways Vasodilation of
(↓ CRP, ↓ TNF-α, ↓ PGE₂) Vascular Smooth Muscle
│ │
▼ ▼
Clinical: Alleviation of Clinical: Reduction of
Arthritis & Joint Pain Systemic Blood Pressure
</pre>

== Clinical Safety, Dosage, and Contraindications ==
Shunthi enjoys a wide therapeutic index and is designated as '''GRAS''' (Generally Recognized as Safe) by global regulatory bodies. However, its high thermal potency warrants structured clinical application.

* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Churna (Crude Powder):'' 1 - 3 g per day in divided doses.<ref>'''Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API).''' ''Zingiber officinale Rosc. - Rhizome Monograph.'' Part-I, Volume I, Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.</ref>
** ''Extract:'' 250 - 500 mg two to three times daily.
* '''Adverse Effects:''' Excessive consumption on an empty stomach may occasionally cause mild heartburn, eructation, or gastric irritation in highly sensitive ''Pitta''-dominant individuals.
* '''Drug Interactions:''' Due to its mild anti-platelet and calcium-channel-blocking properties, cautious monitoring is recommended when co-administered with high-dose synthetic anticoagulants (e.g., Warfarin) or prescription antihypertensives.
* '''Contraindications:''' Acute peptic ulceration, active GI bleeding, and inflammatory dermatological conditions characterized by extreme ''Pitta'' vitiation.

== References ==
[[index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Maricha

2026-07-08T06:59:41Z

Agnivesha:

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|title=Charak Samhita
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|description='''Maricha''', the dried fruit of ''[[Piper nigrum]]'' L. (Family: '''[[Piperaceae]]'''), is universally celebrated as the "King of Spices" and occupies a central position in traditional Ayurvedic formulations and modern evidence-based pharmacognosy.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
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[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20pepper Piper nigrum L.]

{{Infobox
|title = Maricha
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Maricha
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Piper nigrum L.
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Piperaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = Dravyaguna Team
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

== Introduction and Botanical Identity ==

'''Maricha''', the dried fruit of ''[[Piper nigrum]]'' L. (Family: '''[[Piperaceae]]'''), is universally celebrated as the "King of Spices" and occupies a central position in traditional Ayurvedic formulations and modern evidence-based pharmacognosy.<ref name="Rather2022">Rather, M. A., et al. (2022). "Therapeutic Role of Piper nigrum L (Black Pepper) and Pharmacological Activities." ''International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research'', 73(1), 15-22.</ref> Characterized by its intense pungency, Maricha is a vital constituent of classical compounds like ''Trikatu Churna'' (the synergy of Shunthi, Pippali, and Maricha). In contemporary pharmacology, its primary crystalline alkaloid, '''piperine''', is recognized as the world's first documented natural bioavailability enhancer, revolutionizing the administration of phytopharmaceuticals and synthetic drugs alike.<ref name="Kesarwani2013">Kesarwani, K., & Gupta, R. (2013). "Bioavailability enhancers of herbal origin: An overview." ''Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine'', 3(4), 253-266.</ref>

* '''Botanical Name:''' ''Piper nigrum'' L.
* '''Family:''' Piperaceae
* '''Part Used:''' Dried Fruit (Peppercorns)
* '''Vernacular Names:''' Maricha (Sanskrit), Kali Mirch (Hindi), Black Pepper (English), Milagu (Tamil)

==English name ==

Black Pepper

==Therapeutic uses==
Swasa, sula, krumiroga, tavakaroga<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3 :53</ref>

==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Maricha, Vellaja(plant is climber), Krushna(fruits are black in colour), Ushana(causing burning sensation), Suvruta, Katu(pungent taste), Dharmapatana(maricha is stored in ports as an item to export to different countries)

==Varieties==
===Raja Nighantu===
Mentioned 2 types of varieties<ref>Dr. Indradev Tripathi , Raja Nighantu of pandit Narhari, ed.2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, pippalyadi varga verse no- 32,34</ref>
# Maricha
# Shweta maricha

== Ayurvedic Pharmacodynamics (Dravyaguna Profile) ==

In classical Ayurvedic medicine, Maricha is distinct for its intense penetrating capability (''Tikshna Guna''). Unlike Shunthi, which transitions into a sweet post-digestive form, Maricha maintains its sharp, biting properties throughout its metabolic cycle, allowing it to cut through thick accumulations of mucus and clear obstructions in cellular channels (''Srotas'').<ref name="API">Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API). ''Piper nigrum L. - Fruit Monograph.'' Part-I, Volume I, Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Pharmacological Attribute
! Ayurvedic Classification
! Clinical Significance
|-
| '''Rasa (Taste)'''
| ''Katu'' (Pungent)
| Instantly stimulates taste receptors, ignites gastric fire (''Agni''), and treats anorexia.<ref name="API" />
|-
| '''Guna (Physical Quality)'''
| ''Laghu'' (Light), ''Tikshna'' (Sharp/Penetrating), ''Rooksha'' (Dry)
| Liquefies and scrapes away stagnant phlegm (''Chedana''); breaks down metabolic toxins (''Ama'').<ref name="API" />
|-
| '''Virya (Potency)'''
| ''Ushna'' (Hot)
| Strongly pacifies ''Kapha'' and ''Vata'' doshas; increases peripheral circulation.
|-
| '''Vipaka (Post-Digestive Taste)'''
| ''Katu'' (Pungent)
| Maintains a high catabolic and eliminative action post-digestion.<ref name="API" />
|-
| '''Karma (Primary Action)'''
| ''Pramathi'' / ''Krimighna''
| Mechanically expels toxins from deep tissues; exhibits direct antimicrobial properties.<ref name="Rather2022" />
|}

=== Difference in wet and dry form of Maricha ===

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties (Dry)!! Properties (Wet)
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Pungent (katu) || --
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)|| Not too hot (naatyushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu) || Sweet (madhura)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Sharp (tikshna) || Heavy (guru)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[vata]] and [[kapha]]|| --
|-
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/3 || Sirovirechana (Errhine therapy)
|-
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/23 || Krimighniyavagu (Gruel for krimi (worm infestation)
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(6) || Deepaniya (Appetisers)mahakashaya
|-
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(15) || Krimighna (anti-helmintics)mahakashaya
|-
| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(27) || Shirovirechanopag ( helping nasal errhine therapy)mahakashaya
|-
| 6 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(45) || Shoolaprashaman (anti-spasmodics)mahakashaya
|-
| 7 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/298
| Krutanna Varga
|-
| 8 ||Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/142
| Katuskandha (group of pungent drugs)
|-
| 9 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/15 || Preparations of Trivruta
|-
| 10 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/25 || Preparations of Trivrut Awaleha
|-
|11
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/40
|Preparation of Kalyanaka Guda
|-
|12
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/23
|Churna Yoga
|-
|13
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/1/30
|Ingredient in Bruhaniya Gutika
|-
|14
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/2/24
|Ingredient in Vrushya Dadhisar
|-
|15
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/11
|Ingredient in Vrushya mamsa Gutika
|-
|16
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/21
|Ingredient in Vrushya Pupalika
|-
|17
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/1/30
|Ingredient in Bruhaniya Gutika
|-
|18
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/2/24
|Ingredient in Vrushya Dadhisar
|-
|19
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/11
|Ingredient in Vrushya mamsa Gutika
|-
|20
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/21
|Ingredient in Vrushya Pupalika
|-
|21
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/65
|Ingredient in Trayushanaadi ghrita
|-
|22
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/69
|Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya ghrita
|-
|23
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/71
|Ingredient of Hapushadya ghrita
|-
|24
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/79
|Ingredient of Hingvadi churna
|-
|25
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/142
|Ingredient of Dashamuli Ghrita
|-
|26
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/42
|Ingredient in Madhvasav
|-
|27
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/48
|As Nashya in Kushth
|-
|28
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/61
|Ingredient in Kushthaghna Yoga
|-
|29
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/65
|Ingredient in Mustadi Churna
|-
|30
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/74
|Ingredient in Madhvasav
|-
|31
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/77
|Ingredient in Kanakabindurisht
|-
|32
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/87
|Bahyaprayogarth lepa in Kushth (external application)
|-
|33
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/109
|Ingredient in Tiktekshvadi Taila

For Abhyang in Vata-Kaphaj Kushth(skin disease)
|-
|34
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/113
|Ingredient in Kanakakshiri Taila
|-
|35
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/117
|Ingredient in Sidhma Lepa
|-
|36
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/142
|Ingredient in Yavani shadav
|-
|37
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/145
|Ingredient in Talishadi Churna
|-
|38
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/34
|Ingredient in Hingvadi Ghrita
|-
|39
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/49
|Ingredient in Lasunadya Ghrita
|-
|40
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/54
|Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrita
|-
|41
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/65
|Used as Nashya and Anjan prayogarth
|-
|42
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/67
|Used as Nashya and Anjan prayogarth
|-
|43
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/68
|Ingredient in Siddharthakadi Agad
|-
|44
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/70
|Ingredient in Siddharthakadi Agad
|-
|45
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/20
|Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrita
|-
|46
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/43
|As a Nasya dravya(nasal errhines)
|-
|47
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/46
|Ingredient in Kayasthadi varti
|-
|48
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/48
|Ingredient in Mustadi varti
|-
|49
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/40
|Ingredient in Amrutprash Ghrita
|-
|50
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/67
|Ingredient in Chaturtha Sarpigud
|-
|51
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/74
|Ingredient in Pancham Sarpimodak
|-
|52
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/86
|Ingredient in Saindhavadi Churna
|-
|53
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/21
|In treatment of Kaphaj Svayathu(oedema)
|-
|54
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/24
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu(oedema)
|-
|55
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/25
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu(oedema)
|-
|56
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/27
|For bhinna varch in treatment of Vataj Svayathu(oedema)
|-
|57
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/29
|Ingredient in Gandiradhyarisht
|-
|58
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/32
|Ingredient in Ashtashatorisht
|-
|59
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/36
|Ingredient in Punarnavadhyarisht
|-
|60
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/42
|Ingredient in Krishnadi Churna
|-
|61
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43
|Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
|-
|62
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/50
|Ingredient in Kansaharitaki Avaleh
|-
|63
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/55
|Ingredient in Chitrakadi Ghrita
|-
|64
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/62
|As a Pathya Diet In treatment of Shvayathu(oedema)
|-
|65
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/102
|In treatment of sannipata udararoga(Generalized enlargement of Abdomen)
|-
|66
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/103
|In treatment of kaphodara(takraprayoga)(Generalized enlargement of Abdomen)
|-
|67
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/105
|In treatment of dakodara(takraprayoga)
|-
|68
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/122
|After virechana (balavruddhi arthe) mixed with dugdha
|-
|69
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/126
|As an ingredient of narayan churna
|-
|70
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/137
|As an ingredient of nilinadya churna
|-
|71
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/148
|Kalka used in udara roga with ksheer
|-
|72
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/62
|As an ingredient of traushnadi churna
|-
|73
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/92
|Used in yavagu
|-
|74
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/107
|As an ingredient of cavyadighrit
|-
|75
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/138
|As an ingredient of abhayarista
|-
|76
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/158
|As an ingredient of kanakarista
|-
|77
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/87
|As an ingredient of traushnaadi ghrita
|-
|78
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/88
|As an ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrit evum churna
|-
|79
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/96
|As an ingredient of citrakadhya gutika
|-
|80
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/102
|In condition of chhardi,arsha,granthi,shoola(vomiting, analpolyp with pellet stool, pain in abdomen)
|-
|81
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/105
|Marica should be given with ajaji,haritaki etc
|-
|82
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/108
|Used in kaphapittaja grahani
|-
|83
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/112
|As an ingredient of maricadhya churna
|-
|84
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/120
|Used as ingredient of yavagu
|-
|85
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/132
|As an ingredient of takrarista
|-
|86
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/137
|This drug is used in treatment of pittajagrahani as an ingredient of Bhunimbadhya churna
|-
|87
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/164
|As an ingredient of Kiratadhya churna (Pittaja Grahani chiktsa)
|-
|88
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/168
|As an ingredient of Madhvarista
|-
|89
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/177
|Used in treatment of Kaphaja grahani
|-
|90
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/189
|As an ingredient of Bhallataka Kshara
|-
|91
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/129
|Used as Pathya in Shakhashrit Kamla(kamala in body tissue with obstructive pathology)
|-
|92
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/97, 17/98, 17/100
|Used in yusha preparation for hikka svasa
|-
|93
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/104
|Used as annapana for hikka svasa
|-
|94
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/110
|Kalka is used in hikka svasa
|-
|95
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/71
|As an ingredient of praproundarika dhuma
|-
|96
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/73
|As an ingredient of dhumapan yoga
|-
|97
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/104
|As a yoga dravya.
|-
|98
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/180
|As a leha dravya.
|-
|99
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/107
|As an ingredient of ajajyadi churna
|-
|100
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/111
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|101
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/35
|As a pathya ahara in kaphaja chhardi
|-
|102
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/39
|As an ingredient of Manahshiladi yoga
|-
|103
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/50

|For sangya -sthapana in 6th vega of visha
|-
|104
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/183
|Used in netra - gata visha, as a anjana prayoga
|-
|105
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/193
|As an ingredient of Sindhuvaradi yoga
|-
|106
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/127
|Used in vataja madatyaya(Intoxication) with Dadima swarasa
|-
|107
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/128
|Used as swarasa in Vataja madatyaya(Intoxication)
|-
|108
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/172
|As an ingredient of Vyosha yusha
|-
|109
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/177
|As an ingredient of Ashtanga lavana (Kaphaja madatyaya)
|-
|110
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/181
|Used as raga in kaphaja madatyaya (madatyaya)
|-
|111
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/183
|Used in pachana(digestant)
|-
|112
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/13
|Used to make Udavarta varti
|-
|113
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/55
|As an ingredient of Vyoshadi churn used in Kaphaja mutrakruchhra(dysuria)
|-
|114
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/60
|As an ingredient of Pashanbhedadi churna
|-
|115
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87
|As an ingredient of Trushanadi Ghrita
|-
|116
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/98
|As an ingredient of Udumbaravleha
|-
|117
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/138
|Used in vataja pratishyaya
|-
|118
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/150
|Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya
|-
|119
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/152
|Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya for pradhamana
|-
|120
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/156
|Pathya anna in kaphaja pratishyaya
|-
|121
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/186
|Used in Kaphaja Siroroga for Avapeeda nasya
|-
|122
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/192
|As an ingredient of Kshara gutika
|-
|123
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/194
|As an ingredient of Kalak churna
|-
|124
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/198
|As an ingredient of Mrudvikadi churna
|-
|125
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/216,217
|Used in Kavala in Arochaka
|-
|126
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/219
|Used in arochaka nashaka vati
|-
|127
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/242
|As an ingredient of Saindhavadi churna
|-
|128
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/247
|As an ingredient of Churnanjana
|-
|129
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/252
|As an ingredient of Sukhavati varti
|-
|130
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/261
|As an ingredient of Dhatryadi rasakriya
|-
|131
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/287
|Used in Kaphaja swarbheda
|-
|132
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/152
|As an ingredient of Triphaladi kalka in tridoshaja shola
|-
|133
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/72
|As an ingredient of Pippalyadi varti
|-
|134
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/92
|As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna
|-
|}

==Dose==
* 250 mg – 1 gm of the drug in powder form<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3 :53</ref>

==Important formulation==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3 :53</ref>
* Marichadi gutika
* Marichadi taila
* Trikatu churna

== Current availability==

Available
India – western coast of india

== Current researches ==

== Phytochemical Architecture ==
The unique therapeutic efficacy of Maricha lies within its specialized volatile fractions and alkaloidal profile localized in the pericarp and seed:<ref name="Rather2022" /><ref name="Zhai2020">Zhai, W. J., et al. (2020). "Piperine: A review of its biological effects and mechanisms of action." ''Phytomedicine'', 72, 153245.</ref>

* '''Piperine (1-piperoylpiperidine):''' The primary trans-trans alkaloid responsible for up to 5% to 9% of the fruit's crude weight. It serves as the lead chemical marker for its biological action.<ref name="Kesarwani2013" />
* '''Piper Isomers:''' Isopiperine, chavicine, and isochavicine, which modulate the subtle sensory profiles of the spice.
* '''Minor Alkaloids & Amides:''' Piperidine, piperettine, piperanine, and guineensine.
* '''Essential Volatile Oils:''' Rich in monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes (such as β-caryophyllene, pinene, limonene, and phellandrene), which provide its characteristic aromatic and warming benefits.<ref name="Zhai2020" />

== Modern Pharmacological Validation & Therapeutic Efficacy ==

=== Bioavailability Enhancement (The Natural Yogavahi Effect) ===
Maricha is a potent bioenhancer, significantly augmenting the systemic absorption, plasma concentration, and therapeutic half-life of co-administered drugs and nutrients.<ref name="Kesarwani2013" /><ref name="Atal1981">Atal, C. K., et al. (1981). "Biochemical basis of enhanced drug bioavailability by piperine: Evidence of drug metabolism inhibition." ''Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics'', 219(1), 164-171.</ref>

<blockquote>
'''Mechanisms of Bioenhancement:'''
# '''Enzymatic Inhibition:''' Piperine non-specifically inactivates major phase I drug-metabolizing enzymes—principally Cytochrome P450 '''CYP3A4'''—and phase II UDP-glucuronosyltransferases ('''UGT'''). This drastically curtails first-pass intestinal and hepatic degradation.<ref name="Atal1981" />
# '''Efflux Pump Suppression:''' It reversibly blocks '''P-glycoprotein (P-gp)''', preventing the active cellular expulsion of target molecules back into the intestinal lumen.<ref name="Kesarwani2013" />
# '''Mucosal Alteration:''' It increases local mesenteric blood supply and modifies epithelial cell dynamics, enhancing passive transcellular transport across the brush border membrane.<ref name="Zhai2020" />
</blockquote>

Through these combined pathways, small doses of piperine (5–20 mg) can elevate the oral bioavailability of compounds like Curcumin by up to 2000%, as well as enhance the performance of critical antibiotics (e.g., Rifampicin, Amoxicillin).<ref name="Kesarwani2013" />

=== Gastrointestinal Secretory and Prokinetic Action (Deepana & Pachana) ===

Maricha exerts a major regulatory influence across the alimentary canal:<ref name="Rather2022" />
* '''Enzymatic Activation:''' Ingestion triggers sensory receptors that stimulate a sharp rise in pancreatic lipase, amylase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin secretion, accelerating chemical digestion.<ref name="Rather2022" />
* '''Bile Secretion:''' It enhances the hepatic release of bile acids, optimizing the emulsification and absorption of dietary lipids and fat-soluble vitamins.<ref name="Zhai2020" />
* '''Motility Regulation:''' It exhibits a dual, balancing effect—relieving smooth muscle spasms to counteract diarrhea while accelerating gastric emptying to relieve flatulence and abdominal bloating.<ref name="Rather2022" />

=== Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Metabolic Regulation ===

* '''Inflammatory Axis:''' Piperine directly interrupts the signaling of Nuclear Factor-kappa B ('''NF-κB'''), resulting in the down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ('''TNF-α'''), Interleukin-6 ('''IL-6'''), and Cyclooxygenase-2 ('''COX-2''').<ref name="Zhai2020" /> This supports its traditional clinical use in chronic respiratory diseases like asthma.
* '''Metabolic Syndrome:''' Clinical trials indicate that Maricha extracts lower systemic oxidative stress, lower plasma cholesterol levels, and counteract insulin resistance by modifying lipid clearance and improving GLUT4 transporter translocation.<ref name="Derosa2016">Derosa, G., et al. (2016). "A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the effects of piperine on metabolic syndrome." ''Phytotherapy Research'', 30(11), 1800-1806.</ref>

<pre>
Maricha Fruit Extract (Piperine) [1,4]
│
┌──────────────────┼──────────────────┐
▼ ▼ ▼
Inhibition of Blockade of Inhibition of
Hepatic CYP3A4 [5] P-gp Efflux [2] NF-κB Pathway [4]
│ │ │
▼ ▼ ▼
↓ First-Pass ↓ Intestinal ↓ TNF-α, IL-6,
Metabolism Expulsion & COX-2
│ │ │
└─────────┬────────┘ ▼
▼ Clinical: Anti-Asthmatic
Clinical: Enhanced & Anti-Inflammatory [4]
Bioavailability of Drugs [2]
</pre>

== Clinical Safety, Dosage, and Contraindications ==

Maricha is designated as '''GRAS''' (Generally Recognized as Safe) for regular consumption. However, its highly penetrating and heating nature requires careful administration in therapeutic dosages.<ref name="API" />

* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Churna (Crude Powder):'' 250 mg to 1 g daily, ideally taken post-meals with honey or ghee to coat and protect the gastric mucosa.<ref name="API" />
** ''Standardized Piperine Extract (95%):'' 5 mg to 20 mg daily.
* '''Adverse Effects:''' Excessive therapeutic doses on an empty stomach can trigger localized gastric burning (''Daha''), esophageal reflux, or hyperacidity, particularly in individuals with a ''Pitta''-vitiated constitution.<ref name="API" />
* '''Drug Interactions:''' Because piperine actively alters '''CYP3A4''' and '''P-gp''' clearance, individuals taking narrow-therapeutic-index drugs (such as Phenytoin, Digoxin, or Theophylline) must exercise caution, as co-administration can increase serum drug concentrations to toxic levels.<ref name="Atal1981" />
* '''Contraindications:''' Acute peptic ulcers, ulcerative colitis, severe acid reflux disease, and active gastrointestinal bleeding.

== External links ==
https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Piper%20nigrum

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Database of herbs and minerals|Herbs]]

Talk:Maricha

2026-07-08T06:54:18Z

Agnivesha:

Piper nigrum L.

{{Infobox
|title = Maricha
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Maricha
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Piper nigrum L.
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Piperaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = Dravyaguna Team
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2025
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

== Introduction and Botanical Identity ==

'''Maricha''', the dried fruit of ''[[Piper nigrum]]'' L. (Family: '''[[Piperaceae]]'''), is universally celebrated as the "King of Spices" and occupies a central position in traditional Ayurvedic formulations and modern evidence-based pharmacognosy.<ref name="Rather2022">Rather, M. A., et al. (2022). "Therapeutic Role of Piper nigrum L (Black Pepper) and Pharmacological Activities." ''International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research'', 73(1), 15-22.</ref> Characterized by its intense pungency, Maricha is a vital constituent of classical compounds like ''Trikatu Churna'' (the synergy of Shunthi, Pippali, and Maricha). In contemporary pharmacology, its primary crystalline alkaloid, '''piperine''', is recognized as the world's first documented natural bioavailability enhancer, revolutionizing the administration of phytopharmaceuticals and synthetic drugs alike.<ref name="Kesarwani2013">Kesarwani, K., & Gupta, R. (2013). "Bioavailability enhancers of herbal origin: An overview." ''Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine'', 3(4), 253-266.</ref>

* '''Botanical Name:''' ''Piper nigrum'' L.
* '''Family:''' Piperaceae
* '''Part Used:''' Dried Fruit (Peppercorns)
* '''Vernacular Names:''' Maricha (Sanskrit), Kali Mirch (Hindi), Black Pepper (English), Milagu (Tamil)

==English name ==

Black Pepper

==Therapeutic uses==
Swasa, sula, krumiroga, tavakaroga<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3 :53</ref>

==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Maricha, Vellaja(plant is climber), Krushna(fruits are black in colour), Ushana(causing burning sensation), Suvruta, Katu(pungent taste), Dharmapatana(maricha is stored in ports as an item to export to different countries)

==Varieties==
===Raja Nighantu===
Mentioned 2 types of varieties<ref>Dr. Indradev Tripathi , Raja Nighantu of pandit Narhari, ed.2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, pippalyadi varga verse no- 32,34</ref>
# Maricha
# Sweta maricha

== Ayurvedic Pharmacodynamics (Dravyaguna Profile) ==

In classical Ayurvedic medicine, Maricha is distinct for its intense penetrating capability (''Tikshna Guna''). Unlike Shunthi, which transitions into a sweet post-digestive form, Maricha maintains its sharp, biting properties throughout its metabolic cycle, allowing it to cut through thick accumulations of mucus and clear obstructions in cellular channels (''Srotas'').<ref name="API">Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API). ''Piper nigrum L. - Fruit Monograph.'' Part-I, Volume I, Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Pharmacological Attribute
! Ayurvedic Classification
! Clinical Significance
|-
| '''Rasa (Taste)'''
| ''Katu'' (Pungent)
| Instantly stimulates taste receptors, ignites gastric fire (''Agni''), and treats anorexia.<ref name="API" />
|-
| '''Guna (Physical Quality)'''
| ''Laghu'' (Light), ''Tikshna'' (Sharp/Penetrating), ''Rooksha'' (Dry)
| Liquefies and scrapes away stagnant phlegm (''Chedana''); breaks down metabolic toxins (''Ama'').<ref name="API" />
|-
| '''Virya (Potency)'''
| ''Ushna'' (Hot)
| Strongly pacifies ''Kapha'' and ''Vata'' doshas; increases peripheral circulation.
|-
| '''Vipaka (Post-Digestive Taste)'''
| ''Katu'' (Pungent)
| Maintains a high catabolic and eliminative action post-digestion.<ref name="API" />
|-
| '''Karma (Primary Action)'''
| ''Pramathi'' / ''Krimighna''
| Mechanically expels toxins from deep tissues; exhibits direct antimicrobial properties.<ref name="Rather2022" />
|}

=== Difference in wet and dry form of Maricha ===

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties (Dry)!! Properties (Wet)
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Pungent (katu) || --
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)|| Not too hot (naatyushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu) || Sweet (madhura)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Sharp (tikshna) || Heavy (guru)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[vata]] and [[kapha]]|| --
|-
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/3 || Sirovirechana (Errhine therapy)
|-
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/23 || Krimighniyavagu (Gruel for krimi (worm infestation)
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(6) || Deepaniya (Appetisers)mahakashaya
|-
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(15) || Krimighna (anti-helmintics)mahakashaya
|-
| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(27) || Shirovirechanopag ( helping nasal errhine therapy)mahakashaya
|-
| 6 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(45) || Shoolaprashaman (anti-spasmodics)mahakashaya
|-
| 7 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/298
| Krutanna Varga
|-
| 8 ||Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/142
| Katuskandha (group of pungent drugs)
|-
| 9 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/15 || Preparations of Trivruta
|-
| 10 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/25 || Preparations of Trivrut Awaleha
|-
|11
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/40
|Preparation of Kalyanaka Guda
|-
|12
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/23
|Churna Yoga
|-
|13
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/1/30
|Ingredient in Bruhaniya Gutika
|-
|14
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/2/24
|Ingredient in Vrushya Dadhisar
|-
|15
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/11
|Ingredient in Vrushya mamsa Gutika
|-
|16
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/21
|Ingredient in Vrushya Pupalika
|-
|17
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/1/30
|Ingredient in Bruhaniya Gutika
|-
|18
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/2/24
|Ingredient in Vrushya Dadhisar
|-
|19
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/11
|Ingredient in Vrushya mamsa Gutika
|-
|20
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/21
|Ingredient in Vrushya Pupalika
|-
|21
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/65
|Ingredient in Trayushanaadi ghrita
|-
|22
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/69
|Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya ghrita
|-
|23
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/71
|Ingredient of Hapushadya ghrita
|-
|24
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/79
|Ingredient of Hingvadi churna
|-
|25
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/142
|Ingredient of Dashamuli Ghrita
|-
|26
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/42
|Ingredient in Madhvasav
|-
|27
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/48
|As Nashya in Kushth
|-
|28
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/61
|Ingredient in Kushthaghna Yoga
|-
|29
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/65
|Ingredient in Mustadi Churna
|-
|30
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/74
|Ingredient in Madhvasav
|-
|31
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/77
|Ingredient in Kanakabindurisht
|-
|32
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/87
|Bahyaprayogarth lepa in Kushth (external application)
|-
|33
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/109
|Ingredient in Tiktekshvadi Taila

For Abhyang in Vata-Kaphaj Kushth(skin disease)
|-
|34
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/113
|Ingredient in Kanakakshiri Taila
|-
|35
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/117
|Ingredient in Sidhma Lepa
|-
|36
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/142
|Ingredient in Yavani shadav
|-
|37
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/145
|Ingredient in Talishadi Churna
|-
|38
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/34
|Ingredient in Hingvadi Ghrita
|-
|39
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/49
|Ingredient in Lasunadya Ghrita
|-
|40
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/54
|Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrita
|-
|41
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/65
|Used as Nashya and Anjan prayogarth
|-
|42
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/67
|Used as Nashya and Anjan prayogarth
|-
|43
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/68
|Ingredient in Siddharthakadi Agad
|-
|44
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/70
|Ingredient in Siddharthakadi Agad
|-
|45
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/20
|Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrita
|-
|46
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/43
|As a Nasya dravya(nasal errhines)
|-
|47
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/46
|Ingredient in Kayasthadi varti
|-
|48
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/48
|Ingredient in Mustadi varti
|-
|49
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/40
|Ingredient in Amrutprash Ghrita
|-
|50
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/67
|Ingredient in Chaturtha Sarpigud
|-
|51
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/74
|Ingredient in Pancham Sarpimodak
|-
|52
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/86
|Ingredient in Saindhavadi Churna
|-
|53
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/21
|In treatment of Kaphaj Svayathu(oedema)
|-
|54
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/24
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu(oedema)
|-
|55
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/25
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu(oedema)
|-
|56
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/27
|For bhinna varch in treatment of Vataj Svayathu(oedema)
|-
|57
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/29
|Ingredient in Gandiradhyarisht
|-
|58
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/32
|Ingredient in Ashtashatorisht
|-
|59
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/36
|Ingredient in Punarnavadhyarisht
|-
|60
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/42
|Ingredient in Krishnadi Churna
|-
|61
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43
|Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
|-
|62
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/50
|Ingredient in Kansaharitaki Avaleh
|-
|63
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/55
|Ingredient in Chitrakadi Ghrita
|-
|64
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/62
|As a Pathya Diet In treatment of Shvayathu(oedema)
|-
|65
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/102
|In treatment of sannipata udararoga(Generalized enlargement of Abdomen)
|-
|66
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/103
|In treatment of kaphodara(takraprayoga)(Generalized enlargement of Abdomen)
|-
|67
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/105
|In treatment of dakodara(takraprayoga)
|-
|68
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/122
|After virechana (balavruddhi arthe) mixed with dugdha
|-
|69
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/126
|As an ingredient of narayan churna
|-
|70
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/137
|As an ingredient of nilinadya churna
|-
|71
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/148
|Kalka used in udara roga with ksheer
|-
|72
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/62
|As an ingredient of traushnadi churna
|-
|73
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/92
|Used in yavagu
|-
|74
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/107
|As an ingredient of cavyadighrit
|-
|75
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/138
|As an ingredient of abhayarista
|-
|76
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/158
|As an ingredient of kanakarista
|-
|77
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/87
|As an ingredient of traushnaadi ghrita
|-
|78
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/88
|As an ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrit evum churna
|-
|79
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/96
|As an ingredient of citrakadhya gutika
|-
|80
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/102
|In condition of chhardi,arsha,granthi,shoola(vomiting, analpolyp with pellet stool, pain in abdomen)
|-
|81
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/105
|Marica should be given with ajaji,haritaki etc
|-
|82
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/108
|Used in kaphapittaja grahani
|-
|83
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/112
|As an ingredient of maricadhya churna
|-
|84
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/120
|Used as ingredient of yavagu
|-
|85
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/132
|As an ingredient of takrarista
|-
|86
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/137
|This drug is used in treatment of pittajagrahani as an ingredient of Bhunimbadhya churna
|-
|87
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/164
|As an ingredient of Kiratadhya churna (Pittaja Grahani chiktsa)
|-
|88
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/168
|As an ingredient of Madhvarista
|-
|89
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/177
|Used in treatment of Kaphaja grahani
|-
|90
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/189
|As an ingredient of Bhallataka Kshara
|-
|91
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/129
|Used as Pathya in Shakhashrit Kamla(kamala in body tissue with obstructive pathology)
|-
|92
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/97, 17/98, 17/100
|Used in yusha preparation for hikka svasa
|-
|93
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/104
|Used as annapana for hikka svasa
|-
|94
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/110
|Kalka is used in hikka svasa
|-
|95
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/71
|As an ingredient of praproundarika dhuma
|-
|96
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/73
|As an ingredient of dhumapan yoga
|-
|97
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/104
|As a yoga dravya.
|-
|98
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/180
|As a leha dravya.
|-
|99
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/107
|As an ingredient of ajajyadi churna
|-
|100
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/111
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|101
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/35
|As a pathya ahara in kaphaja chhardi
|-
|102
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/39
|As an ingredient of Manahshiladi yoga
|-
|103
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/50

|For sangya -sthapana in 6th vega of visha
|-
|104
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/183
|Used in netra - gata visha, as a anjana prayoga
|-
|105
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/193
|As an ingredient of Sindhuvaradi yoga
|-
|106
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/127
|Used in vataja madatyaya(Intoxication) with Dadima swarasa
|-
|107
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/128
|Used as swarasa in Vataja madatyaya(Intoxication)
|-
|108
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/172
|As an ingredient of Vyosha yusha
|-
|109
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/177
|As an ingredient of Ashtanga lavana (Kaphaja madatyaya)
|-
|110
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/181
|Used as raga in kaphaja madatyaya (madatyaya)
|-
|111
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/183
|Used in pachana(digestant)
|-
|112
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/13
|Used to make Udavarta varti
|-
|113
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/55
|As an ingredient of Vyoshadi churn used in Kaphaja mutrakruchhra(dysuria)
|-
|114
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/60
|As an ingredient of Pashanbhedadi churna
|-
|115
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87
|As an ingredient of Trushanadi Ghrita
|-
|116
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/98
|As an ingredient of Udumbaravleha
|-
|117
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/138
|Used in vataja pratishyaya
|-
|118
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/150
|Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya
|-
|119
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/152
|Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya for pradhamana
|-
|120
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/156
|Pathya anna in kaphaja pratishyaya
|-
|121
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/186
|Used in Kaphaja Siroroga for Avapeeda nasya
|-
|122
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/192
|As an ingredient of Kshara gutika
|-
|123
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/194
|As an ingredient of Kalak churna
|-
|124
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/198
|As an ingredient of Mrudvikadi churna
|-
|125
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/216,217
|Used in Kavala in Arochaka
|-
|126
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/219
|Used in arochaka nashaka vati
|-
|127
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/242
|As an ingredient of Saindhavadi churna
|-
|128
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/247
|As an ingredient of Churnanjana
|-
|129
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/252
|As an ingredient of Sukhavati varti
|-
|130
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/261
|As an ingredient of Dhatryadi rasakriya
|-
|131
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/287
|Used in Kaphaja swarbheda
|-
|132
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/152
|As an ingredient of Triphaladi kalka in tridoshaja shola
|-
|133
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/72
|As an ingredient of Pippalyadi varti
|-
|134
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/92
|As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna
|-
|}

==Dose==
* 250 mg – 1 gm of the drug in powder form<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3 :53</ref>

==Important formulation==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3 :53</ref>
* Marichadi gutika
* Marichadi taila
* Trikatu churna

== Current availability==

Available
India – western coast of india

== Current researches ==

== Phytochemical Architecture ==
The unique therapeutic efficacy of Maricha lies within its specialized volatile fractions and alkaloidal profile localized in the pericarp and seed:<ref name="Rather2022" /><ref name="Zhai2020">Zhai, W. J., et al. (2020). "Piperine: A review of its biological effects and mechanisms of action." ''Phytomedicine'', 72, 153245.</ref>

* '''Piperine (1-piperoylpiperidine):''' The primary trans-trans alkaloid responsible for up to 5% to 9% of the fruit's crude weight. It serves as the lead chemical marker for its biological action.<ref name="Kesarwani2013" />
* '''Piper Isomers:''' Isopiperine, chavicine, and isochavicine, which modulate the subtle sensory profiles of the spice.
* '''Minor Alkaloids & Amides:''' Piperidine, piperettine, piperanine, and guineensine.
* '''Essential Volatile Oils:''' Rich in monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes (such as β-caryophyllene, pinene, limonene, and phellandrene), which provide its characteristic aromatic and warming benefits.<ref name="Zhai2020" />

== Modern Pharmacological Validation & Therapeutic Efficacy ==

=== Bioavailability Enhancement (The Natural Yogavahi Effect) ===
Maricha is a potent bioenhancer, significantly augmenting the systemic absorption, plasma concentration, and therapeutic half-life of co-administered drugs and nutrients.<ref name="Kesarwani2013" /><ref name="Atal1981">Atal, C. K., et al. (1981). "Biochemical basis of enhanced drug bioavailability by piperine: Evidence of drug metabolism inhibition." ''Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics'', 219(1), 164-171.</ref>

<blockquote>
'''Mechanisms of Bioenhancement:'''
# '''Enzymatic Inhibition:''' Piperine non-specifically inactivates major phase I drug-metabolizing enzymes—principally Cytochrome P450 '''CYP3A4'''—and phase II UDP-glucuronosyltransferases ('''UGT'''). This drastically curtails first-pass intestinal and hepatic degradation.<ref name="Atal1981" />
# '''Efflux Pump Suppression:''' It reversibly blocks '''P-glycoprotein (P-gp)''', preventing the active cellular expulsion of target molecules back into the intestinal lumen.<ref name="Kesarwani2013" />
# '''Mucosal Alteration:''' It increases local mesenteric blood supply and modifies epithelial cell dynamics, enhancing passive transcellular transport across the brush border membrane.<ref name="Zhai2020" />
</blockquote>

Through these combined pathways, small doses of piperine (5–20 mg) can elevate the oral bioavailability of compounds like Curcumin by up to 2000%, as well as enhance the performance of critical antibiotics (e.g., Rifampicin, Amoxicillin).<ref name="Kesarwani2013" />

=== Gastrointestinal Secretory and Prokinetic Action (Deepana & Pachana) ===

Maricha exerts a major regulatory influence across the alimentary canal:<ref name="Rather2022" />
* '''Enzymatic Activation:''' Ingestion triggers sensory receptors that stimulate a sharp rise in pancreatic lipase, amylase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin secretion, accelerating chemical digestion.<ref name="Rather2022" />
* '''Bile Secretion:''' It enhances the hepatic release of bile acids, optimizing the emulsification and absorption of dietary lipids and fat-soluble vitamins.<ref name="Zhai2020" />
* '''Motility Regulation:''' It exhibits a dual, balancing effect—relieving smooth muscle spasms to counteract diarrhea while accelerating gastric emptying to relieve flatulence and abdominal bloating.<ref name="Rather2022" />

=== Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Metabolic Regulation ===

* '''Inflammatory Axis:''' Piperine directly interrupts the signaling of Nuclear Factor-kappa B ('''NF-κB'''), resulting in the down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ('''TNF-α'''), Interleukin-6 ('''IL-6'''), and Cyclooxygenase-2 ('''COX-2''').<ref name="Zhai2020" /> This supports its traditional clinical use in chronic respiratory diseases like asthma.
* '''Metabolic Syndrome:''' Clinical trials indicate that Maricha extracts lower systemic oxidative stress, lower plasma cholesterol levels, and counteract insulin resistance by modifying lipid clearance and improving GLUT4 transporter translocation.<ref name="Derosa2016">Derosa, G., et al. (2016). "A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the effects of piperine on metabolic syndrome." ''Phytotherapy Research'', 30(11), 1800-1806.</ref>

<pre>
Maricha Fruit Extract (Piperine) [1,4]
│
┌──────────────────┼──────────────────┐
▼ ▼ ▼
Inhibition of Blockade of Inhibition of
Hepatic CYP3A4 [5] P-gp Efflux [2] NF-κB Pathway [4]
│ │ │
▼ ▼ ▼
↓ First-Pass ↓ Intestinal ↓ TNF-α, IL-6,
Metabolism Expulsion & COX-2
│ │ │
└─────────┬────────┘ ▼
▼ Clinical: Anti-Asthmatic
Clinical: Enhanced & Anti-Inflammatory [4]
Bioavailability of Drugs [2]
</pre>

== Clinical Safety, Dosage, and Contraindications ==

Maricha is designated as '''GRAS''' (Generally Recognized as Safe) for regular consumption. However, its highly penetrating and heating nature requires careful administration in therapeutic dosages.<ref name="API" />

* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Churna (Crude Powder):'' 250 mg to 1 g daily, ideally taken post-meals with honey or ghee to coat and protect the gastric mucosa.<ref name="API" />
** ''Standardized Piperine Extract (95%):'' 5 mg to 20 mg daily.
* '''Adverse Effects:''' Excessive therapeutic doses on an empty stomach can trigger localized gastric burning (''Daha''), esophageal reflux, or hyperacidity, particularly in individuals with a ''Pitta''-vitiated constitution.<ref name="API" />
* '''Drug Interactions:''' Because piperine actively alters '''CYP3A4''' and '''P-gp''' clearance, individuals taking narrow-therapeutic-index drugs (such as Phenytoin, Digoxin, or Theophylline) must exercise caution, as co-administration can increase serum drug concentrations to toxic levels.<ref name="Atal1981" />
* '''Contraindications:''' Acute peptic ulcers, ulcerative colitis, severe acid reflux disease, and active gastrointestinal bleeding.

== External links ==

https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Piper%20nigrum

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Database of herbs and minerals|Herbs]]

Herbs details

2026-07-08T06:37:33Z

Agnivesha:

Herbs details:

# [[Amalaki]]
# [[Bibhitaki]]
# [[Haritaki]]
# [[Guduchi]]
# [[Ashwagandha]]
# [[Shunthi]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants and Botanical Names in Charak Samhita
! Sr. No. !! Sanskrit Name !! Synonyms !! Botanical Name
|-
| 1 || [[Bibhitaki|Aksha]]|| [[Bibhitaki|Bibhitaki, kaliphala, Bhutavasa, Kalidruma]]|| '''[[Bibhitaki|Terminalia bellirica Roxb]]'''
|-
| 2 || Aguru || Agaru, loha, krimija, rajarha || '''Aquilaria agallocha Roxb'''
|-
| 3 || Agnimantha || Jaya, Sriparni, Ganikarika, Jayanti, Tarkari, Nadeyi, Vai jayanti || '''Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn.f.'''
|-
| 4 || Ankola || Ankoda, Deerghakeela, Nikochaka, Tamraphala, Gupta Sneha || '''Alangium lamarkii Thw., (Alangium salviifolium)'''
|-
| 5 || Ajamoda || Karavi, Deepyaka, Shikhimoda || '''Apium graveolens'''
|-
| 6 || Atasi || uma, picchila, devi, medagandha, madotkata, kshuma, hemavati,masruna || '''Linum usitatissimum Linn.'''
|-
| 7 || Atibala || rishyaprokta, kankatika,Balika, Vatyapushpy, Bhuribala || '''Abutilon indicum. (Link)'''
|-
| 8 || Ativisha || shrungi, virupa, pittadivallabha, shwetvaca, visha, madri || '''Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. Cat.'''
|-
| 9 || Aparajita || Shanhapushpi,Girikarnika, Visnukranta,Sephanda || '''Clitoria ternatea L.'''
|-
| 10 || Apamarga || Shikhari,durgraha, adhashalya, karmanjri, pratyakpushpi || '''Achyranthes aspera Linn.'''
|-
| 11 || Ambashtaki || laghu patha,Uttanaparni, prachina,varatikta, Aviddhakarni,kuchelika || '''Cissampelos pareira Linn'''
|-
| 12 || Amlikakanda || || '''Dioscorea oppositifolia L.'''
|-
| 13 || Arimeda || Irimeda, Vidkhadira || '''Acacia leucophloea Willd.'''
|-
| 14 || Arka || Ravi, Bhanu, Tapana,Tulaphala, vikirana,ksheeraparna || '''Calotropis gigantea'''
|-
| 15 || Arjaka || Barbari,Sheta tulasi || '''Ocimum gratissimum L.'''
|-
| 16 || Arjuna || Indradru,Nadisarja,Dhavala,Kakubha, Partha, Shweta vaha, || '''Terminalia Arjuna'''
|-
| 17 || Avakpushpi || || '''Trichodesma indicum'''
|-
| 18 || Ashoka || Madhupushpa,Raktapallavaka, Hemapushpa, Pindipushpa, Nata, Pallavadru, || '''Saraca indica Linn.'''
|-
| 19 || Ashmantaka || Yugmapatra, yaalapatraka, kanchini || '''Bauhinia racemosa. Lam.'''
|-
| 20 || [[Ashwagandha]]|| [[Ashwagandha|Balada, kamarupini, vajini,Gandhapatri]]|| '''[[Ashwagandha|Withania somnifera]]'''
|-
| 21 || Aswattha || pippala, shrivriksha, sevya,bodhidru, pavitraka,krishnavasa || '''Ficus religiosa L.'''
|-
| 22 || Asana || Beejaka, Vijayasara || '''Bridelia Montana Wall., Pterocarpus marsupium'''
|-
| 23 || Akhuparni || vriddhadaru, akhukarni, shubhashreni, krushika, dravanti || '''Ipomoea reniformis Chois.'''
|-
| 24 || Adhaki || Tuvari, Shanapushpika, Kalavrunta || '''Cajanus indicus Spreng'''
|-
| 25 || Atmagupta || Kapikachu, kapiloma, swayamgupta,Markati || '''Mucuna pruriens D.C.'''
|-
| 26 || [[Amalaki]]|| [[Amalaki|Dhatri, Dhatriphala, Sriphala, Vayastha,vayasya]]|| '''[[Amalaki|Phyllanthus emblica L./ Emblica officinalis]]'''
|-
| 27 || Amra || Madhuphala, Madhuli, Madhavadruma, Sahakara, parapushta || '''Manjifera indica L.'''
|-
| 28 || Ikshu || Asipatra, Bhurirasa, Dirghacchada, Gudamula, Trnarasa || '''Saccharum officinarum L.'''
|-
| 29 || Ikshuraka || Kokilaksha? || '''Hygrophila spinosa T.Anderson'''
|-
| 30 || Ingudi || Higupatra, Tapasadruma,Angaravruksha,Pootikantaka || '''Balanites roxburghii Plauch., (Balanites aegyptiaca (Linn) Del.)'''
|-
| 31 || Itkada || Utkata, Vanajayanti || '''Sesbania aculeate Pers.'''
|-
| 32 || Ucchadaka || Uttingana? || '''Blepharis edulis Pers.'''
|-
| 33 || Udumbara || || '''Ficus glomerata Roxb., ( Ficus racemosa)'''
|-
| 34 || Upodika || || '''Basella rubra L.'''
|-
| 35 || Eraka || || '''Typha elephantine Roxb.'''
|-
| 36 || Ervaru || || '''Cucumis utilissimus L.'''
|-
| 37 || Eranda || || '''Ricinus communis L.'''
|-
| 38 || Katutumbi || || '''Lagenaria Vulgaris Ser.'''
|-
| 39 || Katuphala || || '''Hibiscus abelmoschus L.'''
|-
| 40 || Kandakari || || '''Solanum xanthocarpum Sche.'''
|-
| 41 || Kadamba || || '''Anthocephalus cadamba Miq.'''
|-
| 42 || Kadara || || '''Acacia Senegal Willd.'''
|-
| 43 || Kapittha || || '''Feronia elephantanum Correa.'''
|-
| 44 || Karamarda || || '''Carissa carandas L.'''
|-
| 45 || Karavira || || '''Nerium odorum Soland'''
|-
| 46 || Karira || || '''Copparis aphylla Roth'''
|-
| 47 || Karanja || || '''Pongamia glabra Vent.'''
|-
| 48 || Karkatashrungi || || '''Rhuus succedanea L.'''
|-
| 49 || Karkandhu || || '''Zizyphus nummularia W.C.'''
|-
| 50 || Karpura || || '''Dryobalanops aromatic Goertn.'''
|-
| 51 || Kalaya || || '''Lathyrus sativus L.'''
|-
| 52 || Kasheruka || || '''Seirpus kysoor R.'''
|-
| 53 || Kakamachi || || '''Solanum nigrum L.'''
|-
| 54 || Karavellika || || '''Momordica charantia L.'''
|-
| 55 || Karpasa || || '''Gossypium herbacum L.'''
|-
| 56 || Kalanusariva || || '''Ichnocarpus frutenscens Br.'''
|-
| 57 || Kashmari || || '''Gmelina arborea L.'''
|-
| 58 || Kasamarda || || '''Cassia occidentalis L.'''
|-
| 59 || Kiratatikta || || '''Swertia chirata Ham.'''
|-
| 60 || Kutaja || || '''Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall.'''
|-
| 61 || Kutumbaka || || '''Leucas linifolia Spreng.'''
|-
| 62 || Kumarajeeva || || '''Putranjiva roxburghii Wall.'''
|-
| 63 || Kumbhi || || '''Careya arborea R.'''
|-
| 64 || Kurandaka || || '''Barleria prionitis L.'''
|-
| 65 || Kusumbha || || '''Carathmus tinctoricus L.'''
|-
| 66 || Kovidara || || '''Bauhinia variegate L.'''
|-
| 67 || Koshataki || || '''Luffa acutangula varamara Clerke'''
|-
| 68 || Koshamra || || '''Scheleichera trijuga Willd.'''
|-
| 69 || Kumkuma || || '''Crocus sativus L.'''
|-
| 70 || Khadira || || '''Acacia catechu Willd.'''
|-
| 71 || Guggulu || || '''Balsamodendron mukul Hook.'''
|-
| 72 || Gunja || || '''Abrus precatorius L.'''
|-
| 73 || Guduchi || || '''Tinospora cordifolia Miers.'''
|-
| 74 || Gokshuraka || || '''Tribulus terrestris L.'''
|-
| 75 || Gojihwa || || '''Elephantopus scaber L.'''
|-
| 76 || Chakramarda || || '''Cassia tora L.'''
|-
| 77 || Chanchu || || '''Corchorus oilitorius L.'''
|-
| 78 || Chandana || || '''Santalum album L.'''
|-
| 79 || Charmakasha || || '''Acacia concinna D.C.'''
|-
| 80 || Charngeri || || '''Oxalis corniculata L.'''
|-
| 81 || Chitraka || || '''Plumbago zeylanica L.'''
|-
| 82 || Chirabilva || || '''Holoptelia integrifolia Planch.'''
|-
| 83 || Chirmata || || '''Cucumis melo L.'''
|-
| 84 || Chilli || || '''Chenopodium album L.'''
|-
| 85 || Choraka || || '''Agelica glauca Edgew.'''
|-
| 86 || jambu || || '''Eugenia jambos Lamk.'''
|-
| 87 || jaya || || '''Sesbania egyptica Pers.'''
|-
| 88 || jalapippali || || '''Lippia nodiflora Rich.'''
|-
| 89 || Jati || || '''Myristica fragrens Houtt.'''
|-
| 90 || Jingini || || '''Odina wodier Roxb.'''
|-
| 91 || Jeeraka || || '''Cuminum cyminum L.'''
|-
| 92 || Jyotishmati || || '''Celestrus paniculata Willd.'''
|-
| 93 || Tamala || || '''Cinnamomum tamala Fr. Nees.'''
|-
| 94 || Tintidika || || '''Tamarindus indica L.'''
|-
| 95 || Tinduka || || '''Diospyros embryopteris Pers.'''
|-
| 96 || Tila || || '''Sesamum indicum L.'''
|-
| 97 || Tilaparni || || '''Gynandropis pentaphylla D.C'''
|-
| 98 || Tumburu || || '''Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb.'''
|-
| 99 || Tuda || || '''Morus indica L.'''
|-
| 100 || Trivrut || || '''Ipomea turpethum Br.'''
|-
| 101 || Dadima || || '''Punica granatum L.'''
|-
| 102 || Daruharidra || || '''Berberis aristata D.C'''
|-
| 103 || Dipyaka || || '''Carum copticum Benth.'''
|-
| 104 || Dugdhika || || '''Euphorbia pilulifera L.'''
|-
| 105 || Duralabha || || '''Fagonia Arabica L.'''
|-
| 106 || Durva || || '''Cynodon dactylon Pers.'''
|-
| 107 || Draksha || || '''Vitis vinifera L.'''
|-
| 108 || Dhanvana || || '''Grewia tiliefolia Vahl.'''
|-
| 109 || Dhava || || '''Anogeisssus latifolia Wall.'''
|-
| 110 || Dhataki || || '''Woodfordia floribunda Slisb.'''
|-
| 111 || Dhanyaka || || '''Coriandrum sativum'''
|-
| 112 || Nanditaka || || '''Ficus retusa L.'''
|-
| 113 || Nalika || || '''Onosma echioides L.'''
|-
| 114 || Naranga || || '''Citrus aurantium L.'''
|-
| 115 || Nadi || || '''Ipomea aquatica Forsk.'''
|-
| 116 || Nimba || || '''Melia azadirachta L.'''
|-
| 117 || Nirgundi || || '''Vitex negundo L.'''
|-
| 118 || Nilika || || '''Indigofera tinctoria L.'''
|-
| 119 || Nyagrodha || || '''Ficus bengalensis L.'''
|-
| 120 || Patola || || '''Trichosanthes dioica Roxb.'''
|-
| 121 || Patra || || '''Cinnamomum iners Reinw.'''
|-
| 122 || Padmaka || || '''Prunus puddum Roxb.'''
|-
| 123 || Parushaka || || '''Grewia asiatica L.'''
|-
| 124 || Parpataka || || '''Rangia repens Nees.'''
|-
| 125 || Paravata || || '''Psidium guyava L.'''
|-
| 126 || Pashanabheda || || '''Saxifraga lingulata Wall.'''
|-
| 127 || Pippali || || '''Piper longum L.'''
|-
| 128 || Pilu || || '''Salvadora persica L.'''
|-
| 129 || Punarnava || || '''Berhavia repens L.'''
|-
| 130 || Prasarani || || '''Pederia fetida L.'''
|-
| 131 || Prachinamalaka || || '''Flacourtia cataphracta Roxb.'''
|-
| 132 || Piyala || || '''Aglaia roxburghiana Miq.'''
|-
| 133 || Plaksha || || '''Ficus tsiela Roxb.'''
|-
| 134 || Phenila || || '''Sapindus trifoliatus L.'''
|-
| 135 || Bakula || || '''Mimusops elengi L.'''
|-
| 136 || Badara || || '''Zizyphus jujube Lamk.'''
|-
| 137 || Bilwa || || '''Aegle marmelos Corr.'''
|-
| 138 || Bijaka || || '''Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.'''
|-
| 139 || Bijapuraka || || '''Citrus medica L.'''
|-
| 140 || Bruhati || || '''Solanum indicum L.'''
|-
| 141 || Brahmi || || '''Herpestis monniera Benth.'''
|-
| 142 || Bhavya || || '''Dillenia indica L.'''
|-
| 143 || Bhrigaraja || || '''Eclipta alba Hassk.'''
|-
| 144 || Mandukaparni || || '''Hydrocotyle asiatica L.'''
|-
| 145 || Madana || || '''Randia dumatorum Lam.'''
|-
| 146 || Madhuka || || '''Bassia latifolia Roxb.'''
|-
| 147 || Maricha || || '''Piper nigrum L.'''
|-
| 148 || Mamsi || || '''Nardostachys jatamansi D.C'''
|-
| 149 || Mudga || || '''Phaseolus mungo L.'''
|-
| 150 || Musta || || '''Cyperus rotundus L.'''
|-
| 151 || Murva || || '''Clematis triloba Heyne.'''
|-
| 152 || Mulaka || || '''Raphanus sativus L.'''
|-
| 153 || Yava || || '''Hordeum vulgarae L.'''
|-
| 154 || Yavasaka || || '''Alhagi maumorum Desv.'''
|-
| 155 || Raktotpala || || '''Nymphoea lotus L.'''
|-
| 156 || Rajakshavaka || || '''Doemia extensa Br.'''
|-
| 157 || Rajamasha || || '''Vigna catiang Endl.'''
|-
| 158 || Rajadana || || '''Mimusops hexandra Roxb.'''
|-
| 159 || Rasna || || '''Pluchea lanceolata Oliv.'''
|-
| 160 || Ruha || || '''Loranthus falcatus L.'''
|-
| 161 || Rohini || || '''Soymida febrifuge Juss.'''
|-
| 162 || Lashuna || || '''Allium sativum L.'''
|-
| 163 || Likucha || || '''Artocarpus lokoocha Roxb.'''
|-
| 164 || Lonika || || '''Portulaca oleracea L.'''
|-
| 165 || Lodhra || || '''Symplocos recemosa Roxb.'''
|-
| 166 || Vacha || || '''Acorus calamus L.'''
|-
| 167 || Vanjula || || '''Salix tetrasperma Roxb.'''
|-
| 168 || Varuna || || '''Cratoeva religiosa Forst.'''
|-
| 169 || Vatama || || '''Prunus amygdalus Baill.'''
|-
| 170 || Vartaka || || '''Solanum melongena L.'''
|-
| 171 || Vasa || || '''Adhatoda vasica Nees.'''
|-
| 172 || Vikankata || || '''Gymnosporia Montana Benth.'''
|-
| 173 || Vidanga || || '''Embelia ribes Burn.'''
|-
| 174 || Vidari || || '''Ipomea digitata L.'''
|-
| 175 || Shankhapushpi || || '''Evolvulus alsinoides L.'''
|-
| 176 || Shana || || '''Crotalaria juncea L.'''
|-
| 177 || Shanapushpi || || '''Crotalaria verrucosa L.'''
|-
| 178 || Shatapushpa || || '''Peucedanum graveolens Benth.'''
|-
| 179 || Shatavari || || '''Asparagus racemosus Willd.'''
|-
| 180 || Shami || || '''Prosopis spicigera L.'''
|-
| 181 || Shallaki || || '''Boswellia serrate Roxb.'''
|-
| 182 || Shaliparni || || '''Desmodium gangeticum D.C.'''
|-
| 183 || Shalmali || || '''Bambox malabarica D.C.'''
|-
| 184 || Shimshapa || || '''Dalbergia sisso Roxb.'''
|-
| 185 || Shigru || || '''Moringa pterygosperma Goertn.'''
|-
| 186 || Shirisha || || '''Albezzia lebbeck Benth.'''
|-
| 187 || Shringavera || || '''Zingiber officinale Rose.'''
|-
| 188 || Shringataka || || '''Trapa bispinosa Roxb.'''
|-
| 189 || Saptaparna || || '''Alstonia scholaris R. Br.'''
|-
| 190 || Sarja || || '''Shorea robusta'''
|-
| 191 || Sarshapa || || '''Brassica campestris L.'''
|-
| 192 || Sariva || || '''Hemmidesmus indicus Br.'''
|-
| 193 || Sudha || || '''Euphorbia nerifolia L.'''
|-
| 194 || Surasa || || '''Ocimum sanctum L.'''
|-
| 195 || Somaraji || || '''Proralea corylifolia L.'''
|-
| 196 || Hamsapadi || || '''Adjantum lunulatum Burm.'''
|-
| 197 || Hapusha || || '''Juniperus communis L.'''
|-
| 198 || Hastidanti || || '''Croton oblongifolius Roxb.'''
|-
| 199 || Haridraka || || '''Adina cordifolia Hook.'''
|-
| 200 || Hemadugdha || || '''Argimone mexicana L.'''
|}

Shunthi

2026-07-08T06:13:24Z

Agnivesha: /* Ayurvedic pharmacological properties */

Zingiber officinale Roscoe.
{{Infobox
|title = Shunthi
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Shunthi
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Zingiber officinale Roscoe
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Zingiberaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = Dravyaguna Team
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

==English name ==

Ginger

== Botanical Identity ==

'''Shunthi''', the dried rhizome of ''Zingiber officinale'' Roscoe (Family: '''Zingiberaceae'''), stands as a cornerstone phytopharmaceutical in traditional systems of medicine—particularly Ayurveda—while simultaneously maintaining a robust profile in modern evidence-based pharmacology. Locally referred to as ''Sonth'' or dry ginger, its processing from fresh ginger (''Ardraka'') chemically transforms its active volatile and non-volatile profiles, resulting in a distinct therapeutic matrix that exhibits high bioavailability and pronounced efficacy across multiple physiological systems.

* '''Botanical Name:''' ''Zingiber officinale'' Roscoe
* '''Family:''' Zingiberaceae
* '''Part Used:''' Dried Rhizome
* '''Vernacular Names:''' Shunthi (Sanskrit), Sonth (Hindi), Dry Ginger (English), Shukku (Tamil)

== Ayurvedic Pharmacodynamics (Dravyaguna Profile) ==

In classical Ayurvedic pharmacology, the dehydration of ginger alters its fundamental properties. Unlike fresh ginger, which carries a sharp, drying post-digestive profile, Shunthi undergoes a metabolic transformation that yields a sweet post-digestive effect (''Madhura Vipaka''), rendering it far more tolerable for long-term therapeutic application without aggravating ''Pitta dosha'' excessively.

==Therapeutic Use==

Agnimandya, Bronchial asthma (swasa), Abdominal distension (adhmana), Rheumatoid arthritis (amavata), Anaemia (pandu), Abdominal disorders (udararoga)

==Varieties==

==Bhavaprakash Nighantu<ref>Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint.2015, Chaukhambha vishvabharti, Haritakyadi Varga, p.13.</ref>==
# Raktabha
# Shweta

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==

Shunthi, Nagara, Shrungavera, Vishwa-bheshajam, Mahaushadha, Ardraka, Vishwa.

==Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu<ref>Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint.2015, Chaukhambha vishvabharti, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no. 44, p.13.</ref>==

Shunthi, Vishva, Vishv, Nagar, Vishvabheshaja, Ushana, Katubhadra, Shringavera, Mahoshadha,

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties !! Clinical Significance
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Pungent (katu) || Stimulates gustatory receptors, secretes salivary and gastric enzymes.
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) ||Hot (ushna) || Enhances metabolic rate (''Agni'') and clears systemic micro-channels ([[Srotas]])
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Aardrak (Ginger) - Pungent (katu)
Shunthi (Dry Ginger) - Sweet (madhura)
| Imparts nourishing, tissue-protective, and rejuvenative (''Rasayana'') long-term effects.
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Aardrak (Ginger) - Heavy (guru), dryness (ruksha), Sharp (tikshna)
Shunthi (Dry Ginger)- Easy to digest (laghu), unctuous (snigdha)
| Ginger counteracts the coldness of ''Kapha,'' Dry ginger acts on dryness of Vata dosha
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify Vata and Kapha
|Useful in indigestion, swellings, stiffness
|-
| 6 || [[Prabhava]] (Special Action) || Amavataghni / Grahi || Specifically targets rheumatoid conditions; acts as a bowel-binding bio-absorbent.
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/5
| Shirovirechana (Errhine therapy)
|-
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/18
| Deepaniya and Shulaghni yavagu(gruel for enhancing digestion and colic pain)
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/21
| Raktatisara yavagu(gruel used in diarrhea with blood)
|-
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/22
| Amatisara yavagu(gruel for diarrhea with indigestion)
|-
| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/24
| Pipasaghni yavagu(gruel for excess thirst)
|-
|6
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(6)
|Deepaniya (appetizer) mahakashaya
|-
|7
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(11)
|Truptighna(anti-satiety) mahakashaya
|-
|8
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(12)
|Arshoghna(anti-haemorrhoidal) mahakashaya
|-
|9
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(18)
|Stanyashodhana(galactodepurent) mahakashaya
|-
|10
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(29)
|Trishna nigrahana(thirst alleviating) mahakashay
|-
|11
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(42)
|Sheetaprashamana(pacifying cold sensation) mahakashaya
|-
|12
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(45)
|Shoolaprashamana(pacifying pain) mahakashaya
|-
|13
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]]24/49
|Sanyas Chikitsa- to regain consciousness
|-
|14
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/38
|Hitatam ahardravya(wholesome food articles) -ginger among all rhizomes and roots.
|-
|15
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/4
|All substances with pungent taste, except long pepper and ginger, are vata stimulants and aphrodisiacs.
|-
|16
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/166
|One of the drug from Harita Varga (green herbs)
|-
|17
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/166
|One of the drug from Harita Varga (green herbs)
|-
|18
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/256
|One of the drug from Krutanna Varga (cooked food preparations)
|-
|19
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/296
|One of the drug from Krutanna Varga (cooked food preparations)
|-
|20
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/51
|Rasapvada (exception in pungent (katu) rasa.
|-
|21
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/17
|Abhyantar Krimi Chikitsa (treatment of internal worms).
|-
|22
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/18
|Abhyantar Krimi Chikitsa (treatment of internal worms).
|-
|23
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135
|Vaman dravyani (As a drug for therapeutic emesis)
|-
|24
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/142
|Katuskandha (group of pungent drugs)
|-
|25
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/56
|Kshira vishodhan dravya (ingredient of galactodepurant gana)
|-
|26
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/34
|Garbhasya pratimasik karma
|-
|27
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/41
|Prajata stree paricharya
|-
|28
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/48
|Nadi kalpana
|-
|29
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/22
|Vamanartha (for therapeutic emesis)
|-
|30
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/16
|Preparation of Trivrut
|-
|31
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/29
|Preparation of Trivrit Avaleha
|-
|32
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/54
|Varshakalin Trivrrita Yoga
|-
|33
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/23
|Churna Yoga
|-
|34
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/25
|Body purification before rasayana treatment
|-
|35
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/145

|When patient is suffering with thirst (pipasa) in fever (Jwara) as an ingredient of Shadangapaniya.
Used as shrutasheetajala as it is Pipasajwarshantaye.

Used as shrutasheetajala as it is Pipasajwarshantaye.
|-
|36
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/179
|Used as lajapeya with Pippali where agnimandya but kshudha is present.
|-
|37
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/180
|Who has desire to eat sour given with Dadima.
|-
|38
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/183
|Used as peya with amla in Jwaraatisara.
|-
|39
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/186
|Used as peya where jwara(fever) is associated with Constipation(vibandha) & Kostha shoola.
|-
|40
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/188
|Used as peya with Ghrita and Sarkara where jwara is associated with Anindra(insomia), Trushna(thirst) & asweda.
|-
|41
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/198

|Used as kwath or sheeta kashaya for trushna, deepana, doshapachana, jwar,aruchi and mukhavairasya.
|-
|42
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/202
|Used in Trutiyaka jwara.
|-
|43
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/210
|Used in Sannipata jwara.
|-
|44
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/211

|As an ingredient of shatyadi varga used in kasa, svasa, tandra,parshvashoola, hrdgraha and sannipata jwara.
|-
|45
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/223
|As an ingredient of Vasadi Ghrita.
|-
|46
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/236
|Used as ksheerpaka in varch-mutra vibandha and sopha.
|-
|47
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/237
|Used as ksheerapaka in pipasa ans jwara.
|-
|48
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/250
|As an ingredient of Jivantyadi anuvasana basti.
|-
|49
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267
|As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila.
|-
|50
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/65
|Ingredient in Trayushanaadi ghrit
|-
|51
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/69
|Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya ghrit
|-
|52
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/71
|Ingredient of Hapushadya ghrit
|-
|53
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/74
|Ingredient of Pippalyadya ghrit
|-
|54
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/79
|Ingredient of Hingvadi churna
|-
|55
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/91
|Ingredient of Nagaradi Yoga
|-
|56
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/142
|Ingredient of Dashamuli Ghrit
|-
|57
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/144
|Ingredient in Bhallatakadya Ghrit for Kaphaj Gulma
|-
|58
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/147
|Ingredient in Kshir Shatpal Ghrit
|-
|59
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/156
|Ingredient of Danti- Haritaki
|-
|60
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/164
|Pathya Diet in Gulma
|-
|61
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/61
|Ingredient in Kushthaghna Yog
|-
|62
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/62
|Ingredient in Patoladi Kwath
|-
|63
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]a 7/65
|Ingredient in Mustadi Churna
|-
|64
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/77
|Ingredient in Kanakabindurisht
|-
|65
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/85
|Bahyaprayogarth lepa in mandal Kushth
|-
|66
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/109
|Ingredient in Tiktekshvadi Taila for Abhyang in Vata-Kaphaj Kushth
|-
|67
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/113
|Ingredient in Kanakakshiri Tail
|-
|68
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/34
|Ingredient in Hingvadi Ghrit
|-
|69
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/49
|Ingredient in Lasunadya Ghrit
|-
|70
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/53
|Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrit
|-
|71
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/54
|Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrit
|-
|72
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/65
|Used as Nashya and Anjan prayogarth
|-
|73
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/70
|Ingredient in Siddharthakadi Agad
|-
|74
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/20
|Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrit
|-
|75
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/43
|As a Nasya dravya
|-
|76
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/46
|Ingredient in Kayasthadi varti
|-
|77
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/48
|Ingredient in Mustadi varti
|-
|78
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/35
|Ingredient in Amrutprash Ghrit
|-
|79
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/67
|Ingredient in Chaturtha Sarpigud
|-
|80
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/85
|Ingredient in Saindhavadi Churna
|-
|81
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/89
|Ingredient in Shadav
|-
|82
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]a 11/92
|As a Vardhaman Rasayan Prayog
|-
|83
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/21
|In treatment of Kaphaj Svayathu
|-
|84
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/22
|In treatment of Kaphaj Svayathu
|-
|85
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/23
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|86
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/23
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|87
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/24
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|88
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/25
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|89
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/25
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|90
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/27
|For bhinna varch in treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|91
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/27
|For vibaddha varch in treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|92
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/29
|Ingredient in Gandiradhyarisht
|-
|93
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/41
|Ingredient in Krishnadi Churna
|-
|94
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/42
|Ingredient in Krishnadi Churna
|-
|95
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/42
|Ingredient in Krishnadi Churna
|-
|96
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43
|Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
|-
|97
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/47
|Ingredient in Gudadrak prayog
|-
|98
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/47
|Ingredient in Gudadrak prayog
|-
|99
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/50
|Ingredient in Kansaharitaki Avaleh
|-
|100
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/55
|Ingredient in Chitrakadi Ghrit
|-
|101
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/62
|As a Pathya Diet In treatment of Shvayathu
|-
|102
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/70
|As a Snan dravya in Kaphaj Shvayathu
|-
|103
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/73
|As an Unmardan dravya in Kaphaj Shvayathu
|-
|104
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/79, 13/80
|In treatment of plihodara
|-
|105
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/84
|In formulation of rohitaka ghrit
|-
|106
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/102
|In treatment of sannipatodara
|-
|107
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/103
|In treatment of kaphodara(takraprayoga)
|-
|108
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/104
|In treatment of pleehodara(takraprayoga)
|-
|109
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/105
|In treatment of dakodara (takraprayoga)
|-
|110
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/110
|In treatment of udararoga (for parisheka)
|-
|111
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/112
|In formulation of panchkola ghrit
|-
|112
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/115
|As an ingredient of nagaradi ghrit
|-
|113
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/122
|After virechana (balvruddhi arthe) mixed with dugdha.
|-
|114
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/126
|As an ingredient of narayan churna
|-
|115
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/137
|As an ingredient of nilinadya churna
|-
|116
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/142
|Used in sunthi sadhita jala after virechana by snuhisadhit ghrit
|-
|117
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/148
|Kalka used in udara roga with ksheer
|-
|118
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/163
|As an ingredient of kshara vatika
|-
|119
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/153
|Aadraka swarasa with godugdha
|-
|120
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/62
|As an ingredient of traushnadi churna
|-
|121
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/68
|Sunthi churna with sidhu used in arsha roga
|-
|122
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/70
|Sunthi and bilva churna are given with yavani and chitraka kashaya
|-
|123
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/71
|Palncakola churna is given with takra
|-
|124
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/89
|Used in peya, khada yusha, ghrit, siddhant jala
|-
|125
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/92
|Used in yavagu
|-
|126
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/97
|It removes constipation with matsyandika or amlaphala rasa or guda
|-
|127
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/99
|Used for Anuloman
|-
|128
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/103
|Use with phanita and goghrit
|-
|129
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/104
|As an ingredient of pippalyadi ghrit
|-
|130
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/107
|As an ingredient of cavyadighrit
|-
|131
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/110
|As an ingredient of nagaradya ghrit
|-
|132
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/129
|Used as anupan in arsha
|-
|133
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/153
|As an ingredient of dvitiya phalarista
|-
|134
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/186

|Mixed with kutajtwak kwath it stops bleeding from arsha
|-
|135
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/195
|Used in rakta arsha shoola
|-
|136
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/231
|As an ingredient of hriberadi ghrit
|-
|137
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/234
|As an ingredient of sunishanak changeri ghrit
|-
|138
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/76
|Panchakola sadhit peya and Anna is given in Amaja grahani roga
|-
|139
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/82
|As an ingredient of dashmuladya ghrit
|-
|140
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/87
|As an ingredient of traushnaadi ghrit
|-
|141
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/88
|As an ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrit evum churna
|-
|142
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/96
|As an ingredient of citrakadhya gutika
|-
|143
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/98
|Kalka and churna is used for aam pachana(with usnodaka)
|-
|144
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/99
|Churna of this drug with combination of vaca,musta, etc. is given in aam and shoola yukta mala
|-
|145
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/103
|Used in condition of shoola in kaphapittaja grahani
|-
|146
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/105
|Used in kaphapittaja grahani
|-
|147
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/106
|Agnivruddhiartha and for alleviating koshtha gata vayu in grahaniroga
|-
|148
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/112
|Used as an yavagu
|-
|149
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/129
|ingredient of yavagu
|-
|150
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/132
|As an ingredient of Nagaradya churna
|-
|151
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/137
|This drug is used in treatment of pittajagrahani as an ingredient of Bhunimbadya churna
|-
|152
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/142
|As an ingredient of Kiratadya churna (Pittaja Grahani chiktsa)
|-
|153
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/168
|Used as peya padartha in Kaphaja grahani
|-
|154
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/171
|Used in treatment of Kaphaja grahani
|-
|155
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/177
|As an ingredient of Pipallimuladya Kshara
|-
|156
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/189
|As an ingredient of Bhallataka Kshara
|-
|157
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/89
|As an ingredient of pancamuladya ghrita evum churna
|-
|158
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/44

|As an ingredient of Dadimadi Ghrit
|-
|159
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/66
|Used in Swarnakshiradi yoga
|-
|160
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/72
|As in ingredient of mandur bhasma prayoga
|-
|161
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/87
|As in ingredient of Shilajatu Vataka
|-
|162
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/100
|As in ingredient of Dhatryavleha
|-
|163
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/129
|Used as Pathya in Shakhashrit Kamla
|-
|164
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/44

|As an ingredient of Dadimadi Ghrit
|-
|165
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/66
|Used in Swarnakshiradi yoga
|-
|166
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/72
|As in ingredient of mandur bhasma prayoga
|-
|167
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/87
|As in ingredient of Shilajatu Vataka
|-
|168
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/100
|As in ingredient of Dhatryavleha
|-
|169
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/129
|Used as Pathya in Shakhashrit Kamla
|-
|170
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/97
|Used in yusha preparation for hikka svasa
|-
|171
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/100
|Used in yusha preparation for hikka svasa
|-
|172
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/102
|Used in yavagu preparation for hikka svasa
|-
|173
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/104
|Used as annapana for hikka svasa
|-
|174
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/109
|As an ingredient of sauvarchaladi churna
|-
|175
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/110
|Kalka is used in hikka svasa
|-
|176
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/111
|Used in preparation of Utkarika.
|-
|177
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/123
|As an ingredient of shatyadi churna.
|-
|178
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/130
|Churna mixed with guda is used for prashana and nasya
|-
|179
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/136
|Used as lehya.
|-
|180
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/112

|Use as an ingredient of kataphaladi kwath.
|-
|181
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/114
|Use as an ingredient of pathadi kalka.
|-
|182
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/36
|As a ghrita dravya
|-
|183
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/47
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|184
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/49
|
As a yoga dravya
|-
|185
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/63
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|186
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/74
|As an ingredient of dhumapan yoga.
|-
|187
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/77
|As an ingredient of peya yoga.
|-
|188
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/99

|Use in treatment of pittaj kasa.
|-
|189
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/106
|As an ingredient of sarkaradi yoga.
|-
|190
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/115
|As an ingredient of nagaradi yoga.
|-
|191
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/118
|As an ingredient of yoga which use in vataanubandhi kapha.
|-
|192
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/122
|Use in vataj and kaphaj kasa.
|-
|193
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/146

|As an ingredient of manahsiladi dhoom.
|-
|194
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/159
|As an ingredient of dwipanchamuladi ghrita.
|-
|195
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/161
|As an ingredient of guduchyadi ghrita.
|-
|196
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/163
|As an ingredient of kasamaryadi ghrita.
|-
|197
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/87
|As a yoga dravya in treatmen of pittaj kasa
|-
|198
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/120
|As a yoga dravya.
|-
|199
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/20
|
As a pramthya dravya
|-
|200
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/26

|As a Ingridient of dipaniya and sangrahi gana
|-
|201
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/37
|As a prakshep dravya
|-
|202
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/40
|As a yoga dravya in treatment of purisha kshaya.
|-
|203
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/43
|As an ingredient of changeri ghrita
|-
|204
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/53
|As a yoga dravya in pittaj atisara.
|-
|205
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/54
|As a yoga dravya in pittaj atisara.
|-
|206
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/107
|As a yoga dravya in ajajyadi churna.
|-
|207
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/108
|As a yoga dravya in rasanjanadi churna.
|-
|208
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/109
|As a yoga dravya.
|-
|209
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/110
|As a yoga dravya.
|-
|210
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/111
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|211
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/54
|As a yoga dravya in treatment of pittaj atisara
|-
|212
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/22
|As a amapachak dravya
|-
|213
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/80
|As a ingredient of darvyadi ghrita .
|-
|214
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/104
|As a kwath dravya
|-
|215
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/114
|
As a yoga dravya
|-
|216
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/58
|For kashaya pana.
|-
|217
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/189

|Used in the treatment of Kapha pradhana visha, as a pratisarana prayoga.
|-
|218
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/205
|Used in the treatment of Mushika visha.
|-
|219
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/209
|Used in the treatment of vrushchika visha.
|-
|220
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/13
|Used to make Udavarta varti.
|-
|221
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/22
|As an ingredient of 2nd Dviruttarahingvadi churna.
|-
|222
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/55
|As an ingredient of Vyoshadi churn used in Kaphaja mutrakruchhra.
|-
|223
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/60
|As an ingredient of Pashanbhedadi churna.
|-
|224
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/83
|As an ingredient of Haritakyadi Ghrita.
|-
|225
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/84
|Used in Vataja Hrudroga.
|-
|226
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/85
|As an ingredient of Pushkarmuladi yoga.
|-
|227
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87
|As an ingredient of Trushanadi Ghrita.
|-
|228
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/94
|As an ingredient of Kasherukadi Ghrita.
|-
|229
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/97
|As an ingredient of Katphaladi kashaya used in kaphaja hrudroga.
|-
|230
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/97
|Used in kaphaja hrudroga.
|-
|231
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/98
|As an ingredient of Udumbaravleha.
|-
|232
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/144
|Used as shruta paya in kaphaja pratishyaya.
|-
|233
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/150
|Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya.
|-
|234
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/152
|Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya for pradhamana.
|-
|235
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/156
|Pathya anna in kaphaja pratishyaya.
|-
|236
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/186
|Used in Kaphaja Siroroga for Avapeeda nasya.
|-
|237
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/192
|As an ingredient of Kshara gutika.
|-
|238
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/194
|As an ingredient of Kalak churna.
|-
|239
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/198
|As an ingredient of Mrudvikadi churna.
|-
|240
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/217
|Used in Kavala in Arochaka.
|-
|241
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/222
|Used in Hingvadi taila in Karnapoorana.
|-
|242
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/223
|Used in Devadarvyadi taila in Karnashoola.
|-
|243
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/226
|As an ingredient of Kshara taila.
|-
|244
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/232
|Used in Vataja netra roga.
|-
|245
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/239
|Used in Kaphaja netra roga for Aaschotana karma.
|-
|246
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/242
|As an ingredient of Saindhavadi varti.
|-
|247
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/252
|As an ingredient of Sukhavati varti.
|-
|248
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/287
|Used in Kaphaja swarbheda.
|-
|249
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/45

|As an ingredient of Saindhavadi Taila
|-
|250
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/47
|As an ingredient of Ashtakatvar Taila
|-
|251
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/52
|As an ingredient of Tarkaryadi Parisechana
|-
|252
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/122
|As an ingredient of Chitrakadi ghrita.
|-
|253
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/137
|As an ingredient of Mulaka taila.
|-
|254
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/168
|As an ingredient of Mulakadhya taila.
|-
|255
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/172
|As an ingredient of Mulaka taila.
|-
|256
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/147
|As an ingredient of Shvdamstra taila.
|-
|257
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/89
|Used in the treatment of Vataja Asrigdara.
|-
|258
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/261
|As a paniya yoga, in the treatment of Stanya dosha.
|-
|259
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/266
|Used in the treatment of Phena sanghat.
|-
|260
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/266
|Used in the treatment of Phena sanghat, As an ingredient of Anjanadi lepa.
|-
|261
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/277
|Used in the treatment of Pichhila stanya.
|-
|262
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/280
|Used in the treatment of Gaurava stanya dosha, as an ingredient of Pippalyadi kwatha.
|-
|263
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/92
|As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna.
|-
|264
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/267
|Used in the treatment of Phena sanghat, As an ingredient of Kiratatiktadi kwatha.
|}

==Dose<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:65.</ref>==

* Churna – 1 – 2 gm

==Important formulations<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:65.</ref>==

* Saubhagya Shunthi
* Saubhagya Vati
* Trikatu Churna
* Vaishvanara Churna

== Current availability==

Available
* In India –
Kerala, Assam, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Karnataka, Odisha, West bengal
* Out of India –
China, Nigeria, Indonesia, Thailand, Jamaica, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Nepal, Vietnam, Philippines

== Current researches ==
== Phytochemical Architecture ==
The processing of fresh ginger into Shunthi significantly shifts its chemical composition. The primary thermogenic and bioactive markers are phenolic compounds and volatile oils<ref>'''Unuofin, J. O., et al.''' (2021). ''Phytochemical structures and therapeutic potentials of Zingiber officinale compounds.'' Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 273, 113997.</ref>:

* '''Gingerols ([6]-, [8]-, and [10]-gingerol):''' The primary pungent fluid components dominant in fresh ginger.
* '''Shogaols ([6]-, [8]-, and [10]-shogaol):''' Formed via the thermal dehydration of gingerols during the drying process. '''[6]-shogaol''' exhibits up to twice the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potency of its precursor, making Shunthi pharmacologically distinct from fresh ginger.<ref>'''Schepici, G., et al.''' (2021). ''The anti-inflammatory potential of ginger and its constituents in neurodegenerative and arthritic diseases.'' Molecules, 26(18), 5642.</ref>
* '''Zingerone & Paradols:''' Secondary degradation products that contribute significantly to free-radical scavenging.
* '''Volatile Oils (Sesquiterpenes):''' Comprising α-zingiberene, β-sesquiphellandrene, and ar-curcumene, responsible for its distinct aromatic properties.

== Modern Pharmacological Validation & Therapeutic Efficacy ==

=== A. Gastrointestinal Efficacy (Deepana, Pachana, & Anulomana) ===
Shunthi acts as a potent prokinetic and antiemetic agent via central and peripheral mechanisms.

* '''Antiemetic & Nausea Regulation:''' Clinical meta-analyses validate that oral doses ranging from 500 mg to 1,500 mg daily significantly reduce pregnancy-associated nausea and vomiting (NVP) as well as chemotherapy-induced emesis. The mechanism is mediated via the competitive antagonism of peripheral '''5-HT3 receptors''' and cholinergic M3 receptors in the gastrointestinal tract.<ref>'''Ernst, E., & Pittler, M. H.''' (2000). ''Efficacy of ginger for nausea and vomiting: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials.'' British Journal of Anaesthesia, 84(3), 367-371.</ref>
* '''Gastroprotective and Prokinetic Action:''' Shunthi accelerates gastric emptying and stimulates gastric acid, bile, and pancreatic enzyme secretion, effectively resolving functional dyspepsia, abdominal bloating, and colicky pain.

=== B. Anti-Inflammatory & Analgesic Efficacy (Amavataghni) ===
In conditions like Rheumatoid Arthritis (''Amavata'') and Osteoarthritis, Shunthi acts as a natural dual-inhibitor of inflammatory cascades.

: '''Biochemical Mechanism:''' The active fractions ([6]-shogaol and [6]-gingerol) suppress the activation of Nuclear Factor-kappa B ('''NF-κB'''). This leads to down-regulation of '''COX-2''' (Cyclooxygenase-2) and '''LOX''' (Lipoxygenase) pathways, preventing the synthesis of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins (PGE2) and leukotrienes.<ref>'''Jalali, M., et al.''' (2020). ''The effects of ginger supplementation on biomarkers of oxidative stress: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.'' Clinical Nutrition, 39(12), 3598-3606.</ref>

Unlike conventional Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), Shunthi exerts these anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive actions without compromising the gastric mucosa, due to its concurrent cytoprotective mucin-stimulating properties.

=== C. Cardio-Metabolic and Vascular Regulation (Hrudya) ===
Recent clinical and animal trials demonstrate that Shunthi exerts a multi-target protective effect on the cardiovascular and metabolic systems<ref name=":0">'''Wang, J., et al.''' (2017). ''Beneficial effects of ginger on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Syndrome: A systems-level overview.'' Phytomedicine, 34, 184-198.</ref>:

* '''Calcium Channel Blockade:''' Shunthi extracts display calcium (Ca2+) channel-blocking activity, shifting Ca2+ dose-response curves to relax vascular smooth muscles. This results in vasodilation and a systemic reduction in blood pressure.
* '''PPARα Agonism:''' It activates Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor alpha (PPARα), enhancing fatty acid oxidation in myocytes, thereby attenuating myocardial hypertrophy and reducing risks of atherosclerosis.
* '''Glycemic Control:''' Meta-analyses show that daily supplementation significantly lowers '''HbA1c''' and fasting blood glucose in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients by improving insulin sensitivity and up-regulating GLUT4 transporters.<ref name=":0" />

<pre>
[6]-Shogaol / [6]-Gingerol (Active Constituents)
│
┌────────────────┴────────────────┐
▼ ▼
Inhibition of NF-κB Ca²⁺ Channel Blockade
│ │
▼ ▼
↓ COX-2 & LOX Pathways Vasodilation of
(↓ CRP, ↓ TNF-α, ↓ PGE₂) Vascular Smooth Muscle
│ │
▼ ▼
Clinical: Alleviation of Clinical: Reduction of
Arthritis & Joint Pain Systemic Blood Pressure
</pre>

== Clinical Safety, Dosage, and Contraindications ==
Shunthi enjoys a wide therapeutic index and is designated as '''GRAS''' (Generally Recognized as Safe) by global regulatory bodies. However, its high thermal potency warrants structured clinical application.

* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Churna (Crude Powder):'' 1 - 3 g per day in divided doses.<ref>'''Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API).''' ''Zingiber officinale Rosc. - Rhizome Monograph.'' Part-I, Volume I, Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.</ref>
** ''Extract:'' 250 - 500 mg two to three times daily.
* '''Adverse Effects:''' Excessive consumption on an empty stomach may occasionally cause mild heartburn, eructation, or gastric irritation in highly sensitive ''Pitta''-dominant individuals.
* '''Drug Interactions:''' Due to its mild anti-platelet and calcium-channel-blocking properties, cautious monitoring is recommended when co-administered with high-dose synthetic anticoagulants (e.g., Warfarin) or prescription antihypertensives.
* '''Contraindications:''' Acute peptic ulceration, active GI bleeding, and inflammatory dermatological conditions characterized by extreme ''Pitta'' vitiation.

== References ==
[[index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Shunthi

2026-07-08T05:34:15Z

Agnivesha:

Zingiber officinale Roscoe.
{{Infobox
|title = Shunthi
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Shunthi
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Zingiber officinale Roscoe
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Zingiberaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = Dravyaguna Team
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

==English name ==

Ginger

== Botanical Identity ==

'''Shunthi''', the dried rhizome of ''Zingiber officinale'' Roscoe (Family: '''Zingiberaceae'''), stands as a cornerstone phytopharmaceutical in traditional systems of medicine—particularly Ayurveda—while simultaneously maintaining a robust profile in modern evidence-based pharmacology. Locally referred to as ''Sonth'' or dry ginger, its processing from fresh ginger (''Ardraka'') chemically transforms its active volatile and non-volatile profiles, resulting in a distinct therapeutic matrix that exhibits high bioavailability and pronounced efficacy across multiple physiological systems.

* '''Botanical Name:''' ''Zingiber officinale'' Roscoe
* '''Family:''' Zingiberaceae
* '''Part Used:''' Dried Rhizome
* '''Vernacular Names:''' Shunthi (Sanskrit), Sonth (Hindi), Dry Ginger (English), Shukku (Tamil)

== Ayurvedic Pharmacodynamics (Dravyaguna Profile) ==

In classical Ayurvedic pharmacology, the dehydration of ginger alters its fundamental properties. Unlike fresh ginger, which carries a sharp, drying post-digestive profile, Shunthi undergoes a metabolic transformation that yields a sweet post-digestive effect (''Madhura Vipaka''), rendering it far more tolerable for long-term therapeutic application without aggravating ''Pitta dosha'' excessively.

==Therapeutic Use==

Agnimandya, Bronchial asthma (swasa), Abdominal distension (adhmana), Rheumatoid arthritis (amavata), Anaemia (pandu), Abdominal disorders (udararoga)

==Varieties==

==Bhavaprakash Nighantu<ref>Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint.2015, Chaukhambha vishvabharti, Haritakyadi Varga, p.13.</ref>==
# Raktabha
# Shweta

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==

Shunthi, Nagara, Shrungavera, Vishwa-bheshajam, Mahaushadha, Ardraka, Vishwa.

==Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu<ref>Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint.2015, Chaukhambha vishvabharti, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no. 44, p.13.</ref>==

Shunthi, Vishva, Vishv, Nagar, Vishvabheshaja, Ushana, Katubhadra, Shringavera, Mahoshadha,

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties !! Clinical Significance
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Pungent (katu) || Stimulates gustatory receptors, secretes salivary and gastric enzymes.
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) ||Hot (ushna) || Enhances metabolic rate (''Agni'') and clears systemic micro-channels ([[Srotas]])
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura) || Imparts nourishing, tissue-protective, and rejuvenative (''Rasayana'') long-term effects.
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Heavy (guru), Rough (ruksha), Sharp (tikshna) || Counteracts the coldness of ''Kapha''.
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify Vata and Kapha
|-
| 6 || [[Prabhava]] (Special Action) || Amavataghni / Grahi || Specifically targets rheumatoid conditions; acts as a bowel-binding bio-absorbent.
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/5
| Shirovirechana (Errhine therapy)
|-
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/18
| Deepaniya and Shulaghni yavagu(gruel for enhancing digestion and colic pain)
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/21
| Raktatisara yavagu(gruel used in diarrhea with blood)
|-
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/22
| Amatisara yavagu(gruel for diarrhea with indigestion)
|-
| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/24
| Pipasaghni yavagu(gruel for excess thirst)
|-
|6
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(6)
|Deepaniya (appetizer) mahakashaya
|-
|7
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(11)
|Truptighna(anti-satiety) mahakashaya
|-
|8
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(12)
|Arshoghna(anti-haemorrhoidal) mahakashaya
|-
|9
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(18)
|Stanyashodhana(galactodepurent) mahakashaya
|-
|10
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(29)
|Trishna nigrahana(thirst alleviating) mahakashay
|-
|11
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(42)
|Sheetaprashamana(pacifying cold sensation) mahakashaya
|-
|12
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(45)
|Shoolaprashamana(pacifying pain) mahakashaya
|-
|13
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]]24/49
|Sanyas Chikitsa- to regain consciousness
|-
|14
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/38
|Hitatam ahardravya(wholesome food articles) -ginger among all rhizomes and roots.
|-
|15
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/4
|All substances with pungent taste, except long pepper and ginger, are vata stimulants and aphrodisiacs.
|-
|16
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/166
|One of the drug from Harita Varga (green herbs)
|-
|17
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/166
|One of the drug from Harita Varga (green herbs)
|-
|18
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/256
|One of the drug from Krutanna Varga (cooked food preparations)
|-
|19
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/296
|One of the drug from Krutanna Varga (cooked food preparations)
|-
|20
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/51
|Rasapvada (exception in pungent (katu) rasa.
|-
|21
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/17
|Abhyantar Krimi Chikitsa (treatment of internal worms).
|-
|22
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/18
|Abhyantar Krimi Chikitsa (treatment of internal worms).
|-
|23
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135
|Vaman dravyani (As a drug for therapeutic emesis)
|-
|24
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/142
|Katuskandha (group of pungent drugs)
|-
|25
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/56
|Kshira vishodhan dravya (ingredient of galactodepurant gana)
|-
|26
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/34
|Garbhasya pratimasik karma
|-
|27
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/41
|Prajata stree paricharya
|-
|28
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/48
|Nadi kalpana
|-
|29
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/22
|Vamanartha (for therapeutic emesis)
|-
|30
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/16
|Preparation of Trivrut
|-
|31
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/29
|Preparation of Trivrit Avaleha
|-
|32
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/54
|Varshakalin Trivrrita Yoga
|-
|33
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/23
|Churna Yoga
|-
|34
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/25
|Body purification before rasayana treatment
|-
|35
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/145

|When patient is suffering with thirst (pipasa) in fever (Jwara) as an ingredient of Shadangapaniya.
Used as shrutasheetajala as it is Pipasajwarshantaye.

Used as shrutasheetajala as it is Pipasajwarshantaye.
|-
|36
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/179
|Used as lajapeya with Pippali where agnimandya but kshudha is present.
|-
|37
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/180
|Who has desire to eat sour given with Dadima.
|-
|38
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/183
|Used as peya with amla in Jwaraatisara.
|-
|39
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/186
|Used as peya where jwara(fever) is associated with Constipation(vibandha) & Kostha shoola.
|-
|40
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/188
|Used as peya with Ghrita and Sarkara where jwara is associated with Anindra(insomia), Trushna(thirst) & asweda.
|-
|41
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/198

|Used as kwath or sheeta kashaya for trushna, deepana, doshapachana, jwar,aruchi and mukhavairasya.
|-
|42
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/202
|Used in Trutiyaka jwara.
|-
|43
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/210
|Used in Sannipata jwara.
|-
|44
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/211

|As an ingredient of shatyadi varga used in kasa, svasa, tandra,parshvashoola, hrdgraha and sannipata jwara.
|-
|45
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/223
|As an ingredient of Vasadi Ghrita.
|-
|46
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/236
|Used as ksheerpaka in varch-mutra vibandha and sopha.
|-
|47
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/237
|Used as ksheerapaka in pipasa ans jwara.
|-
|48
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/250
|As an ingredient of Jivantyadi anuvasana basti.
|-
|49
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267
|As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila.
|-
|50
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/65
|Ingredient in Trayushanaadi ghrit
|-
|51
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/69
|Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya ghrit
|-
|52
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/71
|Ingredient of Hapushadya ghrit
|-
|53
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/74
|Ingredient of Pippalyadya ghrit
|-
|54
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/79
|Ingredient of Hingvadi churna
|-
|55
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/91
|Ingredient of Nagaradi Yoga
|-
|56
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/142
|Ingredient of Dashamuli Ghrit
|-
|57
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/144
|Ingredient in Bhallatakadya Ghrit for Kaphaj Gulma
|-
|58
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/147
|Ingredient in Kshir Shatpal Ghrit
|-
|59
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/156
|Ingredient of Danti- Haritaki
|-
|60
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/164
|Pathya Diet in Gulma
|-
|61
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/61
|Ingredient in Kushthaghna Yog
|-
|62
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/62
|Ingredient in Patoladi Kwath
|-
|63
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]a 7/65
|Ingredient in Mustadi Churna
|-
|64
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/77
|Ingredient in Kanakabindurisht
|-
|65
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/85
|Bahyaprayogarth lepa in mandal Kushth
|-
|66
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/109
|Ingredient in Tiktekshvadi Taila for Abhyang in Vata-Kaphaj Kushth
|-
|67
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/113
|Ingredient in Kanakakshiri Tail
|-
|68
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/34
|Ingredient in Hingvadi Ghrit
|-
|69
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/49
|Ingredient in Lasunadya Ghrit
|-
|70
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/53
|Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrit
|-
|71
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/54
|Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrit
|-
|72
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/65
|Used as Nashya and Anjan prayogarth
|-
|73
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/70
|Ingredient in Siddharthakadi Agad
|-
|74
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/20
|Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrit
|-
|75
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/43
|As a Nasya dravya
|-
|76
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/46
|Ingredient in Kayasthadi varti
|-
|77
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/48
|Ingredient in Mustadi varti
|-
|78
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/35
|Ingredient in Amrutprash Ghrit
|-
|79
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/67
|Ingredient in Chaturtha Sarpigud
|-
|80
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/85
|Ingredient in Saindhavadi Churna
|-
|81
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/89
|Ingredient in Shadav
|-
|82
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]a 11/92
|As a Vardhaman Rasayan Prayog
|-
|83
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/21
|In treatment of Kaphaj Svayathu
|-
|84
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/22
|In treatment of Kaphaj Svayathu
|-
|85
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/23
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|86
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/23
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|87
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/24
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|88
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/25
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|89
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/25
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|90
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/27
|For bhinna varch in treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|91
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/27
|For vibaddha varch in treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|92
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/29
|Ingredient in Gandiradhyarisht
|-
|93
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/41
|Ingredient in Krishnadi Churna
|-
|94
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/42
|Ingredient in Krishnadi Churna
|-
|95
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/42
|Ingredient in Krishnadi Churna
|-
|96
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43
|Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
|-
|97
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/47
|Ingredient in Gudadrak prayog
|-
|98
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/47
|Ingredient in Gudadrak prayog
|-
|99
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/50
|Ingredient in Kansaharitaki Avaleh
|-
|100
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/55
|Ingredient in Chitrakadi Ghrit
|-
|101
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/62
|As a Pathya Diet In treatment of Shvayathu
|-
|102
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/70
|As a Snan dravya in Kaphaj Shvayathu
|-
|103
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/73
|As an Unmardan dravya in Kaphaj Shvayathu
|-
|104
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/79, 13/80
|In treatment of plihodara
|-
|105
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/84
|In formulation of rohitaka ghrit
|-
|106
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/102
|In treatment of sannipatodara
|-
|107
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/103
|In treatment of kaphodara(takraprayoga)
|-
|108
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/104
|In treatment of pleehodara(takraprayoga)
|-
|109
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/105
|In treatment of dakodara (takraprayoga)
|-
|110
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/110
|In treatment of udararoga (for parisheka)
|-
|111
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/112
|In formulation of panchkola ghrit
|-
|112
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/115
|As an ingredient of nagaradi ghrit
|-
|113
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/122
|After virechana (balvruddhi arthe) mixed with dugdha.
|-
|114
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/126
|As an ingredient of narayan churna
|-
|115
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/137
|As an ingredient of nilinadya churna
|-
|116
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/142
|Used in sunthi sadhita jala after virechana by snuhisadhit ghrit
|-
|117
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/148
|Kalka used in udara roga with ksheer
|-
|118
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/163
|As an ingredient of kshara vatika
|-
|119
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/153
|Aadraka swarasa with godugdha
|-
|120
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/62
|As an ingredient of traushnadi churna
|-
|121
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/68
|Sunthi churna with sidhu used in arsha roga
|-
|122
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/70
|Sunthi and bilva churna are given with yavani and chitraka kashaya
|-
|123
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/71
|Palncakola churna is given with takra
|-
|124
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/89
|Used in peya, khada yusha, ghrit, siddhant jala
|-
|125
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/92
|Used in yavagu
|-
|126
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/97
|It removes constipation with matsyandika or amlaphala rasa or guda
|-
|127
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/99
|Used for Anuloman
|-
|128
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/103
|Use with phanita and goghrit
|-
|129
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/104
|As an ingredient of pippalyadi ghrit
|-
|130
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/107
|As an ingredient of cavyadighrit
|-
|131
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/110
|As an ingredient of nagaradya ghrit
|-
|132
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/129
|Used as anupan in arsha
|-
|133
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/153
|As an ingredient of dvitiya phalarista
|-
|134
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/186

|Mixed with kutajtwak kwath it stops bleeding from arsha
|-
|135
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/195
|Used in rakta arsha shoola
|-
|136
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/231
|As an ingredient of hriberadi ghrit
|-
|137
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/234
|As an ingredient of sunishanak changeri ghrit
|-
|138
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/76
|Panchakola sadhit peya and Anna is given in Amaja grahani roga
|-
|139
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/82
|As an ingredient of dashmuladya ghrit
|-
|140
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/87
|As an ingredient of traushnaadi ghrit
|-
|141
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/88
|As an ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrit evum churna
|-
|142
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/96
|As an ingredient of citrakadhya gutika
|-
|143
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/98
|Kalka and churna is used for aam pachana(with usnodaka)
|-
|144
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/99
|Churna of this drug with combination of vaca,musta, etc. is given in aam and shoola yukta mala
|-
|145
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/103
|Used in condition of shoola in kaphapittaja grahani
|-
|146
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/105
|Used in kaphapittaja grahani
|-
|147
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/106
|Agnivruddhiartha and for alleviating kostha gaya kayu in grahaniroga
|-
|148
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/112
|Used as an yavagu
|-
|149
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/129
|ingredient of yavagu
|-
|150
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/132
|As an ingredient of Nagaradhya churna
|-
|151
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/137
|This drug is used in treatment of pittajagrahani as an ingredient of Bhunimbadhya churna
|-
|152
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/142
|As an ingredient of Kiratadhya churna (Pittaja Grahani chiktsa)
|-
|153
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/168
|Used as peya padartha in Kaphaja grahani
|-
|154
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/171
|Used in treatment of Kaphaja grahani
|-
|155
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/177
|As an ingredient of Pipallimuladhya Kshara
|-
|156
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/189
|As an ingredient of Bhallataka Kshara
|-
|157
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/89
|As an ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrit evum churna
|-
|158
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/44

|As an ingredient of Dadimadi Ghrit
|-
|159
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/66
|Used in Swarnakshiradi yoga
|-
|160
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/72
|As in ingredient of mandur bhasma prayoga
|-
|161
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/87
|As in ingredient of Shilajatu Vataka
|-
|162
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/100
|As in ingredient of Dhatryavleha
|-
|163
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/129
|Used as Pathya in Shakhashrit Kamla
|-
|164
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/44

|As an ingredient of Dadimadi Ghrit
|-
|165
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/66
|Used in Swarnakshiradi yoga
|-
|166
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/72
|As in ingredient of mandur bhasma prayoga
|-
|167
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/87
|As in ingredient of Shilajatu Vataka
|-
|168
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/100
|As in ingredient of Dhatryavleha
|-
|169
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/129
|Used as Pathya in Shakhashrit Kamla
|-
|170
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/97
|Used in yusha preparation for hikka svasa
|-
|171
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/100
|Used in yusha preparation for hikka svasa
|-
|172
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/102
|Used in yavagu preparation for hikka svasa
|-
|173
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/104
|Used as annapana for hikka svasa
|-
|174
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/109
|As an ingredient of sauvarchaladi churna
|-
|175
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/110
|Kalka is used in hikka svasa
|-
|176
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/111
|Used in preparation of Utkarika.
|-
|177
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/123
|As an ingredient of satyadi churna.
|-
|178
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/130
|Churna mixed with guda is used for prashana and nasya
|-
|179
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/136
|Used as lehya.
|-
|180
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/112

|Use as an ingredient of kataphaladi kwath.
|-
|181
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/114
|Use as an ingredient of pathadi kalka.
|-
|182
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/36
|As a ghrita dravya
|-
|183
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/47
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|184
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/49
|
As a yoga dravya
|-
|185
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/63
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|186
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/74
|As an ingredient of dhumapan yoga.
|-
|187
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/77
|As an ingredient of peya yoga.
|-
|188
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/99

|Use in treatment of pittaj kasa.
|-
|189
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/106
|As an ingredient of sarkaradi yoga.
|-
|190
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/115
|As an ingredient of nagaradi yoga.
|-
|191
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/118
|As an ingredient of yoga which use in vataanubandhi kapha.
|-
|192
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/122
|Use in vataj and kaphaj kasa.
|-
|193
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/146

|As an ingredient of manahsiladi dhoom.
|-
|194
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/159
|As an ingredient of dwipanchamuladi ghrita.
|-
|195
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/161
|As an ingredient of guduchyadi ghrita.
|-
|196
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/163
|As an ingredient of kasamaryadi ghrita.
|-
|197
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/87
|As a yoga dravya in treatmen of pittaj kasa
|-
|198
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/120
|As a yoga dravya.
|-
|199
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/20
|
As a pramthya dravya
|-
|200
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/26

|As a Ingridient of dipaniya and sangrahi gana
|-
|201
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/37
|As a prakshep dravya
|-
|202
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/40
|As a yoga dravya in treatment of purisha kshaya.
|-
|203
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/43
|As an ingredient of changeri ghrita
|-
|204
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/53
|As a yoga dravya in pittaj atisara.
|-
|205
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/54
|As a yoga dravya in pittaj atisara.
|-
|206
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/107
|As a yoga dravya in ajajyadi churna.
|-
|207
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/108
|As a yoga dravya in rasanjanadi churna.
|-
|208
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/109
|As a yoga dravya.
|-
|209
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/110
|As a yoga dravya.
|-
|210
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/111
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|211
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/54
|As a yoga dravya in treatment of pittaj atisara
|-
|212
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/22
|As a amapachak dravya
|-
|213
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/80
|As a ingredient of darvyadi ghrita .
|-
|214
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/104
|As a kwath dravya
|-
|215
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/114
|
As a yoga dravya
|-
|216
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/58
|For kashaya pana.
|-
|217
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/189

|Used in the treatment of Kapha pradhana visha, as a pratisarana prayoga.
|-
|218
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/205
|Used in the treatment of Mushika visha.
|-
|219
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/209
|Used in the treatment of vrushchika visha.
|-
|220
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/13
|Used to make Udavarta varti.
|-
|221
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/22
|As an ingredient of 2nd Dviruttarahingvadi churna.
|-
|222
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/55
|As an ingredient of Vyoshadi churn used in Kaphaja mutrakruchhra.
|-
|223
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/60
|As an ingredient of Pashanbhedadi churna.
|-
|224
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/83
|As an ingredient of Haritakyadi Ghrita.
|-
|225
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/84
|Used in Vataja Hrudroga.
|-
|226
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/85
|As an ingredient of Pushkarmuladi yoga.
|-
|227
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87
|As an ingredient of Trushanadi Ghrita.
|-
|228
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/94
|As an ingredient of Kasherukadi Ghrita.
|-
|229
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/97
|As an ingredient of Katphaladi kashaya used in kaphaja hrudroga.
|-
|230
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/97
|Used in kaphaja hrudroga.
|-
|231
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/98
|As an ingredient of Udumbaravleha.
|-
|232
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/144
|Used as shruta paya in kaphaja pratishyaya.
|-
|233
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/150
|Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya.
|-
|234
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/152
|Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya for pradhamana.
|-
|235
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/156
|Pathya anna in kaphaja pratishyaya.
|-
|236
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/186
|Used in Kaphaja Siroroga for Avapeeda nasya.
|-
|237
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/192
|As an ingredient of Kshara gutika.
|-
|238
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/194
|As an ingredient of Kalak churna.
|-
|239
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/198
|As an ingredient of Mrudvikadi churna.
|-
|240
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/217
|Used in Kavala in Arochaka.
|-
|241
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/222
|Used in Hingvadi taila in Karnapoorana.
|-
|242
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/223
|Used in Devadarvyadi taila in Karnashoola.
|-
|243
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/226
|As an ingredient of Kshara taila.
|-
|244
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/232
|Used in Vataja netra roga.
|-
|245
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/239
|Used in Kaphaja netra roga for Aaschotana karma.
|-
|246
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/242
|As an ingredient of Saindhavadi varti.
|-
|247
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/252
|As an ingredient of Sukhavati varti.
|-
|248
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/287
|Used in Kaphaja swarbheda.
|-
|249
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/45

|As an ingredient of Saindhavadi Taila
|-
|250
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/47
|As an ingredient of Ashtakatvar Taila
|-
|251
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/52
|As an ingredient of Tarkaryadi Parisechana
|-
|252
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/122
|As an ingredient of Chitrakadi ghrita.
|-
|253
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/137
|As an ingredient of Mulaka taila.
|-
|254
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/168
|As an ingredient of Mulakadhya taila.
|-
|255
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/172
|As an ingredient of Mulaka taila.
|-
|256
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/147
|As an ingredient of Shvdamstra taila.
|-
|257
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/89
|Used in the treatment of Vataja Asrigdara.
|-
|258
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/261
|As a paniya yoga, in the treatment of Stanya dosha.
|-
|259
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/266
|Used in the treatment of Phena sanghat.
|-
|260
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/266
|Used in the treatment of Phena sanghat, As an ingredient of Anjanadi lepa.
|-
|261
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/277
|Used in the treatment of Pichhila stanya.
|-
|262
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/280
|Used in the treatment of Gaurava stanya dosha, as an ingredient of Pippalyadi kwatha.
|-
|263
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/92
|As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna.
|-
|264
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/267
|Used in the treatment of Phena sanghat, As an ingredient of Kiratatiktadi kwatha.
|-
|}

==Dose<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:65.</ref>==

* Churna – 1 – 2 gm

==Important formulations<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:65.</ref>==

* Saubhagya Shunthi
* Saubhagya Vati
* Trikatu Churna
* Vaishvanara Churna

== Current availability==

Available
* In India –
Kerala, Assam, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Karnataka, Odisha, West bengal
* Out of India –
China, Nigeria, Indonesia, Thailand, Jamaica, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Nepal, Vietnam, Philippines

== Current researches ==
== Phytochemical Architecture ==
The processing of fresh ginger into Shunthi significantly shifts its chemical composition. The primary thermogenic and bioactive markers are phenolic compounds and volatile oils:

* '''Gingerols ([6]-, [8]-, and [10]-gingerol):''' The primary pungent fluid components dominant in fresh ginger.
* '''Shogaols ([6]-, [8]-, and [10]-shogaol):''' Formed via the thermal dehydration of gingerols during the drying process. '''[6]-shogaol''' exhibits up to twice the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potency of its precursor, making Shunthi pharmacologically distinct from fresh ginger.
* '''Zingerone & Paradols:''' Secondary degradation products that contribute significantly to free-radical scavenging.
* '''Volatile Oils (Sesquiterpenes):''' Comprising α-zingiberene, β-sesquiphellandrene, and ar-curcumene, responsible for its distinct aromatic properties.

== Modern Pharmacological Validation & Therapeutic Efficacy ==

=== A. Gastrointestinal Efficacy (Deepana, Pachana, & Anulomana) ===
Shunthi acts as a potent prokinetic and antiemetic agent via central and peripheral mechanisms.

* '''Antiemetic & Nausea Regulation:''' Clinical meta-analyses validate that oral doses ranging from 500 mg to 1,500 mg daily significantly reduce pregnancy-associated nausea and vomiting (NVP) as well as chemotherapy-induced emesis. The mechanism is mediated via the competitive antagonism of peripheral '''5-HT3 receptors''' and cholinergic M3 receptors in the gastrointestinal tract.
* '''Gastroprotective and Prokinetic Action:''' Shunthi accelerates gastric emptying and stimulates gastric acid, bile, and pancreatic enzyme secretion, effectively resolving functional dyspepsia, abdominal bloating, and colicky pain.

=== B. Anti-Inflammatory & Analgesic Efficacy (Amavataghni) ===
In conditions like Rheumatoid Arthritis (''Amavata'') and Osteoarthritis, Shunthi acts as a natural dual-inhibitor of inflammatory cascades.

: '''Biochemical Mechanism:''' The active fractions ([6]-shogaol and [6]-gingerol) suppress the activation of Nuclear Factor-kappa B ('''NF-κB'''). This leads to down-regulation of '''COX-2''' (Cyclooxygenase-2) and '''LOX''' (Lipoxygenase) pathways, preventing the synthesis of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins (PGE2) and leukotrienes.

Unlike conventional Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), Shunthi exerts these anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive actions without compromising the gastric mucosa, due to its concurrent cytoprotective mucin-stimulating properties.

=== C. Cardio-Metabolic and Vascular Regulation (Hrudya) ===
Recent clinical and animal trials demonstrate that Shunthi exerts a multi-target protective effect on the cardiovascular and metabolic systems:

* '''Calcium Channel Blockade:''' Shunthi extracts display calcium (Ca2+) channel-blocking activity, shifting Ca2+ dose-response curves to relax vascular smooth muscles. This results in vasodilation and a systemic reduction in blood pressure.
* '''PPARα Agonism:''' It activates Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor alpha (PPARα), enhancing fatty acid oxidation in myocytes, thereby attenuating myocardial hypertrophy and reducing risks of atherosclerosis.
* '''Glycemic Control:''' Meta-analyses show that daily supplementation significantly lowers '''HbA1c''' and fasting blood glucose in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients by improving insulin sensitivity and up-regulating GLUT4 transporters.

<pre>
[6]-Shogaol / [6]-Gingerol (Active Constituents)
│
┌────────────────┴────────────────┐
▼ ▼
Inhibition of NF-κB Ca²⁺ Channel Blockade
│ │
▼ ▼
↓ COX-2 & LOX Pathways Vasodilation of
(↓ CRP, ↓ TNF-α, ↓ PGE₂) Vascular Smooth Muscle
│ │
▼ ▼
Clinical: Alleviation of Clinical: Reduction of
Arthritis & Joint Pain Systemic Blood Pressure
</pre>

== Clinical Safety, Dosage, and Contraindications ==
Shunthi enjoys a wide therapeutic index and is designated as '''GRAS''' (Generally Recognized as Safe) by global regulatory bodies. However, its high thermal potency warrants structured clinical application.

* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Churna (Crude Powder):'' 1 - 3 g per day in divided doses.
** ''Extract:'' 250 - 500 mg two to three times daily.
* '''Adverse Effects:''' Excessive consumption on an empty stomach may occasionally cause mild heartburn, eructation, or gastric irritation in highly sensitive ''Pitta''-dominant individuals.
* '''Drug Interactions:''' Due to its mild anti-platelet and calcium-channel-blocking properties, cautious monitoring is recommended when co-administered with high-dose synthetic anticoagulants (e.g., Warfarin) or prescription antihypertensives.
* '''Contraindications:''' Acute peptic ulceration, active GI bleeding, and inflammatory dermatological conditions characterized by extreme ''Pitta'' vitiation.

== References ==
# '''Unuofin, J. O., et al.''' (2021). ''Phytochemical structures and therapeutic potentials of Zingiber officinale compounds.'' Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 273, 113997.
# '''Jalali, M., et al.''' (2020). ''The effects of ginger supplementation on biomarkers of oxidative stress: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.'' Clinical Nutrition, 39(12), 3598-3606.
# '''Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API).''' ''Zingiber officinale Rosc. - Rhizome Monograph.'' Part-I, Volume I, Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.
# '''Wang, J., et al.''' (2017). ''Beneficial effects of ginger on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Syndrome: A systems-level overview.'' Phytomedicine, 34, 184-198.
# '''Ernst, E., & Pittler, M. H.''' (2000). ''Efficacy of ginger for nausea and vomiting: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials.'' British Journal of Anaesthesia, 84(3), 367-371.
# '''Schepici, G., et al.''' (2021). ''The anti-inflammatory potential of ginger and its constituents in neurodegenerative and arthritic diseases.'' Molecules, 26(18), 5642.
[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]

Talk:Shunthi

2026-07-08T05:32:52Z

Agnivesha:

Zingiber officinale Roscoe.
{{Infobox
|title = Shunthi
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Shunthi
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Zingiber officinale Roscoe
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Zingiberaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = Dravyaguna Team
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

==English name ==

Ginger

== Botanical Identity ==

'''Shunthi''', the dried rhizome of ''Zingiber officinale'' Roscoe (Family: '''Zingiberaceae'''), stands as a cornerstone phytopharmaceutical in traditional systems of medicine—particularly Ayurveda—while simultaneously maintaining a robust profile in modern evidence-based pharmacology. Locally referred to as ''Sonth'' or dry ginger, its processing from fresh ginger (''Ardraka'') chemically transforms its active volatile and non-volatile profiles, resulting in a distinct therapeutic matrix that exhibits high bioavailability and pronounced efficacy across multiple physiological systems.

* '''Botanical Name:''' ''Zingiber officinale'' Roscoe
* '''Family:''' Zingiberaceae
* '''Part Used:''' Dried Rhizome
* '''Vernacular Names:''' Shunthi (Sanskrit), Sonth (Hindi), Dry Ginger (English), Shukku (Tamil)

== Ayurvedic Pharmacodynamics (Dravyaguna Profile) ==

In classical Ayurvedic pharmacology, the dehydration of ginger alters its fundamental properties. Unlike fresh ginger, which carries a sharp, drying post-digestive profile, Shunthi undergoes a metabolic transformation that yields a sweet post-digestive effect (''Madhura Vipaka''), rendering it far more tolerable for long-term therapeutic application without aggravating ''Pitta dosha'' excessively.

==Therapeutic Use==

Agnimandya, Bronchial asthma (swasa), Abdominal distension (adhmana), Rheumatoid arthritis (amavata), Anaemia (pandu), Abdominal disorders (udararoga)

==Varieties==

==Bhavaprakash Nighantu<ref>Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint.2015, Chaukhambha vishvabharti, Haritakyadi Varga, p.13.</ref>==
# Raktabha
# Shweta

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==

Shunthi, Nagara, Shrungavera, Vishwa-bheshajam, Mahaushadha, Ardraka, Vishwa.

==Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu<ref>Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint.2015, Chaukhambha vishvabharti, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no. 44, p.13.</ref>==

Shunthi, Vishva, Vishv, Nagar, Vishvabheshaja, Ushana, Katubhadra, Shringavera, Mahoshadha,

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties !! Clinical Significance
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Pungent (katu) || Stimulates gustatory receptors, secretes salivary and gastric enzymes.
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) ||Hot (ushna) || Enhances metabolic rate (''Agni'') and clears systemic micro-channels ([[Srotas]])
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura) || Imparts nourishing, tissue-protective, and rejuvenative (''Rasayana'') long-term effects.
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Heavy (guru), Rough (ruksha), Sharp (tikshna) || Counteracts the coldness of ''Kapha''.
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify Vata and Kapha
|-
| 6 || [[Prabhava]] (Special Action) || Amavataghni / Grahi || Specifically targets rheumatoid conditions; acts as a bowel-binding bio-absorbent.
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/5
| Shirovirechana (Errhine therapy)
|-
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/18
| Deepaniya and Shulaghni yavagu(gruel for enhancing digestion and colic pain)
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/21
| Raktatisara yavagu(gruel used in diarrhea with blood)
|-
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/22
| Amatisara yavagu(gruel for diarrhea with indigestion)
|-
| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/24
| Pipasaghni yavagu(gruel for excess thirst)
|-
|6
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(6)
|Deepaniya (appetizer) mahakashaya
|-
|7
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(11)
|Truptighna(anti-satiety) mahakashaya
|-
|8
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(12)
|Arshoghna(anti-haemorrhoidal) mahakashaya
|-
|9
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(18)
|Stanyashodhana(galactodepurent) mahakashaya
|-
|10
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(29)
|Trishna nigrahana(thirst alleviating) mahakashay
|-
|11
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(42)
|Sheetaprashamana(pacifying cold sensation) mahakashaya
|-
|12
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(45)
|Shoolaprashamana(pacifying pain) mahakashaya
|-
|13
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]]24/49
|Sanyas Chikitsa- to regain consciousness
|-
|14
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/38
|Hitatam ahardravya(wholesome food articles) -ginger among all rhizomes and roots.
|-
|15
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/4
|All substances with pungent taste, except long pepper and ginger, are vata stimulants and aphrodisiacs.
|-
|16
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/166
|One of the drug from Harita Varga (green herbs)
|-
|17
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/166
|One of the drug from Harita Varga (green herbs)
|-
|18
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/256
|One of the drug from Krutanna Varga (cooked food preparations)
|-
|19
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/296
|One of the drug from Krutanna Varga (cooked food preparations)
|-
|20
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/51
|Rasapvada (exception in pungent (katu) rasa.
|-
|21
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/17
|Abhyantar Krimi Chikitsa (treatment of internal worms).
|-
|22
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/18
|Abhyantar Krimi Chikitsa (treatment of internal worms).
|-
|23
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135
|Vaman dravyani (As a drug for therapeutic emesis)
|-
|24
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/142
|Katuskandha (group of pungent drugs)
|-
|25
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/56
|Kshira vishodhan dravya (ingredient of galactodepurant gana)
|-
|26
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/34
|Garbhasya pratimasik karma
|-
|27
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/41
|Prajata stree paricharya
|-
|28
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/48
|Nadi kalpana
|-
|29
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/22
|Vamanartha (for therapeutic emesis)
|-
|30
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/16
|Preparation of Trivrut
|-
|31
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/29
|Preparation of Trivrit Avaleha
|-
|32
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/54
|Varshakalin Trivrrita Yoga
|-
|33
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/23
|Churna Yoga
|-
|34
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/25
|Body purification before rasayana treatment
|-
|35
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/145

|When patient is suffering with thirst (pipasa) in fever (Jwara) as an ingredient of Shadangapaniya.
Used as shrutasheetajala as it is Pipasajwarshantaye.

Used as shrutasheetajala as it is Pipasajwarshantaye.
|-
|36
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/179
|Used as lajapeya with Pippali where agnimandya but kshudha is present.
|-
|37
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/180
|Who has desire to eat sour given with Dadima.
|-
|38
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/183
|Used as peya with amla in Jwaraatisara.
|-
|39
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/186
|Used as peya where jwara(fever) is associated with Constipation(vibandha) & Kostha shoola.
|-
|40
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/188
|Used as peya with Ghrita and Sarkara where jwara is associated with Anindra(insomia), Trushna(thirst) & asweda.
|-
|41
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/198

|Used as kwath or sheeta kashaya for trushna, deepana, doshapachana, jwar,aruchi and mukhavairasya.
|-
|42
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/202
|Used in Trutiyaka jwara.
|-
|43
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/210
|Used in Sannipata jwara.
|-
|44
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/211

|As an ingredient of shatyadi varga used in kasa, svasa, tandra,parshvashoola, hrdgraha and sannipata jwara.
|-
|45
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/223
|As an ingredient of Vasadi Ghrita.
|-
|46
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/236
|Used as ksheerpaka in varch-mutra vibandha and sopha.
|-
|47
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/237
|Used as ksheerapaka in pipasa ans jwara.
|-
|48
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/250
|As an ingredient of Jivantyadi anuvasana basti.
|-
|49
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267
|As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila.
|-
|50
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/65
|Ingredient in Trayushanaadi ghrit
|-
|51
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/69
|Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya ghrit
|-
|52
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/71
|Ingredient of Hapushadya ghrit
|-
|53
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/74
|Ingredient of Pippalyadya ghrit
|-
|54
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/79
|Ingredient of Hingvadi churna
|-
|55
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/91
|Ingredient of Nagaradi Yoga
|-
|56
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/142
|Ingredient of Dashamuli Ghrit
|-
|57
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/144
|Ingredient in Bhallatakadya Ghrit for Kaphaj Gulma
|-
|58
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/147
|Ingredient in Kshir Shatpal Ghrit
|-
|59
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/156
|Ingredient of Danti- Haritaki
|-
|60
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/164
|Pathya Diet in Gulma
|-
|61
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/61
|Ingredient in Kushthaghna Yog
|-
|62
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/62
|Ingredient in Patoladi Kwath
|-
|63
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]a 7/65
|Ingredient in Mustadi Churna
|-
|64
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/77
|Ingredient in Kanakabindurisht
|-
|65
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/85
|Bahyaprayogarth lepa in mandal Kushth
|-
|66
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/109
|Ingredient in Tiktekshvadi Taila for Abhyang in Vata-Kaphaj Kushth
|-
|67
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/113
|Ingredient in Kanakakshiri Tail
|-
|68
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/34
|Ingredient in Hingvadi Ghrit
|-
|69
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/49
|Ingredient in Lasunadya Ghrit
|-
|70
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/53
|Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrit
|-
|71
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/54
|Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrit
|-
|72
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/65
|Used as Nashya and Anjan prayogarth
|-
|73
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/70
|Ingredient in Siddharthakadi Agad
|-
|74
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/20
|Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrit
|-
|75
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/43
|As a Nasya dravya
|-
|76
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/46
|Ingredient in Kayasthadi varti
|-
|77
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/48
|Ingredient in Mustadi varti
|-
|78
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/35
|Ingredient in Amrutprash Ghrit
|-
|79
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/67
|Ingredient in Chaturtha Sarpigud
|-
|80
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/85
|Ingredient in Saindhavadi Churna
|-
|81
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/89
|Ingredient in Shadav
|-
|82
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]a 11/92
|As a Vardhaman Rasayan Prayog
|-
|83
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/21
|In treatment of Kaphaj Svayathu
|-
|84
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/22
|In treatment of Kaphaj Svayathu
|-
|85
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/23
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|86
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/23
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|87
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/24
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|88
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/25
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|89
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/25
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|90
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/27
|For bhinna varch in treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|91
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/27
|For vibaddha varch in treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|92
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/29
|Ingredient in Gandiradhyarisht
|-
|93
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/41
|Ingredient in Krishnadi Churna
|-
|94
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/42
|Ingredient in Krishnadi Churna
|-
|95
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/42
|Ingredient in Krishnadi Churna
|-
|96
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43
|Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
|-
|97
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/47
|Ingredient in Gudadrak prayog
|-
|98
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/47
|Ingredient in Gudadrak prayog
|-
|99
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/50
|Ingredient in Kansaharitaki Avaleh
|-
|100
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/55
|Ingredient in Chitrakadi Ghrit
|-
|101
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/62
|As a Pathya Diet In treatment of Shvayathu
|-
|102
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/70
|As a Snan dravya in Kaphaj Shvayathu
|-
|103
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/73
|As an Unmardan dravya in Kaphaj Shvayathu
|-
|104
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/79, 13/80
|In treatment of plihodara
|-
|105
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/84
|In formulation of rohitaka ghrit
|-
|106
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/102
|In treatment of sannipatodara
|-
|107
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/103
|In treatment of kaphodara(takraprayoga)
|-
|108
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/104
|In treatment of pleehodara(takraprayoga)
|-
|109
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/105
|In treatment of dakodara (takraprayoga)
|-
|110
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/110
|In treatment of udararoga (for parisheka)
|-
|111
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/112
|In formulation of panchkola ghrit
|-
|112
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/115
|As an ingredient of nagaradi ghrit
|-
|113
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/122
|After virechana (balvruddhi arthe) mixed with dugdha.
|-
|114
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/126
|As an ingredient of narayan churna
|-
|115
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/137
|As an ingredient of nilinadya churna
|-
|116
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/142
|Used in sunthi sadhita jala after virechana by snuhisadhit ghrit
|-
|117
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/148
|Kalka used in udara roga with ksheer
|-
|118
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/163
|As an ingredient of kshara vatika
|-
|119
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/153
|Aadraka swarasa with godugdha
|-
|120
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/62
|As an ingredient of traushnadi churna
|-
|121
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/68
|Sunthi churna with sidhu used in arsha roga
|-
|122
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/70
|Sunthi and bilva churna are given with yavani and chitraka kashaya
|-
|123
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/71
|Palncakola churna is given with takra
|-
|124
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/89
|Used in peya, khada yusha, ghrit, siddhant jala
|-
|125
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/92
|Used in yavagu
|-
|126
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/97
|It removes constipation with matsyandika or amlaphala rasa or guda
|-
|127
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/99
|Used for Anuloman
|-
|128
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/103
|Use with phanita and goghrit
|-
|129
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/104
|As an ingredient of pippalyadi ghrit
|-
|130
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/107
|As an ingredient of cavyadighrit
|-
|131
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/110
|As an ingredient of nagaradya ghrit
|-
|132
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/129
|Used as anupan in arsha
|-
|133
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/153
|As an ingredient of dvitiya phalarista
|-
|134
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/186

|Mixed with kutajtwak kwath it stops bleeding from arsha
|-
|135
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/195
|Used in rakta arsha shoola
|-
|136
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/231
|As an ingredient of hriberadi ghrit
|-
|137
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/234
|As an ingredient of sunishanak changeri ghrit
|-
|138
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/76
|Panchakola sadhit peya and Anna is given in Amaja grahani roga
|-
|139
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/82
|As an ingredient of dashmuladya ghrit
|-
|140
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/87
|As an ingredient of traushnaadi ghrit
|-
|141
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/88
|As an ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrit evum churna
|-
|142
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/96
|As an ingredient of citrakadhya gutika
|-
|143
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/98
|Kalka and churna is used for aam pachana(with usnodaka)
|-
|144
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/99
|Churna of this drug with combination of vaca,musta, etc. is given in aam and shoola yukta mala
|-
|145
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/103
|Used in condition of shoola in kaphapittaja grahani
|-
|146
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/105
|Used in kaphapittaja grahani
|-
|147
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/106
|Agnivruddhiartha and for alleviating kostha gaya kayu in grahaniroga
|-
|148
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/112
|Used as an yavagu
|-
|149
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/129
|ingredient of yavagu
|-
|150
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/132
|As an ingredient of Nagaradhya churna
|-
|151
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/137
|This drug is used in treatment of pittajagrahani as an ingredient of Bhunimbadhya churna
|-
|152
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/142
|As an ingredient of Kiratadhya churna (Pittaja Grahani chiktsa)
|-
|153
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/168
|Used as peya padartha in Kaphaja grahani
|-
|154
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/171
|Used in treatment of Kaphaja grahani
|-
|155
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/177
|As an ingredient of Pipallimuladhya Kshara
|-
|156
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/189
|As an ingredient of Bhallataka Kshara
|-
|157
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/89
|As an ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrit evum churna
|-
|158
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/44

|As an ingredient of Dadimadi Ghrit
|-
|159
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/66
|Used in Swarnakshiradi yoga
|-
|160
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/72
|As in ingredient of mandur bhasma prayoga
|-
|161
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/87
|As in ingredient of Shilajatu Vataka
|-
|162
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/100
|As in ingredient of Dhatryavleha
|-
|163
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/129
|Used as Pathya in Shakhashrit Kamla
|-
|164
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/44

|As an ingredient of Dadimadi Ghrit
|-
|165
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/66
|Used in Swarnakshiradi yoga
|-
|166
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/72
|As in ingredient of mandur bhasma prayoga
|-
|167
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/87
|As in ingredient of Shilajatu Vataka
|-
|168
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/100
|As in ingredient of Dhatryavleha
|-
|169
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/129
|Used as Pathya in Shakhashrit Kamla
|-
|170
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/97
|Used in yusha preparation for hikka svasa
|-
|171
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/100
|Used in yusha preparation for hikka svasa
|-
|172
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/102
|Used in yavagu preparation for hikka svasa
|-
|173
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/104
|Used as annapana for hikka svasa
|-
|174
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/109
|As an ingredient of sauvarchaladi churna
|-
|175
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/110
|Kalka is used in hikka svasa
|-
|176
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/111
|Used in preparation of Utkarika.
|-
|177
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/123
|As an ingredient of satyadi churna.
|-
|178
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/130
|Churna mixed with guda is used for prashana and nasya
|-
|179
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/136
|Used as lehya.
|-
|180
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/112

|Use as an ingredient of kataphaladi kwath.
|-
|181
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/114
|Use as an ingredient of pathadi kalka.
|-
|182
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/36
|As a ghrita dravya
|-
|183
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/47
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|184
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/49
|
As a yoga dravya
|-
|185
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/63
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|186
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/74
|As an ingredient of dhumapan yoga.
|-
|187
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/77
|As an ingredient of peya yoga.
|-
|188
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/99

|Use in treatment of pittaj kasa.
|-
|189
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/106
|As an ingredient of sarkaradi yoga.
|-
|190
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/115
|As an ingredient of nagaradi yoga.
|-
|191
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/118
|As an ingredient of yoga which use in vataanubandhi kapha.
|-
|192
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/122
|Use in vataj and kaphaj kasa.
|-
|193
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/146

|As an ingredient of manahsiladi dhoom.
|-
|194
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/159
|As an ingredient of dwipanchamuladi ghrita.
|-
|195
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/161
|As an ingredient of guduchyadi ghrita.
|-
|196
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/163
|As an ingredient of kasamaryadi ghrita.
|-
|197
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/87
|As a yoga dravya in treatmen of pittaj kasa
|-
|198
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/120
|As a yoga dravya.
|-
|199
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/20
|
As a pramthya dravya
|-
|200
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/26

|As a Ingridient of dipaniya and sangrahi gana
|-
|201
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/37
|As a prakshep dravya
|-
|202
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/40
|As a yoga dravya in treatment of purisha kshaya.
|-
|203
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/43
|As an ingredient of changeri ghrita
|-
|204
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/53
|As a yoga dravya in pittaj atisara.
|-
|205
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/54
|As a yoga dravya in pittaj atisara.
|-
|206
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/107
|As a yoga dravya in ajajyadi churna.
|-
|207
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/108
|As a yoga dravya in rasanjanadi churna.
|-
|208
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/109
|As a yoga dravya.
|-
|209
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/110
|As a yoga dravya.
|-
|210
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/111
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|211
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/54
|As a yoga dravya in treatment of pittaj atisara
|-
|212
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/22
|As a amapachak dravya
|-
|213
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/80
|As a ingredient of darvyadi ghrita .
|-
|214
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/104
|As a kwath dravya
|-
|215
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/114
|
As a yoga dravya
|-
|216
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/58
|For kashaya pana.
|-
|217
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/189

|Used in the treatment of Kapha pradhana visha, as a pratisarana prayoga.
|-
|218
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/205
|Used in the treatment of Mushika visha.
|-
|219
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/209
|Used in the treatment of vrushchika visha.
|-
|220
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/13
|Used to make Udavarta varti.
|-
|221
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/22
|As an ingredient of 2nd Dviruttarahingvadi churna.
|-
|222
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/55
|As an ingredient of Vyoshadi churn used in Kaphaja mutrakruchhra.
|-
|223
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/60
|As an ingredient of Pashanbhedadi churna.
|-
|224
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/83
|As an ingredient of Haritakyadi Ghrita.
|-
|225
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/84
|Used in Vataja Hrudroga.
|-
|226
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/85
|As an ingredient of Pushkarmuladi yoga.
|-
|227
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87
|As an ingredient of Trushanadi Ghrita.
|-
|228
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/94
|As an ingredient of Kasherukadi Ghrita.
|-
|229
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/97
|As an ingredient of Katphaladi kashaya used in kaphaja hrudroga.
|-
|230
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/97
|Used in kaphaja hrudroga.
|-
|231
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/98
|As an ingredient of Udumbaravleha.
|-
|232
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/144
|Used as shruta paya in kaphaja pratishyaya.
|-
|233
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/150
|Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya.
|-
|234
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/152
|Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya for pradhamana.
|-
|235
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/156
|Pathya anna in kaphaja pratishyaya.
|-
|236
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/186
|Used in Kaphaja Siroroga for Avapeeda nasya.
|-
|237
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/192
|As an ingredient of Kshara gutika.
|-
|238
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/194
|As an ingredient of Kalak churna.
|-
|239
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/198
|As an ingredient of Mrudvikadi churna.
|-
|240
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/217
|Used in Kavala in Arochaka.
|-
|241
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/222
|Used in Hingvadi taila in Karnapoorana.
|-
|242
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/223
|Used in Devadarvyadi taila in Karnashoola.
|-
|243
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/226
|As an ingredient of Kshara taila.
|-
|244
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/232
|Used in Vataja netra roga.
|-
|245
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/239
|Used in Kaphaja netra roga for Aaschotana karma.
|-
|246
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/242
|As an ingredient of Saindhavadi varti.
|-
|247
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/252
|As an ingredient of Sukhavati varti.
|-
|248
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/287
|Used in Kaphaja swarbheda.
|-
|249
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/45

|As an ingredient of Saindhavadi Taila
|-
|250
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/47
|As an ingredient of Ashtakatvar Taila
|-
|251
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/52
|As an ingredient of Tarkaryadi Parisechana
|-
|252
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/122
|As an ingredient of Chitrakadi ghrita.
|-
|253
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/137
|As an ingredient of Mulaka taila.
|-
|254
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/168
|As an ingredient of Mulakadhya taila.
|-
|255
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/172
|As an ingredient of Mulaka taila.
|-
|256
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/147
|As an ingredient of Shvdamstra taila.
|-
|257
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/89
|Used in the treatment of Vataja Asrigdara.
|-
|258
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/261
|As a paniya yoga, in the treatment of Stanya dosha.
|-
|259
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/266
|Used in the treatment of Phena sanghat.
|-
|260
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/266
|Used in the treatment of Phena sanghat, As an ingredient of Anjanadi lepa.
|-
|261
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/277
|Used in the treatment of Pichhila stanya.
|-
|262
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/280
|Used in the treatment of Gaurava stanya dosha, as an ingredient of Pippalyadi kwatha.
|-
|263
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/92
|As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna.
|-
|264
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/267
|Used in the treatment of Phena sanghat, As an ingredient of Kiratatiktadi kwatha.
|-
|}

==Dose<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:65.</ref>==

* Churna – 1 – 2 gm

==Important formulations<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:65.</ref>==

* Saubhagya Shunthi
* Saubhagya Vati
* Trikatu Churna
* Vaishvanara Churna

== Current availability==

Available
* In India –
Kerala, Assam, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Karnataka, Odisha, West bengal
* Out of India –
China, Nigeria, Indonesia, Thailand, Jamaica, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Nepal, Vietnam, Philippines

== Current researches ==
== Phytochemical Architecture ==
The processing of fresh ginger into Shunthi significantly shifts its chemical composition. The primary thermogenic and bioactive markers are phenolic compounds and volatile oils:

* '''Gingerols ([6]-, [8]-, and [10]-gingerol):''' The primary pungent fluid components dominant in fresh ginger.
* '''Shogaols ([6]-, [8]-, and [10]-shogaol):''' Formed via the thermal dehydration of gingerols during the drying process. '''[6]-shogaol''' exhibits up to twice the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potency of its precursor, making Shunthi pharmacologically distinct from fresh ginger.
* '''Zingerone & Paradols:''' Secondary degradation products that contribute significantly to free-radical scavenging.
* '''Volatile Oils (Sesquiterpenes):''' Comprising α-zingiberene, β-sesquiphellandrene, and ar-curcumene, responsible for its distinct aromatic properties.

== Modern Pharmacological Validation & Therapeutic Efficacy ==

=== A. Gastrointestinal Efficacy (Deepana, Pachana, & Anulomana) ===
Shunthi acts as a potent prokinetic and antiemetic agent via central and peripheral mechanisms.

* '''Antiemetic & Nausea Regulation:''' Clinical meta-analyses validate that oral doses ranging from 500 mg to 1,500 mg daily significantly reduce pregnancy-associated nausea and vomiting (NVP) as well as chemotherapy-induced emesis. The mechanism is mediated via the competitive antagonism of peripheral '''5-HT3 receptors''' and cholinergic M3 receptors in the gastrointestinal tract.
* '''Gastroprotective and Prokinetic Action:''' Shunthi accelerates gastric emptying and stimulates gastric acid, bile, and pancreatic enzyme secretion, effectively resolving functional dyspepsia, abdominal bloating, and colicky pain.

=== B. Anti-Inflammatory & Analgesic Efficacy (Amavataghni) ===
In conditions like Rheumatoid Arthritis (''Amavata'') and Osteoarthritis, Shunthi acts as a natural dual-inhibitor of inflammatory cascades.

: '''Biochemical Mechanism:''' The active fractions ([6]-shogaol and [6]-gingerol) suppress the activation of Nuclear Factor-kappa B ('''NF-κB'''). This leads to down-regulation of '''COX-2''' (Cyclooxygenase-2) and '''LOX''' (Lipoxygenase) pathways, preventing the synthesis of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins (PGE2) and leukotrienes.

Unlike conventional Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), Shunthi exerts these anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive actions without compromising the gastric mucosa, due to its concurrent cytoprotective mucin-stimulating properties.

=== C. Cardio-Metabolic and Vascular Regulation (Hrudya) ===
Recent clinical and animal trials demonstrate that Shunthi exerts a multi-target protective effect on the cardiovascular and metabolic systems:

* '''Calcium Channel Blockade:''' Shunthi extracts display calcium (Ca2+) channel-blocking activity, shifting Ca2+ dose-response curves to relax vascular smooth muscles. This results in vasodilation and a systemic reduction in blood pressure.
* '''PPARα Agonism:''' It activates Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor alpha (PPARα), enhancing fatty acid oxidation in myocytes, thereby attenuating myocardial hypertrophy and reducing risks of atherosclerosis.
* '''Glycemic Control:''' Meta-analyses show that daily supplementation significantly lowers '''HbA1c''' and fasting blood glucose in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients by improving insulin sensitivity and up-regulating GLUT4 transporters.

<pre>
[6]-Shogaol / [6]-Gingerol (Active Constituents)
│
┌────────────────┴────────────────┐
▼ ▼
Inhibition of NF-κB Ca²⁺ Channel Blockade
│ │
▼ ▼
↓ COX-2 & LOX Pathways Vasodilation of
(↓ CRP, ↓ TNF-α, ↓ PGE₂) Vascular Smooth Muscle
│ │
▼ ▼
Clinical: Alleviation of Clinical: Reduction of
Arthritis & Joint Pain Systemic Blood Pressure
</pre>

== Clinical Safety, Dosage, and Contraindications ==
Shunthi enjoys a wide therapeutic index and is designated as '''GRAS''' (Generally Recognized as Safe) by global regulatory bodies. However, its high thermal potency warrants structured clinical application.

* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Churna (Crude Powder):'' 1 - 3 g per day in divided doses.
** ''Extract:'' 250 - 500 mg two to three times daily.
* '''Adverse Effects:''' Excessive consumption on an empty stomach may occasionally cause mild heartburn, eructation, or gastric irritation in highly sensitive ''Pitta''-dominant individuals.
* '''Drug Interactions:''' Due to its mild anti-platelet and calcium-channel-blocking properties, cautious monitoring is recommended when co-administered with high-dose synthetic anticoagulants (e.g., Warfarin) or prescription antihypertensives.
* '''Contraindications:''' Acute peptic ulceration, active GI bleeding, and inflammatory dermatological conditions characterized by extreme ''Pitta'' vitiation.

== References ==
# '''Unuofin, J. O., et al.''' (2021). ''Phytochemical structures and therapeutic potentials of Zingiber officinale compounds.'' Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 273, 113997.
# '''Jalali, M., et al.''' (2020). ''The effects of ginger supplementation on biomarkers of oxidative stress: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.'' Clinical Nutrition, 39(12), 3598-3606.
# '''Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API).''' ''Zingiber officinale Rosc. - Rhizome Monograph.'' Part-I, Volume I, Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.
# '''Wang, J., et al.''' (2017). ''Beneficial effects of ginger on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Syndrome: A systems-level overview.'' Phytomedicine, 34, 184-198.
# '''Ernst, E., & Pittler, M. H.''' (2000). ''Efficacy of ginger for nausea and vomiting: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials.'' British Journal of Anaesthesia, 84(3), 367-371.
# '''Schepici, G., et al.''' (2021). ''The anti-inflammatory potential of ginger and its constituents in neurodegenerative and arthritic diseases.'' Molecules, 26(18), 5642.
[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]

Herbs details

2026-07-07T10:05:44Z

Agnivesha:

Herbs details:

# [[Amalaki]]
# [[Bibhitaki]]
# [[Haritaki]]
# [[Guduchi]]
# [[Ashwagandha]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants and Botanical Names in Charak Samhita
! Sr. No. !! Sanskrit Name !! Synonyms !! Botanical Name
|-
| 1 || [[Bibhitaki|Aksha]]|| [[Bibhitaki|Bibhitaki, kaliphala, Bhutavasa, Kalidruma]]|| '''[[Bibhitaki|Terminalia bellirica Roxb]]'''
|-
| 2 || Aguru || Agaru, loha, krimija, rajarha || '''Aquilaria agallocha Roxb'''
|-
| 3 || Agnimantha || Jaya, Sriparni, Ganikarika, Jayanti, Tarkari, Nadeyi, Vai jayanti || '''Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn.f.'''
|-
| 4 || Ankola || Ankoda, Deerghakeela, Nikochaka, Tamraphala, Gupta Sneha || '''Alangium lamarkii Thw., (Alangium salviifolium)'''
|-
| 5 || Ajamoda || Karavi, Deepyaka, Shikhimoda || '''Apium graveolens'''
|-
| 6 || Atasi || uma, picchila, devi, medagandha, madotkata, kshuma, hemavati,masruna || '''Linum usitatissimum Linn.'''
|-
| 7 || Atibala || rishyaprokta, kankatika,Balika, Vatyapushpy, Bhuribala || '''Abutilon indicum. (Link)'''
|-
| 8 || Ativisha || shrungi, virupa, pittadivallabha, shwetvaca, visha, madri || '''Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. Cat.'''
|-
| 9 || Aparajita || Shanhapushpi,Girikarnika, Visnukranta,Sephanda || '''Clitoria ternatea L.'''
|-
| 10 || Apamarga || Shikhari,durgraha, adhashalya, karmanjri, pratyakpushpi || '''Achyranthes aspera Linn.'''
|-
| 11 || Ambashtaki || laghu patha,Uttanaparni, prachina,varatikta, Aviddhakarni,kuchelika || '''Cissampelos pareira Linn'''
|-
| 12 || Amlikakanda || || '''Dioscorea oppositifolia L.'''
|-
| 13 || Arimeda || Irimeda, Vidkhadira || '''Acacia leucophloea Willd.'''
|-
| 14 || Arka || Ravi, Bhanu, Tapana,Tulaphala, vikirana,ksheeraparna || '''Calotropis gigantea'''
|-
| 15 || Arjaka || Barbari,Sheta tulasi || '''Ocimum gratissimum L.'''
|-
| 16 || Arjuna || Indradru,Nadisarja,Dhavala,Kakubha, Partha, Shweta vaha, || '''Terminalia Arjuna'''
|-
| 17 || Avakpushpi || || '''Trichodesma indicum'''
|-
| 18 || Ashoka || Madhupushpa,Raktapallavaka, Hemapushpa, Pindipushpa, Nata, Pallavadru, || '''Saraca indica Linn.'''
|-
| 19 || Ashmantaka || Yugmapatra, yaalapatraka, kanchini || '''Bauhinia racemosa. Lam.'''
|-
| 20 || [[Ashwagandha]]|| [[Ashwagandha|Balada, kamarupini, vajini,Gandhapatri]]|| '''[[Ashwagandha|Withania somnifera]]'''
|-
| 21 || Aswattha || pippala, shrivriksha, sevya,bodhidru, pavitraka,krishnavasa || '''Ficus religiosa L.'''
|-
| 22 || Asana || Beejaka, Vijayasara || '''Bridelia Montana Wall., Pterocarpus marsupium'''
|-
| 23 || Akhuparni || vriddhadaru, akhukarni, shubhashreni, krushika, dravanti || '''Ipomoea reniformis Chois.'''
|-
| 24 || Adhaki || Tuvari, Shanapushpika, Kalavrunta || '''Cajanus indicus Spreng'''
|-
| 25 || Atmagupta || Kapikachu, kapiloma, swayamgupta,Markati || '''Mucuna pruriens D.C.'''
|-
| 26 || [[Amalaki]]|| [[Amalaki|Dhatri, Dhatriphala, Sriphala, Vayastha,vayasya]]|| '''[[Amalaki|Phyllanthus emblica L./ Emblica officinalis]]'''
|-
| 27 || Amra || Madhuphala, Madhuli, Madhavadruma, Sahakara, parapushta || '''Manjifera indica L.'''
|-
| 28 || Ikshu || Asipatra, Bhurirasa, Dirghacchada, Gudamula, Trnarasa || '''Saccharum officinarum L.'''
|-
| 29 || Ikshuraka || Kokilaksha? || '''Hygrophila spinosa T.Anderson'''
|-
| 30 || Ingudi || Higupatra, Tapasadruma,Angaravruksha,Pootikantaka || '''Balanites roxburghii Plauch., (Balanites aegyptiaca (Linn) Del.)'''
|-
| 31 || Itkada || Utkata, Vanajayanti || '''Sesbania aculeate Pers.'''
|-
| 32 || Ucchadaka || Uttingana? || '''Blepharis edulis Pers.'''
|-
| 33 || Udumbara || || '''Ficus glomerata Roxb., ( Ficus racemosa)'''
|-
| 34 || Upodika || || '''Basella rubra L.'''
|-
| 35 || Eraka || || '''Typha elephantine Roxb.'''
|-
| 36 || Ervaru || || '''Cucumis utilissimus L.'''
|-
| 37 || Eranda || || '''Ricinus communis L.'''
|-
| 38 || Katutumbi || || '''Lagenaria Vulgaris Ser.'''
|-
| 39 || Katuphala || || '''Hibiscus abelmoschus L.'''
|-
| 40 || Kandakari || || '''Solanum xanthocarpum Sche.'''
|-
| 41 || Kadamba || || '''Anthocephalus cadamba Miq.'''
|-
| 42 || Kadara || || '''Acacia Senegal Willd.'''
|-
| 43 || Kapittha || || '''Feronia elephantanum Correa.'''
|-
| 44 || Karamarda || || '''Carissa carandas L.'''
|-
| 45 || Karavira || || '''Nerium odorum Soland'''
|-
| 46 || Karira || || '''Copparis aphylla Roth'''
|-
| 47 || Karanja || || '''Pongamia glabra Vent.'''
|-
| 48 || Karkatashrungi || || '''Rhuus succedanea L.'''
|-
| 49 || Karkandhu || || '''Zizyphus nummularia W.C.'''
|-
| 50 || Karpura || || '''Dryobalanops aromatic Goertn.'''
|-
| 51 || Kalaya || || '''Lathyrus sativus L.'''
|-
| 52 || Kasheruka || || '''Seirpus kysoor R.'''
|-
| 53 || Kakamachi || || '''Solanum nigrum L.'''
|-
| 54 || Karavellika || || '''Momordica charantia L.'''
|-
| 55 || Karpasa || || '''Gossypium herbacum L.'''
|-
| 56 || Kalanusariva || || '''Ichnocarpus frutenscens Br.'''
|-
| 57 || Kashmari || || '''Gmelina arborea L.'''
|-
| 58 || Kasamarda || || '''Cassia occidentalis L.'''
|-
| 59 || Kiratatikta || || '''Swertia chirata Ham.'''
|-
| 60 || Kutaja || || '''Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall.'''
|-
| 61 || Kutumbaka || || '''Leucas linifolia Spreng.'''
|-
| 62 || Kumarajeeva || || '''Putranjiva roxburghii Wall.'''
|-
| 63 || Kumbhi || || '''Careya arborea R.'''
|-
| 64 || Kurandaka || || '''Barleria prionitis L.'''
|-
| 65 || Kusumbha || || '''Carathmus tinctoricus L.'''
|-
| 66 || Kovidara || || '''Bauhinia variegate L.'''
|-
| 67 || Koshataki || || '''Luffa acutangula varamara Clerke'''
|-
| 68 || Koshamra || || '''Scheleichera trijuga Willd.'''
|-
| 69 || Kumkuma || || '''Crocus sativus L.'''
|-
| 70 || Khadira || || '''Acacia catechu Willd.'''
|-
| 71 || Guggulu || || '''Balsamodendron mukul Hook.'''
|-
| 72 || Gunja || || '''Abrus precatorius L.'''
|-
| 73 || Guduchi || || '''Tinospora cordifolia Miers.'''
|-
| 74 || Gokshuraka || || '''Tribulus terrestris L.'''
|-
| 75 || Gojihwa || || '''Elephantopus scaber L.'''
|-
| 76 || Chakramarda || || '''Cassia tora L.'''
|-
| 77 || Chanchu || || '''Corchorus oilitorius L.'''
|-
| 78 || Chandana || || '''Santalum album L.'''
|-
| 79 || Charmakasha || || '''Acacia concinna D.C.'''
|-
| 80 || Charngeri || || '''Oxalis corniculata L.'''
|-
| 81 || Chitraka || || '''Plumbago zeylanica L.'''
|-
| 82 || Chirabilva || || '''Holoptelia integrifolia Planch.'''
|-
| 83 || Chirmata || || '''Cucumis melo L.'''
|-
| 84 || Chilli || || '''Chenopodium album L.'''
|-
| 85 || Choraka || || '''Agelica glauca Edgew.'''
|-
| 86 || jambu || || '''Eugenia jambos Lamk.'''
|-
| 87 || jaya || || '''Sesbania egyptica Pers.'''
|-
| 88 || jalapippali || || '''Lippia nodiflora Rich.'''
|-
| 89 || Jati || || '''Myristica fragrens Houtt.'''
|-
| 90 || Jingini || || '''Odina wodier Roxb.'''
|-
| 91 || Jeeraka || || '''Cuminum cyminum L.'''
|-
| 92 || Jyotishmati || || '''Celestrus paniculata Willd.'''
|-
| 93 || Tamala || || '''Cinnamomum tamala Fr. Nees.'''
|-
| 94 || Tintidika || || '''Tamarindus indica L.'''
|-
| 95 || Tinduka || || '''Diospyros embryopteris Pers.'''
|-
| 96 || Tila || || '''Sesamum indicum L.'''
|-
| 97 || Tilaparni || || '''Gynandropis pentaphylla D.C'''
|-
| 98 || Tumburu || || '''Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb.'''
|-
| 99 || Tuda || || '''Morus indica L.'''
|-
| 100 || Trivrut || || '''Ipomea turpethum Br.'''
|-
| 101 || Dadima || || '''Punica granatum L.'''
|-
| 102 || Daruharidra || || '''Berberis aristata D.C'''
|-
| 103 || Dipyaka || || '''Carum copticum Benth.'''
|-
| 104 || Dugdhika || || '''Euphorbia pilulifera L.'''
|-
| 105 || Duralabha || || '''Fagonia Arabica L.'''
|-
| 106 || Durva || || '''Cynodon dactylon Pers.'''
|-
| 107 || Draksha || || '''Vitis vinifera L.'''
|-
| 108 || Dhanvana || || '''Grewia tiliefolia Vahl.'''
|-
| 109 || Dhava || || '''Anogeisssus latifolia Wall.'''
|-
| 110 || Dhataki || || '''Woodfordia floribunda Slisb.'''
|-
| 111 || Dhanyaka || || '''Coriandrum sativum'''
|-
| 112 || Nanditaka || || '''Ficus retusa L.'''
|-
| 113 || Nalika || || '''Onosma echioides L.'''
|-
| 114 || Naranga || || '''Citrus aurantium L.'''
|-
| 115 || Nadi || || '''Ipomea aquatica Forsk.'''
|-
| 116 || Nimba || || '''Melia azadirachta L.'''
|-
| 117 || Nirgundi || || '''Vitex negundo L.'''
|-
| 118 || Nilika || || '''Indigofera tinctoria L.'''
|-
| 119 || Nyagrodha || || '''Ficus bengalensis L.'''
|-
| 120 || Patola || || '''Trichosanthes dioica Roxb.'''
|-
| 121 || Patra || || '''Cinnamomum iners Reinw.'''
|-
| 122 || Padmaka || || '''Prunus puddum Roxb.'''
|-
| 123 || Parushaka || || '''Grewia asiatica L.'''
|-
| 124 || Parpataka || || '''Rangia repens Nees.'''
|-
| 125 || Paravata || || '''Psidium guyava L.'''
|-
| 126 || Pashanabheda || || '''Saxifraga lingulata Wall.'''
|-
| 127 || Pippali || || '''Piper longum L.'''
|-
| 128 || Pilu || || '''Salvadora persica L.'''
|-
| 129 || Punarnava || || '''Berhavia repens L.'''
|-
| 130 || Prasarani || || '''Pederia fetida L.'''
|-
| 131 || Prachinamalaka || || '''Flacourtia cataphracta Roxb.'''
|-
| 132 || Piyala || || '''Aglaia roxburghiana Miq.'''
|-
| 133 || Plaksha || || '''Ficus tsiela Roxb.'''
|-
| 134 || Phenila || || '''Sapindus trifoliatus L.'''
|-
| 135 || Bakula || || '''Mimusops elengi L.'''
|-
| 136 || Badara || || '''Zizyphus jujube Lamk.'''
|-
| 137 || Bilwa || || '''Aegle marmelos Corr.'''
|-
| 138 || Bijaka || || '''Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.'''
|-
| 139 || Bijapuraka || || '''Citrus medica L.'''
|-
| 140 || Bruhati || || '''Solanum indicum L.'''
|-
| 141 || Brahmi || || '''Herpestis monniera Benth.'''
|-
| 142 || Bhavya || || '''Dillenia indica L.'''
|-
| 143 || Bhrigaraja || || '''Eclipta alba Hassk.'''
|-
| 144 || Mandukaparni || || '''Hydrocotyle asiatica L.'''
|-
| 145 || Madana || || '''Randia dumatorum Lam.'''
|-
| 146 || Madhuka || || '''Bassia latifolia Roxb.'''
|-
| 147 || Maricha || || '''Piper nigrum L.'''
|-
| 148 || Mamsi || || '''Nardostachys jatamansi D.C'''
|-
| 149 || Mudga || || '''Phaseolus mungo L.'''
|-
| 150 || Musta || || '''Cyperus rotundus L.'''
|-
| 151 || Murva || || '''Clematis triloba Heyne.'''
|-
| 152 || Mulaka || || '''Raphanus sativus L.'''
|-
| 153 || Yava || || '''Hordeum vulgarae L.'''
|-
| 154 || Yavasaka || || '''Alhagi maumorum Desv.'''
|-
| 155 || Raktotpala || || '''Nymphoea lotus L.'''
|-
| 156 || Rajakshavaka || || '''Doemia extensa Br.'''
|-
| 157 || Rajamasha || || '''Vigna catiang Endl.'''
|-
| 158 || Rajadana || || '''Mimusops hexandra Roxb.'''
|-
| 159 || Rasna || || '''Pluchea lanceolata Oliv.'''
|-
| 160 || Ruha || || '''Loranthus falcatus L.'''
|-
| 161 || Rohini || || '''Soymida febrifuge Juss.'''
|-
| 162 || Lashuna || || '''Allium sativum L.'''
|-
| 163 || Likucha || || '''Artocarpus lokoocha Roxb.'''
|-
| 164 || Lonika || || '''Portulaca oleracea L.'''
|-
| 165 || Lodhra || || '''Symplocos recemosa Roxb.'''
|-
| 166 || Vacha || || '''Acorus calamus L.'''
|-
| 167 || Vanjula || || '''Salix tetrasperma Roxb.'''
|-
| 168 || Varuna || || '''Cratoeva religiosa Forst.'''
|-
| 169 || Vatama || || '''Prunus amygdalus Baill.'''
|-
| 170 || Vartaka || || '''Solanum melongena L.'''
|-
| 171 || Vasa || || '''Adhatoda vasica Nees.'''
|-
| 172 || Vikankata || || '''Gymnosporia Montana Benth.'''
|-
| 173 || Vidanga || || '''Embelia ribes Burn.'''
|-
| 174 || Vidari || || '''Ipomea digitata L.'''
|-
| 175 || Shankhapushpi || || '''Evolvulus alsinoides L.'''
|-
| 176 || Shana || || '''Crotalaria juncea L.'''
|-
| 177 || Shanapushpi || || '''Crotalaria verrucosa L.'''
|-
| 178 || Shatapushpa || || '''Peucedanum graveolens Benth.'''
|-
| 179 || Shatavari || || '''Asparagus racemosus Willd.'''
|-
| 180 || Shami || || '''Prosopis spicigera L.'''
|-
| 181 || Shallaki || || '''Boswellia serrate Roxb.'''
|-
| 182 || Shaliparni || || '''Desmodium gangeticum D.C.'''
|-
| 183 || Shalmali || || '''Bambox malabarica D.C.'''
|-
| 184 || Shimshapa || || '''Dalbergia sisso Roxb.'''
|-
| 185 || Shigru || || '''Moringa pterygosperma Goertn.'''
|-
| 186 || Shirisha || || '''Albezzia lebbeck Benth.'''
|-
| 187 || Shringavera || || '''Zingiber officinale Rose.'''
|-
| 188 || Shringataka || || '''Trapa bispinosa Roxb.'''
|-
| 189 || Saptaparna || || '''Alstonia scholaris R. Br.'''
|-
| 190 || Sarja || || '''Shorea robusta'''
|-
| 191 || Sarshapa || || '''Brassica campestris L.'''
|-
| 192 || Sariva || || '''Hemmidesmus indicus Br.'''
|-
| 193 || Sudha || || '''Euphorbia nerifolia L.'''
|-
| 194 || Surasa || || '''Ocimum sanctum L.'''
|-
| 195 || Somaraji || || '''Proralea corylifolia L.'''
|-
| 196 || Hamsapadi || || '''Adjantum lunulatum Burm.'''
|-
| 197 || Hapusha || || '''Juniperus communis L.'''
|-
| 198 || Hastidanti || || '''Croton oblongifolius Roxb.'''
|-
| 199 || Haridraka || || '''Adina cordifolia Hook.'''
|-
| 200 || Hemadugdha || || '''Argimone mexicana L.'''
|}

Herbs details

2026-07-07T10:01:39Z

Agnivesha:

Herbs details:

# [[Amalaki]]
# [[Bibhitaki]]
# [[Haritaki]]
# [[Guduchi]]
# [[Ashwagandha]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants and Botanical Names in Charak Samhita
! Sr. No. !! Sanskrit Name !! Synonyms !! Botanical Name
|-
| 1 || [[Aksha]] || Bibhitaki, kaliphala, Bhutavasa, Kalidruma || '''Terminalia bellirica Roxb'''
|-
| 2 || Aguru || agaru, loha, krimija, rajarha || '''Aquilaria agallocha Roxb'''
|-
| 3 || Agnimantha || Jaya, Sriparni, Ganikarika, Jayanti, Tarkari, Nadeyi, Vai jayanti || '''Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn.f.'''
|-
| 4 || Ankola || Ankoda, Deerghakeela, Nikochaka, Tamraphala, Gupta Sneha || '''Alangium lamarkii Thw., (Alangium salviifolium)'''
|-
| 5 || Ajamoda || Karavi, Deepyaka, Shikhimoda || '''Apium graveolens'''
|-
| 6 || Atasi || uma, picchila, devi, medagandha, madotkata, kshuma, hemavati,masruna || '''Linum usitatissimum Linn.'''
|-
| 7 || Atibala || rishyaprokta, kankatika,Balika, Vatyapushpy, Bhuribala || '''Abutilon indicum. (Link)'''
|-
| 8 || Ativisha || shrungi, virupa, pittadivallabha, shwetvaca, visha, madri || '''Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. Cat.'''
|-
| 9 || Aparajita || Shanhapushpi,Girikarnika, Visnukranta,Sephanda || '''Clitoria ternatea L.'''
|-
| 10 || Apamarga || Shikhari,durgraha, adhashalya, karmanjri, pratyakpushpi || '''Achyranthes aspera Linn.'''
|-
| 11 || Ambashtaki || laghu patha,Uttanaparni, prachina,varatikta, Aviddhakarni,kuchelika || '''Cissampelos pareira Linn'''
|-
| 12 || Amlikakanda || || '''Dioscorea oppositifolia L.'''
|-
| 13 || Arimeda || Irimeda, Vidkhadira || '''Acacia leucophloea Willd.'''
|-
| 14 || Arka || Ravi, Bhanu, Tapana,Tulaphala, vikirana,ksheeraparna || '''Calotropis gigantea'''
|-
| 15 || Arjaka || Barbari,Sheta tulasi || '''Ocimum gratissimum L.'''
|-
| 16 || Arjuna || Indradru,Nadisarja,Dhavala,Kakubha, Partha, Shweta vaha, || '''Terminalia Arjuna'''
|-
| 17 || Avakpushpi || || '''Trichodesma indicum'''
|-
| 18 || Ashoka || Madhupushpa,Raktapallavaka, Hemapushpa, Pindipushpa, Nata, Pallavadru, || '''Saraca indica Linn.'''
|-
| 19 || Ashmantaka || Yugmapatra, yaalapatraka, kanchini || '''Bauhinia racemosa. Lam.'''
|-
| 20 || Ashwagandha || Balada, kamarupini, vajini,Gandhapatri || '''Withania somnifera'''
|-
| 21 || Aswattha || pippala, shrivriksha, sevya,bodhidru, pavitraka,krishnavasa || '''Ficus religiosa L.'''
|-
| 22 || Asana || Beejaka, Vijayasara || '''Bridelia Montana Wall., Pterocarpus marsupium'''
|-
| 23 || Akhuparni || vriddhadaru, akhukarni, shubhashreni, krushika, dravanti || '''Ipomoea reniformis Chois.'''
|-
| 24 || Adhaki || Tuvari, Shanapushpika, Kalavrunta || '''Cajanus indicus Spreng'''
|-
| 25 || Atmagupta || Kapikachu, kapiloma, swayamgupta,Markati || '''Mucuna pruriens D.C.'''
|-
| 26 || Amalaka || Dhatri, Dhatriphala, Sriphala, Vayastha,vayasya || '''Phyllanthus emblica L./ Emblica officinalis'''
|-
| 27 || Amra || Madhuphala, Madhuli, Madhavadruma, Sahakara, parapushta || '''Manjifera indica L.'''
|-
| 28 || Ikshu || Asipatra, Bhurirasa, Dirghacchada, Gudamula, Trnarasa || '''Saccharum officinarum L.'''
|-
| 29 || Ikshuraka || Kokilaksha? || '''Hygrophila spinosa T.Anderson'''
|-
| 30 || Ingudi || Higupatra, Tapasadruma,Angaravruksha,Pootikantaka || '''Balanites roxburghii Plauch., (Balanites aegyptiaca (Linn) Del.)'''
|-
| 31 || Itkada || Utkata, Vanajayanti || '''Sesbania aculeate Pers.'''
|-
| 32 || Ucchadaka || Uttingana? || '''Blepharis edulis Pers.'''
|-
| 33 || Udumbara || || '''Ficus glomerata Roxb., ( Ficus racemosa)'''
|-
| 34 || Upodika || || '''Basella rubra L.'''
|-
| 35 || Eraka || || '''Typha elephantine Roxb.'''
|-
| 36 || Ervaru || || '''Cucumis utilissimus L.'''
|-
| 37 || Eranda || || '''Ricinus communis L.'''
|-
| 38 || Katutumbi || || '''Lagenaria Vulgaris Ser.'''
|-
| 39 || Katuphala || || '''Hibiscus abelmoschus L.'''
|-
| 40 || Kandakari || || '''Solanum xanthocarpum Sche.'''
|-
| 41 || Kadamba || || '''Anthocephalus cadamba Miq.'''
|-
| 42 || Kadara || || '''Acacia Senegal Willd.'''
|-
| 43 || Kapittha || || '''Feronia elephantanum Correa.'''
|-
| 44 || Karamarda || || '''Carissa carandas L.'''
|-
| 45 || Karavira || || '''Nerium odorum Soland'''
|-
| 46 || Karira || || '''Copparis aphylla Roth'''
|-
| 47 || Karanja || || '''Pongamia glabra Vent.'''
|-
| 48 || Karkatashrungi || || '''Rhuus succedanea L.'''
|-
| 49 || Karkandhu || || '''Zizyphus nummularia W.C.'''
|-
| 50 || Karpura || || '''Dryobalanops aromatic Goertn.'''
|-
| 51 || Kalaya || || '''Lathyrus sativus L.'''
|-
| 52 || Kasheruka || || '''Seirpus kysoor R.'''
|-
| 53 || Kakamachi || || '''Solanum nigrum L.'''
|-
| 54 || Karavellika || || '''Momordica charantia L.'''
|-
| 55 || Karpasa || || '''Gossypium herbacum L.'''
|-
| 56 || Kalanusariva || || '''Ichnocarpus frutenscens Br.'''
|-
| 57 || Kashmari || || '''Gmelina arborea L.'''
|-
| 58 || Kasamarda || || '''Cassia occidentalis L.'''
|-
| 59 || Kiratatikta || || '''Swertia chirata Ham.'''
|-
| 60 || Kutaja || || '''Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall.'''
|-
| 61 || Kutumbaka || || '''Leucas linifolia Spreng.'''
|-
| 62 || Kumarajeeva || || '''Putranjiva roxburghii Wall.'''
|-
| 63 || Kumbhi || || '''Careya arborea R.'''
|-
| 64 || Kurandaka || || '''Barleria prionitis L.'''
|-
| 65 || Kusumbha || || '''Carathmus tinctoricus L.'''
|-
| 66 || Kovidara || || '''Bauhinia variegate L.'''
|-
| 67 || Koshataki || || '''Luffa acutangula varamara Clerke'''
|-
| 68 || Koshamra || || '''Scheleichera trijuga Willd.'''
|-
| 69 || Kumkuma || || '''Crocus sativus L.'''
|-
| 70 || Khadira || || '''Acacia catechu Willd.'''
|-
| 71 || Guggulu || || '''Balsamodendron mukul Hook.'''
|-
| 72 || Gunja || || '''Abrus precatorius L.'''
|-
| 73 || Guduchi || || '''Tinospora cordifolia Miers.'''
|-
| 74 || Gokshuraka || || '''Tribulus terrestris L.'''
|-
| 75 || Gojihwa || || '''Elephantopus scaber L.'''
|-
| 76 || Chakramarda || || '''Cassia tora L.'''
|-
| 77 || Chanchu || || '''Corchorus oilitorius L.'''
|-
| 78 || Chandana || || '''Santalum album L.'''
|-
| 79 || Charmakasha || || '''Acacia concinna D.C.'''
|-
| 80 || Charngeri || || '''Oxalis corniculata L.'''
|-
| 81 || Chitraka || || '''Plumbago zeylanica L.'''
|-
| 82 || Chirabilva || || '''Holoptelia integrifolia Planch.'''
|-
| 83 || Chirmata || || '''Cucumis melo L.'''
|-
| 84 || Chilli || || '''Chenopodium album L.'''
|-
| 85 || Choraka || || '''Agelica glauca Edgew.'''
|-
| 86 || jambu || || '''Eugenia jambos Lamk.'''
|-
| 87 || jaya || || '''Sesbania egyptica Pers.'''
|-
| 88 || jalapippali || || '''Lippia nodiflora Rich.'''
|-
| 89 || Jati || || '''Myristica fragrens Houtt.'''
|-
| 90 || Jingini || || '''Odina wodier Roxb.'''
|-
| 91 || Jeeraka || || '''Cuminum cyminum L.'''
|-
| 92 || Jyotishmati || || '''Celestrus paniculata Willd.'''
|-
| 93 || Tamala || || '''Cinnamomum tamala Fr. Nees.'''
|-
| 94 || Tintidika || || '''Tamarindus indica L.'''
|-
| 95 || Tinduka || || '''Diospyros embryopteris Pers.'''
|-
| 96 || Tila || || '''Sesamum indicum L.'''
|-
| 97 || Tilaparni || || '''Gynandropis pentaphylla D.C'''
|-
| 98 || Tumburu || || '''Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb.'''
|-
| 99 || Tuda || || '''Morus indica L.'''
|-
| 100 || Trivrut || || '''Ipomea turpethum Br.'''
|-
| 101 || Dadima || || '''Punica granatum L.'''
|-
| 102 || Daruharidra || || '''Berberis aristata D.C'''
|-
| 103 || Dipyaka || || '''Carum copticum Benth.'''
|-
| 104 || Dugdhika || || '''Euphorbia pilulifera L.'''
|-
| 105 || Duralabha || || '''Fagonia Arabica L.'''
|-
| 106 || Durva || || '''Cynodon dactylon Pers.'''
|-
| 107 || Draksha || || '''Vitis vinifera L.'''
|-
| 108 || Dhanvana || || '''Grewia tiliefolia Vahl.'''
|-
| 109 || Dhava || || '''Anogeisssus latifolia Wall.'''
|-
| 110 || Dhataki || || '''Woodfordia floribunda Slisb.'''
|-
| 111 || Dhanyaka || || '''Coriandrum sativum'''
|-
| 112 || Nanditaka || || '''Ficus retusa L.'''
|-
| 113 || Nalika || || '''Onosma echioides L.'''
|-
| 114 || Naranga || || '''Citrus aurantium L.'''
|-
| 115 || Nadi || || '''Ipomea aquatica Forsk.'''
|-
| 116 || Nimba || || '''Melia azadirachta L.'''
|-
| 117 || Nirgundi || || '''Vitex negundo L.'''
|-
| 118 || Nilika || || '''Indigofera tinctoria L.'''
|-
| 119 || Nyagrodha || || '''Ficus bengalensis L.'''
|-
| 120 || Patola || || '''Trichosanthes dioica Roxb.'''
|-
| 121 || Patra || || '''Cinnamomum iners Reinw.'''
|-
| 122 || Padmaka || || '''Prunus puddum Roxb.'''
|-
| 123 || Parushaka || || '''Grewia asiatica L.'''
|-
| 124 || Parpataka || || '''Rangia repens Nees.'''
|-
| 125 || Paravata || || '''Psidium guyava L.'''
|-
| 126 || Pashanabheda || || '''Saxifraga lingulata Wall.'''
|-
| 127 || Pippali || || '''Piper longum L.'''
|-
| 128 || Pilu || || '''Salvadora persica L.'''
|-
| 129 || Punarnava || || '''Berhavia repens L.'''
|-
| 130 || Prasarani || || '''Pederia fetida L.'''
|-
| 131 || Prachinamalaka || || '''Flacourtia cataphracta Roxb.'''
|-
| 132 || Piyala || || '''Aglaia roxburghiana Miq.'''
|-
| 133 || Plaksha || || '''Ficus tsiela Roxb.'''
|-
| 134 || Phenila || || '''Sapindus trifoliatus L.'''
|-
| 135 || Bakula || || '''Mimusops elengi L.'''
|-
| 136 || Badara || || '''Zizyphus jujube Lamk.'''
|-
| 137 || Bilwa || || '''Aegle marmelos Corr.'''
|-
| 138 || Bijaka || || '''Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.'''
|-
| 139 || Bijapuraka || || '''Citrus medica L.'''
|-
| 140 || Bruhati || || '''Solanum indicum L.'''
|-
| 141 || Brahmi || || '''Herpestis monniera Benth.'''
|-
| 142 || Bhavya || || '''Dillenia indica L.'''
|-
| 143 || Bhrigaraja || || '''Eclipta alba Hassk.'''
|-
| 144 || Mandukaparni || || '''Hydrocotyle asiatica L.'''
|-
| 145 || Madana || || '''Randia dumatorum Lam.'''
|-
| 146 || Madhuka || || '''Bassia latifolia Roxb.'''
|-
| 147 || Maricha || || '''Piper nigrum L.'''
|-
| 148 || Mamsi || || '''Nardostachys jatamansi D.C'''
|-
| 149 || Mudga || || '''Phaseolus mungo L.'''
|-
| 150 || Musta || || '''Cyperus rotundus L.'''
|-
| 151 || Murva || || '''Clematis triloba Heyne.'''
|-
| 152 || Mulaka || || '''Raphanus sativus L.'''
|-
| 153 || Yava || || '''Hordeum vulgarae L.'''
|-
| 154 || Yavasaka || || '''Alhagi maumorum Desv.'''
|-
| 155 || Raktotpala || || '''Nymphoea lotus L.'''
|-
| 156 || Rajakshavaka || || '''Doemia extensa Br.'''
|-
| 157 || Rajamasha || || '''Vigna catiang Endl.'''
|-
| 158 || Rajadana || || '''Mimusops hexandra Roxb.'''
|-
| 159 || Rasna || || '''Pluchea lanceolata Oliv.'''
|-
| 160 || Ruha || || '''Loranthus falcatus L.'''
|-
| 161 || Rohini || || '''Soymida febrifuge Juss.'''
|-
| 162 || Lashuna || || '''Allium sativum L.'''
|-
| 163 || Likucha || || '''Artocarpus lokoocha Roxb.'''
|-
| 164 || Lonika || || '''Portulaca oleracea L.'''
|-
| 165 || Lodhra || || '''Symplocos recemosa Roxb.'''
|-
| 166 || Vacha || || '''Acorus calamus L.'''
|-
| 167 || Vanjula || || '''Salix tetrasperma Roxb.'''
|-
| 168 || Varuna || || '''Cratoeva religiosa Forst.'''
|-
| 169 || Vatama || || '''Prunus amygdalus Baill.'''
|-
| 170 || Vartaka || || '''Solanum melongena L.'''
|-
| 171 || Vasa || || '''Adhatoda vasica Nees.'''
|-
| 172 || Vikankata || || '''Gymnosporia Montana Benth.'''
|-
| 173 || Vidanga || || '''Embelia ribes Burn.'''
|-
| 174 || Vidari || || '''Ipomea digitata L.'''
|-
| 175 || Shankhapushpi || || '''Evolvulus alsinoides L.'''
|-
| 176 || Shana || || '''Crotalaria juncea L.'''
|-
| 177 || Shanapushpi || || '''Crotalaria verrucosa L.'''
|-
| 178 || Shatapushpa || || '''Peucedanum graveolens Benth.'''
|-
| 179 || Shatavari || || '''Asparagus racemosus Willd.'''
|-
| 180 || Shami || || '''Prosopis spicigera L.'''
|-
| 181 || Shallaki || || '''Boswellia serrate Roxb.'''
|-
| 182 || Shaliparni || || '''Desmodium gangeticum D.C.'''
|-
| 183 || Shalmali || || '''Bambox malabarica D.C.'''
|-
| 184 || Shimshapa || || '''Dalbergia sisso Roxb.'''
|-
| 185 || Shigru || || '''Moringa pterygosperma Goertn.'''
|-
| 186 || Shirisha || || '''Albezzia lebbeck Benth.'''
|-
| 187 || Shringavera || || '''Zingiber officinale Rose.'''
|-
| 188 || Shringataka || || '''Trapa bispinosa Roxb.'''
|-
| 189 || Saptaparna || || '''Alstonia scholaris R. Br.'''
|-
| 190 || Sarja || || '''Shorea robusta'''
|-
| 191 || Sarshapa || || '''Brassica campestris L.'''
|-
| 192 || Sariva || || '''Hemmidesmus indicus Br.'''
|-
| 193 || Sudha || || '''Euphorbia nerifolia L.'''
|-
| 194 || Surasa || || '''Ocimum sanctum L.'''
|-
| 195 || Somaraji || || '''Proralea corylifolia L.'''
|-
| 196 || Hamsapadi || || '''Adjantum lunulatum Burm.'''
|-
| 197 || Hapusha || || '''Juniperus communis L.'''
|-
| 198 || Hastidanti || || '''Croton oblongifolius Roxb.'''
|-
| 199 || Haridraka || || '''Adina cordifolia Hook.'''
|-
| 200 || Hemadugdha || || '''Argimone mexicana L.'''
|}

Ashwagandha

2026-07-07T09:44:37Z

Agnivesha:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Ashwagandha, Ashvagandha, Withania Somnifera, Indian ginseng, winter cherry, Charak Samhita, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description='''Ashwagandha''' (अश्वगंधा) or ''Ashvagandha''; [[Withania somnifera]]), also known as '''Indian ginseng''' or '''winter cherry''', is a [[Rasayana|rasayana]] (rejuvenator) herb in [[Ayurveda]], valued for its adaptogenic, balya (strength-promoting), and nervine properties. Primarily, the root is used for stress management, vitality, immunity, and musculoskeletal health as documented in classical texts like ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'' and modern clinical studies.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
'''Ashwagandha''' (अश्वगंधा) or ''Ashvagandha''; [[Withania somnifera]]), also known as '''Indian ginseng''' or '''winter cherry''', is a [[rasayana]] (rejuvenator) herb in [[Ayurveda]], valued for its adaptogenic, balya (strength-promoting), and nervine properties. Primarily, the root is used for stress management, vitality, immunity, and musculoskeletal health as documented in classical texts like ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'' and modern clinical studies.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Narendra |last2=Bhalla |first2=M. |last3=de Jager |first3=P. |last4=Gilca |first4=M. |title=Rational use of Ashwagandha in Ayurveda (Traditional Indian Medicine) – A systematic analysis of the scientific evidence for its pharmacological activities |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=273 |pages=113907 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2021.113907 |pmc=PMC8274455 |pmid=33831467 |year=2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mishra |first1=Laxmi C. |last2=Singh |first2=Betilda B. |last3=Dagenais |first3=Simon |title=Scientific basis for the therapeutic use of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha): a review |journal=Alternative Medicine Review |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=348–357 |pmid=19803596 |year=2000}}</ref>

{{Infobox
|title = Ashwagandha
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Ashwagandha
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Withania somnifera (Linn.)
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Solanaceae
|label3 = Contributors
|data3 = Dr.Yogesh S. Deole
|label4 = Year of publication
|data4 = 2026
|label5 = Publisher
|data5 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label6 = DOI
|data6 = Awaited
}}
==English name==
'''Indian ginseng''' or '''winter cherry'''

==Synonyms ==

Ashwagandha, Wajigandha, Varahakarni

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

* '''Rasa''' (taste): Madhura (sweet), tikta (bitter)
* '''Guna''' (properties): Snigdha (unctuous), guru (heavy to digest)
* '''Virya''' (potency): Ushna (hot)
* '''Vipaka''' (post-digestive effect): Madhura
* '''Dosha Effect''': Primarily balances [[Vata dosha|vata]], secondarily kapha; aggravates pitta in excess.
* '''Classical Actions''': Medhya (intellect promoter), balya (strength), vajikarana (aphrodisiac), rasayana (rejuvenative).<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last1=Sharma|first1=P.V.|title=Charaka Samhita|publisher=Chaukhamba Orientalia|location=Varanasi|year=2014}}</ref>
[[File:Ashwagandha.jpg|thumb|Ashvagandha]]

==Description==

A perennial shrub from the Solanaceae family, native to India, the Middle East, and Africa. It grows 35–75 cm tall with oval leaves, small greenish-yellow flowers, and red-orange berry-like fruits. The name "Ashwagandha" derives from Sanskrit ''ashva'' (horse) and ''gandha'' (smell), referring to the root's horse-like odor and vigor-promoting effects.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mirjalili |first1=Mohammad Hossein |last2=Moharramipour |first2=Saman |last3=Hadian |first3=Javad |title=A review on the production of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) active principles: Methods and current status |journal=Journal of Medicinal Plants Research |volume=8 |issue=37 |pages=882–900 |doi=10.5897/JMPR2014.5629 |year=2014}}</ref>

==Pharmacognosy==

Key phytoconstituents include withanolides (e.g., withaferin A, withanolide D), sitoindosides, withanosides, alkaloids (withanine, somniferine), and steroidal lactones. Roots contain highest concentrations (1.5–5% withanolides).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kaushik |first1=M.K. |last2=Kaushik |first2=V.K. |last3=Kumar |first3=A. |title=Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomarkers, and pharmacokinetics |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=267 |pages=113451 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2020.113451 |pmid=33157267 |year=2021}}</ref>

==Clinical Uses==

===Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
Herbs and their activities
|'''Sr.no.'''
|'''Reference in Charak Samhita'''
|'''Activity'''
|-
|1
|Cha. Sa. Sutra sthana 4/9(2)
|Brumhaniya mahakashaya
|-
|2
|Cha. Sa. Sutra sthana 4/9(7)
|Balya mahakashaya
|-
|3
|Cha. Sa. Vimana Sthana 8/136
|Virechana Dravyani
|-
|4
|Cha. Sa. Vimana Sthana 8/139
|Madhur skandha
|-
|5
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 2/1/34
|Ingredient in Vajikarana Ghrita
|-
|6
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 13/109
|In the treatment of Udara roga (for lepa)
|-
|7
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 14/50
|Dhupan yoga in arsha roga
|-
|8
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 17/117
|Kshara mixed with madhuk ghrit is used in hikka shwasa
|-
|9
|Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/75
|As an ingredient of Dhumapana yoga
|-
|10
|Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 21/123
|For pradeha prayoga in granthi visarpa
|-
|11
|Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 23/70
|As an ingredient of Gandha hasti agada
|-
|12
|Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 23/80
|As an ingredient of Maha -Gandha hasti agada.
|-
|13
|Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 23/244
|As an ingredient of Amruta ghrita
|-
|14
|Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 27/43
|As an ingredient of Kushthadi Taila
|-
|15
|Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 22/50
|As an ingredient of Utsadana Yoga
|-
|16
|Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 28/166
|As an ingredient of Ashwagandha Taila paka
|-
|17
|Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 28/170
|As an ingredient of Vrushamuladi taila
|-
|18
|Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 28/173
|As an ingredient of Mulaka taila
|-
|19
|Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/73
|As an ingredient of Jeevakadi mahasneha
|-
|20
|Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 30/260
|As a paniya yoga, in the treatment of Stanya dosha
|}

=== Bhavaprakasha ===

* Pacifies [[Vata]]-[[Kapha]] dosha
* Alleviates Shwitra (vitiligo)
* Shotha (oedema)
* Kshaya (depletion of tissues)
* Balya (promotes strength)
* Rasayani (rejuvenating)
* Atishukrala (increases semen and sperm count)

===Neurological===
Reduces stress and cortisol levels (300–600 mg root extract daily); improves sleep quality and cognitive function in trials.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chandrasekhar |first1=K. |last2=Kapoor |first2=J. |last3=Anishetty |first3=S. |title=A prospective, randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study of safety and efficacy of a high-concentration full-spectrum extract of Ashwagandha root in reducing stress and anxiety in adults |journal=Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=255–262 |doi=10.4103/0253-7176.106022 |pmc=3573577 |pmid=23439798 |year=2012}}</ref>

===Reproductive===
Enhances testosterone, semen quality, and libido in men (675 mg root powder daily).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ambiye |first1=V.R. |last2=Langade |first2=D. |last3=Dongre |first3=S. |last4=Apte |first4=S. |last5=Joshi |first5=K. |title=Clinical evaluation of the spermatogenic activity of the root extract of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) in oligospermic males: a pilot study |journal=Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine |volume=2013 |pages=571420 |doi=10.1155/2013/571420 |pmc=3863556 |pmid=24284701 |year=2013}}</ref>

===Musculoskeletal===
Increases muscle mass and strength (500 mg extract with resistance training).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wankhede |first1=S. |last2=Langade |first2=D. |last3=Joshi |first3=K. |last4=Thakurdesai |first4=P.A. |title=Examining the effect of Withania somnifera supplementation on muscle strength and recovery: a randomized controlled trial |journal=Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition |volume=12 |pages=23 |doi=10.1186/s12970-015-0104-9 |pmc=4658772 |pmid=26009251 |year=2015}}</ref>

==Formulations and Dosage==

Common preparations:
{| class="wikitable"
!Formulation||Dose||Anupana (vehicle)
|-
|Churna (powder)||3–6 g BID||Warm milk/ghee
|-
|Ghrita||5–10 g/day||As prescribed
|-
|Extract capsules||300–600 mg/day||Water
|}

==Safety==
Generally safe (GRAS status); rare GI upset, drowsiness. Contraindicated in hyperthyroidism, pregnancy (uterine stimulant), and nightshade allergy. LD50 >2 g/kg in rodents.<ref>{{cite web |title=Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) Monograph |url=https://www.herbrally.com/monographs/ashwagandha |publisher=HerbRally |access-date=2026-03-16}}</ref>

==Research==

Over 100 clinical trials support adaptogenic effects; NIH-funded studies are ongoing for anxiety and sleep disorders. Withanolides modulate HPA axis, GABA receptors, and inflammation pathways (NF-κB inhibition).<ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1=Speers |first1=A.B. |last2=Cabey |first2=K.A. |last3=Souza |first3=M.J. |last4=Spencer |first4=E.A. |title=Effects of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) on stress and the stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders anxiety, depression, and insomnia |journal=Current Neuropharmacology |volume=20 |issue=7 |pages=1–17 |doi=10.2174/1570159X19666210813150419 |year=2021}}</ref>

==Current availability ==

Available

== External links ==

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withania_somnifera Withania Somnifera]

[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Withania%20somnifera IMPPAT Database link]

==References==
{{reflist}}

Ashwagandha

2026-07-07T09:42:24Z

Agnivesha:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Ashwagandha, Ashvagandha, Withania Somnifera, Indian ginseng, winter cherry, Charak Samhita, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description='''Ashwagandha''' (अश्वगंधा) or ''Ashvagandha''; [[Withania somnifera]]), also known as '''Indian ginseng''' or '''winter cherry''', is a [[Rasayana|rasayana]] (rejuvenator) herb in [[Ayurveda]], valued for its adaptogenic, balya (strength-promoting), and nervine properties. Primarily, the root is used for stress management, vitality, immunity, and musculoskeletal health as documented in classical texts like ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'' and modern clinical studies.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
'''Ashwagandha''' (अश्वगंधा) or ''Ashvagandha''; [[Withania somnifera]]), also known as '''Indian ginseng''' or '''winter cherry''', is a [[rasayana]] (rejuvenator) herb in [[Ayurveda]], valued for its adaptogenic, balya (strength-promoting), and nervine properties. Primarily, the root is used for stress management, vitality, immunity, and musculoskeletal health as documented in classical texts like ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'' and modern clinical studies.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Narendra |last2=Bhalla |first2=M. |last3=de Jager |first3=P. |last4=Gilca |first4=M. |title=Rational use of Ashwagandha in Ayurveda (Traditional Indian Medicine) – A systematic analysis of the scientific evidence for its pharmacological activities |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=273 |pages=113907 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2021.113907 |pmc=PMC8274455 |pmid=33831467 |year=2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mishra |first1=Laxmi C. |last2=Singh |first2=Betilda B. |last3=Dagenais |first3=Simon |title=Scientific basis for the therapeutic use of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha): a review |journal=Alternative Medicine Review |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=348–357 |pmid=19803596 |year=2000}}</ref>

{{Infobox
|title = Ashwagandha
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Ashwagandha
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Withania somnifera (Linn.)
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Solanaceae
|label3 = Contributors
|data3 = Dr.Yogesh S. Deole
|label4 = Year of publication
|data4 = 2026
|label5 = Publisher
|data5 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label6 = DOI
|data6 = Awaited
}}
==English name==
'''Indian ginseng''' or '''winter cherry'''

==Synonyms ==

Ashwagandha, Wajigandha, Varahakarni

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

* '''Rasa''' (taste): Madhura (sweet), tikta (bitter)
* '''Guna''' (properties): Snigdha (unctuous), guru (heavy to digest)
* '''Virya''' (potency): Ushna (hot)
* '''Vipaka''' (post-digestive effect): Madhura
* '''Dosha Effect''': Primarily balances [[Vata dosha|vata]], secondarily kapha; aggravates pitta in excess.
* '''Classical Actions''': Medhya (intellect promoter), balya (strength), vajikarana (aphrodisiac), rasayana (rejuvenative).<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=P.V.|title=Charaka Samhita |publisher=Chaukhamba Orientalia |location=Varanasi |year=2014 |isbn=978-8176371432}}</ref>
[[File:Ashwagandha.jpg|thumb|Ashvagandha]]

==Description==

A perennial shrub from the Solanaceae family, native to India, the Middle East, and Africa. It grows 35–75 cm tall with oval leaves, small greenish-yellow flowers, and red-orange berry-like fruits. The name "Ashwagandha" derives from Sanskrit ''ashva'' (horse) and ''gandha'' (smell), referring to the root's horse-like odor and vigor-promoting effects.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mirjalili |first1=Mohammad Hossein |last2=Moharramipour |first2=Saman |last3=Hadian |first3=Javad |title=A review on the production of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) active principles: Methods and current status |journal=Journal of Medicinal Plants Research |volume=8 |issue=37 |pages=882–900 |doi=10.5897/JMPR2014.5629 |year=2014}}</ref>

==Pharmacognosy==

Key phytoconstituents include withanolides (e.g., withaferin A, withanolide D), sitoindosides, withanosides, alkaloids (withanine, somniferine), and steroidal lactones. Roots contain highest concentrations (1.5–5% withanolides).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kaushik |first1=M.K. |last2=Kaushik |first2=V.K. |last3=Kumar |first3=A. |title=Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomarkers, and pharmacokinetics |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=267 |pages=113451 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2020.113451 |pmid=33157267 |year=2021}}</ref>

==Clinical Uses==

===Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
Herbs and their activities
|'''Sr.no.'''
|'''Reference in Charak Samhita'''
|'''Activity'''
|-
|1
|Cha. Sa. Sutra sthana 4/9(2)
|Brumhaniya mahakashaya
|-
|2
|Cha. Sa. Sutra sthana 4/9(7)
|Balya mahakashaya
|-
|3
|Cha. Sa. Vimana Sthana 8/136
|Virechana Dravyani
|-
|4
|Cha. Sa. Vimana Sthana 8/139
|Madhur skandha
|-
|5
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 2/1/34
|Ingredient in Vajikarana Ghrita
|-
|6
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 13/109
|In the treatment of Udara roga (for lepa)
|-
|7
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 14/50
|Dhupan yoga in arsha roga
|-
|8
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 17/117
|Kshara mixed with madhuk ghrit is used in hikka shwasa
|-
|9
|Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/75
|As an ingredient of Dhumapana yoga
|-
|10
|Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 21/123
|For pradeha prayoga in granthi visarpa
|-
|11
|Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 23/70
|As an ingredient of Gandha hasti agada
|-
|12
|Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 23/80
|As an ingredient of Maha -Gandha hasti agada.
|-
|13
|Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 23/244
|As an ingredient of Amruta ghrita
|-
|14
|Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 27/43
|As an ingredient of Kushthadi Taila
|-
|15
|Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 22/50
|As an ingredient of Utsadana Yoga
|-
|16
|Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 28/166
|As an ingredient of Ashwagandha Taila paka
|-
|17
|Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 28/170
|As an ingredient of Vrushamuladi taila
|-
|18
|Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 28/173
|As an ingredient of Mulaka taila
|-
|19
|Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/73
|As an ingredient of Jeevakadi mahasneha
|-
|20
|Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 30/260
|As a paniya yoga, in the treatment of Stanya dosha
|}

=== Bhavaprakasha ===

* Pacifies [[Vata]]-[[Kapha]] dosha
* Alleviates Shwitra (vitiligo)
* Shotha (oedema)
* Kshaya (depletion of tissues)
* Balya (promotes strength)
* Rasayani (rejuvenating)
* Atishukrala (increases semen and sperm count)

===Neurological===
Reduces stress and cortisol levels (300–600 mg root extract daily); improves sleep quality and cognitive function in trials.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chandrasekhar |first1=K. |last2=Kapoor |first2=J. |last3=Anishetty |first3=S. |title=A prospective, randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study of safety and efficacy of a high-concentration full-spectrum extract of Ashwagandha root in reducing stress and anxiety in adults |journal=Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=255–262 |doi=10.4103/0253-7176.106022 |pmc=3573577 |pmid=23439798 |year=2012}}</ref>

===Reproductive===
Enhances testosterone, semen quality, and libido in men (675 mg root powder daily).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ambiye |first1=V.R. |last2=Langade |first2=D. |last3=Dongre |first3=S. |last4=Apte |first4=S. |last5=Joshi |first5=K. |title=Clinical evaluation of the spermatogenic activity of the root extract of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) in oligospermic males: a pilot study |journal=Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine |volume=2013 |pages=571420 |doi=10.1155/2013/571420 |pmc=3863556 |pmid=24284701 |year=2013}}</ref>

===Musculoskeletal===
Increases muscle mass and strength (500 mg extract with resistance training).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wankhede |first1=S. |last2=Langade |first2=D. |last3=Joshi |first3=K. |last4=Thakurdesai |first4=P.A. |title=Examining the effect of Withania somnifera supplementation on muscle strength and recovery: a randomized controlled trial |journal=Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition |volume=12 |pages=23 |doi=10.1186/s12970-015-0104-9 |pmc=4658772 |pmid=26009251 |year=2015}}</ref>

==Formulations and Dosage==

Common preparations:
{| class="wikitable"
!Formulation||Dose||Anupana (vehicle)
|-
|Churna (powder)||3–6 g BID||Warm milk/ghee
|-
|Ghrita||5–10 g/day||As prescribed
|-
|Extract capsules||300–600 mg/day||Water
|}

==Safety==
Generally safe (GRAS status); rare GI upset, drowsiness. Contraindicated in hyperthyroidism, pregnancy (uterine stimulant), and nightshade allergy. LD50 >2 g/kg in rodents.<ref>{{cite web |title=Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) Monograph |url=https://www.herbrally.com/monographs/ashwagandha |publisher=HerbRally |access-date=2026-03-16}}</ref>

==Research==

Over 100 clinical trials support adaptogenic effects; NIH-funded studies are ongoing for anxiety and sleep disorders. Withanolides modulate HPA axis, GABA receptors, and inflammation pathways (NF-κB inhibition).<ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1=Speers |first1=A.B. |last2=Cabey |first2=K.A. |last3=Souza |first3=M.J. |last4=Spencer |first4=E.A. |title=Effects of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) on stress and the stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders anxiety, depression, and insomnia |journal=Current Neuropharmacology |volume=20 |issue=7 |pages=1–17 |doi=10.2174/1570159X19666210813150419 |year=2021}}</ref>

==Current availability ==

Available

== External links ==

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withania_somnifera Withania Somnifera]

[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Withania%20somnifera IMPPAT Database link]

==References==
{{reflist}}

Haritaki

2026-07-07T09:39:14Z

Agnivesha:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Haritaki, Hirada,Terminalia chebula, chebulic myrobalan, Charak Samhita, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=Bibhitaki is classified as a Rasayana (rejuvenator). It is traditionally indicated for respiratory disorders (cough, asthma), digestive ailments, ocular diseases, and hair care.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia_chebula Terminalia chebula Retz. var. typica]

{{Infobox
|title = Abhaya
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Abhaya
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia_chebula Terminalia chebula Retz. var. typica]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Combretaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = Dravyaguna Team
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2025
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia_chebula Terminalia chebula Retz. var. typica]''', popularly known as '''Haritaki''' (or Harad), is a deciduous tree native to South Asia, spanning India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka. It is widely regarded in [[Ayurveda]] as the "King of Medicines" (Prana) and is a primary constituent of the renowned formula '''[[Triphala]]'''. It is highly revered medicinal plant.

==English name ==

Chebulic myrobalan

==Therapeutic Use==

Shotha (edema), Arsha (hemorrhoids), Aruchi (anorexia), Hridroga (cardiac diseases), Kasa (cough), Pandu (anemia and blood deficiency related diseases), Prameha (obstinate urinary disorders including diabetes mellitus), Udavarta, Vibandha (constipation), Jirna-jwara (chronic fever), Vishama jwara (different types of fever), Shiro-roga (diseases of head), Tamaka shwasa (bronchial asthma), Gulma (abdominal lumps), Udararoga (generalized enlargement of abdomen)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:31</ref>

==Other Varieties / Other Botanical names==

* Buceras chebula (Retz.) Lyons
* Combretum argyrophyllum K.Schum.
* Myrobalanus chebula (Retz.) Gaertn.
* Myrobalanus gangetica (Roxb.) Kostel.
* Myrobalanus tomentella Kuntze
* Terminalia acutae Walp.
* Terminalia argyrophylla King & Prain
* Terminalia gangetica Roxb.
* Terminalia glandulipetiolata De Wild.
* Terminalia parviflora Thwaites
* Terminalia reticulata Roth
* Terminalia tomentella Kurz
* Terminalia zeylanica Van Heurck & Müll. Arg.
[[File:Haritaki.jpg|thumb|Haritaki ]]

== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==

In traditional medicine, Haritaki is classified as a [[Rasayana]] (rejuvenative) and is believed to balance all three [[Dosha|doshas]] (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha). Its historical indications include gastrointestinal disorders, metabolic complications, cognitive decline, chronic inflammation, and wound healing.

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==

Haritaki, Abhaya, Pathya

==Additional Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==

Abhaya, Kayastha, Putana, Amruta, Haimavati, Avyatha, Chetaki, Shreyasi, Shiva, Vayastha, Vijaya, Jivanti, Rohini

==Types==
===Bhavaprakasha Nighantu===
Mentioned 7 types<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 7 – 9, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

{| class="wikitable"

! Sr.no. !! Types !! Characters !! Utility
|-
| 1 || Vijaya || Oval || All diseases
|-
| 2 || Rohini || Round || Wound healing
|-
| 3 || Putana || Putana Small but with large seed || For external application
|-
| 4 || Amruta || Bulky || For purification
|-
| 5 || Abhaya || Five lines on it || Eye diseases
|-
| 6 || Jivanti || Yellow colored || Useful in all diseases
|-
| 7 || Chetaki || Three lines over it || For preparing powder
|}

===Kaiyadeva Nighantu===

Mentioned 3 types<ref>Prof. Priya Vat Sharma, Kaiyadev Nighantu, Aushadhi Varga, Translated by Dr. Guru Prasada Sharma, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Delhi; </ref>
# Niraja
# Vanaja
# Parvatiya

===Prashasta Haritaki (Qualities of Best Haritaki)===

* Nava – new
* Snigdha – Unctuous
* Ghana – Hard
* Vritta – Round
* Gurvi – With weight
* Ambasi nimajjana – Sinks in water
* Dwikarsha – Double the weight of Bibhitaki (22 gm)<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 25 - 26, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

===Ritu Haritaki===

{| class="wikitable"

! Sr.no. !! Ritu (Season) !! Anupana
|-
| 1 || Varsha (Rainy season)||Saindhava lavana (Rock salt)
|-
| 2 ||Sharad (Autumn)||Sharkara (Sugar)
|-
| 3 ||Hemanta (Early winter)||Shunthi (Ginger)
|-
| 4 ||Shishira (Late winter)||Kana (Long pepper)
|-
| 5 ||Vasanta (Spring)||Madhu (Honey)
|-
| 6 ||Grishma (Summer)||Guda (Jaggery)
|}<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 31, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

===Actions of Haritaki on Dosha with Anupana===

{| class="wikitable"

! Sr.no. !! Effect on Dosha !! Anupana
|-
| 1 || Kaphahara||Saindhava lavana (Rock salt)
|-
| 2 || Pittahara||Sharkara (Sugar)
|-
| 3 || Vatahara||Ghrita (Ghee)
|-
| 4 || Tridoshahara||Guda (Jaggery)
|}<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 30, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

===Contra indications of Haritaki===

* Adhwatikhinna – Tired of walking, depressed
* Balavarjita – weak
* Ruksha – who has dryness in body
* Krisha – lean
* Langhana karshita – Tired of observing fasting
* Pittadhikya – Excessive aggravation of Pitta
* Garbhavati – Pregnant
* Vimukta raktata – One who underwent blood letting<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 32, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

===Haritaki Prayoga in different forms===

# Charvita – Chewed and swallowed increases Agni.
# Peshita (Powder) – When triturated, acts as Malashodhaka (purifies faeces)
# Swinna – When boiled acts as Sangrahi
# Bhrishta – When fried, acts as Tridosha shamaka
# Sahabhojana – When taken with food, Improves intellect, strength and functions of sense organs, Pacifies Tridosha
Evacuates faeces and acts as diuretic.
# Pashchat bhojana – When taken after food, Alleviates the diseases occurred because of improper food and also alleviates Tridosha.<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 27, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Astringent (kashaya), Pungent (katu), Bitter (tikta), Sweet (madhura), Sour (amla)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[vata]], [[pitta]] and [[kapha]]
|-
| 6 || Extra ordinary effect ([[prabhava]]) || Removes all the three [[dosha]]
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/82 || Phalini ([[Virechana]]) (Therapeutic Purgation)
|-
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/29 || Vatanulominiyavagu(gruel for flatulence).
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(12) || Arshoghna (anti – haemorrhoidal) mahakashay
|-
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(13) || Kushthaghna (anti – dermatosis) mahakashay
|-
| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(24) || Virechanopag (sub – purgative) mahakashay
|-
| 6 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(30) || Hikkanigrahana (reducing hiccups)mahakashay
|-
| 7 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(36) || Kasahara (anti – cough) mahakashaya
|-
| 8 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(39) || Jwarahara (antipyretic) mahakashaya
|-
| 9 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(49) || Prajasthapana (promoting conception and implantation of embryo) mahakashaya.
|-
| 10 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(50) || Vayasthapana (anti – ageing) mahakashaya
|-
| 11 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/16 || Vamanartha (for therapeutic emesis)
|-
| 12 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/16 || Preparations of Trivrut
|-
| 13 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/30 || Preparations of Trivrut
|-
| 14 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/46 || As an ingredient of Vyoshadi Modaka
|-
| 15 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/50 || As an ingredient of Pathyadi Modaka
|-
| 16 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 9/7 || As an ingredient of Tilvaka Yoga
|-
| 17 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 11/7 || Saptala Shankhini Yoga for purgation.
|-
| 18 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/15 || As an ingredient of Avaleha(linctus) Yoga
|-
| 19 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/27 || As an ingredient of Modaka Yoga
|-
|}

==Dose==

3-6 gm of the drug in the powder form.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:31</ref>

==Important Formulations==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:31</ref>
* Triphala Churna
* Triphaladi Taila
* Abhayarishta
* Agatsya Haritaki Rasayana
* Citraka Haritaki
* Danti Haritaki
* Dasamula Haritaki
* Brahma Rasayana
* Abhaya Lavana
* Pathyadi Lepa

== Current availability==

Available

* In India – Found in sub – Himalayan region. West Bengal, Assam, Madras, Mysore, Himachal Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala.
* Out of India –
* South Asia – Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Nepal, Bangladesh
* Southeast Asia – Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand
* East Asia - China

== Current researches ==

== Phytochemical Composition ==
The therapeutic versatility of ''Terminalia chebula'' arises from its complex secondary metabolite profile, particularly abundant in its dried fruit pericarp:
* '''Hydrolyzable Tannins:''' Extremely rich in chebulinic acid, chebulagic acid, corilagin, terchebin, and punicalagin.
* '''Phenolic Acids:''' High yields of gallic acid and ellagic acid.
* '''Flavonoids:''' Rutin, quercetin, and luteolin.
* '''Other Constituents:''' Saponins, amino acids, and fixed oils containing palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids.

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==

=== Gastrointestinal Prokinetic and Cytoprotective Effects ===

Haritaki is most recognized for its profound influence on the gastrointestinal tract, functioning both as a mild laxative and a mucosal protective agent.

* '''Mechanism:''' It accelerates gastric emptying and intestinal transit time by stimulating smooth muscle contractility. Concurrently, it enhances the gastric mucosal defense barrier by increasing mucin secretion and reducing lipid peroxidation.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Clinical and animal models indicate that ''T. chebula'' provides substantial protection against experimental gastric ulcers by normalizing total acidity and pepsin output while augmenting cytoprotective factors.<ref name="Tamhane1997"/>

=== Pro-Cognitive and Neuroprotective Properties ===

Recent research highlights Haritaki's ability to combat neurodegenerative pathways associated with Alzheimer's disease and cognitive decline.
* '''Mechanism:''' Active constituents like chebulinic acid act as potent acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors, preserving acetylcholine levels in synapses. Furthermore, it suppresses neuroinflammation by inhibiting microglia activation.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Studies show that aqueous extracts significantly attenuate amyloid-β induced neurotoxicity and oxidative stress in cortical neurons, preserving spatial memory and cognitive performance in animal designs.<ref name="Afshari2016"/>

=== Anti-Diabetic and Advanced Glycation End-product (AGE) Inhibition ===

Haritaki serves as an effective intervention against type 2 diabetes and its long-term vascular complications.
* '''Mechanism:''' It significantly inhibits α-glucosidase and α-amylase, delaying carbohydrate digestion. Uniquely, its polyphenols block the formation of Advanced Glycation End-products (AGEs), which damage blood vessels in diabetic patients.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In vivo research demonstrated that standard oral administration of ''T. chebula'' seed extract resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in blood glucose, comparable to standard oral hypoglycemic drugs like glibenclamide, alongside an increase in plasma insulin levels.<ref name="Murali2007"/>

=== Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial and Anti-Biofilm Action ===

The plant exhibits strong inhibitory effects against a diverse array of bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens.
* '''Mechanism:''' Tannins disrupt microbial cell wall integrity, precipitate structural proteins, and prevent bacterial adherence necessary for biofilm formation.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Extracts have demonstrated powerful efficacy against cariogenic bacteria like ''Streptococcus mutans'' (reducing dental plaque formation) and clinically relevant multi-drug resistant pathogens, including ''Helicobacter pylori''.<ref name="Aneja2009"/>

=== Cardioprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Efficacy ===

Haritaki supports cardiovascular health by lowering oxidative stress within vascular tissues and managing lipid profiles.
* '''Mechanism:''' It reduces myocardial lipid peroxidation, downregulates pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6), and preserves endogenous cellular antioxidants like superoxide dismutase (SOD).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Studies show that pre-treatment with ''T. chebula'' significantly mitigates lysosomal enzyme leakage and preserves myocardial architecture during chemical-induced myocardial infarction models.<ref name="Suchalatha2005"/>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==

* '''Acute Toxicity:''' ''Terminalia chebula'' is highly safe for therapeutic consumption. Oral acute toxicity evaluations indicate an LD50 exceeding 2000 mg/kg body weight in animal cohorts.
* '''Precautions:''' Due to its potent astringent and prokinetic nature, it should be used with caution during acute diarrhea, severe dehydration, or pregnancy unless explicitly monitored by a healthcare professional.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Fruit Powder (Churna):'' 3–6 g daily mixed with warm water or honey.
** ''Standardized Extract:'' 250–500 mg twice daily.

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Terminalia chebula''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Gastrointestinal Dysmotility'''
| Tannins, Chebulinic acid
| Prokinetic activity, Mucosal cytoprotection
|-
| '''Cognitive Decline / Dementia'''
| Gallic acid, Chebulagic acid
| Acetylcholinesterase inhibition, Anti-amyloidogenesis
|-
| '''Type 2 Diabetes'''
| Chebulinic acid, Ellagic acid
| α-glucosidase inhibition, AGE inhibition
|-
| '''Dental Caries & Infections'''
| Polyphenols, Flavonoids
| Anti-biofilm matrix disruption, Anti-adherence
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Tamhane1997">{{cite journal |last1=Tamhane |first1=M. D. |last2=Thorat |first2=S. P. |last3=Rege |first3=N. N. |last4=Dahanukar |first4=S. A. |year=1997 |title=Effect of Oral Administration of Terminalia chebula on Gastric Emptying and Cecal Transit Time |journal=Journal of Postgrad Medicine |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=12–13}}</ref>

<ref name="Afshari2016">{{cite journal |last1=Afshari |first1=A. |last2=Sadeghnia |first2=H. R. |last3=Asadpour |first3=E. |year=2016 |title=Neuroprotective effects of Terminalia chebula fruit extract against t-butyl hydroperoxide-induced oxidative stress in neurons |journal=Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=73–82}}</ref>

<ref name="Murali2007">{{cite journal |last1=Murali |first1=Y. K. |last2=Anand |first2=P. |last3=Murthy |first3=P. S. |last4=Murthy |first4=Ch. V. |year=2007 |title=Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects of Terminalia chebula seed extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=109 |issue=3 |pages=532–535}}</ref>

<ref name="Aneja2009">{{cite journal |last1=Aneja |first1=K. R. |last2=Joshi |first2=R. |year=2009 |title=Evaluation of antimicrobial potential of fruit extracts of Terminalia chebula against salivary samples and micro-organisms associated with dental caries |journal=Journal of Herbal Medicine and Toxicology |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=133–138}}</ref>

<ref name="Suchalatha2005">{{cite journal |last1=Suchalatha |first1=S. |last2=Devi |first2=C. S. |year=2005 |title=Protective effect of Terminalia chebula against lysosomal enzyme leakage in experimental myocardial infarction |journal=Indian Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=520–523}}</ref>
}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Haritaki

2026-07-07T09:38:45Z

Agnivesha:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Haritaki, Hirada,Terminalia chebula, chebulic myrobalan, Charak Samhita, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=Bibhitaki is classified as a Rasayana (rejuvenator). It is traditionally indicated for respiratory disorders (cough, asthma), digestive ailments, ocular diseases, and hair care.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia_chebula Terminalia chebula Retz. var. typica]

{{Infobox
|title = Abhaya
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Abhaya
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia_chebula Terminalia chebula Retz. var. typica]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Combretaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = Dravyaguna Team
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2025
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia_chebula Terminalia chebula Retz. var. typica]''', popularly known as '''Haritaki''' (or Harad), is a deciduous tree native to South Asia, spanning India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka. It is widely regarded in [[Ayurveda]] as the "King of Medicines" (Prana) and is a primary constituent of the renowned formula '''[[Triphala]]'''. It is highly revered medicinal plant.

==English name ==

Chebulic myrobalan

==Therapeutic Use==

Shotha (edema), Arsha (hemorrhoids), Aruchi (anorexia), Hridroga (cardiac diseases), Kasa (cough), Pandu (anemia and blood deficiency related diseases), Prameha (obstinate urinary disorders including diabetes mellitus), Udavarta, Vibandha (constipation), Jirna-jwara (chronic fever), Vishama jwara (different types of fever), Shiro-roga (diseases of head), Tamaka shwasa (bronchial asthma), Gulma (abdominal lumps), Udararoga (generalized enlargement of abdomen)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:31</ref>

==Other Varieties / Other Botanical names==

* Buceras chebula (Retz.) Lyons
* Combretum argyrophyllum K.Schum.
* Myrobalanus chebula (Retz.) Gaertn.
* Myrobalanus gangetica (Roxb.) Kostel.
* Myrobalanus tomentella Kuntze
* Terminalia acutae Walp.
* Terminalia argyrophylla King & Prain
* Terminalia gangetica Roxb.
* Terminalia glandulipetiolata De Wild.
* Terminalia parviflora Thwaites
* Terminalia reticulata Roth
* Terminalia tomentella Kurz
* Terminalia zeylanica Van Heurck & Müll. Arg.
[[File:Haritaki.jpg|thumb|Haritaki ]]

== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==

In traditional medicine, Haritaki is classified as a [[Rasayana]] (rejuvenative) and is believed to balance all three [[Dosha|doshas]] (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha). Its historical indications include gastrointestinal disorders, metabolic complications, cognitive decline, chronic inflammation, and wound healing.

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==

Haritaki, Abhaya, Pathya

==Additional Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==

Abhaya, Kayastha, Putana, Amruta, Haimavati, Avyatha, Chetaki, Shreyasi, Shiva, Vayastha, Vijaya, Jivanti, Rohini

==Types==
===Bhvaprakasha Nighantu===
Mentioned 7 types<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 7 – 9, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

{| class="wikitable"

! Sr.no. !! Types !! Characters !! Utility
|-
| 1 || Vijaya || Oval || All diseases
|-
| 2 || Rohini || Round || Wound healing
|-
| 3 || Putana || Putana Small but with large seed || For external application
|-
| 4 || Amruta || Bulky || For purification
|-
| 5 || Abhaya || Five lines on it || Eye diseases
|-
| 6 || Jivanti || Yellow colored || Useful in all diseases
|-
| 7 || Chetaki || Three lines over it || For preparing powder
|}

===Kaiyadeva Nighantu===

Mentioned 3 types<ref>Prof. Priya Vat Sharma, Kaiyadev Nighantu, Aushadhi Varga, Translated by Dr. Guru Prasada Sharma, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Delhi; </ref>
# Niraja
# Vanaja
# Parvatiya

===Prashasta Haritaki (Qualities of Best Haritaki)===

* Nava – new
* Snigdha – Unctuous
* Ghana – Hard
* Vritta – Round
* Gurvi – With weight
* Ambasi nimajjana – Sinks in water
* Dwikarsha – Double the weight of Bibhitaki (22 gm)<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 25 - 26, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

===Ritu Haritaki===

{| class="wikitable"

! Sr.no. !! Ritu (Season) !! Anupana
|-
| 1 || Varsha (Rainy season)||Saindhava lavana (Rock salt)
|-
| 2 ||Sharad (Autumn)||Sharkara (Sugar)
|-
| 3 ||Hemanta (Early winter)||Shunthi (Ginger)
|-
| 4 ||Shishira (Late winter)||Kana (Long pepper)
|-
| 5 ||Vasanta (Spring)||Madhu (Honey)
|-
| 6 ||Grishma (Summer)||Guda (Jaggery)
|}<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 31, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

===Actions of Haritaki on Dosha with Anupana===

{| class="wikitable"

! Sr.no. !! Effect on Dosha !! Anupana
|-
| 1 || Kaphahara||Saindhava lavana (Rock salt)
|-
| 2 || Pittahara||Sharkara (Sugar)
|-
| 3 || Vatahara||Ghrita (Ghee)
|-
| 4 || Tridoshahara||Guda (Jaggery)
|}<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 30, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

===Contra indications of Haritaki===

* Adhwatikhinna – Tired of walking, depressed
* Balavarjita – weak
* Ruksha – who has dryness in body
* Krisha – lean
* Langhana karshita – Tired of observing fasting
* Pittadhikya – Excessive aggravation of Pitta
* Garbhavati – Pregnant
* Vimukta raktata – One who underwent blood letting<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 32, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

===Haritaki Prayoga in different forms===

# Charvita – Chewed and swallowed increases Agni.
# Peshita (Powder) – When triturated, acts as Malashodhaka (purifies faeces)
# Swinna – When boiled acts as Sangrahi
# Bhrishta – When fried, acts as Tridosha shamaka
# Sahabhojana – When taken with food, Improves intellect, strength and functions of sense organs, Pacifies Tridosha
Evacuates faeces and acts as diuretic.
# Pashchat bhojana – When taken after food, Alleviates the diseases occurred because of improper food and also alleviates Tridosha.<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 27, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Astringent (kashaya), Pungent (katu), Bitter (tikta), Sweet (madhura), Sour (amla)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[vata]], [[pitta]] and [[kapha]]
|-
| 6 || Extra ordinary effect ([[prabhava]]) || Removes all the three [[dosha]]
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/82 || Phalini ([[Virechana]]) (Therapeutic Purgation)
|-
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/29 || Vatanulominiyavagu(gruel for flatulence).
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(12) || Arshoghna (anti – haemorrhoidal) mahakashay
|-
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(13) || Kushthaghna (anti – dermatosis) mahakashay
|-
| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(24) || Virechanopag (sub – purgative) mahakashay
|-
| 6 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(30) || Hikkanigrahana (reducing hiccups)mahakashay
|-
| 7 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(36) || Kasahara (anti – cough) mahakashaya
|-
| 8 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(39) || Jwarahara (antipyretic) mahakashaya
|-
| 9 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(49) || Prajasthapana (promoting conception and implantation of embryo) mahakashaya.
|-
| 10 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(50) || Vayasthapana (anti – ageing) mahakashaya
|-
| 11 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/16 || Vamanartha (for therapeutic emesis)
|-
| 12 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/16 || Preparations of Trivrut
|-
| 13 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/30 || Preparations of Trivrut
|-
| 14 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/46 || As an ingredient of Vyoshadi Modaka
|-
| 15 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/50 || As an ingredient of Pathyadi Modaka
|-
| 16 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 9/7 || As an ingredient of Tilvaka Yoga
|-
| 17 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 11/7 || Saptala Shankhini Yoga for purgation.
|-
| 18 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/15 || As an ingredient of Avaleha(linctus) Yoga
|-
| 19 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/27 || As an ingredient of Modaka Yoga
|-
|}

==Dose==

3-6 gm of the drug in the powder form.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:31</ref>

==Important Formulations==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:31</ref>
* Triphala Churna
* Triphaladi Taila
* Abhayarishta
* Agatsya Haritaki Rasayana
* Citraka Haritaki
* Danti Haritaki
* Dasamula Haritaki
* Brahma Rasayana
* Abhaya Lavana
* Pathyadi Lepa

== Current availability==

Available

* In India – Found in sub – Himalayan region. West Bengal, Assam, Madras, Mysore, Himachal Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala.
* Out of India –
* South Asia – Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Nepal, Bangladesh
* Southeast Asia – Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand
* East Asia - China

== Current researches ==

== Phytochemical Composition ==
The therapeutic versatility of ''Terminalia chebula'' arises from its complex secondary metabolite profile, particularly abundant in its dried fruit pericarp:
* '''Hydrolyzable Tannins:''' Extremely rich in chebulinic acid, chebulagic acid, corilagin, terchebin, and punicalagin.
* '''Phenolic Acids:''' High yields of gallic acid and ellagic acid.
* '''Flavonoids:''' Rutin, quercetin, and luteolin.
* '''Other Constituents:''' Saponins, amino acids, and fixed oils containing palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids.

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==

=== Gastrointestinal Prokinetic and Cytoprotective Effects ===

Haritaki is most recognized for its profound influence on the gastrointestinal tract, functioning both as a mild laxative and a mucosal protective agent.

* '''Mechanism:''' It accelerates gastric emptying and intestinal transit time by stimulating smooth muscle contractility. Concurrently, it enhances the gastric mucosal defense barrier by increasing mucin secretion and reducing lipid peroxidation.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Clinical and animal models indicate that ''T. chebula'' provides substantial protection against experimental gastric ulcers by normalizing total acidity and pepsin output while augmenting cytoprotective factors.<ref name="Tamhane1997"/>

=== Pro-Cognitive and Neuroprotective Properties ===

Recent research highlights Haritaki's ability to combat neurodegenerative pathways associated with Alzheimer's disease and cognitive decline.
* '''Mechanism:''' Active constituents like chebulinic acid act as potent acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors, preserving acetylcholine levels in synapses. Furthermore, it suppresses neuroinflammation by inhibiting microglia activation.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Studies show that aqueous extracts significantly attenuate amyloid-β induced neurotoxicity and oxidative stress in cortical neurons, preserving spatial memory and cognitive performance in animal designs.<ref name="Afshari2016"/>

=== Anti-Diabetic and Advanced Glycation End-product (AGE) Inhibition ===

Haritaki serves as an effective intervention against type 2 diabetes and its long-term vascular complications.
* '''Mechanism:''' It significantly inhibits α-glucosidase and α-amylase, delaying carbohydrate digestion. Uniquely, its polyphenols block the formation of Advanced Glycation End-products (AGEs), which damage blood vessels in diabetic patients.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In vivo research demonstrated that standard oral administration of ''T. chebula'' seed extract resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in blood glucose, comparable to standard oral hypoglycemic drugs like glibenclamide, alongside an increase in plasma insulin levels.<ref name="Murali2007"/>

=== Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial and Anti-Biofilm Action ===

The plant exhibits strong inhibitory effects against a diverse array of bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens.
* '''Mechanism:''' Tannins disrupt microbial cell wall integrity, precipitate structural proteins, and prevent bacterial adherence necessary for biofilm formation.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Extracts have demonstrated powerful efficacy against cariogenic bacteria like ''Streptococcus mutans'' (reducing dental plaque formation) and clinically relevant multi-drug resistant pathogens, including ''Helicobacter pylori''.<ref name="Aneja2009"/>

=== Cardioprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Efficacy ===

Haritaki supports cardiovascular health by lowering oxidative stress within vascular tissues and managing lipid profiles.
* '''Mechanism:''' It reduces myocardial lipid peroxidation, downregulates pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6), and preserves endogenous cellular antioxidants like superoxide dismutase (SOD).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Studies show that pre-treatment with ''T. chebula'' significantly mitigates lysosomal enzyme leakage and preserves myocardial architecture during chemical-induced myocardial infarction models.<ref name="Suchalatha2005"/>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==

* '''Acute Toxicity:''' ''Terminalia chebula'' is highly safe for therapeutic consumption. Oral acute toxicity evaluations indicate an LD50 exceeding 2000 mg/kg body weight in animal cohorts.
* '''Precautions:''' Due to its potent astringent and prokinetic nature, it should be used with caution during acute diarrhea, severe dehydration, or pregnancy unless explicitly monitored by a healthcare professional.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Fruit Powder (Churna):'' 3–6 g daily mixed with warm water or honey.
** ''Standardized Extract:'' 250–500 mg twice daily.

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Terminalia chebula''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Gastrointestinal Dysmotility'''
| Tannins, Chebulinic acid
| Prokinetic activity, Mucosal cytoprotection
|-
| '''Cognitive Decline / Dementia'''
| Gallic acid, Chebulagic acid
| Acetylcholinesterase inhibition, Anti-amyloidogenesis
|-
| '''Type 2 Diabetes'''
| Chebulinic acid, Ellagic acid
| α-glucosidase inhibition, AGE inhibition
|-
| '''Dental Caries & Infections'''
| Polyphenols, Flavonoids
| Anti-biofilm matrix disruption, Anti-adherence
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Tamhane1997">{{cite journal |last1=Tamhane |first1=M. D. |last2=Thorat |first2=S. P. |last3=Rege |first3=N. N. |last4=Dahanukar |first4=S. A. |year=1997 |title=Effect of Oral Administration of Terminalia chebula on Gastric Emptying and Cecal Transit Time |journal=Journal of Postgrad Medicine |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=12–13}}</ref>

<ref name="Afshari2016">{{cite journal |last1=Afshari |first1=A. |last2=Sadeghnia |first2=H. R. |last3=Asadpour |first3=E. |year=2016 |title=Neuroprotective effects of Terminalia chebula fruit extract against t-butyl hydroperoxide-induced oxidative stress in neurons |journal=Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=73–82}}</ref>

<ref name="Murali2007">{{cite journal |last1=Murali |first1=Y. K. |last2=Anand |first2=P. |last3=Murthy |first3=P. S. |last4=Murthy |first4=Ch. V. |year=2007 |title=Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects of Terminalia chebula seed extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=109 |issue=3 |pages=532–535}}</ref>

<ref name="Aneja2009">{{cite journal |last1=Aneja |first1=K. R. |last2=Joshi |first2=R. |year=2009 |title=Evaluation of antimicrobial potential of fruit extracts of Terminalia chebula against salivary samples and micro-organisms associated with dental caries |journal=Journal of Herbal Medicine and Toxicology |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=133–138}}</ref>

<ref name="Suchalatha2005">{{cite journal |last1=Suchalatha |first1=S. |last2=Devi |first2=C. S. |year=2005 |title=Protective effect of Terminalia chebula against lysosomal enzyme leakage in experimental myocardial infarction |journal=Indian Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=520–523}}</ref>
}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Haritaki

2026-07-07T09:37:49Z

Agnivesha:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Haritaki, Hirada,Terminalia chebula, chebulic myrobalan, Charak Samhita, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=Bibhitaki is classified as a Rasayana (rejuvenator). It is traditionally indicated for respiratory disorders (cough, asthma), digestive ailments, ocular diseases, and hair care.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia_chebula Terminalia chebula Retz. var. typica]

{{Infobox
|title = Abhaya
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Abhaya
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia_chebula Terminalia chebula Retz. var. typica]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Combretaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = Dravyaguna Team
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2025
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia_chebula Terminalia chebula Retz. var. typica]''', popularly known as '''Haritaki''' (or Harad), is a deciduous tree native to South Asia, spanning India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka. It is widely regarded in [[Ayurveda]] as the "King of Medicines" (Prana) and is a primary constituent of the renowned formula '''[[Triphala]]'''. It is highly revered medicinal plant.

==English name ==

Chebulic myrobalan

==Therapeutic Use==

Shotha (edema), Arsha (hemorrhoids), Aruchi (anorexia), Hridroga (cardiac diseases), Kasa (cough), Pandu (anemia and blood deficiency related diseases), Prameha (obstinate urinary disorders including diabetes mellitus), Udavarta, Vibandha (constipation), Jirna-jwara (chronic fever), Vishama jwara (different types of fever), Shiro-roga (diseases of head), Tamaka shwasa (bronchial asthma), Gulma (abdominal lumps), Udararoga (generalized enlargement of abdomen)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:31</ref>

==Other Varieties / Other Botanical names==

* Buceras chebula (Retz.) Lyons
* Combretum argyrophyllum K.Schum.
* Myrobalanus chebula (Retz.) Gaertn.
* Myrobalanus gangetica (Roxb.) Kostel.
* Myrobalanus tomentella Kuntze
* Terminalia acutae Walp.
* Terminalia argyrophylla King & Prain
* Terminalia gangetica Roxb.
* Terminalia glandulipetiolata De Wild.
* Terminalia parviflora Thwaites
* Terminalia reticulata Roth
* Terminalia tomentella Kurz
* Terminalia zeylanica Van Heurck & Müll. Arg.

== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==

In traditional medicine, Haritaki is classified as a [[Rasayana]] (rejuvenative) and is believed to balance all three [[Dosha|doshas]] (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha). Its historical indications include gastrointestinal disorders, metabolic complications, cognitive decline, chronic inflammation, and wound healing.

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==

Haritaki, Abhaya, Pathya

==Additional Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==

Abhaya, Kayastha, Putana, Amruta, Haimavati, Avyatha, Chetaki, Shreyasi, Shiva, Vayastha, Vijaya, Jivanti, Rohini

==Types==
===Bhvaprakasha Nighantu===
Mentioned 7 types<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 7 – 9, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

{| class="wikitable"

! Sr.no. !! Types !! Characters !! Utility
|-
| 1 || Vijaya || Oval || All diseases
|-
| 2 || Rohini || Round || Wound healing
|-
| 3 || Putana || Putana Small but with large seed || For external application
|-
| 4 || Amruta || Bulky || For purification
|-
| 5 || Abhaya || Five lines on it || Eye diseases
|-
| 6 || Jivanti || Yellow colored || Useful in all diseases
|-
| 7 || Chetaki || Three lines over it || For preparing powder
|}

===Kaiyadeva Nighantu===

Mentioned 3 types<ref>Prof. Priya Vat Sharma, Kaiyadev Nighantu, Aushadhi Varga, Translated by Dr. Guru Prasada Sharma, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Delhi; </ref>
# Niraja
# Vanaja
# Parvatiya

===Prashasta Haritaki (Qualities of Best Haritaki)===

* Nava – new
* Snigdha – Unctuous
* Ghana – Hard
* Vritta – Round
* Gurvi – With weight
* Ambasi nimajjana – Sinks in water
* Dwikarsha – Double the weight of Bibhitaki (22 gm)<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 25 - 26, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

===Ritu Haritaki===

{| class="wikitable"

! Sr.no. !! Ritu (Season) !! Anupana
|-
| 1 || Varsha (Rainy season)||Saindhava lavana (Rock salt)
|-
| 2 ||Sharad (Autumn)||Sharkara (Sugar)
|-
| 3 ||Hemanta (Early winter)||Shunthi (Ginger)
|-
| 4 ||Shishira (Late winter)||Kana (Long pepper)
|-
| 5 ||Vasanta (Spring)||Madhu (Honey)
|-
| 6 ||Grishma (Summer)||Guda (Jaggery)
|}<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 31, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

===Actions of Haritaki on Dosha with Anupana===

{| class="wikitable"

! Sr.no. !! Effect on Dosha !! Anupana
|-
| 1 || Kaphahara||Saindhava lavana (Rock salt)
|-
| 2 || Pittahara||Sharkara (Sugar)
|-
| 3 || Vatahara||Ghrita (Ghee)
|-
| 4 || Tridoshahara||Guda (Jaggery)
|}<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 30, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

===Contra indications of Haritaki===

* Adhwatikhinna – Tired of walking, depressed
* Balavarjita – weak
* Ruksha – who has dryness in body
* Krisha – lean
* Langhana karshita – Tired of observing fasting
* Pittadhikya – Excessive aggravation of Pitta
* Garbhavati – Pregnant
* Vimukta raktata – One who underwent blood letting<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 32, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

===Haritaki Prayoga in different forms===

# Charvita – Chewed and swallowed increases Agni.
# Peshita (Powder) – When triturated, acts as Malashodhaka (purifies faeces)
# Swinna – When boiled acts as Sangrahi
# Bhrishta – When fried, acts as Tridosha shamaka
# Sahabhojana – When taken with food, Improves intellect, strength and functions of sense organs, Pacifies Tridosha
Evacuates faeces and acts as diuretic.
# Pashchat bhojana – When taken after food, Alleviates the diseases occurred because of improper food and also alleviates Tridosha.<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 27, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Astringent (kashaya), Pungent (katu), Bitter (tikta), Sweet (madhura), Sour (amla)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[vata]], [[pitta]] and [[kapha]]
|-
| 6 || Extra ordinary effect ([[prabhava]]) || Removes all the three [[dosha]]
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/82 || Phalini ([[Virechana]]) (Therapeutic Purgation)
|-
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/29 || Vatanulominiyavagu(gruel for flatulence).
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(12) || Arshoghna (anti – haemorrhoidal) mahakashay
|-
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(13) || Kushthaghna (anti – dermatosis) mahakashay
|-
| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(24) || Virechanopag (sub – purgative) mahakashay
|-
| 6 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(30) || Hikkanigrahana (reducing hiccups)mahakashay
|-
| 7 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(36) || Kasahara (anti – cough) mahakashaya
|-
| 8 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(39) || Jwarahara (antipyretic) mahakashaya
|-
| 9 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(49) || Prajasthapana (promoting conception and implantation of embryo) mahakashaya.
|-
| 10 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(50) || Vayasthapana (anti – ageing) mahakashaya
|-
| 11 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/16 || Vamanartha (for therapeutic emesis)
|-
| 12 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/16 || Preparations of Trivrut
|-
| 13 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/30 || Preparations of Trivrut
|-
| 14 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/46 || As an ingredient of Vyoshadi Modaka
|-
| 15 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/50 || As an ingredient of Pathyadi Modaka
|-
| 16 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 9/7 || As an ingredient of Tilvaka Yoga
|-
| 17 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 11/7 || Saptala Shankhini Yoga for purgation.
|-
| 18 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/15 || As an ingredient of Avaleha(linctus) Yoga
|-
| 19 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/27 || As an ingredient of Modaka Yoga
|-
|}

==Dose==

3-6 gm of the drug in the powder form.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:31</ref>

==Important Formulations==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:31</ref>
* Triphala Churna
* Triphaladi Taila
* Abhayarishta
* Agatsya Haritaki Rasayana
* Citraka Haritaki
* Danti Haritaki
* Dasamula Haritaki
* Brahma Rasayana
* Abhaya Lavana
* Pathyadi Lepa

== Current availability==

Available

* In India – Found in sub – Himalayan region. West Bengal, Assam, Madras, Mysore, Himachal Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala.
* Out of India –
* South Asia – Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Nepal, Bangladesh
* Southeast Asia – Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand
* East Asia - China

== Current researches ==

== Phytochemical Composition ==
The therapeutic versatility of ''Terminalia chebula'' arises from its complex secondary metabolite profile, particularly abundant in its dried fruit pericarp:
* '''Hydrolyzable Tannins:''' Extremely rich in chebulinic acid, chebulagic acid, corilagin, terchebin, and punicalagin.
* '''Phenolic Acids:''' High yields of gallic acid and ellagic acid.
* '''Flavonoids:''' Rutin, quercetin, and luteolin.
* '''Other Constituents:''' Saponins, amino acids, and fixed oils containing palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids.

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==

=== Gastrointestinal Prokinetic and Cytoprotective Effects ===

Haritaki is most recognized for its profound influence on the gastrointestinal tract, functioning both as a mild laxative and a mucosal protective agent.

* '''Mechanism:''' It accelerates gastric emptying and intestinal transit time by stimulating smooth muscle contractility. Concurrently, it enhances the gastric mucosal defense barrier by increasing mucin secretion and reducing lipid peroxidation.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Clinical and animal models indicate that ''T. chebula'' provides substantial protection against experimental gastric ulcers by normalizing total acidity and pepsin output while augmenting cytoprotective factors.<ref name="Tamhane1997"/>

=== Pro-Cognitive and Neuroprotective Properties ===

Recent research highlights Haritaki's ability to combat neurodegenerative pathways associated with Alzheimer's disease and cognitive decline.
* '''Mechanism:''' Active constituents like chebulinic acid act as potent acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors, preserving acetylcholine levels in synapses. Furthermore, it suppresses neuroinflammation by inhibiting microglia activation.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Studies show that aqueous extracts significantly attenuate amyloid-β induced neurotoxicity and oxidative stress in cortical neurons, preserving spatial memory and cognitive performance in animal designs.<ref name="Afshari2016"/>

=== Anti-Diabetic and Advanced Glycation End-product (AGE) Inhibition ===

Haritaki serves as an effective intervention against type 2 diabetes and its long-term vascular complications.
* '''Mechanism:''' It significantly inhibits α-glucosidase and α-amylase, delaying carbohydrate digestion. Uniquely, its polyphenols block the formation of Advanced Glycation End-products (AGEs), which damage blood vessels in diabetic patients.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In vivo research demonstrated that standard oral administration of ''T. chebula'' seed extract resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in blood glucose, comparable to standard oral hypoglycemic drugs like glibenclamide, alongside an increase in plasma insulin levels.<ref name="Murali2007"/>

=== Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial and Anti-Biofilm Action ===

The plant exhibits strong inhibitory effects against a diverse array of bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens.
* '''Mechanism:''' Tannins disrupt microbial cell wall integrity, precipitate structural proteins, and prevent bacterial adherence necessary for biofilm formation.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Extracts have demonstrated powerful efficacy against cariogenic bacteria like ''Streptococcus mutans'' (reducing dental plaque formation) and clinically relevant multi-drug resistant pathogens, including ''Helicobacter pylori''.<ref name="Aneja2009"/>

=== Cardioprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Efficacy ===

Haritaki supports cardiovascular health by lowering oxidative stress within vascular tissues and managing lipid profiles.
* '''Mechanism:''' It reduces myocardial lipid peroxidation, downregulates pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6), and preserves endogenous cellular antioxidants like superoxide dismutase (SOD).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Studies show that pre-treatment with ''T. chebula'' significantly mitigates lysosomal enzyme leakage and preserves myocardial architecture during chemical-induced myocardial infarction models.<ref name="Suchalatha2005"/>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==

* '''Acute Toxicity:''' ''Terminalia chebula'' is highly safe for therapeutic consumption. Oral acute toxicity evaluations indicate an LD50 exceeding 2000 mg/kg body weight in animal cohorts.
* '''Precautions:''' Due to its potent astringent and prokinetic nature, it should be used with caution during acute diarrhea, severe dehydration, or pregnancy unless explicitly monitored by a healthcare professional.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Fruit Powder (Churna):'' 3–6 g daily mixed with warm water or honey.
** ''Standardized Extract:'' 250–500 mg twice daily.

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Terminalia chebula''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Gastrointestinal Dysmotility'''
| Tannins, Chebulinic acid
| Prokinetic activity, Mucosal cytoprotection
|-
| '''Cognitive Decline / Dementia'''
| Gallic acid, Chebulagic acid
| Acetylcholinesterase inhibition, Anti-amyloidogenesis
|-
| '''Type 2 Diabetes'''
| Chebulinic acid, Ellagic acid
| α-glucosidase inhibition, AGE inhibition
|-
| '''Dental Caries & Infections'''
| Polyphenols, Flavonoids
| Anti-biofilm matrix disruption, Anti-adherence
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Tamhane1997">{{cite journal |last1=Tamhane |first1=M. D. |last2=Thorat |first2=S. P. |last3=Rege |first3=N. N. |last4=Dahanukar |first4=S. A. |year=1997 |title=Effect of Oral Administration of Terminalia chebula on Gastric Emptying and Cecal Transit Time |journal=Journal of Postgrad Medicine |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=12–13}}</ref>

<ref name="Afshari2016">{{cite journal |last1=Afshari |first1=A. |last2=Sadeghnia |first2=H. R. |last3=Asadpour |first3=E. |year=2016 |title=Neuroprotective effects of Terminalia chebula fruit extract against t-butyl hydroperoxide-induced oxidative stress in neurons |journal=Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=73–82}}</ref>

<ref name="Murali2007">{{cite journal |last1=Murali |first1=Y. K. |last2=Anand |first2=P. |last3=Murthy |first3=P. S. |last4=Murthy |first4=Ch. V. |year=2007 |title=Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects of Terminalia chebula seed extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=109 |issue=3 |pages=532–535}}</ref>

<ref name="Aneja2009">{{cite journal |last1=Aneja |first1=K. R. |last2=Joshi |first2=R. |year=2009 |title=Evaluation of antimicrobial potential of fruit extracts of Terminalia chebula against salivary samples and micro-organisms associated with dental caries |journal=Journal of Herbal Medicine and Toxicology |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=133–138}}</ref>

<ref name="Suchalatha2005">{{cite journal |last1=Suchalatha |first1=S. |last2=Devi |first2=C. S. |year=2005 |title=Protective effect of Terminalia chebula against lysosomal enzyme leakage in experimental myocardial infarction |journal=Indian Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=520–523}}</ref>
}}

[[index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Bibhitaki

2026-07-07T09:31:24Z

Agnivesha:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Bibhitaki, Beheda,Terminalia bellirica, Beleric myrobalan, Charak Samhita, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=Bibhitaki is classified as a Rasayana (rejuvenator). It is traditionally indicated for respiratory disorders (cough, asthma), digestive ailments, ocular diseases, and hair care.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia%20bellirica Terminalia bellirica]
{{Infobox
|title = Bibhitaki
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Bibhitaki(Aksha)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia%20bellirica Terminalia bellirica]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Combretaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = Dravyaguna Team
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

==English name ==

Beleric myrobalan

== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia%20bellirica Terminalia bellirica] (Gaertn.) Roxb., known traditionally as '''Bibhitaka''' (or Baheda), is a large deciduous tree native to the forests of the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. Belonging to the family Combretaceae, it is one of the three foundational fruits constituting the classic [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] formulation [[Triphala]] (alongside [[Haritaki|Terminalia chebula]] and [[Amalaki|Phyllanthus emblica]]).

In traditional medicine systems ([[Ayurveda]], Unani, and Siddha), Bibhitaka is classified as a [[Rasayana]] (rejuvenator). It is traditionally indicated for respiratory disorders (cough, asthma), digestive ailments, ocular diseases, and hair care.
[[File:Bibhitaki.jpg|thumb|'''Bibhitaka''']]

==Therapeutic Uses in Ayurveda==

Vomiting (chhardi), Cough (Kasa), Worms (krimiroga), Constipation (vibandha), Hoarseness of voice (svarabheda), Eye diseases (netraroga)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:17</ref>

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==

Bibhitaki, Aksha (very useful for sense organs), Karshaphala (fruits weight about 1 karsha – 12 gms), Akshaphala, Kalidruma, Tailaphala (kernel of bibhitak yield oil)

==Synonyms in bhavprakasa nighantu==

Strilinga, bhutavasa, kaliyugalaya<ref>Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint.2015, Chaukhambha vishvabharti, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no. 35 p.9.</ref>

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Astringent (kashaya)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) ||Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Rough (ruksha), Light (laghu)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Tridoshahara (subside all three dosha) but pacify Kapha especially
|-
|}

== References in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(24)
|Virechanopaga(helping purgation) mahakashaya
|-
|2
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/21
|Abhyantar Krimi (worms) Chikitsa
|-
|3
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/136
|Abhyantar Krimi (worms) Chikitsa
|-
|4
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/144
|Kashaya-skandha(group of astringent drugs)
|-
|5
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/29
|Garbha vyapad chikitsa
|-
|6
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/14
|Vamanartha(for emesis)
|-
|7
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/15
|Awaleha Yoga
|-
|8
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/75
|In formulation of amalaka rasayana
|-
|9
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/201
|Used as Triphala kwatha in Anyedhyushka jwara(fever)
|-
|10
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/205
|As an ingredient of Triphala in Vatsakadi kashaya
|-
|11
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/206
|As an ingredient of Triphala in Madhookadi kashaya
|-
|12
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/208
|Pitta- Kapha nashaka Vatanulomana
|-
|13
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/222
|As an ingredient of Vasadi Ghrita
|-
|14
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/231
|Used for Virechana with madhu and ghrita
|-
|15
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/258
|As an ingredient of Chandanadhya taila
|-
|16
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/299
|As Triphala in Vishamajwara
|-
|17
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/65
|Ingredient in Trayushanaadi ghrita
|-
|18
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/106
|Ingredient of Nilinyadya Ghrita
|-
|19
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/115
|Ingredient of Rohinyadya Ghrita for Pittaj Gulma(abdominal lumps)
|-
|20
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/123
|Ingredient in Drakshadya Ghrita for Pittaj Gulma(abdominal lumps)
|-
|21
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/149
|Ingredient of Mishrak Sneha
|-
|22
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/22
|Prameh nashak Santarpan yoga
|-
|23
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/26
|Sarva Prameh(diabetes) nashak yoga
|-
|24
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/28
|Used for making decoction in Kaphaj prameh(diabetes)
|-
|25
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/35
|As Kapha-Pittaja prameha(diabetes) nashak yoga
|-
|26
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/40
|Ingredient in Phalatrikadi Kvatha
|-
|27
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/41
|Ingredient in Madhvasav
|-
|28
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/46
|For drinking water Boiled with it
|-
|29
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/44
|As Virechana dravya(purgation)
|-
|30
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/62
|Ingredient in Patoladi Kwatha
|-
|31
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/65
|Ingredient in Mustadi Churna
|-
|32
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/68
|Ingredient in Triphaladi Churna
|-
|33
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/74
|Ingredient in Madhvasav
|-
|34
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/77
|Ingredient in Kanakabindurishta
|-
|35
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/81
|Ingredient in Triphalasava
|-
|36
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/82
|Pathya diet in Kushtha(skin disease)
|-
|37
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/91
|Ingredient in Sidhdharthak snan and Lepa, Abhyantara and
Bahya-shodhanarth
|-
|38
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/97
|Ingredient in Kushthaghna Yoga
|-
|39
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/100
|Kwath prayog in Kapha-Pittaj Kushtha
|-
|40
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/128
|Abhyantar and Bahyaprayogarth(external), Pana(drink), Snana(bath), Lepa
|-
|41
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/136
|Ingredient in Vata-Pitta nashak Ghrita
|-
|42
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/140
|Ingredient in Tiktashatpala Ghrita
|-
|43
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/144
|Ingredient in Mahatikta Ghrita
|-
|44
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/153
|Ingredient in Mahakhadir Ghrita
|-
|45
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/100
|Ingredient in Avaleha
|-
|46
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/35
|Ingredient in Kalyanaka Ghrita
|-
|47
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/54
|Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrita
|-
|48
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/70
|Ingredient in Siddharthakadi Agada
|-
|49
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/18
|Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrita
|-
|50
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/43
|As a Nasya dravya
|-
|51
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/48
|Ingredient in Mustadi varti
|-
|52
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/72
|Ingredient in Pancham Sarpimodak
|-
|53
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/21
|In treatment of Kaphaj Svayathu
|-
|54
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/32
|Ingredient in Ashtashatorisht
|-
|55
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/39
|Ingredient in Triphaladhyarisht
|-
|56
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43
|Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
|-
|57
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/49
|Ingredient in Shilajatu prayoga
|-
|58
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/71
|As a Lepa dravya in Kaphaj Shvayathu
|-
|59
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/72
|As an Unmardan dravya in Kaphaja Shvayathu
|-
|60
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]
13/115
|As an ingredient of nagaradi ghrita

|-
|61
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/119
|As an ingredient of patoladi churna
|-
|62
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/125
|As an ingredient of Narayan churna
|-
|63
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/133
|As an ingredient of Hapushdya churna
|-
|64
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/135
|As anupana of Hapushdya churna
|-
|65
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/149
|Kwath mixed with trikatu and yavakshara used in udararoga
|-
|66
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/158
|In formulation of pippalyadi lavan
|-
|67
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/163
|In formulation of kshara vatika
|-
|68
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/45

|Used in swedana kriya

|-
|69
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/66
|Use triphala kwath with trivrut churna
|-
|70
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/144
|As an ingredient of dantyarishta
|-
|71
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/87

|As an ingredient of traushnaadi ghrita

|-
|72
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/160
|As an ingredient of Pindasava
|-
|73
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/177
|As an ingredient of Bhallataka Kshara
|-
|74
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/188
|Used in preparation of Pancham Kshara
|-
|75
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/92
|As an ingredient of twakadi leha
|-
|76
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/56

|For kashaya pana
|-
|77
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/124
|For pradeha prayoga in granthi visarpa(herpes)
|-
|78
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/125
|As an ingredient of Baladi lepa
|-
|79
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/84
|Used as vranashodhaka kashaya
|-
|80
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/90
|As an ingredient of Kampillakadi taila
|-
|81
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/110
|Used for vrana shaithilya, saukumarya & prasadana
|-
|82
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/115
|Used for Krushnikarana
|-
|83
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/65
|As an ingredient of Trutyadi churna
|-
|84
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87
|As an ingredient of Trushnadi Ghrita
|-
|85
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/163
|As an ingredient of Mayura Ghrita
|-
|86
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/167
|As an ingredient of Mahamayura Ghrita
|-
|87
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/195
|As an ingredient of Kalaka churna
|-
|88
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/198
|As an ingredient of Mrudvikadi churna
|-
|89
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/205
|Used for mukhadhavna
|-
|90
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/209
|As an ingredient of Khadiradi gutika
|-
|91
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/239
|Used for aaschotana in Kaphaja netraroga
|-
|92
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/241
|As an ingredient of Sumanakorkadi varti
|-
|93
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/242
|As an ingredient of Saindhavadi varti
|-
|94
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/254
|As an ingredient of Drustiprada varti
|-
|95
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/270, 273
|As an ingredient of Mahaneela Ghrita
|-
|96
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/281
|Used in palitya(greying of hair)
|-
|97
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/85
|As an ingredient of Kashmaryadi kwath for Virechana karma
|-
|98
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/86
|Used as Kwatha with Madhu for Kaphaja Vatarakta
|-
|99
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/152
|As an ingredient of Triphaladi kalka in tridoshaja shola
|-
|}

==Dose==
* Churna – 3 – 6 gm<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:17</ref>

==Important formulations==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:17</ref>
* Triphala Churna
* Triphaladi Taila
* Lavangadi Vati

== Current availability==

Available
* India –
Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, West bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Rajastha, Gujarat, Maharashtra

* Out of India –
Nepal, Sri lanka, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Philippines, China,Malaysia
== Current researches ==

=== Phytochemical Composition ===

The therapeutic efficacy of ''Terminalia bellirica'' is attributed to its rich profile of bioactive secondary metabolites, predominantly concentrated in its fruit rind.
* '''Phenolic Acids & Tannins:''' High concentrations of gallic acid, ellagic acid, chebulagic acid, and chebulinic acid. These compounds drive its potent antioxidant and antimicrobial profiles.
* '''Flavonoids:''' Luteolin, rutin, and quercetin.
* '''Saponins & Sterols:''' Beta-Sitosterol, belleric acid, and bellericoside.
* '''Fixed Oils:''' The seed kernels contain essential fatty acids, primarily linoleic acid|linoleic and oleic acids.

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==

=== Metabolic Regulation & Anti-Diabetic Activity ===
Bibhitaka exhibits significant efficacy in managing metabolic syndrome, specifically type 2 diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia.
* '''Mechanism:''' Phytochemicals like gallic and ellagic acids inhibit key carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes (α-glucosidase and α-amylase), reducing postprandial blood glucose spikes. Furthermore, it enhances insulin sensitivity by upregulating PPAR-gamma receptors.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Aqueous extracts of ''T. bellirica'' have been shown to significantly decrease plasma glucose levels and improve lipid profiles in streptozotocin-induced diabetic animal models, showing comparable efficacy to standard oral hypoglycemic agents.<ref name="Sabu2009"/>

=== Respiratory and Anti-Asthmatic Effects ===

Traditionally used to alleviate chronic cough and bronchitis, modern pharmacology validates its role as a bronchodilator and antitussive.
* '''Mechanism:''' The extract exerts an anticholinergic (antimuscarinic) effect, blocking calcium channels to relax smooth airway muscles.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Research highlights that the crude extract of ''T. bellirica'' mediates bronchodilatory activity via dual inhibition of phosphodiesterase (PDE) and calcium influx, validating its traditional use in asthma.<ref name="Khan2008"/>

=== Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Activity ===
The fruit rind provides potent defense against oxidative stress and chemical-induced hepatotoxicity(liver injury).
* '''Mechanism:''' It scavenges free radicals (O2•−, OH•) and restores endogenous antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH), while reducing lipid peroxidation.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Clinical and ''in vivo'' models have shown that ''T. bellirica'' extract significantly reduces elevated serum liver enzymes (Alanine transaminase(ALT), Aspartate transaminase(AST)) induced by hepatotoxins like carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) or paracetamol(acetaminophen).<ref name="Shinde2012"/>

=== Antimicrobial and Anti-Biofilm Efficacy ===
Bibhitaka possesses a broad-spectrum antimicrobial profile against pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and viruses.
* '''Mechanism:''' Tannins disrupt bacterial cell walls and precipitate microbial proteins, inhibiting the formation of dental plaques and biofilm matrices.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Evaluation against multidrug-resistant clinical isolates confirmed that ''T. bellirica'' extracts exhibit strong inhibitory activity against pathogens including ''Staphylococcus aureus'' and ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.<ref name="Aqil2007"/>

=== Hyperuricemia and Gout Management ===
Clinical research has focused on Bibhitaka's ability to lower uric acid levels.
* '''Mechanism:''' It acts as a natural inhibitor of '''xanthine oxidase''', the enzyme responsible for converting purines into uric acid.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial demonstrated that a standardized extract of ''T. bellirica'' significantly reduced serum uric acid levels in human subjects with hyperuricemia, displaying a dose-dependent efficacy comparable to the drug febuxostat without the associated side effects.<ref name="Usharani2016"/>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' Animal models indicate that ''Terminalia bellirica'' possesses a high safety profile, with the Median Lethal Dose ([[LD50]]) of the aqueous extract exceeding 2000 mg/kg body weight.
* '''Contraindications:''' Due to its mild laxative and astringent properties, excessive doses may cause mild gastrointestinal discomfort. Safety during pregnancy and lactation has not been fully established; use should be supervised by a medical professional.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Crude Powder (Churna):'' 3–6 g daily.
** ''Standardized Extract:'' 250–500 mg twice daily.

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Terminalia bellirica''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Hyperuricemia (Gout)'''
| Gallic acid, Ellagic acid
| Xanthine oxidase inhibition
|-
| '''Type 2 Diabetes'''
| Chebulagic acid, Flavonoids
| Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, PPAR-gamma activation
|-
| '''Asthma & Bronchitis'''
| Saponins, Tannins
| Calcium channel blocker, Bronchodilator
|-
| '''Hepatic Damage'''
| Phenolic compounds
| Free radical scavenging, SOD/CAT restoration
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Sabu2009">{{cite journal |last1=Sabu |first1=M. C. |last2=Kuttan |first2=R. |year=2009 |title=Antidiabetic activity of medicinal plants and its relationship with their antioxidant property |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=81 |issue=2 |pages=155–160 |doi=10.1016/S0378-8741(02)00054-9}}</ref>

<ref name="Khan2008">{{cite journal |last1=Khan |first1=A. U. |last2=Gilani |first2=A. H. |year=2008 |title=Pharmacological justification for the medicinal use of ''Terminalia bellirica'' in gastrointestinal and respiratory disorders |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=116 |issue=3 |pages=393–397 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2007.12.006 |pmid=18242042}}</ref>

<ref name="Shinde2012">{{cite journal |last1=Shinde |first1=A. |last2=et al. |year=2012 |title=Hepatoprotective activity of ''Terminalia bellirica'' Roxb. fruit against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic damage |journal=Indian Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=271–277 |pmid=22540166}}</ref>

<ref name="Aqil2007">{{cite journal |last1=Aqil |first1=F. |last2=Ahmad |first2=I. |year=2007 |title=Antibacterial properties of certain Indian medicinal plants against multi-drug resistant clinical isolates |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=21 |issue=11 |pages=1017–1024 |doi=10.1002/ptr.2199 |pmid=17600863}}</ref>

<ref name="Usharani2016">{{cite journal |last1=Usharani |first1=P. |last2=et al. |year=2016 |title=A randomized, double-blind, placebo- and positive-controlled clinical pilot study to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of ''Terminalia bellirica'' in secondary hyperuricemia |journal=Clinical Pharmacology: Advances and Applications |volume=8 |pages=51–59 |doi=10.2147/CPAA.S100521 |pmid=27354832 |pmc=4912116}}</ref>
}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Bibhitaki

2026-07-07T09:30:17Z

Agnivesha:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Bibhitaki, Beheda,Terminalia bellirica, Beleric myrobalan, Charak Samhita, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=Bibhitaki is classified as a Rasayana (rejuvenator). It is traditionally indicated for respiratory disorders (cough, asthma), digestive ailments, ocular diseases, and hair care.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia%20bellirica Terminalia bellirica]
{{Infobox
|title = Bibhitaki
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Bibhitaki(Aksha)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia%20bellirica Terminalia bellirica]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Combretaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = Dravyaguna Team
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

==English name ==

Beleric myrobalan

== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia%20bellirica Terminalia bellirica] (Gaertn.) Roxb., known traditionally as '''Bibhitaka''' (or Baheda), is a large deciduous tree native to the forests of the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. Belonging to the family Combretaceae, it is one of the three foundational fruits constituting the classic [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] formulation [[Triphala]] (alongside [[Haritaki|Terminalia chebula]] and [[Amalaki|Phyllanthus emblica]]).

In traditional medicine systems ([[Ayurveda]], Unani, and Siddha), Bibhitaka is classified as a [[Rasayana]] (rejuvenator). It is traditionally indicated for respiratory disorders (cough, asthma), digestive ailments, ocular diseases, and hair care.

==Therapeutic Uses in Ayurveda==

Vomiting (chhardi), Cough (Kasa), Worms (krimiroga), Constipation (vibandha), Hoarseness of voice (svarabheda), Eye diseases (netraroga)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:17</ref>

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==

Bibhitaki, Aksha (very useful for sense organs), Karshaphala (fruits weight about 1 karsha – 12 gms), Akshaphala, Kalidruma, Tailaphala (kernel of bibhitak yield oil)

==Synonyms in bhavprakasa nighantu==

Strilinga, bhutavasa, kaliyugalaya<ref>Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint.2015, Chaukhambha vishvabharti, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no. 35 p.9.</ref>

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Astringent (kashaya)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) ||Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Rough (ruksha), Light (laghu)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Tridoshahara (subside all three dosha) but pacify Kapha especially
|-
|}

== References in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(24)
|Virechanopaga(helping purgation) mahakashaya
|-
|2
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/21
|Abhyantar Krimi (worms) Chikitsa
|-
|3
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/136
|Abhyantar Krimi (worms) Chikitsa
|-
|4
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/144
|Kashaya-skandha(group of astringent drugs)
|-
|5
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/29
|Garbha vyapad chikitsa
|-
|6
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/14
|Vamanartha(for emesis)
|-
|7
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/15
|Awaleha Yoga
|-
|8
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/75
|In formulation of amalaka rasayana
|-
|9
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/201
|Used as Triphala kwatha in Anyedhyushka jwara(fever)
|-
|10
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/205
|As an ingredient of Triphala in Vatsakadi kashaya
|-
|11
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/206
|As an ingredient of Triphala in Madhookadi kashaya
|-
|12
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/208
|Pitta- Kapha nashaka Vatanulomana
|-
|13
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/222
|As an ingredient of Vasadi Ghrita
|-
|14
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/231
|Used for Virechana with madhu and ghrita
|-
|15
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/258
|As an ingredient of Chandanadhya taila
|-
|16
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/299
|As Triphala in Vishamajwara
|-
|17
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/65
|Ingredient in Trayushanaadi ghrita
|-
|18
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/106
|Ingredient of Nilinyadya Ghrita
|-
|19
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/115
|Ingredient of Rohinyadya Ghrita for Pittaj Gulma(abdominal lumps)
|-
|20
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/123
|Ingredient in Drakshadya Ghrita for Pittaj Gulma(abdominal lumps)
|-
|21
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/149
|Ingredient of Mishrak Sneha
|-
|22
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/22
|Prameh nashak Santarpan yoga
|-
|23
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/26
|Sarva Prameh(diabetes) nashak yoga
|-
|24
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/28
|Used for making decoction in Kaphaj prameh(diabetes)
|-
|25
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/35
|As Kapha-Pittaja prameha(diabetes) nashak yoga
|-
|26
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/40
|Ingredient in Phalatrikadi Kvatha
|-
|27
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/41
|Ingredient in Madhvasav
|-
|28
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/46
|For drinking water Boiled with it
|-
|29
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/44
|As Virechana dravya(purgation)
|-
|30
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/62
|Ingredient in Patoladi Kwatha
|-
|31
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/65
|Ingredient in Mustadi Churna
|-
|32
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/68
|Ingredient in Triphaladi Churna
|-
|33
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/74
|Ingredient in Madhvasav
|-
|34
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/77
|Ingredient in Kanakabindurishta
|-
|35
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/81
|Ingredient in Triphalasava
|-
|36
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/82
|Pathya diet in Kushtha(skin disease)
|-
|37
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/91
|Ingredient in Sidhdharthak snan and Lepa, Abhyantara and
Bahya-shodhanarth
|-
|38
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/97
|Ingredient in Kushthaghna Yoga
|-
|39
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/100
|Kwath prayog in Kapha-Pittaj Kushtha
|-
|40
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/128
|Abhyantar and Bahyaprayogarth(external), Pana(drink), Snana(bath), Lepa
|-
|41
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/136
|Ingredient in Vata-Pitta nashak Ghrita
|-
|42
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/140
|Ingredient in Tiktashatpala Ghrita
|-
|43
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/144
|Ingredient in Mahatikta Ghrita
|-
|44
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/153
|Ingredient in Mahakhadir Ghrita
|-
|45
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/100
|Ingredient in Avaleha
|-
|46
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/35
|Ingredient in Kalyanaka Ghrita
|-
|47
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/54
|Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrita
|-
|48
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/70
|Ingredient in Siddharthakadi Agada
|-
|49
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/18
|Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrita
|-
|50
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/43
|As a Nasya dravya
|-
|51
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/48
|Ingredient in Mustadi varti
|-
|52
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/72
|Ingredient in Pancham Sarpimodak
|-
|53
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/21
|In treatment of Kaphaj Svayathu
|-
|54
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/32
|Ingredient in Ashtashatorisht
|-
|55
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/39
|Ingredient in Triphaladhyarisht
|-
|56
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43
|Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
|-
|57
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/49
|Ingredient in Shilajatu prayoga
|-
|58
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/71
|As a Lepa dravya in Kaphaj Shvayathu
|-
|59
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/72
|As an Unmardan dravya in Kaphaja Shvayathu
|-
|60
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]
13/115
|As an ingredient of nagaradi ghrita

|-
|61
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/119
|As an ingredient of patoladi churna
|-
|62
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/125
|As an ingredient of Narayan churna
|-
|63
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/133
|As an ingredient of Hapushdya churna
|-
|64
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/135
|As anupana of Hapushdya churna
|-
|65
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/149
|Kwath mixed with trikatu and yavakshara used in udararoga
|-
|66
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/158
|In formulation of pippalyadi lavan
|-
|67
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/163
|In formulation of kshara vatika
|-
|68
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/45

|Used in swedana kriya

|-
|69
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/66
|Use triphala kwath with trivrut churna
|-
|70
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/144
|As an ingredient of dantyarishta
|-
|71
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/87

|As an ingredient of traushnaadi ghrita

|-
|72
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/160
|As an ingredient of Pindasava
|-
|73
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/177
|As an ingredient of Bhallataka Kshara
|-
|74
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/188
|Used in preparation of Pancham Kshara
|-
|75
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/92
|As an ingredient of twakadi leha
|-
|76
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/56

|For kashaya pana
|-
|77
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/124
|For pradeha prayoga in granthi visarpa(herpes)
|-
|78
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/125
|As an ingredient of Baladi lepa
|-
|79
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/84
|Used as vranashodhaka kashaya
|-
|80
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/90
|As an ingredient of Kampillakadi taila
|-
|81
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/110
|Used for vrana shaithilya, saukumarya & prasadana
|-
|82
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/115
|Used for Krushnikarana
|-
|83
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/65
|As an ingredient of Trutyadi churna
|-
|84
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87
|As an ingredient of Trushnadi Ghrita
|-
|85
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/163
|As an ingredient of Mayura Ghrita
|-
|86
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/167
|As an ingredient of Mahamayura Ghrita
|-
|87
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/195
|As an ingredient of Kalaka churna
|-
|88
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/198
|As an ingredient of Mrudvikadi churna
|-
|89
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/205
|Used for mukhadhavna
|-
|90
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/209
|As an ingredient of Khadiradi gutika
|-
|91
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/239
|Used for aaschotana in Kaphaja netraroga
|-
|92
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/241
|As an ingredient of Sumanakorkadi varti
|-
|93
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/242
|As an ingredient of Saindhavadi varti
|-
|94
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/254
|As an ingredient of Drustiprada varti
|-
|95
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/270, 273
|As an ingredient of Mahaneela Ghrita
|-
|96
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/281
|Used in palitya(greying of hair)
|-
|97
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/85
|As an ingredient of Kashmaryadi kwath for Virechana karma
|-
|98
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/86
|Used as Kwatha with Madhu for Kaphaja Vatarakta
|-
|99
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/152
|As an ingredient of Triphaladi kalka in tridoshaja shola
|-
|}

==Dose==
* Churna – 3 – 6 gm<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:17</ref>

==Important formulations==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:17</ref>
* Triphala Churna
* Triphaladi Taila
* Lavangadi Vati

== Current availability==

Available
* India –
Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, West bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Rajastha, Gujarat, Maharashtra

* Out of India –
Nepal, Sri lanka, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Philippines, China,Malaysia
== Current researches ==

=== Phytochemical Composition ===

The therapeutic efficacy of ''Terminalia bellirica'' is attributed to its rich profile of bioactive secondary metabolites, predominantly concentrated in its fruit rind.
* '''Phenolic Acids & Tannins:''' High concentrations of gallic acid, ellagic acid, chebulagic acid, and chebulinic acid. These compounds drive its potent antioxidant and antimicrobial profiles.
* '''Flavonoids:''' Luteolin, rutin, and quercetin.
* '''Saponins & Sterols:''' Beta-Sitosterol, belleric acid, and bellericoside.
* '''Fixed Oils:''' The seed kernels contain essential fatty acids, primarily linoleic acid|linoleic and oleic acids.

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==

=== Metabolic Regulation & Anti-Diabetic Activity ===
Bibhitaka exhibits significant efficacy in managing metabolic syndrome, specifically type 2 diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia.
* '''Mechanism:''' Phytochemicals like gallic and ellagic acids inhibit key carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes (α-glucosidase and α-amylase), reducing postprandial blood glucose spikes. Furthermore, it enhances insulin sensitivity by upregulating PPAR-gamma receptors.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Aqueous extracts of ''T. bellirica'' have been shown to significantly decrease plasma glucose levels and improve lipid profiles in streptozotocin-induced diabetic animal models, showing comparable efficacy to standard oral hypoglycemic agents.<ref name="Sabu2009"/>

=== Respiratory and Anti-Asthmatic Effects ===

Traditionally used to alleviate chronic cough and bronchitis, modern pharmacology validates its role as a bronchodilator and antitussive.
* '''Mechanism:''' The extract exerts an anticholinergic (antimuscarinic) effect, blocking calcium channels to relax smooth airway muscles.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Research highlights that the crude extract of ''T. bellirica'' mediates bronchodilatory activity via dual inhibition of phosphodiesterase (PDE) and calcium influx, validating its traditional use in asthma.<ref name="Khan2008"/>

=== Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Activity ===
The fruit rind provides potent defense against oxidative stress and chemical-induced hepatotoxicity(liver injury).
* '''Mechanism:''' It scavenges free radicals (O2•−, OH•) and restores endogenous antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH), while reducing lipid peroxidation.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Clinical and ''in vivo'' models have shown that ''T. bellirica'' extract significantly reduces elevated serum liver enzymes (Alanine transaminase(ALT), Aspartate transaminase(AST)) induced by hepatotoxins like carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) or paracetamol(acetaminophen).<ref name="Shinde2012"/>

=== Antimicrobial and Anti-Biofilm Efficacy ===
Bibhitaka possesses a broad-spectrum antimicrobial profile against pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and viruses.
* '''Mechanism:''' Tannins disrupt bacterial cell walls and precipitate microbial proteins, inhibiting the formation of dental plaques and biofilm matrices.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Evaluation against multidrug-resistant clinical isolates confirmed that ''T. bellirica'' extracts exhibit strong inhibitory activity against pathogens including ''Staphylococcus aureus'' and ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.<ref name="Aqil2007"/>

=== Hyperuricemia and Gout Management ===
Clinical research has focused on Bibhitaka's ability to lower uric acid levels.
* '''Mechanism:''' It acts as a natural inhibitor of '''xanthine oxidase''', the enzyme responsible for converting purines into uric acid.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial demonstrated that a standardized extract of ''T. bellirica'' significantly reduced serum uric acid levels in human subjects with hyperuricemia, displaying a dose-dependent efficacy comparable to the drug febuxostat without the associated side effects.<ref name="Usharani2016"/>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' Animal models indicate that ''Terminalia bellirica'' possesses a high safety profile, with the Median Lethal Dose ([[LD50]]) of the aqueous extract exceeding 2000 mg/kg body weight.
* '''Contraindications:''' Due to its mild laxative and astringent properties, excessive doses may cause mild gastrointestinal discomfort. Safety during pregnancy and lactation has not been fully established; use should be supervised by a medical professional.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Crude Powder (Churna):'' 3–6 g daily.
** ''Standardized Extract:'' 250–500 mg twice daily.

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Terminalia bellirica''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Hyperuricemia (Gout)'''
| Gallic acid, Ellagic acid
| Xanthine oxidase inhibition
|-
| '''Type 2 Diabetes'''
| Chebulagic acid, Flavonoids
| Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, PPAR-gamma activation
|-
| '''Asthma & Bronchitis'''
| Saponins, Tannins
| Calcium channel blocker, Bronchodilator
|-
| '''Hepatic Damage'''
| Phenolic compounds
| Free radical scavenging, SOD/CAT restoration
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Sabu2009">{{cite journal |last1=Sabu |first1=M. C. |last2=Kuttan |first2=R. |year=2009 |title=Antidiabetic activity of medicinal plants and its relationship with their antioxidant property |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=81 |issue=2 |pages=155–160 |doi=10.1016/S0378-8741(02)00054-9}}</ref>

<ref name="Khan2008">{{cite journal |last1=Khan |first1=A. U. |last2=Gilani |first2=A. H. |year=2008 |title=Pharmacological justification for the medicinal use of ''Terminalia bellirica'' in gastrointestinal and respiratory disorders |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=116 |issue=3 |pages=393–397 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2007.12.006 |pmid=18242042}}</ref>

<ref name="Shinde2012">{{cite journal |last1=Shinde |first1=A. |last2=et al. |year=2012 |title=Hepatoprotective activity of ''Terminalia bellirica'' Roxb. fruit against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic damage |journal=Indian Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=271–277 |pmid=22540166}}</ref>

<ref name="Aqil2007">{{cite journal |last1=Aqil |first1=F. |last2=Ahmad |first2=I. |year=2007 |title=Antibacterial properties of certain Indian medicinal plants against multi-drug resistant clinical isolates |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=21 |issue=11 |pages=1017–1024 |doi=10.1002/ptr.2199 |pmid=17600863}}</ref>

<ref name="Usharani2016">{{cite journal |last1=Usharani |first1=P. |last2=et al. |year=2016 |title=A randomized, double-blind, placebo- and positive-controlled clinical pilot study to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of ''Terminalia bellirica'' in secondary hyperuricemia |journal=Clinical Pharmacology: Advances and Applications |volume=8 |pages=51–59 |doi=10.2147/CPAA.S100521 |pmid=27354832 |pmc=4912116}}</ref>
}}

[[index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Guduchi

2026-07-07T09:26:18Z

Agnivesha:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Guduchi, Gudoochi, Tinospora cordifolia, Heart leaved moonseed, Charak Samhita, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=''Guduchi'' (गुडूची), commonly known as ' Giloy', is the Sanskrit name for the medicinal plant Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook. f. & Thomson of the family.It holds a prominent place in [[Ayurveda]] as a [[Rasayana]] (rejuvenative) herb and is widely used for conditions such as fever, jaundice, musculoskeletal disorders, skin diseases, and metabolic ailments.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia (WILLD.) HOOK.F. & THOMS.)

''Guduchi'' (गुडूची), commonly known as ' Giloy', is the Sanskrit name for the medicinal plant Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook. f. & Thomson of the family Menispermaceae.<ref name="AYUSHDossier">{{Cite web |url=https://ayush.gov.in/resources/pdf/quality_standards/guduchi_Book-Dossier.pdf |title=Technical Dossier on - Guduchi |format=PDF |publisher=Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India |year=2019 |access-date=2026-04-13}}</ref> It holds a prominent place in [[Ayurveda]] as a [[Rasayana]] (rejuvenative) herb and is widely used for conditions such as fever, jaundice, musculoskeletal disorders, skin diseases, and metabolic ailments.<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/>
{{Infobox
|title = Guduchi
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Guduchi
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Tinospora cordifolia (WILLD.) HOOK.F. & THOMS.
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Menispermaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = Deole Y.S., Thakkar R., Tanna J.
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]], Symbiohealth Foundation, India
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

==English name ==

Heart leaved moonseed

== Botanical identity ==

The principal medicinal source of Guduchi is the stem of ''Tinospora cordifolia''.<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/> The plant is a deciduous, climbing shrub with simple, heart‑shaped leaves and small, greenish flowers.<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/> The genus ''Tinospora'' includes several species, and correct identification is important because some related species (e.g., ''Tinospora crispa'') have been implicated in hepatotoxicity reports.<ref name="LiverTox">Nnamani I, Tolu-Akinnawo O, Dufera RR, Akintunde A, Maliakkal B. Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi/Giloy)-Induced Liver Injury: A Case Review. Cureus. 2023 May 31;15(5):e39793. doi: 10.7759/cureus.39793. PMID: 37273324; PMCID: PMC10238282.</ref>

For Ayurvedic purposes, the AYUSH technical dossier specifies that properly identified ''T. cordifolia'' stem should be used, warning against confusion with other ''Tinospora'' species that may occur in commercial supply.<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/>
[[File:Guduchi.jpg|center|thumb|300x300px|'''Guduchi''']]

== Other botanical names/varieties ==

The following botanical names are accepted by Plants of the World Online as of January 2024.

* Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook.f. & Thomson
* Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merr
* Tinospora arfakiana Becc.
* Tinospora baenzigeri Forman
* Tinopora bakis (A.Rich.)Miers
* Tinospora celebica Diels
* Tinopora dissitiflora (K.Schum. & Lauterb.) Diels
* Tinopora esiangkara (F.M..Bailey) Forman
* Tinospora formanii Udayan & Pradeep
* Tinospora fragosa (I.Verd.) I.Verd. & Troupin
* Tinospora glabra (Burm.f.)Merr.
* Tinospora glandulosa Merr.
* Tinospora guangxiensis H.S.Lo
* Tinospora hainanensis H.S.Lo &Z.X.Li
* Tinospora hirsuta (Becc.) Forman
* Tinospora homosepala Diels
* Tinospora macrocarpa Diels
* Tinospora merriliana Diels
* Tinospora neocaledonica Forman
* Tinospora nudiflora (Griff.) Kurz
* Tinospora orophila Troupin
* Tinospora palminervis Miers
* Tinospora siamensis Forman
* Tinospora smilacina Benth.
* Tinospora sumatrana Becc.
* Tinospora teijsmannii Boerl.
* Tinospora tenera Miers.
* Tinospora tinosporoides (F.Muell.) Forman
* Tinospora trilobata Diels.

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==

Amruta, Madhuparni, Vayastha, Chhinnaruha, Vatsadini

== Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu ==
Guduchi, Madhuparni, Amrita, Amritavallari, Chhinna, Chhinnaruha, Chhinnodbhava, Vatsadani, Jivanti, Tantrika, Soma, Somavalli, Kundali, Chakralakshanika, Dhira, Vishalya, Rasayani, Chandrahasa, Vayastha, Mandali, Devanirmita

==Anupana according to Dosha==
* '''Vata''' – Ghrita
* '''Pitta''' – Sharkara (Sugar)
* '''Kapha''' – Madhu (Honey)
* '''Vibandha''' (Constipation)– Guda (Jaggery)
* '''Vatarakta''' (Gout) – Eranda taila (Castor oil)
* '''Amavaata'''(Rhumatoid arthritis) – Shunthi (Ginger)

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Table 1: Properties of Guduchi
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Bitter (tikta), Astringent (kashaya)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Heavy (guru), Unctuous (snigdha)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[vata]], [[pitta]] and [[kapha]]
|}
== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/12 || Asthapana
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 3/3 || Siddhatamachurnapradeha
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(11) || Truptighnamahakashay
|-
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(18) || Stanyashodhanamahakashay
|-
| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(21) || Snehopagmahakashay
|-
| 6 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(29) || Trishnanigrahanamahakashay
|-
| 7 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(41) || Dahaprashamanamahakashaya
|-
| 8 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(49) || Prajasthapanamahakashaya
|-
| 9 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(50) || Vayasthapanmahakashaya
|-
| 10 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 14/31
| Dravya for Nadi Sweda
|-
| 11 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 21/22
| Management of obesity
|-
|12
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40
|Agrya Sangraha
|-
|13
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]]27/4
|Natural qualities.
|-
|14
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/106
|Shaka Varga
|-
|15
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/49
|Veerya varnan
|-
|16
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135
|Vaman dravyani
|-
|17
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/139
|Madhur skanda
|-
|18
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/143
|Tikta skandha
|-
|19
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]].8/56
|Kshira vishodhana dravya
|-
|20
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/22
|Vamanartha
|-
|21
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/19
|Preparations of Trivritta
|-
|22
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/198
|Used as kwath or sheeta kashaya for trushna, deepana, doshapachana, jwar, aruchi and mukhavairasya.
|-
|23
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/202
|Used in trutiyaka jwara.
|-
|24
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/202
|Used in chaturthaka jwara.
|-
|25
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/211
|As an ingredient of shatyadi varga used in kasa, svasa, tandra,parshvashoola, hrdgraha and sannipata jwara.
|-
|26
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/222
|As an ingredient of Vasadi Ghrita.
|-
|27
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/247
|Used in niruha basti.
|-
|28
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/251
|Used in Patoladi niruha basti.
|-
|29
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267
|In formulation of Agurvadi taila.
|-
|30
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/299
|Used as swarasa in Vishama jwara.
|-
|31
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/343
|Used in punaravrtaka jwara(Kirat tiktadi kwath)
|-
|32
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/29
|Used for making decoction in Kaphaj prameh
|-
|33
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/30
|Used for making decoction in Pittaja Prameha
|-
|34
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/77
|Ingredient in Kanakabindurishta
|-
|35
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/124
|Bahyaprayogarth Lepa in Vata-Kaphaja Kushtha
|-
|36
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/146
|Ingredient in Mahatikta Ghrita
|-
|37
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/153
|Ingredient in Mahakhadira Ghrita
|-
|38
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/72
|For Parisheka purpose
|-
|39
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/25
|In treatment of Vataja Shvayathu
|-
|40
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/34
|Ingredient in Punarnavadyarishta
|-
|41
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/190
|Used in preparation of Panchama Kshara
|-
|42
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/63
|In Kamala Guduchi Swarasa should be given in early in the morning
|-
|43
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/134
|Used in Halimak Chikitsa
|-
|44
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/94
|Used in yusha preparation for hikka svasa
|-
|45
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/102
|Used as yavagu in hikka svasa
|-
|46
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/35
|As a ghrita dravya
|-
|47
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/161
|As an ingredient of guduchyadi ghrita.
|-
|48
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/31
|As a pana yoga in Pittaja chhardi.
|-
|49
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/35
|As a pathya ahara in kaphaja chhardi.
|-
|50
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/58
|For kashaya pana.
|-
|51
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/130
|Used in granthi visarpa.
|-
|52
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 22/45
|As a pana yoga.
|-
|53
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/70
|As an ingredient of Gandha hasti agada.
|-
|54
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/145
|Used as swarasa where pittaja madatyaya is associated with sarakta kasa, Parshvashoola, Stanashoola, Daaha & Hradayotkleda.
|-
|55
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/75
|Used in shoola with sneha & sarkara.
|-
|56
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/57
|Used in Kaphaja mutrakruchhra.
|-
|57
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/70
|As an ingredient of Karpasmooladi yoga.
|-
|58
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/83
|As an ingredient of Haritakyadi Ghrita.
|-
|59
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/243
|As an ingredient of Amrutadi varti.
|-
|60
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/283
|Used in Vataja swarbheda.
|-
|61
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/148
|As an ingredient of Bala taila.
|-
|62
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/157
|As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila.
|-
|63
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/170
|As an ingredient of Vrushamuladi taila.
|-
|64
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/172
|As an ingredient of Mulaka taila.
|-
|65
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/71
|Anupana of Drakshadi Ghrita.
|-
|66
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/73
|As an ingredient of Jeevakadi mahasneha.
|-
|67
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/92
|As an ingredient of Madhuparnyadi taila.
|-
|68
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/103
|As an ingredient of Amrutadhya taila.
|-
|69
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/117
|As an ingredient of Shatapaka Madhuparni taila.
|-
|70
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/53
|As an ingredient of Kashmaryadi ghrita, used in the treatment of Vataja yoni.
|-
|71
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/58
|For parishechana in yoni shula.
|-
|72
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/99
|Used in the treatment of Kaphaja pradara.
|-
|73
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/59
|As an ingredient of Guduchyadi taila, used in the treatment of Vataja yoni roga.
|-
|}

== Classical therapeutic uses ==

Guduchi is one of the most frequently cited herbs in Ayurvedic literature and is reported in formulations for a wide range of conditions, including:<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/>

Classical actions attributed to Guduchi include:<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/>

* Rasayana (rejuvenative)
* Dipana and Sangrahi (appetizing and absorbent)
* Vataraktahara and Amavataghni (useful in gout and rheumatoid‑like arthritis)
* Kamalahara (beneficial in jaundice and liver disorders)
* Kushtaghna (beneficial in skin diseases)
* Pramehaghna (beneficial in urinary and metabolic disorders)
* Jvara (fever), including irregular and chronic fevers
* Kamala (jaundice) and other hepatic and viral fevers
* Vatarakta and amavata (gout and rheumatoid‑like arthritis)
* Kasa (chronic cough)
* Prameha (Diabetes mellitus and metabolic disorders)
* Chardighna (anti‑emetic indications)

The AYUSH technical dossier notes that Guduchi appears in more than 2,400 Ayurvedic formulations across over 24 dosage forms, indicating its broad and enduring therapeutic role.<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/>

== Parts used and dosage forms ==

In Ayurvedic practice, the mature stem is the primary part used for preparing Guduchi‑based medicines.<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/> Common traditional dosage forms include:<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/>

* Churna (powder)
* Kwatha (decoction)
* Hima (cold infusion)
* Svarasa (fresh juice)
* Satva (starch preparation)
* Ghrita (medicated ghee)
* Taila (medicated oil)
* Gutika (tablets)

== Important Formulations ==

* Amritarishta
* Amritottara kvatha churna
* Guduchi Taila
* Guduchyadi churna
* Guduchi Sattva
* Chhinnodbhavadi kvatha churna
* Kaishora Guggulu
* Samshamani Vati

==Dose==

The AYUSH technical dossier cites typical dose ranges as:<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/>
* 3–6 g of powder
* 20–30 g of coarse powder for decoction
* 125 mg–1000 mg of Guduchi sattva, taken with appropriate anupana (vehicle)

== Current availability==

Available

Through all over India extending from Himalayas to the Southern part of India.

Other countries: Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Myanmar, Burma, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand

== Current researches ==

== Chemical constituents ==

Modern phytochemical studies have identified more than 200 compounds in ''Tinospora cordifolia'' and related species, including diterpenoids, alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, sesquiterpenoids, and phenolics.<ref name="ImmunomodulatoryReview">Yates CR, Bruno EJ, Yates MED. Tinospora Cordifolia: A review of its immunomodulatory properties. J Diet Suppl. 2022;19(2):271-285. doi: 10.1080/19390211.2021.1873214. Epub 2021 Jan 22. PMID: 33480818.</ref> Key constituents reported in the literature include:<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/>,<ref name="OnePlantManyRoles">Saha S, Ghosh S. Tinospora cordifolia: One plant, many roles. Anc Sci Life. 2012 Apr;31(4):151-9. doi: 10.4103/0257-7941.107344. PMID: 23661861; PMCID: PMC3644751</ref>

* Clerodane‑type diterpenoids
* Cordifolioside A and tinosporaside (used as assay markers)
* Alkaloids such as magnoflorine and berberine‑like compounds
* Diterpenoid lactones and glycosides

These constituents are thought to contribute to the herb’s bitter taste, immunomodulatory, anti‑inflammatory, and antioxidant properties.<ref name="ImmunomodulatoryReview"/>

== Pharmacological actions ==

Experimental studies, including in vitro and animal models, support several pharmacological activities of Guduchi extracts.<ref name="ImmunomodulatoryReview"/><ref name="OnePlantManyRoles"/>

* Immunomodulatory effects: Modulation of immune cell function and cytokine pathways.<ref name="ImmunomodulatoryReview"/>
* Anti‑inflammatory effects: Reduction of pro‑inflammatory cytokines such as TNF‑α and IL‑1β.<ref name="ImmunomodulatoryReview"/><ref name="ScientificReports2019">{{Cite Ghatpande NS, Misar AV, Waghole RJ, Jadhav SH, Kulkarni PP. Tinospora cordifolia protects against inflammation associated anemia by modulating inflammatory cytokines and hepcidin expression in male Wistar rats. Sci Rep. 2019 Jul 29;9(1):10969. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-47458-0. PMID: 31358831; PMCID: PMC6662690}}</ref>
* Antioxidant activity: Scavenging of free radicals and reduction of oxidative stress.<ref name="OnePlantManyRoles"/>
* Antipyretic and analgesic activity in fever‑like models.<ref name="ImmunomodulatoryReview"/>

Some studies also report hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, and anti‑arthritic‑like effects, although the exact mechanisms and clinical relevance remain under investigation.<ref name="OnePlantManyRoles"/><ref name="ImmunomodulatoryReview"/>

== Metabolic and endocrine research ==

Recent reviews suggest that Guduchi may have beneficial effects on diabetes, hyperlipidemia, obesity, and related features of metabolic syndrome.<ref name="MetabolicReview2025">{{Mansouri M, Imenshahidi M, Rameshrad M, Hosseinzadeh H. Effects of Tinospora cordifolia (giloy) on metabolic syndrome components: a mechanistic review. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2025 May;398(5):4979-5009. doi: 10.1007/s00210-024-03642-2. Epub 2024 Dec 28. PMID: 39731594.}}</ref> Anti‑diabetic and antihyperglycemic actions have been reported in animal models and some small human studies, including a randomized trial in diabetic dyslipidemia showing improvement in lipid profile, inflammatory markers, and metabolic‑syndrome prevalence with Guduchi‑stem supplementation.<ref name="DiabeticDyslipidemiaRCT">{{Cite journal |year=2024 |title=Tinospora cordifolia stem supplementation in diabetic dyslipidemia: an open‑labelled randomized controlled trial |journal=International Journal of Research and Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume=15 |issue=12 |pages=100–107 |url=https://ffhdj.com/index.php/ffhd/article/view/208}}</ref>

However, the overall evidence base still relies heavily on preclinical data and heterogeneous herbal preparations rather than standardized, large‑scale randomized trials.<ref name="MetabolicReview2025"/>

== Musculoskeletal and inflammatory conditions ==

Guduchi is traditionally used for vatarakta and amavata, conditions resembling gout and rheumatoid arthritis.<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/> Preclinical studies in arthritis models show that ''T. cordifolia'' extracts can reduce inflammatory mediators and markers of joint destruction, supporting its traditional anti‑arthritic use.<ref name="Arthritis2015">{{Cite journal |last=Sannegowda |first=K. M. |year=2015 |title=Tinospora cordifolia inhibits autoimmune arthritis by regulating key immune mediators of inflammation and bone damage |journal=International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=521–531 |doi=10.1177/0394632015608248 |pmid=26467057}}</ref>

However, the evidence is still preliminary, and current data justify Guduchi mainly as a potential adjunct to conventional therapy rather than as a standalone monotherapy for chronic inflammatory joint disease.<ref name="Arthritis2015"/>

== Safety and hepatotoxicity ==

In recent years, several case reports and reviews have described herb‑induced liver injury associated with Guduchi or ''Tinospora''‑containing products.<ref name="LiverTox"/>,<ref name="PMC2021LiverInjury">Björnsson ES, Navarro VJ, Chalasani N. Liver Injury Following Tinospora Cordifolia Consumption: Drug-Induced AIH, or de novo AIH? J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2022 Jan-Feb;12(1):6-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jceh.2021.11.014. Epub 2021 Nov 29. PMID: 35068778; PMCID: PMC8766689.</ref>

The NIH LiverTox resource notes that Guduchi‑associated liver injury can range from mild elevation of liver enzymes to clinically significant hepatitis and, rarely, acute liver failure, with some cases showing autoimmune‑like features.<ref name="LiverTox"/> Many cases occur in patients with pre‑existing liver disease or autoimmune predisposition and may be idiosyncratic or immune‑mediated.<ref name="LiverTox"/>

The AYUSH technical dossier highlights that many published liver injury reports lack detailed baseline documentation and may mix different species and preparations, underscoring the need for careful botanical identification, product quality control, and medical supervision, especially in patients with pre‑existing liver conditions.<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/>

== Current research trends ==

PubMed‑based trend analyses indicate a substantial increase in publications on Guduchi, rising from several hundred articles in the early 2010s to over 900 indexed studies by 2024, reflecting growing scientific interest.<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/> This growth reflects heightened scientific and public interest but does not, by itself, equate to high‑quality clinical evidence.<ref name="MetabolicReview2025"/>

Most of the current evidence is from preclinical studies, mechanistic investigations, small trials, and narrative reviews; large, well‑designed randomized controlled trials are still limited.<ref name="MetabolicReview2025"/>

== Clinical position ==

From an Ayurvedic perspective, Guduchi is regarded as a classical Rasayana with broad therapeutic indications, supported by long‑standing clinical experience.<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/><ref name="OnePlantManyRoles"/> From a modern evidence‑based medicine standpoint, it is best viewed as a promising but not yet fully established botanical agent for conditions such as metabolic syndrome, certain inflammatory disorders, and liver and immune‑mediated conditions.<ref name="MetabolicReview2025"/>

Use in clinical practice should emphasize:<ref name="LiverTox"/><ref name="AYUSHDossier"/>

* Accurate botanical identification and use of standardized preparations
* Caution in patients with liver disease or autoimmunity
* Integration with, rather than substitution for, established medical therapies

=== Indian Medicinal Plant Database, Phytochemistry And Therapeutics (IMPPAT) ===

Link: https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Tinospora%20crispa

[[index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

This article is under development ..

==References==

File:Ashwagandha.jpg

2026-07-07T07:19:59Z

Agnivesha: Ashwagandha

== Summary ==
Ashwagandha

File:Bibhitaki.jpg

2026-07-07T07:17:36Z

Agnivesha: Bibhitak

== Summary ==
Bibhitak

File:Haritaki.jpg

2026-07-07T07:15:00Z

Agnivesha: Haritaki

== Summary ==
Haritaki

File:Amalaki.jpg

2026-07-07T07:13:47Z

Agnivesha: Amalaki

== Summary ==
Amalaki

File:Guduchi.jpg

2026-07-07T07:12:03Z

Agnivesha: Guduchui

== Summary ==
Guduchui

Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals

2026-07-07T06:43:13Z

Agnivesha: Changed redirect target from Herbs to Herbs details

#REDIRECT [[Herbs details]]

Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals

2026-07-07T06:42:37Z

Agnivesha: Redirected page to Herbs

#REDIRECT [[Herbs]]

Amalaki

2026-07-07T06:42:04Z

Agnivesha:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Amalaki, Amalaki, Emblica officinalis Gaertn, Phyllanthus emblica L., Charak Samhita, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description='Emblica officinalis Gaertn or Phyllanthus emblica L. is an extensively used herb in [[Ayurveda]] for dietary and therapeutic purpose as well.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
Emblica officinalis Gaertn or Phyllanthus emblica L. is an extensively used herb in [[Ayurveda]] for dietary and therapeutic purpose as well. 

{{Infobox
|title = Amalaki
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Amalaki
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Emblica officinalis Gaertn, Phyllanthus emblica L.
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Euphorbiaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = Dravyaguna Team
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2025
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

==English name ==

Emblic myrobalan, Indian gooseberry

==Therapeutic Uses==

Bleeding disorders ([[Raktapitta]]), Acid-peptic diseases ([[Amlapitta]]), Diabetes mellitus ([[Prameha]]), Burning sensation ([[Daha]])<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:3,4</ref>

==Other varieties / Other botanical names==

* Cicca emblica (L.) Kurz
* Diasperus emblica (L.) Kuntze
* Dichelactina nodicaulis Hance
* Emblica arborea Raf.
* Emblica officinalis Gaertn.
* Phyllanthus glomeratus Roxb. ex Wall. nom. inval.
* Phyllanthus mairei H.Lév.
* Phyllanthus mimosifolius Salisb.
* Phyllanthus taxifolius D.Don

==Identification Characters==

'''Vrittaphala''' – Fruit is globose
'''Kolam''' – Fruit weighs 6 gm.
'''Tishyaphala''' – Fruiting season in Pushya masa (November – December) or the fruits are auspicious.

==Types==

=== Raja Nighantu ===

There are two varieties.<ref>Indradev Tripathi, Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, Amradi Varga, Verse no. 160-161 Chaukhambha Krishnadas academy, Varanasi;</ref>

# Amalaka
# Kshudramalaka

* Vanya (wild variety)– Small, Hard
* Gramya (highbred) – Big, Soft, Fleshy

== Synonyms ==

=== Synonyms in Charaka Samhita ===

*Dhatri (that nourishes like mother)
*Dhatriphala (fruits from Dhatri)
*Sriphala (auspicious fruit)
*Vayastha (that which enhance longevity and delays ageing)
*Vayasya (that which enhance longevity and delays ageing)
*Amritphala (fruit with elixir)

=== Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu ===

Vayasya, Amalaki, Vrishya, Jatiphalarasa, Shiva, Dhatriphala, Sriphala, Amritaphala, Dhatri, Tishyaphala, Amruta <ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 38, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) ||Sour (amla), Bitter (tikta), Sweet (madhura), Pungent (katu), Astringent (kashaya)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Cold (sheeta)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Heavy (guru), Rough (ruksha), Cold (sheeta)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]])|| Pacify [[vata]], [[pitta]] and [[kapha]]
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/26 ||Virukshani yavagu (dietary gruel for drying therapy)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/31 ||Kanthya yavagu (dietary gruel for improving voice and throat disorders)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(13) ||Kushthaghna mahakashaya (ingredient of group of herbs for treatment of skin diseases)
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(24) ||Virechanopaga mahakashaya (ingredient of group of herbs for helping therapeutic purgation)
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(36) ||Kasahara mahakashaya (ingredient of group of herbs for treatment of cough)
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(39) || Jwarahara mahakashaya (ingredient of group of herbs for treatment of fever)
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(49) ||Prajasthapana mahakashaya (ingredient of group of herbs for promoting conception & foetus growth)
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(50) ||Vayasthapana mahakashaya (ingredient of group of herbs for anti ageing)
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/12 || Daily consumed substance (nitya prayunjita dravya)
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 7/61 || To be taken with curd (dadhi saha sevanajanya ahara)
|-
|11 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 13/93|| Sneha Vicharna
|-
|12 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 15/07||Dravya required for Aturalaya
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]]21/22 || Management of obesity(sthaulya)
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 21/23
| Management of obesity(sthaulya)
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]]21/26
| Management of obesity(sthaulya)
|-
| 16 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/38
|Madyavikatnut Mantha(management of disorders caused due to excess consumption of alcohol.)
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40
|Agrya Sangraha(collections of best food articles, factors and drugs in various conditions)
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/4
| Natural qualities
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/147
| Phala Varga(Class of fruits)
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/282
| Krutanna Varga(Class of cooked food preparations)
|-
| 21 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/49
| Veerya varnan(potency)
|-
|22 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/50
| Veerya varnan(potency)
|-
|23 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 7/17
| Abhyantar Krimi Chikitsa(Various therapeutic modalities for treatment of parasite)
|-
|24 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 7/21
| Abhyantar Krimi Chikitsa
|-
|25
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/136
|[[Virechana]] Dravyani (list of medicines used in therapeutic purgation)
|-
|26
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/139
|Madhura skandha(group of sweet drugs)
|-
|27
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/140
|Amla skandha(group of sour drugs)
|-
|28
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/8
|Desha vichara
|-
|29
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/16
|Vamanartha (for emesis)
|-
|30
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/30
|Preparations of Trivrit Avaleha
|-
|31
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/40
|Kalyanaka Guda
|-
|32
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/46
|Vyoshadi Modaka
|-
|33
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/50
|Pathyadi Modaka
|-
|34
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/65
|Virechana Tarpana(Preparation of Trivrita in the form of Tarpana)
|-
|35
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/67
|Dugdha Yoga(Preparations of Trivrita in the form of medicated ghee and milk)
|-
|36
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 8/10
|Aragvadha Yoga
|-
|37
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 8/13
|Ghrita Yoga
|-
|38
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 9/6
|Tilvaka yoga
|-
|39
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 10/11
|Use in Purification of snuhi latex(sudha)
|-
|40
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 10/20
|Ghrita Yoga
|-
|41
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/13
|Avaleha Yoga
|-
|42
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/25
|Body purification before rasayana treatment
|-
|43
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/1/28
|Ingredient in Bruhaniya Gutika
|-
|44
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/184
|Used as peya with Ghrita where jwara is associated with Constipation(Doshanulomaka)
|-
|45
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/186
|Used as peya where jwara is associated with Constipation & Kostha shoola
|-
|46
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/188
|Used as peya with Ghrita and Sarkara where jwara is associated with Anindra, Trushna & asweda
|-
|47
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/201
|Used as Triphala kwatha in Anyedhyushka jwara
|-
|48
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/202
|Used as kwatha in Chaturthaka jwara
|-
|49
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/205
|As an ingredient of Triphala in Vatsakadi kashaya
|-
|50
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/206
|As an ingredient of Triphala in Madhookadi kashaya
|-
|51
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/207
|Used as kwatha with guda in Dosha vibadhdhata
|-
|52
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/208
|Pitta- Kapha nashaka, Vatanulomana
|-
|53
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/220
|As an ingredient of Pippalyadi Ghrita
|-
|54
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/222
|As an ingredient of Vasadi Ghrita
|-
|55
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/225
|As an ingredient of Baladi Ghrita
|-
|56
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/230
|Used as svarasa for [[Virechana]]
|-
|57
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/231
|Used for [[Virechana]] With madhu and ghrita
|-
|58
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/299
|As Triphala in Vishamajwara
|-
|59
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/57
|As a [[Virechana]] dravya
|-
|60
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/79
|Used in Raktapitta-shamaka yoga in ugra raktapitta.
|-
|61
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/65
|Ingredient in Trayushanaadi ghrita
|-
|62
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/106
|Ingredient of Nilinyadya Ghrita
|-
|63
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/115
|Ingredient of Rohinyadya Ghrita for Pittaja Gulma
|-
|64
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/120
|Ingredient in Trayamanadya Ghrita for Pittaja Gulma
|-
|65
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/122
|Ingredient in Amalakadya Ghrita for Pittaja Gulma
|-
|66
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/124
|Ingredient in Drakshadya Ghrita for Pittaj Gulma
|-
|67
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/133
|As a diet in Pittaj Gulma
|-
|68
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/149
|Ingredient of Mishrak Sneha
|-
|69
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/22
|Prameha nashak Santarpana yoga
|-
|70
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/26
|Sarva Prameha nashak yoga
|-
|71
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/28
|Used for making decoction in Kaphaja prameha
|-
|72
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/30
|Used for making decoction in Pittaja prameha
|-
|73
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/36
|As Kapha-Pittaj prameha nashaka yoga
|-
|74
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/40
|Ingredient in Phalatrikadi Kvatha
|-
|75
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/41
|Ingredient in Madhvasava
|-
|76
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/46
|For drinking water Boiled with it
|-
|77
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/48
|As a diet
|-
|78
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/44
|As [[Virechana]] dravya
|-
|79
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/62
|Ingredient in Patoladi Kwatha
|-
|80
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/65
|Ingredient in Mustadi Churna
|-
|81
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/68
|Ingredient in Triphaladi Churna
|-
|82
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/70
|Kushthanashak Yoga
|-
|83
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/74
|Ingredient in Madhvasav
|-
|84
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/77
|Ingredient in Kanakabindurishta
|-
|85
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/81
|Ingredient in Triphalasava
|-
|86
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]7/82
|Pathya diet in Kushtha
|-
|87
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/91
|Ingredient in Sidhdharthak snan and Lepa, Abhyantar and Bahya-shodhanarth
|-
|88
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/97
|Ingredient in Kushthaghna Yoga
|-
|89
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/100
|Kwath prayog in Kapha-Pittaja Kushtha
|-
|90
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/128
|Abhyantara and Bahyaprayogartha Pana, Snana, Lepa
|-
|91
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/136
|Ingredient in Vata-Pitta nashak Ghrita
|-
|92
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/140
|Ingredient in Tiktashatpala Ghrita
|-
|93
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/144
|Ingredient in Mahatikta Ghrita
|-
|94
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/147
|Ingredient in Mahatikta Ghrita
|-
|95
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/153
|Ingredient in Mahakhadira Ghrita
|-
|96
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/155
|Ingredient in Mahakhadira Ghrita
|-
|97
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/67
|Pathya diet for Pinas in treatment of Rajayakshma
|-
|98
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/100
|Ingredient in Avaleha
|-
|99
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/101
|Ingredient in Avaleha
|-
|100
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/137
|As a Kaval dravya for Mukhashodhanarth
|-
|101
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/35
|Ingredient in Kalyanak Ghrita
|-
|102
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/54
|Ingredient in Apara lashunadya Ghrita
|-
|103
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/70
|Ingredient in Siddharthakadi Agada
|-
|104
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/18
|Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrita
|-
|105
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/31
|Ingredient in Amalakadi Ghrita
|-
|106
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/43
|As a Nasya dravya
|-
|107
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/48
|Ingredient in Mustadi varti
|-
|108
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/21
|In treatment of Kaphaja Shvayathu
|-
|109
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/32
|Ingredient in Ashtashatorishta
|-
|110
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/39
|Ingredient in Triphaladhyarishta
|-
|111
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43
|Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
|-
|112
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/49
|Ingredient in Shilajatu prayoga
|-
|113
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/72
|As an Unmardan dravya in Kaphaja Shvayathu
|-
|114
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/100
|Bahyaprayogarth Lepa in treatment of Jalagardabh
|-
|115
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/115
|As an ingredient of Nagaradi ghrita
|-
|116
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/119
|As an ingredient of Patoladi churna
|-
|117
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/125
|As an ingredient of Narayan churna
|-
|118
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/133
|As an ingredient of Hapushadya churna
|-
|119
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/135
|As anupana of Hapushadya churna
|-
|120
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/149
|Kwath mixed with trikatu and yavakshara used in udararoga
|-
|121
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/158
|In formulation of pippalyadi lavan
|-
|122
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/163
|In formulation of ksharvatika
|-
|123
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/45
|Used in swedana kriya
|-
|124
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/66
|Use triphala kwath with trivrut churna
|-
|125
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/138
|As an ingredient of abhayarista
|-
|126
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/145
|As an ingredient of dantyarista
|-
|127
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/148
|As an ingredient of phalarista
|-
|128
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/153
|As an ingredient of dvitiya phalarista
|-
|129
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/202
|Dadhisara yoga is used in rakta arsha
|-
|130
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/87
|As an ingredient of traushnaadi ghrita
|-
|131
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/120
|As an ingredient of takrarista
|-
|132
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/152
|As an ingredient of Duralabhasava(Kaphaja grahani )
|-
|133
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/177
|As an ingredient of Bhallataka Kshara
|-
|134
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/188
|Used in preparation of Pancham Kshara
|-
|135
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/58
|Used in Kaphaja Pandu Roga
|-
|136
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/135
|Used in Chikita of Halimak
|-
|137
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/89
|As an ingredient of Shilajatu Vataka
|-
|138
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/101
|As an ingredient of Dhatryavleha
|-
|139
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/111
|As an ingredient of Dhatryarishta
|-
|140
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/114
|As an ingredient of Peya Dravya
|-
|141
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/129
|As an ingredient of satyadi yoga
|-
|142
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/135
|Swarasa mixed with pippali and madhu is used in hikka svasa
|-
|143
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/140
|As an ingredient of dashamuladhya ghrita
|-
|144
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/184
|As an ingredient of mudga yusha
|-
|145
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/90
|As an ingredient of sarkaradi leha
|-
|146
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/92
|As an ingredient of twakadi leha
|-
|147
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/94
|As an ingredient of vidaryadi leha
|-
|148
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/107
|Use it in a preparation of ghrita
|-
|149
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/118
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|150
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/120
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|151
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/122
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|152
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/136
|As an ingredient of pippalyadi leha
|-
|153
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/165
|As an ingredient of ghrita yoga
|-
|154
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/88
|As an ingredient of leha yoga pittaja kasa
|-
|155
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/32
|Trusha & Chhardi-shamaka yoga
|-
|156
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/54
|For kashaya pana
|-
|157
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/61
|For kashaya pana
|-
|158
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/67
|For virechana, give along with ghrita
|-
|159
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/111
|As a pathya ahara
|-
|160
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 22/36
|For lepa prayoga
|-
|161
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/226
|As a pathya ahara
|-
|162
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/139
|Used as yusha in pittaja madatyaya
|-
|163
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/140
|Used as yusha, Tarpana & rasa in Pittaja madatyaya
|-
|164
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/183
|Used in pachana
|-
|165
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/84
|Used as vranashodhaka kashaya
|-
|166
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/90
|As an ingredient of Kamppilakadi taila
|-
|167
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/110
|Used for vrana shaithilya, saukumarya & prasadana
|-
|168
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/116
|Used for savarnikarana
|-
|169
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/53
|Used in pittaja mutrakruchhra
|-
|170
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/65
|As an ingredient of Trutyadi churna
|-
|171
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/83
|As an ingredient of Haritakyadi Ghrita in vataja hrudroga
|-
|172
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87
|As an ingredient of Trushnadi Ghrita
|-
|173
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/163
|As an ingredient of Mayur Ghrita
|-
|174
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/167
|As an ingredient of Mahamayur Ghrita
|-
|175
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/195
|As an ingredient of Kalak churna
|-
|176
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/198
|As an ingredient of Mrudvikadi churna
|-
|177
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/205
|Used for mukhadhavna
|-
|178
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/209
|As an ingredient of Khadiradi gutika
|-
|179
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/216
|Used for kavala in arochaka
|-
|180
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/239
|Used for aaschotana in Kaphaja netraroga
|-
|181
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/241
|As an ingredient of Sumanakorkadi varti
|-
|182
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/242
|As an ingredient of Saindhavadi varti
|-
|183
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/254
|As an ingredient of Drustiprada varti
|-
|184
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/259
|As an ingredient of Krushnasarpavasadi rasakriya
|-
|185
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/260
|Used in timir roga
|-
|186
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/261
|As an ingredient of Dhatryadi Rasakriya
|-
|187
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/270, 273
|As an ingredient of Mahaneela Ghrita
|-
|188
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/277
|As an ingredient of Prapoundrakadi taila
|-
|189
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/279
|As an ingredient of Tiladi yoga
|-
|190
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/281
|Used in palitya
|-
|191
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/63
|As an ingredient of Jeevaniya Ghrita
|-
|192
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/85
|As an ingredient of Kashmaryadi kwath for Virechana karma
|-
|193
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/86
|Used as Kwatha with madhu for Kaphaja vatarakta
|-
|194
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/86
|Used for Kaphaja vatarakta
|-
|195
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/98, 99
|As an ingredient of Sukumaraka taila
|-
|196
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/152
|As an ingredient of Triphaladi kalka in tridoshaja shola
|-
|197
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/78
|As an ingredient of Dhatakyadi taila
|-
|198
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/117
|Used in the treatment of Sveta pradara
|-
|199
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/117
|Used in the treatment of Sveta pradara along with honey
|-
|200
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/149
|Abhaya – Amalaki rasayana used in the treatment of Pitta dushta sukra dosha
|-
|201
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/259
|As a pathya ahara in stanya dosha
|-
|202
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/150
|Amruta rasayana, used in the treatment of Kapha dushta sukra dosha
|-
|203
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/261
|As a paniya yoga, in the treatment of Stanya dosha
|-
|204
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/267
|Used in the treatment of Phena sanghat, As an ingredient of Kiratatiktadi kwatha
|-
|205
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/279
|Used in the treatment of Gaurava stanya dosha
|-
|}

==Dose==

* 10 – 20 gm of the drug.
* 5 – 10 ml of fresh juice.
* 3-6 gm of the drug in powder form.

==Important formulations==

===Fresh Fruit pulp===

* Chyavanaprasha

=== Dried Fruit===

* Triphala Churna
* Dhatri loha
* Dhatryadi Ghrita

== Current availability==

Available

* In India – Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Manipur, Tripura, Meghalaya, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu.
* Out of India – Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Malaysia, China, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, West Indies, Cuba, varieties are available across globe.

== Current researches ==
'''Phyllanthus emblica''' L., commonly known as '''amalaki''', '''amla''', or '''Indian gooseberry''', is widely used in Ayurveda and has been studied for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, and metabolic effects.<ref name="JAIMS2023a">{{cite journal |title=Amalaki (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.): A review on its therapeutic properties |journal=Journal of Ayurveda Integrative Medicine and Science |year=2023}}</ref><ref name="JAIMS2023b">{{cite web |title=View of Amalaki (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.): A review on its therapeutic properties |website=JAIMS |year=2023 |url=https://jaims.in/jaims/article/view/2592}}</ref>

=== Scientific research ===
Amalaki contains bioactive compounds including gallic acid, ellagic acid, emblicanin A and B, quercetin, tannins, and vitamin C, which are thought to contribute to its biological activity.<ref name="JAIMS2023b" />
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study reported that standardized ''Phyllanthus emblica'' extract improved endothelial function, oxidative stress markers, inflammatory parameters, and lipid profile in patients with metabolic syndrome.<ref name="PubMed2019">{{cite journal |title=Randomized, double blind, placebo controlled clinical study of standardized Phyllanthus emblica extract in metabolic syndrome |journal=PubMed |year=2019 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31060549/}}</ref>

In older adults, Amalaki Rasayana was reported to maintain or enhance DNA strand break repair without toxic effects.<ref name="SciDir2016">{{cite journal |title=Effect of Amalaki rasayana on DNA damage and repair in randomized aged human individuals |journal=Food and Chemical Toxicology |year=2016 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378874116304226}}</ref>
Experimental studies in hypertrophied rat hearts found improved cardiac mitochondrial and contractile function following Amalaki Rasayana administration.<ref name="PMC2017">{{cite journal |title=Amalaki rasayana, a traditional Indian drug enhances cardiac mitochondrial and contractile functions and improves cardiac function in rats with hypertrophy |journal=PMC |year=2017 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5561106/}}</ref>

== External links ==

[http://envis.frlht.org/plantdetails/893/8a21370d3a8af238657446d840711684 ENVIS database - Amalaki]

[[wikipedia:Phyllanthus_emblica|Phyllanthus emblica]]

== References ==
<references />

[[index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

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2026-07-07T06:38:06Z

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<div style="border-bottom:1px solid #7cd0ea;background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;border:1px solid #000080; border-radius:8px;padding:0.2em 0.9em 0.2em 0.5em; font-size:160%; font-weight:bold;">[[Preface- Charak Samhita New Edition|Charak Samhita New Edition]]

The Definitive Online Edition of [[Ayurveda]]'s Core Treatise on Healthcare with [[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles
</div>

<div style="padding-top:0.50em;margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom:0.50em; padding-left:0.50em; padding-right:0.50em;width:100%; min-width:200px; border:1px solid #000080; border:1px solid #000080; border-radius:8px; padding:0; background-color:#FFFFFF; vertical-align:top; color:#000080;">
<h2 id="mp-dyk-h2_3" style="clear:both; margin:0.5em; background:#FFFFFF;font-family:inherit; font-size:160%; font-weight:bold; border-radius:8px; color:#000080; padding:0.2em 0.4em;text-align:center;">[[Preface- Charak Samhita New Edition|Charak Samhita - Ayurveda's Core Text]]</h2></div>

<div style="width:100%; min-width:200px; border:1px solid #000080; border:1px solid #000080; border-radius:8px; padding:0; background-color:#FFFFFF; vertical-align:top; color:#000080;">
<h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="clear:both; margin:0.5em; background:#FFFFFF;font-family:inherit; font-size:130%; font-weight:bold; border-radius:8px; color:#000080; padding:0.2em 0.4em;text-align:center;">[[Contents|Contents]]</h2>
<div style="padding:0.1em 0.6em 0.5em;">
<div style="-moz-column-width: 20em; -webkit-column-width: 20em; column-width: 20em; width:auto; font-style: normal;">
<ul>
<li>'''[[Sutra Sthana| I. Section on fundamental principles]] ''' '''([[Sutra Sthana]])''' </li>
</ul><ul>
<li>'''[[Nidana Sthana| II. Section on diagnostic principles]]''' '''([[Nidana Sthana]])''' </li>
</ul><ul>
<li>'''[[Vimana Sthana| III. Section on specific medical principles]]''' '''([[Vimana Sthana]])''' </li>
</ul><ul>
<li>'''[[Sharira Sthana| IV. Section on human being and genesis]]''' '''([[Sharira Sthana]])''' </li>
</ul><ul>
<li>'''[[ Indriya Sthana| V. Section on sensorial prognosis]] ''' '''([[Indriya Sthana]])''' </li>
</ul><ul>
<li>'''[[Chikitsa Sthana| VI. Section on therapeutic principles]] ''' '''([[Chikitsa Sthana]])''' </li>
<li>'''[[Kalpa Sthana| VII. Section on pharmaceutical preparations]] ''' '''([[Kalpa Sthana]]) '''
</li>
</ul><ul>
<li>'''[[Siddhi Sthana| VIII. Section on therapeutic procedures]]''' ''' ([[Siddhi Sthana]])''' </li>
</ul>
</div>
</div></div>

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Herbs details

2026-07-07T06:30:13Z

Agnivesha:

Herbs details:

# [[Aguru]]
# [[Agnimantha]]
# [[Ankola]]
# [[Ajamoda]]
# [[Atasi]]
# [[Atibala]]
# [[Ativisha]]
# [[Amalaki]]
# [[Aparajita]]
# [[Apamarga]]
# [[Bibhitaki]]
# [[Haritaki]]
# [[Guduchi]]

Triphala

2026-07-07T06:27:57Z

Agnivesha: Created page with "Triphala is a combination of three potent herbal fruits. # Amalaki # Bibhitaki # Haritaki"

Triphala is a combination of three potent herbal fruits.

# [[Amalaki]]
# [[Bibhitaki]]
# [[Haritaki]]

Haritaki

2026-07-07T05:56:09Z

Agnivesha:

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia_chebula Terminalia chebula Retz. var. typica]

{{Infobox
|title = Abhaya
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Abhaya
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia_chebula Terminalia chebula Retz. var. typica]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Combretaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = Dravyaguna Team
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2025
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia_chebula Terminalia chebula Retz. var. typica] (Haritaki)''' is a comprehensive review of the botanical profile, phytochemical composition, and contemporary pharmacological evaluation of the highly revered medicinal plant Terminalia chebula.

==English name ==

Chebulic myrobalan

==Therapeutic Use==

Shotha (edema), Arsha (hemorrhoids), Aruchi (anorexia), Hridroga (cardiac diseases), Kasa (cough), Pandu (anemia and blood deficiency related diseases), Prameha (obstinate urinary disorders including diabetes mellitus), Udavarta, Vibandha (constipation), Jirna-jwara (chronic fever), Vishama jwara (different types of fever), Shiro-roga (diseases of head), Tamaka shwasa (bronchial asthma), Gulma (abdominal lumps), Udararoga (generalized enlargement of abdomen)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:31</ref>

==Other Varieties / Other Botanical names==

* Buceras chebula (Retz.) Lyons
* Combretum argyrophyllum K.Schum.
* Myrobalanus chebula (Retz.) Gaertn.
* Myrobalanus gangetica (Roxb.) Kostel.
* Myrobalanus tomentella Kuntze
* Terminalia acutae Walp.
* Terminalia argyrophylla King & Prain
* Terminalia gangetica Roxb.
* Terminalia glandulipetiolata De Wild.
* Terminalia parviflora Thwaites
* Terminalia reticulata Roth
* Terminalia tomentella Kurz
* Terminalia zeylanica Van Heurck & Müll. Arg.

== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==

''Terminalia chebula'' Retz., popularly known as '''Haritaki''' (or Harad), is a deciduous tree native to South Asia, spanning India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka. It is widely regarded in [[Ayurveda]] as the "King of Medicines" (Prana) and is a primary constituent of the renowned formula '''[[Triphala]]'''.

In traditional medicine, Haritaki is classified as a [[Rasayana]] (rejuvenative) and is believed to balance all three [[Dosha|doshas]] (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha). Its historical indications include gastrointestinal disorders, metabolic complications, cognitive decline, chronic inflammation, and wound healing.

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==

Haritaki, Pathya

==Additional Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==

Abhaya, Kayastha, Putana, Amruta, Haimavati, Avyatha, Chetaki, Shreyasi, Shiva, Vayastha, Vijaya, Jivanti, Rohini

==Types==
===Bhvaprakasha Nighantu===
Mentioned 7 types<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 7 – 9, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

{| class="wikitable"

! Sr.no. !! Types !! Characters !! Utility
|-
| 1 || Vijaya || Oval || All diseases
|-
| 2 || Rohini || Round || Wound healing
|-
| 3 || Putana || Putana Small but with large seed || For external application
|-
| 4 || Amruta || Bulky || For purification
|-
| 5 || Abhaya || Five lines on it || Eye diseases
|-
| 6 || Jivanti || Yellow colored || Useful in all diseases
|-
| 7 || Chetaki || Three lines over it || For preparing powder
|}

===Kaiyadeva Nighantu===

Mentioned 3 types<ref>Prof. Priya Vat Sharma, Kaiyadev Nighantu, Aushadhi Varga, Translated by Dr. Guru Prasada Sharma, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Delhi; </ref>
# Niraja
# Vanaja
# Parvatiya

===Prashasta Haritaki (Qualities of Best Haritaki)===

* Nava – new
* Snigdha – Unctuous
* Ghana – Hard
* Vritta – Round
* Gurvi – With weight
* Ambasi nimajjana – Sinks in water
* Dwikarsha – Double the weight of Bibhitaki (22 gm)<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 25 - 26, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

===Ritu Haritaki===

{| class="wikitable"

! Sr.no. !! Ritu (Season) !! Anupana
|-
| 1 || Varsha (Rainy season)||Saindhava lavana (Rock salt)
|-
| 2 ||Sharad (Autumn)||Sharkara (Sugar)
|-
| 3 ||Hemanta (Early winter)||Shunthi (Ginger)
|-
| 4 ||Shishira (Late winter)||Kana (Long pepper)
|-
| 5 ||Vasanta (Spring)||Madhu (Honey)
|-
| 6 ||Grishma (Summer)||Guda (Jaggery)
|}<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 31, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

===Actions of Haritaki on Dosha with Anupana===

{| class="wikitable"

! Sr.no. !! Effect on Dosha !! Anupana
|-
| 1 || Kaphahara||Saindhava lavana (Rock salt)
|-
| 2 || Pittahara||Sharkara (Sugar)
|-
| 3 || Vatahara||Ghrita (Ghee)
|-
| 4 || Tridoshahara||Guda (Jaggery)
|}<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 30, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

===Contra indications of Haritaki===

* Adhwatikhinna – Tired of walking, depressed
* Balavarjita – weak
* Ruksha – who has dryness in body
* Krisha – lean
* Langhana karshita – Tired of observing fasting
* Pittadhikya – Excessive aggravation of Pitta
* Garbhavati – Pregnant
* Vimukta raktata – One who underwent blood letting<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 32, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

===Haritaki Prayoga in different forms===

# Charvita – Chewed and swallowed increases Agni.
# Peshita (Powder) – When triturated, acts as Malashodhaka (purifies faeces)
# Swinna – When boiled acts as Sangrahi
# Bhrishta – When fried, acts as Tridosha shamaka
# Sahabhojana – When taken with food, Improves intellect, strength and functions of sense organs, Pacifies Tridosha
Evacuates faeces and acts as diuretic.
# Pashchat bhojana – When taken after food, Alleviates the diseases occurred because of improper food and also alleviates Tridosha.<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 27, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Astringent (kashaya), Pungent (katu), Bitter (tikta), Sweet (madhura), Sour (amla)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[vata]], [[pitta]] and [[kapha]]
|-
| 6 || Extra ordinary effect ([[prabhava]]) || Removes all the three [[dosha]]
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/82 || Phalini ([[Virechana]]) (Therapeutic Purgation)
|-
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/29 || Vatanulominiyavagu(gruel for flatulence).
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(12) || Arshoghna (anti – haemorrhoidal) mahakashay
|-
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(13) || Kushthaghna (anti – dermatosis) mahakashay
|-
| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(24) || Virechanopag (sub – purgative) mahakashay
|-
| 6 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(30) || Hikkanigrahana (reducing hiccups)mahakashay
|-
| 7 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(36) || Kasahara (anti – cough) mahakashaya
|-
| 8 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(39) || Jwarahara (antipyretic) mahakashaya
|-
| 9 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(49) || Prajasthapana (promoting conception and implantation of embryo) mahakashaya.
|-
| 10 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(50) || Vayasthapana (anti – ageing) mahakashaya
|-
| 11 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/16 || Vamanartha (for therapeutic emesis)
|-
| 12 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/16 || Preparations of Trivrut
|-
| 13 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/30 || Preparations of Trivrut
|-
| 14 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/46 || As an ingredient of Vyoshadi Modaka
|-
| 15 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/50 || As an ingredient of Pathyadi Modaka
|-
| 16 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 9/7 || As an ingredient of Tilvaka Yoga
|-
| 17 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 11/7 || Saptala Shankhini Yoga for purgation.
|-
| 18 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/15 || As an ingredient of Avaleha(linctus) Yoga
|-
| 19 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/27 || As an ingredient of Modaka Yoga
|-
|}

==Dose==

3-6 gm of the drug in the powder form.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:31</ref>

==Important Formulations==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:31</ref>
* Triphala Churna
* Triphaladi Taila
* Abhayarishta
* Agatsya Haritaki Rasayana
* Citraka Haritaki
* Danti Haritaki
* Dasamula Haritaki
* Brahma Rasayana
* Abhaya Lavana
* Pathyadi Lepa

== Current availability==

Available

* In India – Found in sub – Himalayan region. West Bengal, Assam, Madras, Mysore, Himachal Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala.
* Out of India –
* South Asia – Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Nepal, Bangladesh
* Southeast Asia – Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand
* East Asia - China

== Current researches ==

== Phytochemical Composition ==
The therapeutic versatility of ''Terminalia chebula'' arises from its complex secondary metabolite profile, particularly abundant in its dried fruit pericarp:
* '''Hydrolyzable Tannins:''' Extremely rich in chebulinic acid, chebulagic acid, corilagin, terchebin, and punicalagin.
* '''Phenolic Acids:''' High yields of gallic acid and ellagic acid.
* '''Flavonoids:''' Rutin, quercetin, and luteolin.
* '''Other Constituents:''' Saponins, amino acids, and fixed oils containing palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids.

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==

=== Gastrointestinal Prokinetic and Cytoprotective Effects ===

Haritaki is most recognized for its profound influence on the gastrointestinal tract, functioning both as a mild laxative and a mucosal protective agent.

* '''Mechanism:''' It accelerates gastric emptying and intestinal transit time by stimulating smooth muscle contractility. Concurrently, it enhances the gastric mucosal defense barrier by increasing mucin secretion and reducing lipid peroxidation.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Clinical and animal models indicate that ''T. chebula'' provides substantial protection against experimental gastric ulcers by normalizing total acidity and pepsin output while augmenting cytoprotective factors.<ref name="Tamhane1997"/>

=== Pro-Cognitive and Neuroprotective Properties ===

Recent research highlights Haritaki's ability to combat neurodegenerative pathways associated with Alzheimer's disease and cognitive decline.
* '''Mechanism:''' Active constituents like chebulinic acid act as potent acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors, preserving acetylcholine levels in synapses. Furthermore, it suppresses neuroinflammation by inhibiting microglia activation.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Studies show that aqueous extracts significantly attenuate amyloid-β induced neurotoxicity and oxidative stress in cortical neurons, preserving spatial memory and cognitive performance in animal designs.<ref name="Afshari2016"/>

=== Anti-Diabetic and Advanced Glycation End-product (AGE) Inhibition ===

Haritaki serves as an effective intervention against type 2 diabetes and its long-term vascular complications.
* '''Mechanism:''' It significantly inhibits α-glucosidase and α-amylase, delaying carbohydrate digestion. Uniquely, its polyphenols block the formation of Advanced Glycation End-products (AGEs), which damage blood vessels in diabetic patients.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In vivo research demonstrated that standard oral administration of ''T. chebula'' seed extract resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in blood glucose, comparable to standard oral hypoglycemic drugs like glibenclamide, alongside an increase in plasma insulin levels.<ref name="Murali2007"/>

=== Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial and Anti-Biofilm Action ===

The plant exhibits strong inhibitory effects against a diverse array of bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens.
* '''Mechanism:''' Tannins disrupt microbial cell wall integrity, precipitate structural proteins, and prevent bacterial adherence necessary for biofilm formation.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Extracts have demonstrated powerful efficacy against cariogenic bacteria like ''Streptococcus mutans'' (reducing dental plaque formation) and clinically relevant multi-drug resistant pathogens, including ''Helicobacter pylori''.<ref name="Aneja2009"/>

=== Cardioprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Efficacy ===

Haritaki supports cardiovascular health by lowering oxidative stress within vascular tissues and managing lipid profiles.
* '''Mechanism:''' It reduces myocardial lipid peroxidation, downregulates pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6), and preserves endogenous cellular antioxidants like superoxide dismutase (SOD).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Studies show that pre-treatment with ''T. chebula'' significantly mitigates lysosomal enzyme leakage and preserves myocardial architecture during chemical-induced myocardial infarction models.<ref name="Suchalatha2005"/>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==

* '''Acute Toxicity:''' ''Terminalia chebula'' is highly safe for therapeutic consumption. Oral acute toxicity evaluations indicate an LD50 exceeding 2000 mg/kg body weight in animal cohorts.
* '''Precautions:''' Due to its potent astringent and prokinetic nature, it should be used with caution during acute diarrhea, severe dehydration, or pregnancy unless explicitly monitored by a healthcare professional.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Fruit Powder (Churna):'' 3–6 g daily mixed with warm water or honey.
** ''Standardized Extract:'' 250–500 mg twice daily.

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Terminalia chebula''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Gastrointestinal Dysmotility'''
| Tannins, Chebulinic acid
| Prokinetic activity, Mucosal cytoprotection
|-
| '''Cognitive Decline / Dementia'''
| Gallic acid, Chebulagic acid
| Acetylcholinesterase inhibition, Anti-amyloidogenesis
|-
| '''Type 2 Diabetes'''
| Chebulinic acid, Ellagic acid
| α-glucosidase inhibition, AGE inhibition
|-
| '''Dental Caries & Infections'''
| Polyphenols, Flavonoids
| Anti-biofilm matrix disruption, Anti-adherence
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Tamhane1997">{{cite journal |last1=Tamhane |first1=M. D. |last2=Thorat |first2=S. P. |last3=Rege |first3=N. N. |last4=Dahanukar |first4=S. A. |year=1997 |title=Effect of Oral Administration of Terminalia chebula on Gastric Emptying and Cecal Transit Time |journal=Journal of Postgrad Medicine |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=12–13}}</ref>

<ref name="Afshari2016">{{cite journal |last1=Afshari |first1=A. |last2=Sadeghnia |first2=H. R. |last3=Asadpour |first3=E. |year=2016 |title=Neuroprotective effects of Terminalia chebula fruit extract against t-butyl hydroperoxide-induced oxidative stress in neurons |journal=Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=73–82}}</ref>

<ref name="Murali2007">{{cite journal |last1=Murali |first1=Y. K. |last2=Anand |first2=P. |last3=Murthy |first3=P. S. |last4=Murthy |first4=Ch. V. |year=2007 |title=Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects of Terminalia chebula seed extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=109 |issue=3 |pages=532–535}}</ref>

<ref name="Aneja2009">{{cite journal |last1=Aneja |first1=K. R. |last2=Joshi |first2=R. |year=2009 |title=Evaluation of antimicrobial potential of fruit extracts of Terminalia chebula against salivary samples and micro-organisms associated with dental caries |journal=Journal of Herbal Medicine and Toxicology |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=133–138}}</ref>

<ref name="Suchalatha2005">{{cite journal |last1=Suchalatha |first1=S. |last2=Devi |first2=C. S. |year=2005 |title=Protective effect of Terminalia chebula against lysosomal enzyme leakage in experimental myocardial infarction |journal=Indian Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=520–523}}</ref>
}}

[[index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Abhaya

2026-07-07T05:52:08Z

Agnivesha: Replaced content with "Haritaki"

[[Haritaki]]

Talk:Abhaya

2026-07-07T05:51:43Z

Agnivesha:

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia_chebula Terminalia chebula Retz. var. typica]

{{Infobox
|title = Abhaya
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Abhaya
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia_chebula Terminalia chebula Retz. var. typica]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Combretaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = Dravyaguna Team
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2025
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''Therapeutic Monograph: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia_chebula Terminalia chebula Retz. var. typica] (Haritaki)''' is a comprehensive review of the botanical profile, phytochemical composition, and contemporary pharmacological evaluation of the highly revered medicinal plant ''[[Terminalia chebula]]''.

==English name ==

Chebulic myrobalan

==Therapeutic Use==

Shotha (edema), Arsha (hemorrhoids), Aruchi (anorexia), Hridroga (cardiac diseases), Kasa (cough), Pandu (anemia and blood deficiency related diseases), Prameha (obstinate urinary disorders including diabetes mellitus), Udavarta, Vibandha (constipation), Jirna-jwara (chronic fever), Vishama jwara (different types of fever), Shiro-roga (diseases of head), Tamaka shwasa (bronchial asthma), Gulma (abdominal lumps), Udararoga (generalized enlargement of abdomen)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:31</ref>

==Other Varieties / Other Botanical names==

* Buceras chebula (Retz.) Lyons
* Combretum argyrophyllum K.Schum.
* Myrobalanus chebula (Retz.) Gaertn.
* Myrobalanus gangetica (Roxb.) Kostel.
* Myrobalanus tomentella Kuntze
* Terminalia acutae Walp.
* Terminalia argyrophylla King & Prain
* Terminalia gangetica Roxb.
* Terminalia glandulipetiolata De Wild.
* Terminalia parviflora Thwaites
* Terminalia reticulata Roth
* Terminalia tomentella Kurz
* Terminalia zeylanica Van Heurck & Müll. Arg.

== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==

''Terminalia chebula'' Retz., popularly known as '''Haritaki''' (or Harad), is a deciduous tree native to South Asia, spanning [[India]], [[Nepal]], and [[Sri Lanka]]. It is widely regarded in [[Ayurveda]] as the "King of Medicines" (Prana) and is a primary constituent of the renowned formula '''[[Triphala]]'''.

In traditional medicine, Haritaki is classified as a *Rasayana* (rejuvenative) and is believed to balance all three [[Dosha|doshas]] (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha). Its historical indications include gastrointestinal disorders, metabolic complications, cognitive decline, chronic inflammation, and wound healing.

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==

Haritaki, Pathya

==Additional Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==

Abhaya, Kayastha, Putana, Amruta, Haimavati, Avyatha, Chetaki, Shreyasi, Shiva, Vayastha, Vijaya, Jivanti, Rohini

==Types==
===Bhvaprakasha Nighantu===
Mentioned 7 types<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 7 – 9, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

{| class="wikitable"

! Sr.no. !! Types !! Characters !! Utility
|-
| 1 || Vijaya || Oval || All diseases
|-
| 2 || Rohini || Round || Wound healing
|-
| 3 || Putana || Putana Small but with large seed || For external application
|-
| 4 || Amruta || Bulky || For purification
|-
| 5 || Abhaya || Five lines on it || Eye diseases
|-
| 6 || Jivanti || Yellow colored || Useful in all diseases
|-
| 7 || Chetaki || Three lines over it || For preparing powder
|}

===Kaiyadeva Nighantu===

Mentioned 3 types<ref>Prof. Priya Vat Sharma, Kaiyadev Nighantu, Aushadhi Varga, Translated by Dr. Guru Prasada Sharma, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Delhi; </ref>
# Niraja
# Vanaja
# Parvatiya

===Prashasta Haritaki (Qualities of Best Haritaki)===

* Nava – new
* Snigdha – Unctuous
* Ghana – Hard
* Vritta – Round
* Gurvi – With weight
* Ambasi nimajjana – Sinks in water
* Dwikarsha – Double the weight of Bibhitaki (22 gm)<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 25 - 26, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

===Ritu Haritaki===

{| class="wikitable"

! Sr.no. !! Ritu (Season) !! Anupana
|-
| 1 || Varsha (Rainy season)||Saindhava lavana (Rock salt)
|-
| 2 ||Sharad (Autumn)||Sharkara (Sugar)
|-
| 3 ||Hemanta (Early winter)||Shunthi (Ginger)
|-
| 4 ||Shishira (Late winter)||Kana (Long pepper)
|-
| 5 ||Vasanta (Spring)||Madhu (Honey)
|-
| 6 ||Grishma (Summer)||Guda (Jaggery)
|}<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 31, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

===Actions of Haritaki on Dosha with Anupana===

{| class="wikitable"

! Sr.no. !! Effect on Dosha !! Anupana
|-
| 1 || Kaphahara||Saindhava lavana (Rock salt)
|-
| 2 || Pittahara||Sharkara (Sugar)
|-
| 3 || Vatahara||Ghrita (Ghee)
|-
| 4 || Tridoshahara||Guda (Jaggery)
|}<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 30, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

===Contra indications of Haritaki===

* Adhwatikhinna – Tired of walking, depressed
* Balavarjita – weak
* Ruksha – who has dryness in body
* Krisha – lean
* Langhana karshita – Tired of observing fasting
* Pittadhikya – Excessive aggravation of Pitta
* Garbhavati – Pregnant
* Vimukta raktata – One who underwent blood letting<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 32, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

===Haritaki Prayoga in different forms===

# Charvita – Chewed and swallowed increases Agni.
# Peshita (Powder) – When triturated, acts as Malashodhaka (purifies faeces)
# Swinna – When boiled acts as Sangrahi
# Bhrishta – When fried, acts as Tridosha shamaka
# Sahabhojana – When taken with food, Improves intellect, strength and functions of sense organs, Pacifies Tridosha
Evacuates faeces and acts as diuretic.
# Pashchat bhojana – When taken after food, Alleviates the diseases occurred because of improper food and also alleviates Tridosha.<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 27, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Astringent (kashaya), Pungent (katu), Bitter (tikta), Sweet (madhura), Sour (amla)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[vata]], [[pitta]] and [[kapha]]
|-
| 6 || Extra ordinary effect ([[prabhava]]) || Removes all the three [[dosha]]
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/82 || Phalini ([[Virechana]]) (Therapeutic Purgation)
|-
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/29 || Vatanulominiyavagu(gruel for flatulence).
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(12) || Arshoghna (anti – haemorrhoidal) mahakashay
|-
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(13) || Kushthaghna (anti – dermatosis) mahakashay
|-
| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(24) || Virechanopag (sub – purgative) mahakashay
|-
| 6 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(30) || Hikkanigrahana (reducing hiccups)mahakashay
|-
| 7 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(36) || Kasahara (anti – cough) mahakashaya
|-
| 8 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(39) || Jwarahara (antipyretic) mahakashaya
|-
| 9 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(49) || Prajasthapana (promoting conception and implantation of embryo) mahakashaya.
|-
| 10 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(50) || Vayasthapana (anti – ageing) mahakashaya
|-
| 11 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/16 || Vamanartha (for therapeutic emesis)
|-
| 12 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/16 || Preparations of Trivrut
|-
| 13 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/30 || Preparations of Trivrut
|-
| 14 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/46 || As an ingredient of Vyoshadi Modaka
|-
| 15 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/50 || As an ingredient of Pathyadi Modaka
|-
| 16 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 9/7 || As an ingredient of Tilvaka Yoga
|-
| 17 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 11/7 || Saptala Shankhini Yoga for purgation.
|-
| 18 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/15 || As an ingredient of Avaleha(linctus) Yoga
|-
| 19 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/27 || As an ingredient of Modaka Yoga
|-
|}

==Dose==

3-6 gm of the drug in the powder form.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:31</ref>

==Important Formulations==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:31</ref>
* Triphala Churna
* Triphaladi Taila
* Abhayarishta
* Agatsya Haritaki Rasayana
* Citraka Haritaki
* Danti Haritaki
* Dasamula Haritaki
* Brahma Rasayana
* Abhaya Lavana
* Pathyadi Lepa

== Current availability==

Available

* In India – Found in sub – Himalayan region. West Bengal, Assam, Madras, Mysore, Himachal Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala.
* Out of India –
* South Asia – Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Nepal, Bangladesh
* Southeast Asia – Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand
* East Asia - China

== Current researches ==

== Phytochemical Composition ==
The therapeutic versatility of ''Terminalia chebula'' arises from its complex secondary metabolite profile, particularly abundant in its dried fruit pericarp:
* '''Hydrolyzable Tannins:''' Extremely rich in chebulinic acid, chebulagic acid, corilagin, terchebin, and punicalagin.
* '''Phenolic Acids:''' High yields of [[gallic acid]] and [[ellagic acid]].
* '''Flavonoids:''' [[Rutin]], [[quercetin]], and luteolin.
* '''Other Constituents:''' Saponins, [[amino acids]], and fixed oils containing palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids.

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==

=== Gastrointestinal Prokinetic and Cytoprotective Effects ===

Haritaki is most recognized for its profound influence on the gastrointestinal tract, functioning both as a mild laxative and a mucosal protective agent.

* '''Mechanism:''' It accelerates gastric emptying and intestinal transit time by stimulating smooth muscle contractility. Concurrently, it enhances the gastric mucosal defense barrier by increasing mucin secretion and reducing lipid peroxidation.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Clinical and animal models indicate that ''T. chebula'' provides substantial protection against experimental gastric ulcers by normalizing total acidity and pepsin output while augmenting cytoprotective factors.<ref name="Tamhane1997"/>

=== Pro-Cognitive and Neuroprotective Properties ===

Recent research highlights Haritaki's ability to combat neurodegenerative pathways associated with [[Alzheimer's disease]] and cognitive decline.
* '''Mechanism:''' Active constituents like chebulinic acid act as potent [[acetylcholinesterase]] (AChE) inhibitors, preserving acetylcholine levels in synapses. Furthermore, it suppresses neuroinflammation by inhibiting microglia activation.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Studies show that aqueous extracts significantly attenuate amyloid-β induced neurotoxicity and oxidative stress in cortical neurons, preserving spatial memory and cognitive performance in animal designs.<ref name="Afshari2016"/>

=== Anti-Diabetic and Advanced Glycation End-product (AGE) Inhibition ===

Haritaki serves as an effective intervention against type 2 diabetes and its long-term vascular complications.
* '''Mechanism:''' It significantly inhibits α-glucosidase and α-amylase, delaying carbohydrate digestion. Uniquely, its polyphenols block the formation of Advanced Glycation End-products (AGEs), which damage blood vessels in diabetic patients.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In vivo research demonstrated that standard oral administration of ''T. chebula'' seed extract resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in blood glucose, comparable to standard oral hypoglycemic drugs like glibenclamide, alongside an increase in plasma insulin levels.<ref name="Murali2007"/>

=== Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial and Anti-Biofilm Action ===

The plant exhibits strong inhibitory effects against a diverse array of bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens.
* '''Mechanism:''' Tannins disrupt microbial cell wall integrity, precipitate structural proteins, and prevent bacterial adherence necessary for biofilm formation.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Extracts have demonstrated powerful efficacy against cariogenic bacteria like ''[[Streptococcus mutans]]'' (reducing dental plaque formation) and clinically relevant multi-drug resistant pathogens, including ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]''.<ref name="Aneja2009"/>

=== Cardioprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Efficacy ===

Haritaki supports cardiovascular health by lowering oxidative stress within vascular tissues and managing lipid profiles.
* '''Mechanism:''' It reduces myocardial lipid peroxidation, downregulates pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6), and preserves endogenous cellular antioxidants like [[superoxide dismutase]] (SOD).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Studies show that pre-treatment with ''T. chebula'' significantly mitigates lysosomal enzyme leakage and preserves myocardial architecture during chemical-induced myocardial infarction models.<ref name="Suchalatha2005"/>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==

* '''Acute Toxicity:''' ''Terminalia chebula'' is highly safe for therapeutic consumption. Oral acute toxicity evaluations indicate an [[LD50]] exceeding 2000 mg/kg body weight in animal cohorts.
* '''Precautions:''' Due to its potent astringent and prokinetic nature, it should be used with caution during acute diarrhea, severe dehydration, or pregnancy unless explicitly monitored by a healthcare professional.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Fruit Powder (Churna):'' 3–6 g daily mixed with warm water or honey.
** ''Standardized Extract:'' 250–500 mg twice daily.

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Terminalia chebula''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Gastrointestinal Dysmotility'''
| Tannins, Chebulinic acid
| Prokinetic activity, Mucosal cytoprotection
|-
| '''Cognitive Decline / Dementia'''
| Gallic acid, Chebulagic acid
| [[Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor|Acetylcholinesterase inhibition]], Anti-amyloidogenesis
|-
| '''Type 2 Diabetes'''
| Chebulinic acid, Ellagic acid
| α-glucosidase inhibition, AGE inhibition
|-
| '''Dental Caries & Infections'''
| Polyphenols, Flavonoids
| Anti-biofilm matrix disruption, Anti-adherence
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Tamhane1997">{{cite journal |last1=Tamhane |first1=M. D. |last2=Thorat |first2=S. P. |last3=Rege |first3=N. N. |last4=Dahanukar |first4=S. A. |year=1997 |title=Effect of Oral Administration of Terminalia chebula on Gastric Emptying and Cecal Transit Time |journal=Journal of Postgrad Medicine |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=12–13}}</ref>

<ref name="Afshari2016">{{cite journal |last1=Afshari |first1=A. |last2=Sadeghnia |first2=H. R. |last3=Asadpour |first3=E. |year=2016 |title=Neuroprotective effects of Terminalia chebula fruit extract against t-butyl hydroperoxide-induced oxidative stress in neurons |journal=Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=73–82}}</ref>

<ref name="Murali2007">{{cite journal |last1=Murali |first1=Y. K. |last2=Anand |first2=P. |last3=Murthy |first3=P. S. |last4=Murthy |first4=Ch. V. |year=2007 |title=Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects of Terminalia chebula seed extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=109 |issue=3 |pages=532–535}}</ref>

<ref name="Aneja2009">{{cite journal |last1=Aneja |first1=K. R. |last2=Joshi |first2=R. |year=2009 |title=Evaluation of antimicrobial potential of fruit extracts of Terminalia chebula against salivary samples and micro-organisms associated with dental caries |journal=Journal of Herbal Medicine and Toxicology |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=133–138}}</ref>

<ref name="Suchalatha2005">{{cite journal |last1=Suchalatha |first1=S. |last2=Devi |first2=C. S. |year=2005 |title=Protective effect of Terminalia chebula against lysosomal enzyme leakage in experimental myocardial infarction |journal=Indian Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=520–523}}</ref>
}}

[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]

Haritaki

2026-07-07T05:51:09Z

Agnivesha:

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia_chebula Terminalia chebula Retz. var. typica]

{{Infobox
|title = Abhaya
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Abhaya
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia_chebula Terminalia chebula Retz. var. typica]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Combretaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = Dravyaguna Team
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2025
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''Therapeutic Monograph: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia_chebula Terminalia chebula Retz. var. typica] (Haritaki)''' is a comprehensive review of the botanical profile, phytochemical composition, and contemporary pharmacological evaluation of the highly revered medicinal plant ''[[Terminalia chebula]]''.

==English name ==

Chebulic myrobalan

==Therapeutic Use==

Shotha (edema), Arsha (hemorrhoids), Aruchi (anorexia), Hridroga (cardiac diseases), Kasa (cough), Pandu (anemia and blood deficiency related diseases), Prameha (obstinate urinary disorders including diabetes mellitus), Udavarta, Vibandha (constipation), Jirna-jwara (chronic fever), Vishama jwara (different types of fever), Shiro-roga (diseases of head), Tamaka shwasa (bronchial asthma), Gulma (abdominal lumps), Udararoga (generalized enlargement of abdomen)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:31</ref>

==Other Varieties / Other Botanical names==

* Buceras chebula (Retz.) Lyons
* Combretum argyrophyllum K.Schum.
* Myrobalanus chebula (Retz.) Gaertn.
* Myrobalanus gangetica (Roxb.) Kostel.
* Myrobalanus tomentella Kuntze
* Terminalia acutae Walp.
* Terminalia argyrophylla King & Prain
* Terminalia gangetica Roxb.
* Terminalia glandulipetiolata De Wild.
* Terminalia parviflora Thwaites
* Terminalia reticulata Roth
* Terminalia tomentella Kurz
* Terminalia zeylanica Van Heurck & Müll. Arg.

== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==

''Terminalia chebula'' Retz., popularly known as '''Haritaki''' (or Harad), is a deciduous tree native to South Asia, spanning [[India]], [[Nepal]], and [[Sri Lanka]]. It is widely regarded in [[Ayurveda]] as the "King of Medicines" (Prana) and is a primary constituent of the renowned formula '''[[Triphala]]'''.

In traditional medicine, Haritaki is classified as a *Rasayana* (rejuvenative) and is believed to balance all three [[Dosha|doshas]] (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha). Its historical indications include gastrointestinal disorders, metabolic complications, cognitive decline, chronic inflammation, and wound healing.

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==

Haritaki, Pathya

==Additional Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==

Abhaya, Kayastha, Putana, Amruta, Haimavati, Avyatha, Chetaki, Shreyasi, Shiva, Vayastha, Vijaya, Jivanti, Rohini

==Types==
===Bhvaprakasha Nighantu===
Mentioned 7 types<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 7 – 9, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

{| class="wikitable"

! Sr.no. !! Types !! Characters !! Utility
|-
| 1 || Vijaya || Oval || All diseases
|-
| 2 || Rohini || Round || Wound healing
|-
| 3 || Putana || Putana Small but with large seed || For external application
|-
| 4 || Amruta || Bulky || For purification
|-
| 5 || Abhaya || Five lines on it || Eye diseases
|-
| 6 || Jivanti || Yellow colored || Useful in all diseases
|-
| 7 || Chetaki || Three lines over it || For preparing powder
|}

===Kaiyadeva Nighantu===

Mentioned 3 types<ref>Prof. Priya Vat Sharma, Kaiyadev Nighantu, Aushadhi Varga, Translated by Dr. Guru Prasada Sharma, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Delhi; </ref>
# Niraja
# Vanaja
# Parvatiya

===Prashasta Haritaki (Qualities of Best Haritaki)===

* Nava – new
* Snigdha – Unctuous
* Ghana – Hard
* Vritta – Round
* Gurvi – With weight
* Ambasi nimajjana – Sinks in water
* Dwikarsha – Double the weight of Bibhitaki (22 gm)<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 25 - 26, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

===Ritu Haritaki===

{| class="wikitable"

! Sr.no. !! Ritu (Season) !! Anupana
|-
| 1 || Varsha (Rainy season)||Saindhava lavana (Rock salt)
|-
| 2 ||Sharad (Autumn)||Sharkara (Sugar)
|-
| 3 ||Hemanta (Early winter)||Shunthi (Ginger)
|-
| 4 ||Shishira (Late winter)||Kana (Long pepper)
|-
| 5 ||Vasanta (Spring)||Madhu (Honey)
|-
| 6 ||Grishma (Summer)||Guda (Jaggery)
|}<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 31, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

===Actions of Haritaki on Dosha with Anupana===

{| class="wikitable"

! Sr.no. !! Effect on Dosha !! Anupana
|-
| 1 || Kaphahara||Saindhava lavana (Rock salt)
|-
| 2 || Pittahara||Sharkara (Sugar)
|-
| 3 || Vatahara||Ghrita (Ghee)
|-
| 4 || Tridoshahara||Guda (Jaggery)
|}<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 30, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

===Contra indications of Haritaki===

* Adhwatikhinna – Tired of walking, depressed
* Balavarjita – weak
* Ruksha – who has dryness in body
* Krisha – lean
* Langhana karshita – Tired of observing fasting
* Pittadhikya – Excessive aggravation of Pitta
* Garbhavati – Pregnant
* Vimukta raktata – One who underwent blood letting<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 32, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

===Haritaki Prayoga in different forms===

# Charvita – Chewed and swallowed increases Agni.
# Peshita (Powder) – When triturated, acts as Malashodhaka (purifies faeces)
# Swinna – When boiled acts as Sangrahi
# Bhrishta – When fried, acts as Tridosha shamaka
# Sahabhojana – When taken with food, Improves intellect, strength and functions of sense organs, Pacifies Tridosha
Evacuates faeces and acts as diuretic.
# Pashchat bhojana – When taken after food, Alleviates the diseases occurred because of improper food and also alleviates Tridosha.<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 27, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Astringent (kashaya), Pungent (katu), Bitter (tikta), Sweet (madhura), Sour (amla)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[vata]], [[pitta]] and [[kapha]]
|-
| 6 || Extra ordinary effect ([[prabhava]]) || Removes all the three [[dosha]]
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/82 || Phalini ([[Virechana]]) (Therapeutic Purgation)
|-
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/29 || Vatanulominiyavagu(gruel for flatulence).
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(12) || Arshoghna (anti – haemorrhoidal) mahakashay
|-
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(13) || Kushthaghna (anti – dermatosis) mahakashay
|-
| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(24) || Virechanopag (sub – purgative) mahakashay
|-
| 6 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(30) || Hikkanigrahana (reducing hiccups)mahakashay
|-
| 7 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(36) || Kasahara (anti – cough) mahakashaya
|-
| 8 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(39) || Jwarahara (antipyretic) mahakashaya
|-
| 9 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(49) || Prajasthapana (promoting conception and implantation of embryo) mahakashaya.
|-
| 10 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(50) || Vayasthapana (anti – ageing) mahakashaya
|-
| 11 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/16 || Vamanartha (for therapeutic emesis)
|-
| 12 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/16 || Preparations of Trivrut
|-
| 13 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/30 || Preparations of Trivrut
|-
| 14 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/46 || As an ingredient of Vyoshadi Modaka
|-
| 15 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/50 || As an ingredient of Pathyadi Modaka
|-
| 16 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 9/7 || As an ingredient of Tilvaka Yoga
|-
| 17 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 11/7 || Saptala Shankhini Yoga for purgation.
|-
| 18 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/15 || As an ingredient of Avaleha(linctus) Yoga
|-
| 19 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/27 || As an ingredient of Modaka Yoga
|-
|}

==Dose==

3-6 gm of the drug in the powder form.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:31</ref>

==Important Formulations==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:31</ref>
* Triphala Churna
* Triphaladi Taila
* Abhayarishta
* Agatsya Haritaki Rasayana
* Citraka Haritaki
* Danti Haritaki
* Dasamula Haritaki
* Brahma Rasayana
* Abhaya Lavana
* Pathyadi Lepa

== Current availability==

Available

* In India – Found in sub – Himalayan region. West Bengal, Assam, Madras, Mysore, Himachal Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala.
* Out of India –
* South Asia – Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Nepal, Bangladesh
* Southeast Asia – Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand
* East Asia - China

== Current researches ==

== Phytochemical Composition ==
The therapeutic versatility of ''Terminalia chebula'' arises from its complex secondary metabolite profile, particularly abundant in its dried fruit pericarp:
* '''Hydrolyzable Tannins:''' Extremely rich in chebulinic acid, chebulagic acid, corilagin, terchebin, and punicalagin.
* '''Phenolic Acids:''' High yields of [[gallic acid]] and [[ellagic acid]].
* '''Flavonoids:''' [[Rutin]], [[quercetin]], and luteolin.
* '''Other Constituents:''' Saponins, [[amino acids]], and fixed oils containing palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids.

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==

=== Gastrointestinal Prokinetic and Cytoprotective Effects ===

Haritaki is most recognized for its profound influence on the gastrointestinal tract, functioning both as a mild laxative and a mucosal protective agent.

* '''Mechanism:''' It accelerates gastric emptying and intestinal transit time by stimulating smooth muscle contractility. Concurrently, it enhances the gastric mucosal defense barrier by increasing mucin secretion and reducing lipid peroxidation.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Clinical and animal models indicate that ''T. chebula'' provides substantial protection against experimental gastric ulcers by normalizing total acidity and pepsin output while augmenting cytoprotective factors.<ref name="Tamhane1997"/>

=== Pro-Cognitive and Neuroprotective Properties ===

Recent research highlights Haritaki's ability to combat neurodegenerative pathways associated with [[Alzheimer's disease]] and cognitive decline.
* '''Mechanism:''' Active constituents like chebulinic acid act as potent [[acetylcholinesterase]] (AChE) inhibitors, preserving acetylcholine levels in synapses. Furthermore, it suppresses neuroinflammation by inhibiting microglia activation.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Studies show that aqueous extracts significantly attenuate amyloid-β induced neurotoxicity and oxidative stress in cortical neurons, preserving spatial memory and cognitive performance in animal designs.<ref name="Afshari2016"/>

=== Anti-Diabetic and Advanced Glycation End-product (AGE) Inhibition ===

Haritaki serves as an effective intervention against type 2 diabetes and its long-term vascular complications.
* '''Mechanism:''' It significantly inhibits α-glucosidase and α-amylase, delaying carbohydrate digestion. Uniquely, its polyphenols block the formation of Advanced Glycation End-products (AGEs), which damage blood vessels in diabetic patients.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In vivo research demonstrated that standard oral administration of ''T. chebula'' seed extract resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in blood glucose, comparable to standard oral hypoglycemic drugs like glibenclamide, alongside an increase in plasma insulin levels.<ref name="Murali2007"/>

=== Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial and Anti-Biofilm Action ===

The plant exhibits strong inhibitory effects against a diverse array of bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens.
* '''Mechanism:''' Tannins disrupt microbial cell wall integrity, precipitate structural proteins, and prevent bacterial adherence necessary for biofilm formation.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Extracts have demonstrated powerful efficacy against cariogenic bacteria like ''[[Streptococcus mutans]]'' (reducing dental plaque formation) and clinically relevant multi-drug resistant pathogens, including ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]''.<ref name="Aneja2009"/>

=== Cardioprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Efficacy ===

Haritaki supports cardiovascular health by lowering oxidative stress within vascular tissues and managing lipid profiles.
* '''Mechanism:''' It reduces myocardial lipid peroxidation, downregulates pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6), and preserves endogenous cellular antioxidants like [[superoxide dismutase]] (SOD).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Studies show that pre-treatment with ''T. chebula'' significantly mitigates lysosomal enzyme leakage and preserves myocardial architecture during chemical-induced myocardial infarction models.<ref name="Suchalatha2005"/>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==

* '''Acute Toxicity:''' ''Terminalia chebula'' is highly safe for therapeutic consumption. Oral acute toxicity evaluations indicate an [[LD50]] exceeding 2000 mg/kg body weight in animal cohorts.
* '''Precautions:''' Due to its potent astringent and prokinetic nature, it should be used with caution during acute diarrhea, severe dehydration, or pregnancy unless explicitly monitored by a healthcare professional.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Fruit Powder (Churna):'' 3–6 g daily mixed with warm water or honey.
** ''Standardized Extract:'' 250–500 mg twice daily.

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Terminalia chebula''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Gastrointestinal Dysmotility'''
| Tannins, Chebulinic acid
| Prokinetic activity, Mucosal cytoprotection
|-
| '''Cognitive Decline / Dementia'''
| Gallic acid, Chebulagic acid
| [[Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor|Acetylcholinesterase inhibition]], Anti-amyloidogenesis
|-
| '''Type 2 Diabetes'''
| Chebulinic acid, Ellagic acid
| α-glucosidase inhibition, AGE inhibition
|-
| '''Dental Caries & Infections'''
| Polyphenols, Flavonoids
| Anti-biofilm matrix disruption, Anti-adherence
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Tamhane1997">{{cite journal |last1=Tamhane |first1=M. D. |last2=Thorat |first2=S. P. |last3=Rege |first3=N. N. |last4=Dahanukar |first4=S. A. |year=1997 |title=Effect of Oral Administration of Terminalia chebula on Gastric Emptying and Cecal Transit Time |journal=Journal of Postgrad Medicine |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=12–13}}</ref>

<ref name="Afshari2016">{{cite journal |last1=Afshari |first1=A. |last2=Sadeghnia |first2=H. R. |last3=Asadpour |first3=E. |year=2016 |title=Neuroprotective effects of Terminalia chebula fruit extract against t-butyl hydroperoxide-induced oxidative stress in neurons |journal=Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=73–82}}</ref>

<ref name="Murali2007">{{cite journal |last1=Murali |first1=Y. K. |last2=Anand |first2=P. |last3=Murthy |first3=P. S. |last4=Murthy |first4=Ch. V. |year=2007 |title=Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects of Terminalia chebula seed extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=109 |issue=3 |pages=532–535}}</ref>

<ref name="Aneja2009">{{cite journal |last1=Aneja |first1=K. R. |last2=Joshi |first2=R. |year=2009 |title=Evaluation of antimicrobial potential of fruit extracts of Terminalia chebula against salivary samples and micro-organisms associated with dental caries |journal=Journal of Herbal Medicine and Toxicology |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=133–138}}</ref>

<ref name="Suchalatha2005">{{cite journal |last1=Suchalatha |first1=S. |last2=Devi |first2=C. S. |year=2005 |title=Protective effect of Terminalia chebula against lysosomal enzyme leakage in experimental myocardial infarction |journal=Indian Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=520–523}}</ref>
}}

[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]

Bibhitaki

2026-07-07T05:33:53Z

Agnivesha: /* Botanical Profile & Traditional Context */

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia%20bellirica Terminalia bellirica]
{{Infobox
|title = Bibhitaki
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Bibhitaki(Aksha)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia%20bellirica Terminalia bellirica]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Combretaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = Dravyaguna Team
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

==English name ==

Beleric myrobalan

== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia%20bellirica Terminalia bellirica] (Gaertn.) Roxb., known traditionally as '''Bibhitaka''' (or Baheda), is a large deciduous tree native to the forests of the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. Belonging to the family Combretaceae, it is one of the three foundational fruits constituting the classic [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] formulation [[Triphala]] (alongside [[Haritaki|Terminalia chebula]] and [[Amalaki|Phyllanthus emblica]]).

In traditional medicine systems ([[Ayurveda]], Unani, and Siddha), Bibhitaka is classified as a [[Rasayana]] (rejuvenator). It is traditionally indicated for respiratory disorders (cough, asthma), digestive ailments, ocular diseases, and hair care.

==Therapeutic Uses in Ayurveda==

Vomiting (chhardi), Cough (Kasa), Worms (krimiroga), Constipation (vibandha), Hoarseness of voice (svarabheda), Eye diseases (netraroga)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:17</ref>

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==

Bibhitaki, Aksha (very useful for sense organs), Karshaphala (fruits weight about 1 karsha – 12 gms), Akshaphala, Kalidruma, Tailaphala (kernel of bibhitak yield oil)

==Synonyms in bhavprakasa nighantu==

Strilinga, bhutavasa, kaliyugalaya<ref>Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint.2015, Chaukhambha vishvabharti, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no. 35 p.9.</ref>

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Astringent (kashaya)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) ||Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Rough (ruksha), Light (laghu)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Tridoshahara (subside all three dosha) but pacify Kapha especially
|-
|}

== References in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(24)
|Virechanopaga(helping purgation) mahakashaya
|-
|2
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/21
|Abhyantar Krimi (worms) Chikitsa
|-
|3
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/136
|Abhyantar Krimi (worms) Chikitsa
|-
|4
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/144
|Kashaya-skandha(group of astringent drugs)
|-
|5
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/29
|Garbha vyapad chikitsa
|-
|6
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/14
|Vamanartha(for emesis)
|-
|7
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/15
|Awaleha Yoga
|-
|8
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/75
|In formulation of amalaka rasayana
|-
|9
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/201
|Used as Triphala kwatha in Anyedhyushka jwara(fever)
|-
|10
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/205
|As an ingredient of Triphala in Vatsakadi kashaya
|-
|11
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/206
|As an ingredient of Triphala in Madhookadi kashaya
|-
|12
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/208
|Pitta- Kapha nashaka Vatanulomana
|-
|13
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/222
|As an ingredient of Vasadi Ghrita
|-
|14
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/231
|Used for Virechana with madhu and ghrita
|-
|15
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/258
|As an ingredient of Chandanadhya taila
|-
|16
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/299
|As Triphala in Vishamajwara
|-
|17
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/65
|Ingredient in Trayushanaadi ghrita
|-
|18
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/106
|Ingredient of Nilinyadya Ghrita
|-
|19
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/115
|Ingredient of Rohinyadya Ghrita for Pittaj Gulma(abdominal lumps)
|-
|20
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/123
|Ingredient in Drakshadya Ghrita for Pittaj Gulma(abdominal lumps)
|-
|21
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/149
|Ingredient of Mishrak Sneha
|-
|22
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/22
|Prameh nashak Santarpan yoga
|-
|23
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/26
|Sarva Prameh(diabetes) nashak yoga
|-
|24
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/28
|Used for making decoction in Kaphaj prameh(diabetes)
|-
|25
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/35
|As Kapha-Pittaja prameha(diabetes) nashak yoga
|-
|26
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/40
|Ingredient in Phalatrikadi Kvatha
|-
|27
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/41
|Ingredient in Madhvasav
|-
|28
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/46
|For drinking water Boiled with it
|-
|29
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/44
|As Virechana dravya(purgation)
|-
|30
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/62
|Ingredient in Patoladi Kwatha
|-
|31
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/65
|Ingredient in Mustadi Churna
|-
|32
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/68
|Ingredient in Triphaladi Churna
|-
|33
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/74
|Ingredient in Madhvasav
|-
|34
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/77
|Ingredient in Kanakabindurishta
|-
|35
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/81
|Ingredient in Triphalasava
|-
|36
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/82
|Pathya diet in Kushtha(skin disease)
|-
|37
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/91
|Ingredient in Sidhdharthak snan and Lepa, Abhyantara and
Bahya-shodhanarth
|-
|38
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/97
|Ingredient in Kushthaghna Yoga
|-
|39
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/100
|Kwath prayog in Kapha-Pittaj Kushtha
|-
|40
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/128
|Abhyantar and Bahyaprayogarth(external), Pana(drink), Snana(bath), Lepa
|-
|41
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/136
|Ingredient in Vata-Pitta nashak Ghrita
|-
|42
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/140
|Ingredient in Tiktashatpala Ghrita
|-
|43
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/144
|Ingredient in Mahatikta Ghrita
|-
|44
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/153
|Ingredient in Mahakhadir Ghrita
|-
|45
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/100
|Ingredient in Avaleha
|-
|46
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/35
|Ingredient in Kalyanaka Ghrita
|-
|47
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/54
|Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrita
|-
|48
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/70
|Ingredient in Siddharthakadi Agada
|-
|49
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/18
|Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrita
|-
|50
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/43
|As a Nasya dravya
|-
|51
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/48
|Ingredient in Mustadi varti
|-
|52
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/72
|Ingredient in Pancham Sarpimodak
|-
|53
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/21
|In treatment of Kaphaj Svayathu
|-
|54
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/32
|Ingredient in Ashtashatorisht
|-
|55
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/39
|Ingredient in Triphaladhyarisht
|-
|56
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43
|Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
|-
|57
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/49
|Ingredient in Shilajatu prayoga
|-
|58
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/71
|As a Lepa dravya in Kaphaj Shvayathu
|-
|59
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/72
|As an Unmardan dravya in Kaphaja Shvayathu
|-
|60
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]
13/115
|As an ingredient of nagaradi ghrita

|-
|61
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/119
|As an ingredient of patoladi churna
|-
|62
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/125
|As an ingredient of Narayan churna
|-
|63
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/133
|As an ingredient of Hapushdya churna
|-
|64
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/135
|As anupana of Hapushdya churna
|-
|65
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/149
|Kwath mixed with trikatu and yavakshara used in udararoga
|-
|66
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/158
|In formulation of pippalyadi lavan
|-
|67
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/163
|In formulation of kshara vatika
|-
|68
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/45

|Used in swedana kriya

|-
|69
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/66
|Use triphala kwath with trivrut churna
|-
|70
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/144
|As an ingredient of dantyarishta
|-
|71
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/87

|As an ingredient of traushnaadi ghrita

|-
|72
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/160
|As an ingredient of Pindasava
|-
|73
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/177
|As an ingredient of Bhallataka Kshara
|-
|74
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/188
|Used in preparation of Pancham Kshara
|-
|75
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/92
|As an ingredient of twakadi leha
|-
|76
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/56

|For kashaya pana
|-
|77
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/124
|For pradeha prayoga in granthi visarpa(herpes)
|-
|78
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/125
|As an ingredient of Baladi lepa
|-
|79
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/84
|Used as vranashodhaka kashaya
|-
|80
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/90
|As an ingredient of Kampillakadi taila
|-
|81
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/110
|Used for vrana shaithilya, saukumarya & prasadana
|-
|82
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/115
|Used for Krushnikarana
|-
|83
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/65
|As an ingredient of Trutyadi churna
|-
|84
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87
|As an ingredient of Trushnadi Ghrita
|-
|85
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/163
|As an ingredient of Mayura Ghrita
|-
|86
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/167
|As an ingredient of Mahamayura Ghrita
|-
|87
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/195
|As an ingredient of Kalaka churna
|-
|88
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/198
|As an ingredient of Mrudvikadi churna
|-
|89
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/205
|Used for mukhadhavna
|-
|90
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/209
|As an ingredient of Khadiradi gutika
|-
|91
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/239
|Used for aaschotana in Kaphaja netraroga
|-
|92
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/241
|As an ingredient of Sumanakorkadi varti
|-
|93
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/242
|As an ingredient of Saindhavadi varti
|-
|94
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/254
|As an ingredient of Drustiprada varti
|-
|95
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/270, 273
|As an ingredient of Mahaneela Ghrita
|-
|96
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/281
|Used in palitya(greying of hair)
|-
|97
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/85
|As an ingredient of Kashmaryadi kwath for Virechana karma
|-
|98
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/86
|Used as Kwatha with Madhu for Kaphaja Vatarakta
|-
|99
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/152
|As an ingredient of Triphaladi kalka in tridoshaja shola
|-
|}

==Dose==
* Churna – 3 – 6 gm<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:17</ref>

==Important formulations==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:17</ref>
* Triphala Churna
* Triphaladi Taila
* Lavangadi Vati

== Current availability==

Available
* India –
Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, West bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Rajastha, Gujarat, Maharashtra

* Out of India –
Nepal, Sri lanka, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Philippines, China,Malaysia
== Current researches ==

=== Phytochemical Composition ===

The therapeutic efficacy of ''Terminalia bellirica'' is attributed to its rich profile of bioactive secondary metabolites, predominantly concentrated in its fruit rind.
* '''Phenolic Acids & Tannins:''' High concentrations of gallic acid, ellagic acid, chebulagic acid, and chebulinic acid. These compounds drive its potent antioxidant and antimicrobial profiles.
* '''Flavonoids:''' Luteolin, rutin, and quercetin.
* '''Saponins & Sterols:''' Beta-Sitosterol, belleric acid, and bellericoside.
* '''Fixed Oils:''' The seed kernels contain essential fatty acids, primarily linoleic acid|linoleic and oleic acids.

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==

=== Metabolic Regulation & Anti-Diabetic Activity ===
Bibhitaka exhibits significant efficacy in managing metabolic syndrome, specifically type 2 diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia.
* '''Mechanism:''' Phytochemicals like gallic and ellagic acids inhibit key carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes (α-glucosidase and α-amylase), reducing postprandial blood glucose spikes. Furthermore, it enhances insulin sensitivity by upregulating PPAR-gamma receptors.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Aqueous extracts of ''T. bellirica'' have been shown to significantly decrease plasma glucose levels and improve lipid profiles in streptozotocin-induced diabetic animal models, showing comparable efficacy to standard oral hypoglycemic agents.<ref name="Sabu2009"/>

=== Respiratory and Anti-Asthmatic Effects ===

Traditionally used to alleviate chronic cough and bronchitis, modern pharmacology validates its role as a bronchodilator and antitussive.
* '''Mechanism:''' The extract exerts an anticholinergic (antimuscarinic) effect, blocking calcium channels to relax smooth airway muscles.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Research highlights that the crude extract of ''T. bellirica'' mediates bronchodilatory activity via dual inhibition of phosphodiesterase (PDE) and calcium influx, validating its traditional use in asthma.<ref name="Khan2008"/>

=== Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Activity ===
The fruit rind provides potent defense against oxidative stress and chemical-induced hepatotoxicity(liver injury).
* '''Mechanism:''' It scavenges free radicals (O2•−, OH•) and restores endogenous antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH), while reducing lipid peroxidation.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Clinical and ''in vivo'' models have shown that ''T. bellirica'' extract significantly reduces elevated serum liver enzymes (Alanine transaminase(ALT), Aspartate transaminase(AST)) induced by hepatotoxins like carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) or paracetamol(acetaminophen).<ref name="Shinde2012"/>

=== Antimicrobial and Anti-Biofilm Efficacy ===
Bibhitaka possesses a broad-spectrum antimicrobial profile against pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and viruses.
* '''Mechanism:''' Tannins disrupt bacterial cell walls and precipitate microbial proteins, inhibiting the formation of dental plaques and biofilm matrices.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Evaluation against multidrug-resistant clinical isolates confirmed that ''T. bellirica'' extracts exhibit strong inhibitory activity against pathogens including ''Staphylococcus aureus'' and ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.<ref name="Aqil2007"/>

=== Hyperuricemia and Gout Management ===
Clinical research has focused on Bibhitaka's ability to lower uric acid levels.
* '''Mechanism:''' It acts as a natural inhibitor of '''xanthine oxidase''', the enzyme responsible for converting purines into uric acid.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial demonstrated that a standardized extract of ''T. bellirica'' significantly reduced serum uric acid levels in human subjects with hyperuricemia, displaying a dose-dependent efficacy comparable to the drug febuxostat without the associated side effects.<ref name="Usharani2016"/>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' Animal models indicate that ''Terminalia bellirica'' possesses a high safety profile, with the Median Lethal Dose ([[LD50]]) of the aqueous extract exceeding 2000 mg/kg body weight.
* '''Contraindications:''' Due to its mild laxative and astringent properties, excessive doses may cause mild gastrointestinal discomfort. Safety during pregnancy and lactation has not been fully established; use should be supervised by a medical professional.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Crude Powder (Churna):'' 3–6 g daily.
** ''Standardized Extract:'' 250–500 mg twice daily.

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Terminalia bellirica''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Hyperuricemia (Gout)'''
| Gallic acid, Ellagic acid
| Xanthine oxidase inhibition
|-
| '''Type 2 Diabetes'''
| Chebulagic acid, Flavonoids
| Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, PPAR-gamma activation
|-
| '''Asthma & Bronchitis'''
| Saponins, Tannins
| Calcium channel blocker, Bronchodilator
|-
| '''Hepatic Damage'''
| Phenolic compounds
| Free radical scavenging, SOD/CAT restoration
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Sabu2009">{{cite journal |last1=Sabu |first1=M. C. |last2=Kuttan |first2=R. |year=2009 |title=Antidiabetic activity of medicinal plants and its relationship with their antioxidant property |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=81 |issue=2 |pages=155–160 |doi=10.1016/S0378-8741(02)00054-9}}</ref>

<ref name="Khan2008">{{cite journal |last1=Khan |first1=A. U. |last2=Gilani |first2=A. H. |year=2008 |title=Pharmacological justification for the medicinal use of ''Terminalia bellirica'' in gastrointestinal and respiratory disorders |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=116 |issue=3 |pages=393–397 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2007.12.006 |pmid=18242042}}</ref>

<ref name="Shinde2012">{{cite journal |last1=Shinde |first1=A. |last2=et al. |year=2012 |title=Hepatoprotective activity of ''Terminalia bellirica'' Roxb. fruit against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic damage |journal=Indian Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=271–277 |pmid=22540166}}</ref>

<ref name="Aqil2007">{{cite journal |last1=Aqil |first1=F. |last2=Ahmad |first2=I. |year=2007 |title=Antibacterial properties of certain Indian medicinal plants against multi-drug resistant clinical isolates |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=21 |issue=11 |pages=1017–1024 |doi=10.1002/ptr.2199 |pmid=17600863}}</ref>

<ref name="Usharani2016">{{cite journal |last1=Usharani |first1=P. |last2=et al. |year=2016 |title=A randomized, double-blind, placebo- and positive-controlled clinical pilot study to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of ''Terminalia bellirica'' in secondary hyperuricemia |journal=Clinical Pharmacology: Advances and Applications |volume=8 |pages=51–59 |doi=10.2147/CPAA.S100521 |pmid=27354832 |pmc=4912116}}</ref>
}}

[[index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Bibhitaki

2026-07-07T05:31:31Z

Agnivesha:

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia%20bellirica Terminalia bellirica]
{{Infobox
|title = Bibhitaki
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Bibhitaki(Aksha)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia%20bellirica Terminalia bellirica]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Combretaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = Dravyaguna Team
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

==English name ==

Beleric myrobalan

== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia%20bellirica Terminalia bellirica] (Gaertn.) Roxb., known traditionally as '''Bibhitaka''' (or Baheda), is a large deciduous tree native to the forests of the [[Indian subcontinent]] and [[Southeast Asia]]. Belonging to the family [[Combretaceae]], it is one of the three foundational fruits constituting the classic [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] formulation [[Triphala]] (alongside [[Terminalia chebula]] and [[Phyllanthus emblica]]).

In traditional medicine systems ([[Ayurveda]], [[Unani medicine|Unani]], and [[Siddha medicine|Siddha]]), Bibhitaka is classified as a [[Rasayana]] (rejuvenator). It is traditionally indicated for respiratory disorders (cough, [[asthma]]), digestive ailments, ocular diseases, and hair care.

==Therapeutic Uses in Ayurveda==

Vomiting (chhardi), Cough (Kasa), Worms (krimiroga), Constipation (vibandha), Hoarseness of voice (svarabheda), Eye diseases (netraroga)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:17</ref>

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==

Bibhitaki, Aksha (very useful for sense organs), Karshaphala (fruits weight about 1 karsha – 12 gms), Akshaphala, Kalidruma, Tailaphala (kernel of bibhitak yield oil)

==Synonyms in bhavprakasa nighantu==

Strilinga, bhutavasa, kaliyugalaya<ref>Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint.2015, Chaukhambha vishvabharti, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no. 35 p.9.</ref>

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Astringent (kashaya)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) ||Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Rough (ruksha), Light (laghu)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Tridoshahara (subside all three dosha) but pacify Kapha especially
|-
|}

== References in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(24)
|Virechanopaga(helping purgation) mahakashaya
|-
|2
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/21
|Abhyantar Krimi (worms) Chikitsa
|-
|3
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/136
|Abhyantar Krimi (worms) Chikitsa
|-
|4
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/144
|Kashaya-skandha(group of astringent drugs)
|-
|5
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/29
|Garbha vyapad chikitsa
|-
|6
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/14
|Vamanartha(for emesis)
|-
|7
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/15
|Awaleha Yoga
|-
|8
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/75
|In formulation of amalaka rasayana
|-
|9
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/201
|Used as Triphala kwatha in Anyedhyushka jwara(fever)
|-
|10
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/205
|As an ingredient of Triphala in Vatsakadi kashaya
|-
|11
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/206
|As an ingredient of Triphala in Madhookadi kashaya
|-
|12
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/208
|Pitta- Kapha nashaka Vatanulomana
|-
|13
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/222
|As an ingredient of Vasadi Ghrita
|-
|14
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/231
|Used for Virechana with madhu and ghrita
|-
|15
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/258
|As an ingredient of Chandanadhya taila
|-
|16
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/299
|As Triphala in Vishamajwara
|-
|17
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/65
|Ingredient in Trayushanaadi ghrita
|-
|18
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/106
|Ingredient of Nilinyadya Ghrita
|-
|19
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/115
|Ingredient of Rohinyadya Ghrita for Pittaj Gulma(abdominal lumps)
|-
|20
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/123
|Ingredient in Drakshadya Ghrita for Pittaj Gulma(abdominal lumps)
|-
|21
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/149
|Ingredient of Mishrak Sneha
|-
|22
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/22
|Prameh nashak Santarpan yoga
|-
|23
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/26
|Sarva Prameh(diabetes) nashak yoga
|-
|24
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/28
|Used for making decoction in Kaphaj prameh(diabetes)
|-
|25
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/35
|As Kapha-Pittaja prameha(diabetes) nashak yoga
|-
|26
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/40
|Ingredient in Phalatrikadi Kvatha
|-
|27
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/41
|Ingredient in Madhvasav
|-
|28
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/46
|For drinking water Boiled with it
|-
|29
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/44
|As Virechana dravya(purgation)
|-
|30
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/62
|Ingredient in Patoladi Kwatha
|-
|31
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/65
|Ingredient in Mustadi Churna
|-
|32
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/68
|Ingredient in Triphaladi Churna
|-
|33
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/74
|Ingredient in Madhvasav
|-
|34
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/77
|Ingredient in Kanakabindurishta
|-
|35
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/81
|Ingredient in Triphalasava
|-
|36
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/82
|Pathya diet in Kushtha(skin disease)
|-
|37
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/91
|Ingredient in Sidhdharthak snan and Lepa, Abhyantara and
Bahya-shodhanarth
|-
|38
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/97
|Ingredient in Kushthaghna Yoga
|-
|39
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/100
|Kwath prayog in Kapha-Pittaj Kushtha
|-
|40
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/128
|Abhyantar and Bahyaprayogarth(external), Pana(drink), Snana(bath), Lepa
|-
|41
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/136
|Ingredient in Vata-Pitta nashak Ghrita
|-
|42
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/140
|Ingredient in Tiktashatpala Ghrita
|-
|43
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/144
|Ingredient in Mahatikta Ghrita
|-
|44
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/153
|Ingredient in Mahakhadir Ghrita
|-
|45
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/100
|Ingredient in Avaleha
|-
|46
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/35
|Ingredient in Kalyanaka Ghrita
|-
|47
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/54
|Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrita
|-
|48
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/70
|Ingredient in Siddharthakadi Agada
|-
|49
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/18
|Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrita
|-
|50
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/43
|As a Nasya dravya
|-
|51
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/48
|Ingredient in Mustadi varti
|-
|52
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/72
|Ingredient in Pancham Sarpimodak
|-
|53
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/21
|In treatment of Kaphaj Svayathu
|-
|54
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/32
|Ingredient in Ashtashatorisht
|-
|55
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/39
|Ingredient in Triphaladhyarisht
|-
|56
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43
|Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
|-
|57
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/49
|Ingredient in Shilajatu prayoga
|-
|58
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/71
|As a Lepa dravya in Kaphaj Shvayathu
|-
|59
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/72
|As an Unmardan dravya in Kaphaja Shvayathu
|-
|60
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]
13/115
|As an ingredient of nagaradi ghrita

|-
|61
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/119
|As an ingredient of patoladi churna
|-
|62
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/125
|As an ingredient of Narayan churna
|-
|63
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/133
|As an ingredient of Hapushdya churna
|-
|64
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/135
|As anupana of Hapushdya churna
|-
|65
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/149
|Kwath mixed with trikatu and yavakshara used in udararoga
|-
|66
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/158
|In formulation of pippalyadi lavan
|-
|67
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/163
|In formulation of kshara vatika
|-
|68
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/45

|Used in swedana kriya

|-
|69
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/66
|Use triphala kwath with trivrut churna
|-
|70
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/144
|As an ingredient of dantyarishta
|-
|71
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/87

|As an ingredient of traushnaadi ghrita

|-
|72
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/160
|As an ingredient of Pindasava
|-
|73
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/177
|As an ingredient of Bhallataka Kshara
|-
|74
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/188
|Used in preparation of Pancham Kshara
|-
|75
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/92
|As an ingredient of twakadi leha
|-
|76
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/56

|For kashaya pana
|-
|77
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/124
|For pradeha prayoga in granthi visarpa(herpes)
|-
|78
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/125
|As an ingredient of Baladi lepa
|-
|79
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/84
|Used as vranashodhaka kashaya
|-
|80
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/90
|As an ingredient of Kampillakadi taila
|-
|81
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/110
|Used for vrana shaithilya, saukumarya & prasadana
|-
|82
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/115
|Used for Krushnikarana
|-
|83
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/65
|As an ingredient of Trutyadi churna
|-
|84
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87
|As an ingredient of Trushnadi Ghrita
|-
|85
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/163
|As an ingredient of Mayura Ghrita
|-
|86
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/167
|As an ingredient of Mahamayura Ghrita
|-
|87
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/195
|As an ingredient of Kalaka churna
|-
|88
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/198
|As an ingredient of Mrudvikadi churna
|-
|89
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/205
|Used for mukhadhavna
|-
|90
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/209
|As an ingredient of Khadiradi gutika
|-
|91
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/239
|Used for aaschotana in Kaphaja netraroga
|-
|92
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/241
|As an ingredient of Sumanakorkadi varti
|-
|93
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/242
|As an ingredient of Saindhavadi varti
|-
|94
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/254
|As an ingredient of Drustiprada varti
|-
|95
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/270, 273
|As an ingredient of Mahaneela Ghrita
|-
|96
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/281
|Used in palitya(greying of hair)
|-
|97
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/85
|As an ingredient of Kashmaryadi kwath for Virechana karma
|-
|98
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/86
|Used as Kwatha with Madhu for Kaphaja Vatarakta
|-
|99
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/152
|As an ingredient of Triphaladi kalka in tridoshaja shola
|-
|}

==Dose==
* Churna – 3 – 6 gm<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:17</ref>

==Important formulations==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:17</ref>
* Triphala Churna
* Triphaladi Taila
* Lavangadi Vati

== Current availability==

Available
* India –
Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, West bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Rajastha, Gujarat, Maharashtra

* Out of India –
Nepal, Sri lanka, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Philippines, China,Malaysia

== Current researches ==

=== Phytochemical Composition ===

The therapeutic efficacy of ''Terminalia bellirica'' is attributed to its rich profile of bioactive secondary metabolites, predominantly concentrated in its fruit rind.
* '''Phenolic Acids & Tannins:''' High concentrations of gallic acid, ellagic acid, chebulagic acid, and chebulinic acid. These compounds drive its potent antioxidant and antimicrobial profiles.
* '''Flavonoids:''' Luteolin, rutin, and quercetin.
* '''Saponins & Sterols:''' Beta-Sitosterol, belleric acid, and bellericoside.
* '''Fixed Oils:''' The seed kernels contain essential fatty acids, primarily linoleic acid|linoleic and oleic acids.

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==

=== Metabolic Regulation & Anti-Diabetic Activity ===
Bibhitaka exhibits significant efficacy in managing metabolic syndrome, specifically type 2 diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia.
* '''Mechanism:''' Phytochemicals like gallic and ellagic acids inhibit key carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes (α-glucosidase and α-amylase), reducing postprandial blood glucose spikes. Furthermore, it enhances insulin sensitivity by upregulating [[PPAR-gamma]] receptors.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Aqueous extracts of ''T. bellirica'' have been shown to significantly decrease plasma glucose levels and improve lipid profiles in streptozotocin-induced diabetic animal models, showing comparable efficacy to standard oral hypoglycemic agents.<ref name="Sabu2009"/>

=== Respiratory and Anti-Asthmatic Effects ===

Traditionally used to alleviate chronic cough and bronchitis, modern pharmacology validates its role as a bronchodilator and antitussive.
* '''Mechanism:''' The extract exerts an anticholinergic (antimuscarinic) effect, blocking calcium channels to relax smooth airway muscles.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Research highlights that the crude extract of ''T. bellirica'' mediates bronchodilatory activity via dual inhibition of phosphodiesterase (PDE) and calcium influx, validating its traditional use in asthma.<ref name="Khan2008"/>

=== Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Activity ===
The fruit rind provides potent defense against oxidative stress and chemical-induced hepatotoxicity(liver injury).
* '''Mechanism:''' It scavenges free radicals (O2•−, OH•) and restores endogenous antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH), while reducing lipid peroxidation.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Clinical and ''in vivo'' models have shown that ''T. bellirica'' extract significantly reduces elevated serum liver enzymes (Alanine transaminase(ALT), Aspartate transaminase(AST)) induced by hepatotoxins like carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) or paracetamol(acetaminophen).<ref name="Shinde2012"/>

=== Antimicrobial and Anti-Biofilm Efficacy ===
Bibhitaka possesses a broad-spectrum antimicrobial profile against pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and viruses.
* '''Mechanism:''' Tannins disrupt bacterial cell walls and precipitate microbial proteins, inhibiting the formation of dental plaques and biofilm matrices.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Evaluation against multidrug-resistant clinical isolates confirmed that ''T. bellirica'' extracts exhibit strong inhibitory activity against pathogens including ''Staphylococcus aureus'' and ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.<ref name="Aqil2007"/>

=== Hyperuricemia and Gout Management ===
Clinical research has focused on Bibhitaka's ability to lower uric acid levels.
* '''Mechanism:''' It acts as a natural inhibitor of '''xanthine oxidase''', the enzyme responsible for converting purines into uric acid.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial demonstrated that a standardized extract of ''T. bellirica'' significantly reduced serum uric acid levels in human subjects with hyperuricemia, displaying a dose-dependent efficacy comparable to the drug febuxostat without the associated side effects.<ref name="Usharani2016"/>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' Animal models indicate that ''Terminalia bellirica'' possesses a high safety profile, with the Median Lethal Dose ([[LD50]]) of the aqueous extract exceeding 2000 mg/kg body weight.
* '''Contraindications:''' Due to its mild laxative and astringent properties, excessive doses may cause mild gastrointestinal discomfort. Safety during pregnancy and lactation has not been fully established; use should be supervised by a medical professional.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Crude Powder (Churna):'' 3–6 g daily.
** ''Standardized Extract:'' 250–500 mg twice daily.

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Terminalia bellirica''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Hyperuricemia (Gout)'''
| Gallic acid, Ellagic acid
| Xanthine oxidase inhibition
|-
| '''Type 2 Diabetes'''
| Chebulagic acid, Flavonoids
| Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, PPAR-gamma activation
|-
| '''Asthma & Bronchitis'''
| Saponins, Tannins
| Calcium channel blocker, Bronchodilator
|-
| '''Hepatic Damage'''
| Phenolic compounds
| Free radical scavenging, SOD/CAT restoration
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Sabu2009">{{cite journal |last1=Sabu |first1=M. C. |last2=Kuttan |first2=R. |year=2009 |title=Antidiabetic activity of medicinal plants and its relationship with their antioxidant property |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=81 |issue=2 |pages=155–160 |doi=10.1016/S0378-8741(02)00054-9}}</ref>

<ref name="Khan2008">{{cite journal |last1=Khan |first1=A. U. |last2=Gilani |first2=A. H. |year=2008 |title=Pharmacological justification for the medicinal use of ''Terminalia bellirica'' in gastrointestinal and respiratory disorders |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=116 |issue=3 |pages=393–397 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2007.12.006 |pmid=18242042}}</ref>

<ref name="Shinde2012">{{cite journal |last1=Shinde |first1=A. |last2=et al. |year=2012 |title=Hepatoprotective activity of ''Terminalia bellirica'' Roxb. fruit against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic damage |journal=Indian Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=271–277 |pmid=22540166}}</ref>

<ref name="Aqil2007">{{cite journal |last1=Aqil |first1=F. |last2=Ahmad |first2=I. |year=2007 |title=Antibacterial properties of certain Indian medicinal plants against multi-drug resistant clinical isolates |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=21 |issue=11 |pages=1017–1024 |doi=10.1002/ptr.2199 |pmid=17600863}}</ref>

<ref name="Usharani2016">{{cite journal |last1=Usharani |first1=P. |last2=et al. |year=2016 |title=A randomized, double-blind, placebo- and positive-controlled clinical pilot study to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of ''Terminalia bellirica'' in secondary hyperuricemia |journal=Clinical Pharmacology: Advances and Applications |volume=8 |pages=51–59 |doi=10.2147/CPAA.S100521 |pmid=27354832 |pmc=4912116}}</ref>
}}

[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]