Lavanga

2026-08-24T05:29:50Z

Agnivesha:

File:Tulasi.jpg

2026-08-24T05:28:05Z

Agnivesha:

Tulasi

Surasa

2026-08-24T05:25:52Z

Agnivesha:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= Tulasi, Tulsi, Tulasa, Surasa, Ocimum sanctum L., Holy basil, anti stress herbs, medicinal uses, research on herbs, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Tulasi (Ocimum sanctum L.) is one of the most commonly used and widely available herbs with significant therapeutic efficacy.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocimum_tenuiflorum Ocimum sanctum L.]
{{Infobox
|title = Surasa
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Surasa
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Ocimum sanctum L.(syn. Ocimum tenuiflorum L.)
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Lamiaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

Tulasi (Ocimum sanctum L.) is one of the most commonly used and widely available herbs with significant therapeutic efficacy.

== Botanical Profile & Phytochemistry ==

=== Taxonomic Classification ===
* '''Family:''' Lamiaceae
* '''Species:''' ''Ocimum sanctum'' L.(syn. ''Ocimum tenuiflorum'' L.)
* '''Common Names:''' Tulsi, Holy Basil, Surasa

==Therapeutic uses==
Aruchi,Swasa(dyspnea), kasa(cough), krumiroga(worm), kustha(skin disease), pratishyaya(rhinitis), parshwashoola(flank pain)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2 :73</ref>

==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Surasa, Tulsi, Kutherak, Phaninjhak, Arjaka(Tulsi bheda)

==Synonyms in bhavprakasa nighantu==
Gramya(Common plant grown in all villages), Sulabha(can be seen every where), bahumanjari(tulasi has got many spikes), Apetaraxasi(tulasi brings back normalcy by alleviating many disease), gauri , bhutagni, devadundubhi(the spikes of tulasi resemble a trumpet)<ref> Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, pushpa varga, verse no.-62</ref>

==Varieties==
===Bhavaprakasa nighantu===
Mentioned 2 types<ref>Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, pushpa varga, verse no.-63</ref>
# Sweta tulasi
# Krishna tulasi

{| class="wikitable"
== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Properties
|'''Sr.no.'''
|'''Pharmacological criteria'''
|'''Properties'''
|-
|1
|Taste ([[rasa]])
|Pungent (katu), Bitter (tikta)
|-
|2
|Potency ([[veerya]])
|Hot (ushna)
|-
|3
|Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]])
|Pungent (katu)
|-
|4
|Qualities ([[guna]])
|Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
|-
|5
|Actions ([[karma]])
|Pacify Kapha and Vata
|-
|6
|Extra ordinary effect ([[prabhava]])
|Destroys microbes/germs (krimighna)
|}

==Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Herbs and their activities'''
|'''Sr.no.'''
|'''Reference in Charak Samhita'''
|'''Activity'''
|-
|1
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/4
|Sirovirechana (Errhine therapy)
|-
|2
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(37)
|Shwasahara mahakashaya
|-
|3
|Cha.Sa.[[Nidana Sthana]] 2/4
|Nidana of Raktapitta
|-
|4
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/17
|Abhyantar Krimi Chikitsa
|-
|5
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/21
|Abhyantar Krimi Chikitsa
|-
|6
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267
|As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
|-
|7
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/70
|Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya ghrita
|-
|8
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/112
|Ingredient in Kanakakshiri Taila
|-
|9
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/101
|Ingredient in Avaleha
|}

==Dose==
* 2-3 gm of the drug in powder form<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2 :73</ref>
==Important formulation==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2 :73</ref>
* Manasamitra vataka
* Tribhuvana kirti
* Mukta Panchamruta rasa
* Mahajwarankusa rasa

==Current availability ==
Available
India- All over india
==Current researches ==

=== Primary Phytoconstituents ===
* '''Phenylpropanoids:''' Eugenol (up to 70–80% in volatile oil), methyleugenol, rosmarinic acid.
* '''Triterpenes:''' Ursolic acid, oleanolic acid.
* '''Flavonoids:''' Apigenin, luteolin, orientin, vicenin.
* '''Sesquiterpenes:''' β-caryophyllene.

== Pharmacological Mechanism & Therapeutic Efficacy ==

=== Adaptogenic and Antistress Activity ===
* '''Mechanisms:''' Regulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, suppresses acute elevation of plasma cortisol, and modulates central neurotransmitters (dopamine and serotonin).
* '''Evidence:''' Clinical trials using standardized extracts demonstrate reductions in self-reported stress, cognitive fatigue, and stress-induced sleep disturbances.<ref name="Cohen2014">{{cite journal |last=Cohen |first=Marc Maurice |title=Tulsi - Ocimum sanctum: A herb for all reasons |journal=Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine |year=2014 |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=251–259 |doi=10.4103/0975-9476.146554 |pmid=25624696 |pmc=4296439}}</ref>

=== Immunomodulatory and Anti-inflammatory Effects ===
* '''Mechanisms:''' Downregulates pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) through inhibition of the NF-κB pathway. Ursolic acid and eugenol selectively inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity.
* '''Evidence:''' Human clinical studies show significant increases in natural killer (NK) cells and T-helper (CD4+) lymphocytes following leaf extract administration.<ref name="Cohen2014" />

=== Antidiabetic and Metabolic Regulation ===
* '''Mechanisms:''' Enhances insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells, increases peripheral glucose uptake, and inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis.
* '''Evidence:''' Clinical studies show a statistically significant reduction in fasting blood glucose (FBG) and postprandial blood glucose (PPBG) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.<ref name="Cohen2014" />

=== Antimicrobial and Biofilm Inhibition ===
* '''Mechanisms:''' Disrupts bacterial plasma membrane integrity and inhibits quorum sensing due to high eugenol content.
* '''Evidence:''' Broad-spectrum antibacterial action demonstrated against ''Streptococcus mutans'', ''Staphylococcus aureus'', and ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.<ref name="Cohen2014" />

== Key Bioactive Compounds ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Primary Bioactive Compounds of ''Ocimum sanctum''
|-
! Chemical Class !! Major Compound !! Biological Activity !! Primary Mechanism
|-
| '''Phenolic/Monoterpene''' || Eugenol || Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic || COX-2 inhibition, free-radical scavenging
|-
| '''Pentacyclic Triterpene''' || Ursolic Acid || Anti-inflammatory, Antitumor || Downregulation of NF-κB, induction of apoptosis
|-
| '''Flavonoid Glycoside''' || Orientin / Vicenin || Radioprotective, Antioxidant || Lipid peroxidation suppression, DNA repair acceleration
|-
| '''Polyphenol''' || Rosmarinic Acid || Immunomodulatory, Antiviral || Complement activation inhibition, ROS neutralization
|}

== Clinical Evidence Summary ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Summary of Clinical Outcomes
|-
! Target Condition !! Study Type !! Dosage & Duration !! Key Clinical Outcome !! Reference
|-
| '''Generalized Anxiety / Stress''' || Double-Blind RCT || 300–1200 mg/day extract (6–8 weeks) || Decreased stress scores, improved attention and sleep || Cohen (2014)<ref name="Cohen2014" />
|-
| '''Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus''' || Crossover Clinical Trial || 2.5 g leaf powder daily (4 weeks) || Significant reduction in FBG (17.6%) and PPBG (7.3%) || Cohen (2014)<ref name="Cohen2014" />
|-
| '''Immune Response Modulation''' || Open-label Phase I Trial || 300 mg ethanolic extract daily (4 weeks) || Significant elevation in IFN-γ, IL-4, CD4+ count || Cohen (2014)<ref name="Cohen2014" />
|-
| '''Metabolic Syndrome / Lipids''' || Double-Blind RCT || 1000 mg/day extract (8 weeks) || Reduced total cholesterol, LDL-C, and triglycerides || Cohen (2014)<ref name="Cohen2014" />
|}

== Toxicology and Safety ==

* '''Acute Toxicity:''' Preclinical studies indicate an LD50 > 4000 mg/kg body weight for aqueous and ethanolic leaf extracts, establishing a wide therapeutic index.<ref name="Cohen2014" />
* '''Adverse Effects:''' Highly tolerated in clinical trials. Mild transient gastrointestinal distress reported rarely.
* '''Drug Interactions:''' May exert additive effects when co-administered with hypoglycemic agents or anticoagulants (due to mild antiplatelet activity). Use caution in patients on antiplatelet therapy.

== References ==
<references />

== External links==

[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/basicsearch/phytochemical IMPPAT database]
[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]

Herbs details

2026-08-19T07:12:38Z

Agnivesha:

Herbs details:

# [[Amalaki]]
# [[Bibhitaki]]
# [[Haritaki]]
# [[Guduchi]]
# [[Ashwagandha]]
# [[Shunthi]]
# [[Maricha]]
# [[Pippali]]
# [[Chitraka]]
# [[Vidanga]]
# [[Musta]]
# [[Brahmi]]
# [[Shankhapushpi]]
# [[Shatavari]]
# [[Haridra]]
# [[Arjuna]]
# [[Guggulu]]
# [[Yasthimadhu|Yashtimadhu]]
# [[Lodhra]]
# [[Agnimantha]]
# [[Bilva]]
# [[Nimba]]
# [[Lashuna]]
# [[Punarnava]]
# [[Gokshura]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants and Botanical Names in Charak Samhita
! Sr. No. !! Sanskrit Name !! Synonyms !! Botanical Name
|-
| 1 || [[Bibhitaki|Aksha]]|| [[Bibhitaki|Bibhitaki, kaliphala, Bhutavasa, Kalidruma]]|| '''[[Bibhitaki|Terminalia bellirica Roxb]]'''
|-
| 2 || Aguru || Agaru, loha, krimija, rajarha || '''Aquilaria agallocha Roxb'''
|-
| 3 || [[Agnimantha]]|| Jaya, Sriparni, Ganikarika, Jayanti, Tarkari, Nadeyi, Vai jayanti || '''[[Agnimantha|Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn.f.]]'''
|-
| 4 || Ankola || Ankoda, Deerghakeela, Nikochaka, Tamraphala, Gupta Sneha || '''Alangium lamarkii Thw., (Alangium salviifolium)'''
|-
| 5 || Ajamoda || Karavi, Deepyaka, Shikhimoda || '''Apium graveolens'''
|-
| 6 || Atasi || uma, picchila, devi, medagandha, madotkata, kshuma, hemavati,masruna || '''Linum usitatissimum Linn.'''
|-
| 7 || Atibala || rishyaprokta, kankatika,Balika, Vatyapushpy, Bhuribala || '''Abutilon indicum. (Link)'''
|-
| 8 || Ativisha || shrungi, virupa, pittadivallabha, shwetvaca, visha, madri || '''Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. Cat.'''
|-
| 9 || Aparajita || Shanhapushpi,Girikarnika, Visnukranta,Sephanda || '''Clitoria ternatea L.'''
|-
| 10 || Apamarga || Shikhari,durgraha, adhashalya, karmanjri, pratyakpushpi || '''Achyranthes aspera Linn.'''
|-
| 11 || Ambashtaki || laghu patha,Uttanaparni, prachina,varatikta, Aviddhakarni,kuchelika || '''Cissampelos pareira Linn'''
|-
| 12 || Amlikakanda || || '''Dioscorea oppositifolia L.'''
|-
| 13 || Arimeda || Irimeda, Vidkhadira || '''Acacia leucophloea Willd.'''
|-
| 14 || Arka || Ravi, Bhanu, Tapana,Tulaphala, vikirana,ksheeraparna || '''Calotropis gigantea'''
|-
| 15 || Arjaka || Barbari,Sheta tulasi || '''Ocimum gratissimum L.'''
|-
| 16 || [[Arjuna]]|| Indradru, Nadisarja, Dhavala, Kakubha, Partha, Shweta vaha, || '''[[Arjuna|Terminalia Arjuna]]'''
|-
| 17 || Avakpushpi || || '''Trichodesma indicum'''
|-
| 18 || Ashoka || Madhupushpa,Raktapallavaka, Hemapushpa, Pindipushpa, Nata, Pallavadru, || '''Saraca indica Linn.'''
|-
| 19 || Ashmantaka || Yugmapatra, yaalapatraka, kanchini || '''Bauhinia racemosa. Lam.'''
|-
| 20 || [[Ashwagandha]]|| [[Ashwagandha|Balada, kamarupini, vajini,Gandhapatri]]|| '''[[Ashwagandha|Withania somnifera]]'''
|-
| 21 || Aswattha || pippala, shrivriksha, sevya,bodhidru, pavitraka,krishnavasa || '''Ficus religiosa L.'''
|-
| 22 || Asana || Beejaka, Vijayasara || '''Bridelia Montana Wall., Pterocarpus marsupium'''
|-
| 23 || Akhuparni || vriddhadaru, akhukarni, shubhashreni, krushika, dravanti || '''Ipomoea reniformis Chois.'''
|-
| 24 || Adhaki || Tuvari, Shanapushpika, Kalavrunta || '''Cajanus indicus Spreng'''
|-
| 25 || Atmagupta || Kapikachu, kapiloma, swayamgupta,Markati || '''Mucuna pruriens D.C.'''
|-
| 26 || [[Amalaki]]|| [[Amalaki|Dhatri, Dhatriphala, Sriphala, Vayastha,vayasya]]|| '''[[Amalaki|Phyllanthus emblica L./ Emblica officinalis]]'''
|-
| 27 || Amra || Madhuphala, Madhuli, Madhavadruma, Sahakara, parapushta || '''Manjifera indica L.'''
|-
| 28 || Ikshu || Asipatra, Bhurirasa, Dirghacchada, Gudamula, Trnarasa || '''Saccharum officinarum L.'''
|-
| 29 || Ikshuraka || Kokilaksha? || '''Hygrophila spinosa T.Anderson'''
|-
| 30 || Ingudi || Higupatra, Tapasadruma,Angaravruksha,Pootikantaka || '''Balanites roxburghii Plauch., (Balanites aegyptiaca (Linn) Del.)'''
|-
| 31 || Itkada || Utkata, Vanajayanti || '''Sesbania aculeate Pers.'''
|-
| 32 || Ucchadaka || Uttingana? || '''Blepharis edulis Pers.'''
|-
| 33 || Udumbara || || '''Ficus glomerata Roxb., ( Ficus racemosa)'''
|-
| 34 || Upodika || || '''Basella rubra L.'''
|-
| 35 || Eraka || || '''Typha elephantine Roxb.'''
|-
| 36 || Ervaru || || '''Cucumis utilissimus L.'''
|-
| 37 || Eranda || || '''Ricinus communis L.'''
|-
| 38 || Katutumbi || || '''Lagenaria Vulgaris Ser.'''
|-
| 39 || Katuphala || || '''Hibiscus abelmoschus L.'''
|-
| 40 || Kandakari || || '''Solanum xanthocarpum Sche.'''
|-
| 41 || Kadamba || || '''Anthocephalus cadamba Miq.'''
|-
| 42 || Kadara || || '''Acacia Senegal Willd.'''
|-
| 43 || Kapittha || || '''Feronia elephantanum Correa.'''
|-
| 44 || Karamarda || || '''Carissa carandas L.'''
|-
| 45 || Karavira || || '''Nerium odorum Soland'''
|-
| 46 || Karira || || '''Copparis aphylla Roth'''
|-
| 47 || Karanja || || '''Pongamia glabra Vent.'''
|-
| 48 || Karkatashrungi || || '''Rhuus succedanea L.'''
|-
| 49 || Karkandhu || || '''Zizyphus nummularia W.C.'''
|-
| 50 || Karpura || || '''Dryobalanops aromatic Goertn.'''
|-
| 51 || Kalaya || || '''Lathyrus sativus L.'''
|-
| 52 || Kasheruka || || '''Seirpus kysoor R.'''
|-
| 53 || Kakamachi || || '''Solanum nigrum L.'''
|-
| 54 || Karavellika || || '''Momordica charantia L.'''
|-
| 55 || Karpasa || || '''Gossypium herbacum L.'''
|-
| 56 || Kalanusariva || || '''Ichnocarpus frutenscens Br.'''
|-
| 57 || Kashmari || || '''Gmelina arborea L.'''
|-
| 58 || Kasamarda || || '''Cassia occidentalis L.'''
|-
| 59 || Kiratatikta || || '''Swertia chirata Ham.'''
|-
| 60 || Kutaja || || '''Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall.'''
|-
| 61 || Kutumbaka || || '''Leucas linifolia Spreng.'''
|-
| 62 || Kumarajeeva || || '''Putranjiva roxburghii Wall.'''
|-
| 63 || Kumbhi || || '''Careya arborea R.'''
|-
| 64 || Kurandaka || || '''Barleria prionitis L.'''
|-
| 65 || Kusumbha || || '''Carathmus tinctoricus L.'''
|-
| 66 || Kovidara || || '''Bauhinia variegate L.'''
|-
| 67 || Koshataki || || '''Luffa acutangula varamara Clerke'''
|-
| 68 || Koshamra || || '''Scheleichera trijuga Willd.'''
|-
| 69 || Kumkuma || || '''Crocus sativus L.'''
|-
| 70 || Khadira || || '''Acacia catechu Willd.'''
|-
| 71 || [[Guggulu]]|| || '''[[Guggulu|Commiphora/Balsamodendron mukul Hook.]]'''
|-
| 72 || Gunja || || '''Abrus precatorius L.'''
|-
| 73 || [[Guduchi]]|| || '''[[Guduchi|Tinospora cordifolia Miers.]]'''
|-
| 74 || [[Gokshura]]|| || '''[[Gokshura|Tribulus terrestris L.]]'''
|-
| 75 || Gojihwa || || '''Elephantopus scaber L.'''
|-
| 76 || Chakramarda || || '''Cassia tora L.'''
|-
| 77 || Chanchu || || '''Corchorus oilitorius L.'''
|-
| 78 || Chandana || || '''Santalum album L.'''
|-
| 79 || Charmakasha || || '''Acacia concinna D.C.'''
|-
| 80 || Charngeri || || '''Oxalis corniculata L.'''
|-
| 81 || [[Chitraka]]|| || '''[[Chitraka|Plumbago zeylanica L.]]'''
|-
| 82 || Chirabilva || || '''Holoptelia integrifolia Planch.'''
|-
| 83 || Chirmata || || '''Cucumis melo L.'''
|-
| 84 || Chilli || || '''Chenopodium album L.'''
|-
| 85 || Choraka || || '''Agelica glauca Edgew.'''
|-
| 86 || jambu || || '''Eugenia jambos Lamk.'''
|-
| 87 || jaya || || '''Sesbania egyptica Pers.'''
|-
| 88 || jalapippali || || '''Lippia nodiflora Rich.'''
|-
| 89 || Jati || || '''Myristica fragrens Houtt.'''
|-
| 90 || Jingini || || '''Odina wodier Roxb.'''
|-
| 91 || Jeeraka || || '''Cuminum cyminum L.'''
|-
| 92 || Jyotishmati || || '''Celestrus paniculata Willd.'''
|-
| 93 || Tamala || || '''Cinnamomum tamala Fr. Nees.'''
|-
| 94 || Tintidika || || '''Tamarindus indica L.'''
|-
| 95 || Tinduka || || '''Diospyros embryopteris Pers.'''
|-
| 96 || Tila || || '''Sesamum indicum L.'''
|-
| 97 || Tilaparni || || '''Gynandropis pentaphylla D.C'''
|-
| 98 || Tumburu || || '''Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb.'''
|-
| 99 || Tuda || || '''Morus indica L.'''
|-
| 100 || Trivrut || || '''Ipomea turpethum Br.'''
|-
| 101 || Dadima || || '''Punica granatum L.'''
|-
| 102 || Daruharidra || || '''Berberis aristata D.C'''
|-
| 103 || Dipyaka || || '''Carum copticum Benth.'''
|-
| 104 || Dugdhika || || '''Euphorbia pilulifera L.'''
|-
| 105 || Duralabha || || '''Fagonia Arabica L.'''
|-
| 106 || Durva || || '''Cynodon dactylon Pers.'''
|-
| 107 || Draksha || || '''Vitis vinifera L.'''
|-
| 108 || Dhanvana || || '''Grewia tiliefolia Vahl.'''
|-
| 109 || Dhava || || '''Anogeisssus latifolia Wall.'''
|-
| 110 || Dhataki || || '''Woodfordia floribunda Slisb.'''
|-
| 111 || Dhanyaka || || '''Coriandrum sativum'''
|-
| 112 || Nanditaka || || '''Ficus retusa L.'''
|-
| 113 || Nalika || || '''Onosma echioides L.'''
|-
| 114 || Naranga || || '''Citrus aurantium L.'''
|-
| 115 || Nadi || || '''Ipomea aquatica Forsk.'''
|-
| 116 || [[Nimba]]|| || '''[[Nimba|Azadirachta indica]] '''
|-
| 117 || Nirgundi || || '''Vitex negundo L.'''
|-
| 118 || Nilika || || '''Indigofera tinctoria L.'''
|-
| 119 || Nyagrodha || || '''Ficus bengalensis L.'''
|-
| 120 || Patola || || '''Trichosanthes dioica Roxb.'''
|-
| 121 || Patra || || '''Cinnamomum iners Reinw.'''
|-
| 122 || Padmaka || || '''Prunus puddum Roxb.'''
|-
| 123 || Parushaka || || '''Grewia asiatica L.'''
|-
| 124 || Parpataka || || '''Rangia repens Nees.'''
|-
| 125 || Paravata || || '''Psidium guyava L.'''
|-
| 126 || Pashanabheda || || '''Saxifraga lingulata Wall.'''
|-
| 127 || [[Pippali]]|| || '''[[Pippali|Piper longum L.]]'''
|-
| 128 || Pilu || || '''Salvadora persica L.'''
|-
| 129 || [[Punarnava]]|| || '''[[Punarnava|Boerhavia diffusa L.]]'''
|-
| 130 || Prasarani || || '''Pederia fetida L.'''
|-
| 131 || Prachinamalaka || || '''Flacourtia cataphracta Roxb.'''
|-
| 132 || Piyala || || '''Aglaia roxburghiana Miq.'''
|-
| 133 || Plaksha || || '''Ficus tsiela Roxb.'''
|-
| 134 || Phenila || || '''Sapindus trifoliatus L.'''
|-
| 135 || Bakula || || '''Mimusops elengi L.'''
|-
| 136 || Badara || || '''Zizyphus jujube Lamk.'''
|-
| 137 || [[Bilva]]|| || '''[[Bilva|Aegle marmelos Corr.]]'''
|-
| 138 || Bijaka || || '''Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.'''
|-
| 139 || Bijapuraka || || '''Citrus medica L.'''
|-
| 140 || Bruhati || || '''Solanum indicum L.'''
|-
| 141 || [[Brahmi]]|| || '''[[Brahmi|Bacopa monnieri]]'''
|-
| 142 || Bhavya || || '''Dillenia indica L.'''
|-
| 143 || Bhrigaraja || || '''Eclipta alba Hassk.'''
|-
| 144 || Mandukaparni || || '''Hydrocotyle asiatica L.'''
|-
| 145 || Madana || || '''Randia dumatorum Lam.'''
|-
| 146 || Madhuka || || '''Bassia latifolia Roxb.'''
|-
| 147 || [[Maricha]]|| || '''Piper nigrum L.'''
|-
| 148 || Mamsi || || '''Nardostachys jatamansi D.C'''
|-
| 149 || Mudga || || '''Phaseolus mungo L.'''
|-
| 150 || [[Musta]]|| || '''[[Musta|Cyperus rotundus L.]]'''
|-
| 151 || Murva || || '''Clematis triloba Heyne.'''
|-
| 152 || Mulaka || || '''Raphanus sativus L.'''
|-
| 153 || Yava || || '''Hordeum vulgarae L.'''
|-
| 154 || Yavasaka || || '''Alhagi maumorum Desv.'''
|-
| 155 || Raktotpala || || '''Nymphoea lotus L.'''
|-
| 156 || Rajakshavaka || || '''Doemia extensa Br.'''
|-
| 157 || Rajamasha || || '''Vigna catiang Endl.'''
|-
| 158 || Rajadana || || '''Mimusops hexandra Roxb.'''
|-
| 159 || Rasna || || '''Pluchea lanceolata Oliv.'''
|-
| 160 || Ruha || || '''Loranthus falcatus L.'''
|-
| 161 || Rohini || || '''Soymida febrifuge Juss.'''
|-
| 162 || [[Lashuna]]|| || '''[[Lashuna|Allium sativum L.]]'''
|-
| 163 || Likucha || || '''Artocarpus lokoocha Roxb.'''
|-
| 164 || Lonika || || '''Portulaca oleracea L.'''
|-
| 165 || [[Lodhra]]|| || '''[[Lodhra|Symplocos recemosa Roxb.]]'''
|-
| 166 || Vacha || || '''Acorus calamus L.'''
|-
| 167 || Vanjula || || '''Salix tetrasperma Roxb.'''
|-
| 168 || Varuna || || '''Cratoeva religiosa Forst.'''
|-
| 169 || Vatama || || '''Prunus amygdalus Baill.'''
|-
| 170 || Vartaka || || '''Solanum melongena L.'''
|-
| 171 || Vasa || || '''Adhatoda vasica Nees.'''
|-
| 172 || Vikankata || || '''Gymnosporia Montana Benth.'''
|-
| 173 || [[Vidanga]]|| || '''[[Vidanga|Embelia ribes Burn.]]'''
|-
| 174 || Vidari || || '''Ipomea digitata L.'''
|-
| 175 || [[Shankhapushpi]]|| Shankhahva, Mangalyakusuma, Keshi, Vishnukranta|| '''[[Shankhapushpi|Evolvulus alsinoides L.]]'''
|-
| 176 || Shana || || '''Crotalaria juncea L.'''
|-
| 177 || Shanapushpi || || '''Crotalaria verrucosa L.'''
|-
| 178 || Shatapushpa || || '''Peucedanum graveolens Benth.'''
|-
| 179 || [[Shatavari]]|| || '''[[Shatavari|Asparagus racemosus Willd.]]'''
|-
| 180 || Shami || || '''Prosopis spicigera L.'''
|-
| 181 || Shallaki || || '''Boswellia serrate Roxb.'''
|-
| 182 || Shaliparni || || '''Desmodium gangeticum D.C.'''
|-
| 183 || Shalmali || || '''Bambox malabarica D.C.'''
|-
| 184 || Shimshapa || || '''Dalbergia sisso Roxb.'''
|-
| 185 || Shigru || || '''Moringa pterygosperma Goertn.'''
|-
| 186 || Shirisha || || '''Albezzia lebbeck Benth.'''
|-
| 187 || [[Shunthi|Shringavera]] [[Shunthi|(Shunthi/Aardraka)]]|| || '''Zingiber officinale Rose.'''
|-
| 188 || Shringataka || || '''Trapa bispinosa Roxb.'''
|-
| 189 || Saptaparna || || '''Alstonia scholaris R. Br.'''
|-
| 190 || Sarja || || '''Shorea robusta'''
|-
| 191 || Sarshapa || || '''Brassica campestris L.'''
|-
| 192 || Sariva || || '''Hemmidesmus indicus Br.'''
|-
| 193 || Sudha || || '''Euphorbia nerifolia L.'''
|-
| 194 || Surasa || || '''Ocimum sanctum L.'''
|-
| 195 || Somaraji || || '''Proralea corylifolia L.'''
|-
| 196 || Hamsapadi || || '''Adjantum lunulatum Burm.'''
|-
| 197 || Hapusha || || '''Juniperus communis L.'''
|-
| 198 || Hastidanti || || '''Croton oblongifolius Roxb.'''
|-
| 199 || [[Haridra]]|| || '''[[Haridra|Curcuma longa L.]]'''
|-
| 200 || Hemadugdha || || '''Argimone mexicana L.'''
|}

Category:Herbs

2026-08-19T07:11:18Z

2026-08-18T15:39:00Z

Agnivesha: /* Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions */

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= Punarnava, Boerhavia diffusa, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=Punarnava (Boerhavia diffusa L., family Nyctaginaceae) is a rejuvenative (Rasayana) medicinal plant widely studied for its nephroprotective, hepatoprotective, and immunomodulatory properties.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boerhavia_diffusa Boerhavia diffusa Linn.]

{{Infobox
|title = Punarnava
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Punarnava
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Boerhavia diffusa Linn.
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Nyctaginaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = Team Dravyaguna
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}
[[File:Punarnava.jpg|thumb|'''Punarnava (''Boerhavia diffusa'')''']]
'''Punarnava''' (''Boerhavia diffusa'' L., family Nyctaginaceae) is a rejuvenative (''Rasayana'') medicinal plant widely studied for its nephroprotective, hepatoprotective, and immunomodulatory properties.

==English name ==

Spreading hogweed

==Therapeutic use==
Shotha(oedema), Pandu(Anemia and diseases due to blood deficiency)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1:60</ref>

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==

Punarnava, Shothaghni(reduse oedema), Varshabhu(it is perennial plant gets regenerated during rainy season ), Kshudravarshabhu, Katthillak, Varshaketu(regenerates in varsha rutu), Vrushchira, Kathillaka

==Synonyms in Bhavprakash Nighantu==
Shwetamula(root is white in colour), Dirghapatrika<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, guduchyadi Varga, Verse no. 231, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020;</ref>

==Varieties==
===According to bhavprakash nighantu===
# Shweta punarnava
# Rakta punarnava
===According to rajanighantu===
Mentioned 3 types<ref>Dr. Indradev Tripathi , Raja Nighantu of pandit Narhari, ed.2016, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi ,parpatadi varga verse 116,120,122</ref>
# Shweta punarnava
# Rakta punarnava
# Nila punarnava

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Sweet (madhura), Bitter (tikta), Astringent (kashaya)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[vata]], [[pitta]] and [[kapha]]
|}
== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/12 || Asthapana(Herbs used in Therapeutic Enema)
|-
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(22) || Svedopaga mahakashaya(helping dia-phoresis/sudation)
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(26) || Anuvasanopag mahakashaya(unctuous enema)
|-
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(36) || Kasahara mahakashaya (relieving cough)
|-
| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(50) || Vayasthapana mahakashaya (anti-ageing)
|-
|6
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/96
|Shaka Varga(group of vegetables)
|-
|7
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135
|Vamana dravyani (List of medicines used in therapeutic emesis)
|-
|8
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/136
|Vamana dravyani (List of medicines used in therapeutic emesis)
|-
|9
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/103
|As an ingredient of Amrutadya taila
|-
|10
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/136
|Virechana Dravya (List of medicines used in therapeutic purgation)
|-
|11
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/139
|Madhura skandha(group of sweet drugs)
|-
|12
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/143
|Tikta skandha(group of bitter drugs)
|-
|13
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/43
|In formulation of Brahma rasayana
|-
|14
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/1/26
|Ingredient in Bruhaniya Gutika
|-
|15
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267
|As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
|-
|16
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/189
|As shaka-pathya ahara.
|-
|17
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/73
|As an ingredient of Jeevakadi mahasneha
|-
|18
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/125
|Bahyaprayogarth Lepa in Vata-Kaphaja Kushtha
|-
|19
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/79
|Ingredient in Shira-Parshva–Ansa Shula nashak lepa
|-
|20
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/170
|Ingredient in Strotosuddhikar Ghrita
|-
|21
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/175
|As a Utsadan dravya Bahyaprayogarth(external treatment)
|-
|22
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/26
|Rakta shthivan (treatment of excessive bleeding)
|-
|23
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/36
|Ingredient in Amrutprash Ghrita
|-
|24
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/56
|Ingredient in Dvitiya Sarpiguda
|-
|25
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/66
|Ingredient in Chaturtha Sarpiguda
|-
|26
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/36
|Ingredient in Amrutprash Ghrita
|-
|27
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/22
|In treatment of Kaphaja Shvayathu
|-
|28
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/23
|In treatment of Vataja Shvayathu
|-
|29
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/25
|In treatment of Vataja Shvayathu
|-
|30
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/34
|Ingredient in Punarnavadyarishta
|-
|31
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/73
|As an Unmardan dravya in Kaphaja Shvayathu
|-
|32
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/53
|As an ingredient of Kashmaryadi ghrita, used in the treatment of Vataja yoni
|-
|33
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/93
|As an ingredient of Punarnava Mandura
|-
|34
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/119
|As an ingredient of Vyoshadi Ghrita
|-
|35
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/127
|As an ingredient of Kantakari ghrita
|-
|36
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/177
|As an ingredient of Jivantyadi leha
|-
|37
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/53
|As an ingredient of Kakandadi yoga
|-
|38
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/61, 64
|As an ingredient of Jeevaniya Ghrita
|}

==DOSE==
* 20-30 g of the drug for decoction<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1:60</ref>

==Important formulation==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1:60</ref>
* Punarnavashtak kwatha
* Punarnavasava
* Punarnavadi mandura
* Sukumara ghruta

== Current availability==

Available

== Current researches ==
== Phytochemical Profile ==
* '''Alkaloids:''' Punarnavine
* '''Rotenoids:''' Boeravinones A through J
* '''Flavonoids & Phenols:''' Quercetin, kaempferol, and caffeic acid derivatives
* '''Lignans & Sterols:''' Liriodendrin, β-sitosterol, and ursolic acid

== Therapeutic Efficacy & Pharmacological Evidence ==

=== Renoprotective & Diuretic Activity ===
Punarnava enhances renal clearance, reduces edema, and lowers blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine. Aqueous root extracts significantly attenuate nephrotoxicity by reducing lipid peroxidation and restoring renal superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase levels.<ref name="Pareta2011">Pareta, S. K., Patra, K. C., Mazumder, P. M., & Sasmal, D. (2011). Aqueous extract of ''Boerhaavia diffusa'' root ameliorates ethylene glycol-induced hyperoxaluric oxidative stress and renal injury in rat kidney. ''Pharmaceutical Biology'', 49(12), 1224–1233. https://doi.org/10.3109/13880209.2011.581671</ref>

=== Hepatoprotective Action ===
Boeravinones and flavonoids protect hepatic parenchyma against toxic insults and normalize elevated liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP). Root extracts markedly prevent carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity, preserving intracellular glycogen levels and liver cytoarchitecture.<ref name="Rawat1997">Rawat, A. K. S., Mehrotra, S., Tripathi, S. C., & Shome, U. (1997). Hepatoprotective activity of ''Boerhaavia diffusa'' L. roots – a popular Indian ethnomedicine. ''Journal of Ethnopharmacology'', 56(1), 61–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(96)01507-3</ref>

=== Anti-Inflammatory & Immunomodulatory Effects ===
The herb inhibits pro-inflammatory cascades by suppressing NF-κB activation and downregulating cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. Isolated punarnavine enhances cell-mediated immunity, increases total white blood cell count, and inhibits tumor-directed angiogenesis.<ref name="Manu2009">Manu, K. A., & Kuttan, G. (2009). Immunomodulatory activities of Punarnavine, an alkaloid from ''Boerhaavia diffusa''. ''Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology'', 31(3), 377–387. https://doi.org/10.1080/08923970802702036</ref>

=== Cardioprotective & Antihypertensive Effects ===
Its diuretic effect reduces vascular pre-load without inducing severe potassium depletion, while constituent rotenoids demonstrate vasorelaxant activity. Isolated boeravinones exhibit calcium channel-blocking activity, providing a mechanistic basis for its antihypertensive action.<ref name="Lami1991">Lami, N., Kadota, S., & Kikuchi, T. (1991). Constituents of the roots of ''Boerhaavia diffusa'' L. Isolation and structure determination of boeravinones D, E, and F. ''Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin'', 39(7), 1863–1865. https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.39.1863</ref>

=== Antioxidant & Antidiabetic Activity ===
Free-radical scavenging prevents cellular oxidative stress in endocrine tissues. Administration of leaf extract significantly reduces blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin while bolstering endogenous antioxidant enzyme activity in diabetic models.<ref name="Satheesh2004">Satheesh, M. A., & Pari, L. (2004). Antioxidant action of ''Boerhavia diffusa'' L. in tissues of alloxan induced diabetic rats. ''Journal of Medical Food'', 7(4), 472–476. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2004.7.472</ref>

== Dosage & Safety ==
* '''Standard Dosage:''' Churna (root powder): 3–6 g daily; Kwath (decoction): 20–30 mL twice daily.
* '''Safety Profile:''' High margin of safety (oral LD50 > 2000 mg/kg in acute toxicity rodent studies). Use with monitoring in cardiac patients taking digitalis due to potential diuretic-mediated electrolyte shifts.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Boerhavia%20diffusa IMPPAT database]
[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals|Herbs]]

Herbs details

2026-08-18T15:23:36Z

Agnivesha:

Herbs details:

# [[Amalaki]]
# [[Bibhitaki]]
# [[Haritaki]]
# [[Guduchi]]
# [[Ashwagandha]]
# [[Shunthi]]
# [[Maricha]]
# [[Pippali]]
# [[Chitraka]]
# [[Vidanga]]
# [[Musta]]
# [[Brahmi]]
# [[Shankhapushpi]]
# [[Shatavari]]
# [[Haridra]]
# [[Arjuna]]
# [[Guggulu]]
# [[Yasthimadhu|Yashtimadhu]]
# [[Lodhra]]
# [[Agnimantha]]
# [[Bilva]]
# [[Nimba]]
# [[Lashuna]]
# [[Punarnava]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants and Botanical Names in Charak Samhita
! Sr. No. !! Sanskrit Name !! Synonyms !! Botanical Name
|-
| 1 || [[Bibhitaki|Aksha]]|| [[Bibhitaki|Bibhitaki, kaliphala, Bhutavasa, Kalidruma]]|| '''[[Bibhitaki|Terminalia bellirica Roxb]]'''
|-
| 2 || Aguru || Agaru, loha, krimija, rajarha || '''Aquilaria agallocha Roxb'''
|-
| 3 || [[Agnimantha]]|| Jaya, Sriparni, Ganikarika, Jayanti, Tarkari, Nadeyi, Vai jayanti || '''[[Agnimantha|Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn.f.]]'''
|-
| 4 || Ankola || Ankoda, Deerghakeela, Nikochaka, Tamraphala, Gupta Sneha || '''Alangium lamarkii Thw., (Alangium salviifolium)'''
|-
| 5 || Ajamoda || Karavi, Deepyaka, Shikhimoda || '''Apium graveolens'''
|-
| 6 || Atasi || uma, picchila, devi, medagandha, madotkata, kshuma, hemavati,masruna || '''Linum usitatissimum Linn.'''
|-
| 7 || Atibala || rishyaprokta, kankatika,Balika, Vatyapushpy, Bhuribala || '''Abutilon indicum. (Link)'''
|-
| 8 || Ativisha || shrungi, virupa, pittadivallabha, shwetvaca, visha, madri || '''Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. Cat.'''
|-
| 9 || Aparajita || Shanhapushpi,Girikarnika, Visnukranta,Sephanda || '''Clitoria ternatea L.'''
|-
| 10 || Apamarga || Shikhari,durgraha, adhashalya, karmanjri, pratyakpushpi || '''Achyranthes aspera Linn.'''
|-
| 11 || Ambashtaki || laghu patha,Uttanaparni, prachina,varatikta, Aviddhakarni,kuchelika || '''Cissampelos pareira Linn'''
|-
| 12 || Amlikakanda || || '''Dioscorea oppositifolia L.'''
|-
| 13 || Arimeda || Irimeda, Vidkhadira || '''Acacia leucophloea Willd.'''
|-
| 14 || Arka || Ravi, Bhanu, Tapana,Tulaphala, vikirana,ksheeraparna || '''Calotropis gigantea'''
|-
| 15 || Arjaka || Barbari,Sheta tulasi || '''Ocimum gratissimum L.'''
|-
| 16 || [[Arjuna]]|| Indradru, Nadisarja, Dhavala, Kakubha, Partha, Shweta vaha, || '''[[Arjuna|Terminalia Arjuna]]'''
|-
| 17 || Avakpushpi || || '''Trichodesma indicum'''
|-
| 18 || Ashoka || Madhupushpa,Raktapallavaka, Hemapushpa, Pindipushpa, Nata, Pallavadru, || '''Saraca indica Linn.'''
|-
| 19 || Ashmantaka || Yugmapatra, yaalapatraka, kanchini || '''Bauhinia racemosa. Lam.'''
|-
| 20 || [[Ashwagandha]]|| [[Ashwagandha|Balada, kamarupini, vajini,Gandhapatri]]|| '''[[Ashwagandha|Withania somnifera]]'''
|-
| 21 || Aswattha || pippala, shrivriksha, sevya,bodhidru, pavitraka,krishnavasa || '''Ficus religiosa L.'''
|-
| 22 || Asana || Beejaka, Vijayasara || '''Bridelia Montana Wall., Pterocarpus marsupium'''
|-
| 23 || Akhuparni || vriddhadaru, akhukarni, shubhashreni, krushika, dravanti || '''Ipomoea reniformis Chois.'''
|-
| 24 || Adhaki || Tuvari, Shanapushpika, Kalavrunta || '''Cajanus indicus Spreng'''
|-
| 25 || Atmagupta || Kapikachu, kapiloma, swayamgupta,Markati || '''Mucuna pruriens D.C.'''
|-
| 26 || [[Amalaki]]|| [[Amalaki|Dhatri, Dhatriphala, Sriphala, Vayastha,vayasya]]|| '''[[Amalaki|Phyllanthus emblica L./ Emblica officinalis]]'''
|-
| 27 || Amra || Madhuphala, Madhuli, Madhavadruma, Sahakara, parapushta || '''Manjifera indica L.'''
|-
| 28 || Ikshu || Asipatra, Bhurirasa, Dirghacchada, Gudamula, Trnarasa || '''Saccharum officinarum L.'''
|-
| 29 || Ikshuraka || Kokilaksha? || '''Hygrophila spinosa T.Anderson'''
|-
| 30 || Ingudi || Higupatra, Tapasadruma,Angaravruksha,Pootikantaka || '''Balanites roxburghii Plauch., (Balanites aegyptiaca (Linn) Del.)'''
|-
| 31 || Itkada || Utkata, Vanajayanti || '''Sesbania aculeate Pers.'''
|-
| 32 || Ucchadaka || Uttingana? || '''Blepharis edulis Pers.'''
|-
| 33 || Udumbara || || '''Ficus glomerata Roxb., ( Ficus racemosa)'''
|-
| 34 || Upodika || || '''Basella rubra L.'''
|-
| 35 || Eraka || || '''Typha elephantine Roxb.'''
|-
| 36 || Ervaru || || '''Cucumis utilissimus L.'''
|-
| 37 || Eranda || || '''Ricinus communis L.'''
|-
| 38 || Katutumbi || || '''Lagenaria Vulgaris Ser.'''
|-
| 39 || Katuphala || || '''Hibiscus abelmoschus L.'''
|-
| 40 || Kandakari || || '''Solanum xanthocarpum Sche.'''
|-
| 41 || Kadamba || || '''Anthocephalus cadamba Miq.'''
|-
| 42 || Kadara || || '''Acacia Senegal Willd.'''
|-
| 43 || Kapittha || || '''Feronia elephantanum Correa.'''
|-
| 44 || Karamarda || || '''Carissa carandas L.'''
|-
| 45 || Karavira || || '''Nerium odorum Soland'''
|-
| 46 || Karira || || '''Copparis aphylla Roth'''
|-
| 47 || Karanja || || '''Pongamia glabra Vent.'''
|-
| 48 || Karkatashrungi || || '''Rhuus succedanea L.'''
|-
| 49 || Karkandhu || || '''Zizyphus nummularia W.C.'''
|-
| 50 || Karpura || || '''Dryobalanops aromatic Goertn.'''
|-
| 51 || Kalaya || || '''Lathyrus sativus L.'''
|-
| 52 || Kasheruka || || '''Seirpus kysoor R.'''
|-
| 53 || Kakamachi || || '''Solanum nigrum L.'''
|-
| 54 || Karavellika || || '''Momordica charantia L.'''
|-
| 55 || Karpasa || || '''Gossypium herbacum L.'''
|-
| 56 || Kalanusariva || || '''Ichnocarpus frutenscens Br.'''
|-
| 57 || Kashmari || || '''Gmelina arborea L.'''
|-
| 58 || Kasamarda || || '''Cassia occidentalis L.'''
|-
| 59 || Kiratatikta || || '''Swertia chirata Ham.'''
|-
| 60 || Kutaja || || '''Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall.'''
|-
| 61 || Kutumbaka || || '''Leucas linifolia Spreng.'''
|-
| 62 || Kumarajeeva || || '''Putranjiva roxburghii Wall.'''
|-
| 63 || Kumbhi || || '''Careya arborea R.'''
|-
| 64 || Kurandaka || || '''Barleria prionitis L.'''
|-
| 65 || Kusumbha || || '''Carathmus tinctoricus L.'''
|-
| 66 || Kovidara || || '''Bauhinia variegate L.'''
|-
| 67 || Koshataki || || '''Luffa acutangula varamara Clerke'''
|-
| 68 || Koshamra || || '''Scheleichera trijuga Willd.'''
|-
| 69 || Kumkuma || || '''Crocus sativus L.'''
|-
| 70 || Khadira || || '''Acacia catechu Willd.'''
|-
| 71 || [[Guggulu]]|| || '''[[Guggulu|Commiphora/Balsamodendron mukul Hook.]]'''
|-
| 72 || Gunja || || '''Abrus precatorius L.'''
|-
| 73 || [[Guduchi]]|| || '''[[Guduchi|Tinospora cordifolia Miers.]]'''
|-
| 74 || Gokshuraka || || '''Tribulus terrestris L.'''
|-
| 75 || Gojihwa || || '''Elephantopus scaber L.'''
|-
| 76 || Chakramarda || || '''Cassia tora L.'''
|-
| 77 || Chanchu || || '''Corchorus oilitorius L.'''
|-
| 78 || Chandana || || '''Santalum album L.'''
|-
| 79 || Charmakasha || || '''Acacia concinna D.C.'''
|-
| 80 || Charngeri || || '''Oxalis corniculata L.'''
|-
| 81 || [[Chitraka]]|| || '''[[Chitraka|Plumbago zeylanica L.]]'''
|-
| 82 || Chirabilva || || '''Holoptelia integrifolia Planch.'''
|-
| 83 || Chirmata || || '''Cucumis melo L.'''
|-
| 84 || Chilli || || '''Chenopodium album L.'''
|-
| 85 || Choraka || || '''Agelica glauca Edgew.'''
|-
| 86 || jambu || || '''Eugenia jambos Lamk.'''
|-
| 87 || jaya || || '''Sesbania egyptica Pers.'''
|-
| 88 || jalapippali || || '''Lippia nodiflora Rich.'''
|-
| 89 || Jati || || '''Myristica fragrens Houtt.'''
|-
| 90 || Jingini || || '''Odina wodier Roxb.'''
|-
| 91 || Jeeraka || || '''Cuminum cyminum L.'''
|-
| 92 || Jyotishmati || || '''Celestrus paniculata Willd.'''
|-
| 93 || Tamala || || '''Cinnamomum tamala Fr. Nees.'''
|-
| 94 || Tintidika || || '''Tamarindus indica L.'''
|-
| 95 || Tinduka || || '''Diospyros embryopteris Pers.'''
|-
| 96 || Tila || || '''Sesamum indicum L.'''
|-
| 97 || Tilaparni || || '''Gynandropis pentaphylla D.C'''
|-
| 98 || Tumburu || || '''Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb.'''
|-
| 99 || Tuda || || '''Morus indica L.'''
|-
| 100 || Trivrut || || '''Ipomea turpethum Br.'''
|-
| 101 || Dadima || || '''Punica granatum L.'''
|-
| 102 || Daruharidra || || '''Berberis aristata D.C'''
|-
| 103 || Dipyaka || || '''Carum copticum Benth.'''
|-
| 104 || Dugdhika || || '''Euphorbia pilulifera L.'''
|-
| 105 || Duralabha || || '''Fagonia Arabica L.'''
|-
| 106 || Durva || || '''Cynodon dactylon Pers.'''
|-
| 107 || Draksha || || '''Vitis vinifera L.'''
|-
| 108 || Dhanvana || || '''Grewia tiliefolia Vahl.'''
|-
| 109 || Dhava || || '''Anogeisssus latifolia Wall.'''
|-
| 110 || Dhataki || || '''Woodfordia floribunda Slisb.'''
|-
| 111 || Dhanyaka || || '''Coriandrum sativum'''
|-
| 112 || Nanditaka || || '''Ficus retusa L.'''
|-
| 113 || Nalika || || '''Onosma echioides L.'''
|-
| 114 || Naranga || || '''Citrus aurantium L.'''
|-
| 115 || Nadi || || '''Ipomea aquatica Forsk.'''
|-
| 116 || [[Nimba]]|| || '''[[Nimba|Azadirachta indica]] '''
|-
| 117 || Nirgundi || || '''Vitex negundo L.'''
|-
| 118 || Nilika || || '''Indigofera tinctoria L.'''
|-
| 119 || Nyagrodha || || '''Ficus bengalensis L.'''
|-
| 120 || Patola || || '''Trichosanthes dioica Roxb.'''
|-
| 121 || Patra || || '''Cinnamomum iners Reinw.'''
|-
| 122 || Padmaka || || '''Prunus puddum Roxb.'''
|-
| 123 || Parushaka || || '''Grewia asiatica L.'''
|-
| 124 || Parpataka || || '''Rangia repens Nees.'''
|-
| 125 || Paravata || || '''Psidium guyava L.'''
|-
| 126 || Pashanabheda || || '''Saxifraga lingulata Wall.'''
|-
| 127 || [[Pippali]]|| || '''[[Pippali|Piper longum L.]]'''
|-
| 128 || Pilu || || '''Salvadora persica L.'''
|-
| 129 || [[Punarnava]]|| || '''[[Punarnava|Boerhavia diffusa L.]]'''
|-
| 130 || Prasarani || || '''Pederia fetida L.'''
|-
| 131 || Prachinamalaka || || '''Flacourtia cataphracta Roxb.'''
|-
| 132 || Piyala || || '''Aglaia roxburghiana Miq.'''
|-
| 133 || Plaksha || || '''Ficus tsiela Roxb.'''
|-
| 134 || Phenila || || '''Sapindus trifoliatus L.'''
|-
| 135 || Bakula || || '''Mimusops elengi L.'''
|-
| 136 || Badara || || '''Zizyphus jujube Lamk.'''
|-
| 137 || [[Bilva]]|| || '''[[Bilva|Aegle marmelos Corr.]]'''
|-
| 138 || Bijaka || || '''Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.'''
|-
| 139 || Bijapuraka || || '''Citrus medica L.'''
|-
| 140 || Bruhati || || '''Solanum indicum L.'''
|-
| 141 || [[Brahmi]]|| || '''[[Brahmi|Bacopa monnieri]]'''
|-
| 142 || Bhavya || || '''Dillenia indica L.'''
|-
| 143 || Bhrigaraja || || '''Eclipta alba Hassk.'''
|-
| 144 || Mandukaparni || || '''Hydrocotyle asiatica L.'''
|-
| 145 || Madana || || '''Randia dumatorum Lam.'''
|-
| 146 || Madhuka || || '''Bassia latifolia Roxb.'''
|-
| 147 || [[Maricha]]|| || '''Piper nigrum L.'''
|-
| 148 || Mamsi || || '''Nardostachys jatamansi D.C'''
|-
| 149 || Mudga || || '''Phaseolus mungo L.'''
|-
| 150 || [[Musta]]|| || '''[[Musta|Cyperus rotundus L.]]'''
|-
| 151 || Murva || || '''Clematis triloba Heyne.'''
|-
| 152 || Mulaka || || '''Raphanus sativus L.'''
|-
| 153 || Yava || || '''Hordeum vulgarae L.'''
|-
| 154 || Yavasaka || || '''Alhagi maumorum Desv.'''
|-
| 155 || Raktotpala || || '''Nymphoea lotus L.'''
|-
| 156 || Rajakshavaka || || '''Doemia extensa Br.'''
|-
| 157 || Rajamasha || || '''Vigna catiang Endl.'''
|-
| 158 || Rajadana || || '''Mimusops hexandra Roxb.'''
|-
| 159 || Rasna || || '''Pluchea lanceolata Oliv.'''
|-
| 160 || Ruha || || '''Loranthus falcatus L.'''
|-
| 161 || Rohini || || '''Soymida febrifuge Juss.'''
|-
| 162 || [[Lashuna]]|| || '''[[Lashuna|Allium sativum L.]]'''
|-
| 163 || Likucha || || '''Artocarpus lokoocha Roxb.'''
|-
| 164 || Lonika || || '''Portulaca oleracea L.'''
|-
| 165 || [[Lodhra]]|| || '''[[Lodhra|Symplocos recemosa Roxb.]]'''
|-
| 166 || Vacha || || '''Acorus calamus L.'''
|-
| 167 || Vanjula || || '''Salix tetrasperma Roxb.'''
|-
| 168 || Varuna || || '''Cratoeva religiosa Forst.'''
|-
| 169 || Vatama || || '''Prunus amygdalus Baill.'''
|-
| 170 || Vartaka || || '''Solanum melongena L.'''
|-
| 171 || Vasa || || '''Adhatoda vasica Nees.'''
|-
| 172 || Vikankata || || '''Gymnosporia Montana Benth.'''
|-
| 173 || [[Vidanga]]|| || '''[[Vidanga|Embelia ribes Burn.]]'''
|-
| 174 || Vidari || || '''Ipomea digitata L.'''
|-
| 175 || [[Shankhapushpi]]|| Shankhahva, Mangalyakusuma, Keshi, Vishnukranta|| '''[[Shankhapushpi|Evolvulus alsinoides L.]]'''
|-
| 176 || Shana || || '''Crotalaria juncea L.'''
|-
| 177 || Shanapushpi || || '''Crotalaria verrucosa L.'''
|-
| 178 || Shatapushpa || || '''Peucedanum graveolens Benth.'''
|-
| 179 || [[Shatavari]]|| || '''[[Shatavari|Asparagus racemosus Willd.]]'''
|-
| 180 || Shami || || '''Prosopis spicigera L.'''
|-
| 181 || Shallaki || || '''Boswellia serrate Roxb.'''
|-
| 182 || Shaliparni || || '''Desmodium gangeticum D.C.'''
|-
| 183 || Shalmali || || '''Bambox malabarica D.C.'''
|-
| 184 || Shimshapa || || '''Dalbergia sisso Roxb.'''
|-
| 185 || Shigru || || '''Moringa pterygosperma Goertn.'''
|-
| 186 || Shirisha || || '''Albezzia lebbeck Benth.'''
|-
| 187 || [[Shunthi|Shringavera]] [[Shunthi|(Shunthi/Aardraka)]]|| || '''Zingiber officinale Rose.'''
|-
| 188 || Shringataka || || '''Trapa bispinosa Roxb.'''
|-
| 189 || Saptaparna || || '''Alstonia scholaris R. Br.'''
|-
| 190 || Sarja || || '''Shorea robusta'''
|-
| 191 || Sarshapa || || '''Brassica campestris L.'''
|-
| 192 || Sariva || || '''Hemmidesmus indicus Br.'''
|-
| 193 || Sudha || || '''Euphorbia nerifolia L.'''
|-
| 194 || Surasa || || '''Ocimum sanctum L.'''
|-
| 195 || Somaraji || || '''Proralea corylifolia L.'''
|-
| 196 || Hamsapadi || || '''Adjantum lunulatum Burm.'''
|-
| 197 || Hapusha || || '''Juniperus communis L.'''
|-
| 198 || Hastidanti || || '''Croton oblongifolius Roxb.'''
|-
| 199 || [[Haridra]]|| || '''[[Haridra|Curcuma longa L.]]'''
|-
| 200 || Hemadugdha || || '''Argimone mexicana L.'''
|}

Herbs details

2026-08-18T15:22:31Z

Agnivesha:

Herbs details:

# [[Amalaki]]
# [[Bibhitaki]]
# [[Haritaki]]
# [[Guduchi]]
# [[Ashwagandha]]
# [[Shunthi]]
# [[Maricha]]
# [[Pippali]]
# [[Chitraka]]
# [[Vidanga]]
# [[Musta]]
# [[Brahmi]]
# [[Shankhapushpi]]
# [[Shatavari]]
# [[Haridra]]
# [[Arjuna]]
# [[Guggulu]]
# [[Yasthimadhu|Yashtimadhu]]
# [[Lodhra]]
# [[Agnimantha]]
# [[Bilva]]
# [[Nimba]]
# [[Lashuna]]
# Punarnava

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants and Botanical Names in Charak Samhita
! Sr. No. !! Sanskrit Name !! Synonyms !! Botanical Name
|-
| 1 || [[Bibhitaki|Aksha]]|| [[Bibhitaki|Bibhitaki, kaliphala, Bhutavasa, Kalidruma]]|| '''[[Bibhitaki|Terminalia bellirica Roxb]]'''
|-
| 2 || Aguru || Agaru, loha, krimija, rajarha || '''Aquilaria agallocha Roxb'''
|-
| 3 || [[Agnimantha]]|| Jaya, Sriparni, Ganikarika, Jayanti, Tarkari, Nadeyi, Vai jayanti || '''[[Agnimantha|Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn.f.]]'''
|-
| 4 || Ankola || Ankoda, Deerghakeela, Nikochaka, Tamraphala, Gupta Sneha || '''Alangium lamarkii Thw., (Alangium salviifolium)'''
|-
| 5 || Ajamoda || Karavi, Deepyaka, Shikhimoda || '''Apium graveolens'''
|-
| 6 || Atasi || uma, picchila, devi, medagandha, madotkata, kshuma, hemavati,masruna || '''Linum usitatissimum Linn.'''
|-
| 7 || Atibala || rishyaprokta, kankatika,Balika, Vatyapushpy, Bhuribala || '''Abutilon indicum. (Link)'''
|-
| 8 || Ativisha || shrungi, virupa, pittadivallabha, shwetvaca, visha, madri || '''Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. Cat.'''
|-
| 9 || Aparajita || Shanhapushpi,Girikarnika, Visnukranta,Sephanda || '''Clitoria ternatea L.'''
|-
| 10 || Apamarga || Shikhari,durgraha, adhashalya, karmanjri, pratyakpushpi || '''Achyranthes aspera Linn.'''
|-
| 11 || Ambashtaki || laghu patha,Uttanaparni, prachina,varatikta, Aviddhakarni,kuchelika || '''Cissampelos pareira Linn'''
|-
| 12 || Amlikakanda || || '''Dioscorea oppositifolia L.'''
|-
| 13 || Arimeda || Irimeda, Vidkhadira || '''Acacia leucophloea Willd.'''
|-
| 14 || Arka || Ravi, Bhanu, Tapana,Tulaphala, vikirana,ksheeraparna || '''Calotropis gigantea'''
|-
| 15 || Arjaka || Barbari,Sheta tulasi || '''Ocimum gratissimum L.'''
|-
| 16 || [[Arjuna]]|| Indradru, Nadisarja, Dhavala, Kakubha, Partha, Shweta vaha, || '''[[Arjuna|Terminalia Arjuna]]'''
|-
| 17 || Avakpushpi || || '''Trichodesma indicum'''
|-
| 18 || Ashoka || Madhupushpa,Raktapallavaka, Hemapushpa, Pindipushpa, Nata, Pallavadru, || '''Saraca indica Linn.'''
|-
| 19 || Ashmantaka || Yugmapatra, yaalapatraka, kanchini || '''Bauhinia racemosa. Lam.'''
|-
| 20 || [[Ashwagandha]]|| [[Ashwagandha|Balada, kamarupini, vajini,Gandhapatri]]|| '''[[Ashwagandha|Withania somnifera]]'''
|-
| 21 || Aswattha || pippala, shrivriksha, sevya,bodhidru, pavitraka,krishnavasa || '''Ficus religiosa L.'''
|-
| 22 || Asana || Beejaka, Vijayasara || '''Bridelia Montana Wall., Pterocarpus marsupium'''
|-
| 23 || Akhuparni || vriddhadaru, akhukarni, shubhashreni, krushika, dravanti || '''Ipomoea reniformis Chois.'''
|-
| 24 || Adhaki || Tuvari, Shanapushpika, Kalavrunta || '''Cajanus indicus Spreng'''
|-
| 25 || Atmagupta || Kapikachu, kapiloma, swayamgupta,Markati || '''Mucuna pruriens D.C.'''
|-
| 26 || [[Amalaki]]|| [[Amalaki|Dhatri, Dhatriphala, Sriphala, Vayastha,vayasya]]|| '''[[Amalaki|Phyllanthus emblica L./ Emblica officinalis]]'''
|-
| 27 || Amra || Madhuphala, Madhuli, Madhavadruma, Sahakara, parapushta || '''Manjifera indica L.'''
|-
| 28 || Ikshu || Asipatra, Bhurirasa, Dirghacchada, Gudamula, Trnarasa || '''Saccharum officinarum L.'''
|-
| 29 || Ikshuraka || Kokilaksha? || '''Hygrophila spinosa T.Anderson'''
|-
| 30 || Ingudi || Higupatra, Tapasadruma,Angaravruksha,Pootikantaka || '''Balanites roxburghii Plauch., (Balanites aegyptiaca (Linn) Del.)'''
|-
| 31 || Itkada || Utkata, Vanajayanti || '''Sesbania aculeate Pers.'''
|-
| 32 || Ucchadaka || Uttingana? || '''Blepharis edulis Pers.'''
|-
| 33 || Udumbara || || '''Ficus glomerata Roxb., ( Ficus racemosa)'''
|-
| 34 || Upodika || || '''Basella rubra L.'''
|-
| 35 || Eraka || || '''Typha elephantine Roxb.'''
|-
| 36 || Ervaru || || '''Cucumis utilissimus L.'''
|-
| 37 || Eranda || || '''Ricinus communis L.'''
|-
| 38 || Katutumbi || || '''Lagenaria Vulgaris Ser.'''
|-
| 39 || Katuphala || || '''Hibiscus abelmoschus L.'''
|-
| 40 || Kandakari || || '''Solanum xanthocarpum Sche.'''
|-
| 41 || Kadamba || || '''Anthocephalus cadamba Miq.'''
|-
| 42 || Kadara || || '''Acacia Senegal Willd.'''
|-
| 43 || Kapittha || || '''Feronia elephantanum Correa.'''
|-
| 44 || Karamarda || || '''Carissa carandas L.'''
|-
| 45 || Karavira || || '''Nerium odorum Soland'''
|-
| 46 || Karira || || '''Copparis aphylla Roth'''
|-
| 47 || Karanja || || '''Pongamia glabra Vent.'''
|-
| 48 || Karkatashrungi || || '''Rhuus succedanea L.'''
|-
| 49 || Karkandhu || || '''Zizyphus nummularia W.C.'''
|-
| 50 || Karpura || || '''Dryobalanops aromatic Goertn.'''
|-
| 51 || Kalaya || || '''Lathyrus sativus L.'''
|-
| 52 || Kasheruka || || '''Seirpus kysoor R.'''
|-
| 53 || Kakamachi || || '''Solanum nigrum L.'''
|-
| 54 || Karavellika || || '''Momordica charantia L.'''
|-
| 55 || Karpasa || || '''Gossypium herbacum L.'''
|-
| 56 || Kalanusariva || || '''Ichnocarpus frutenscens Br.'''
|-
| 57 || Kashmari || || '''Gmelina arborea L.'''
|-
| 58 || Kasamarda || || '''Cassia occidentalis L.'''
|-
| 59 || Kiratatikta || || '''Swertia chirata Ham.'''
|-
| 60 || Kutaja || || '''Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall.'''
|-
| 61 || Kutumbaka || || '''Leucas linifolia Spreng.'''
|-
| 62 || Kumarajeeva || || '''Putranjiva roxburghii Wall.'''
|-
| 63 || Kumbhi || || '''Careya arborea R.'''
|-
| 64 || Kurandaka || || '''Barleria prionitis L.'''
|-
| 65 || Kusumbha || || '''Carathmus tinctoricus L.'''
|-
| 66 || Kovidara || || '''Bauhinia variegate L.'''
|-
| 67 || Koshataki || || '''Luffa acutangula varamara Clerke'''
|-
| 68 || Koshamra || || '''Scheleichera trijuga Willd.'''
|-
| 69 || Kumkuma || || '''Crocus sativus L.'''
|-
| 70 || Khadira || || '''Acacia catechu Willd.'''
|-
| 71 || [[Guggulu]]|| || '''[[Guggulu|Commiphora/Balsamodendron mukul Hook.]]'''
|-
| 72 || Gunja || || '''Abrus precatorius L.'''
|-
| 73 || [[Guduchi]]|| || '''[[Guduchi|Tinospora cordifolia Miers.]]'''
|-
| 74 || Gokshuraka || || '''Tribulus terrestris L.'''
|-
| 75 || Gojihwa || || '''Elephantopus scaber L.'''
|-
| 76 || Chakramarda || || '''Cassia tora L.'''
|-
| 77 || Chanchu || || '''Corchorus oilitorius L.'''
|-
| 78 || Chandana || || '''Santalum album L.'''
|-
| 79 || Charmakasha || || '''Acacia concinna D.C.'''
|-
| 80 || Charngeri || || '''Oxalis corniculata L.'''
|-
| 81 || [[Chitraka]]|| || '''[[Chitraka|Plumbago zeylanica L.]]'''
|-
| 82 || Chirabilva || || '''Holoptelia integrifolia Planch.'''
|-
| 83 || Chirmata || || '''Cucumis melo L.'''
|-
| 84 || Chilli || || '''Chenopodium album L.'''
|-
| 85 || Choraka || || '''Agelica glauca Edgew.'''
|-
| 86 || jambu || || '''Eugenia jambos Lamk.'''
|-
| 87 || jaya || || '''Sesbania egyptica Pers.'''
|-
| 88 || jalapippali || || '''Lippia nodiflora Rich.'''
|-
| 89 || Jati || || '''Myristica fragrens Houtt.'''
|-
| 90 || Jingini || || '''Odina wodier Roxb.'''
|-
| 91 || Jeeraka || || '''Cuminum cyminum L.'''
|-
| 92 || Jyotishmati || || '''Celestrus paniculata Willd.'''
|-
| 93 || Tamala || || '''Cinnamomum tamala Fr. Nees.'''
|-
| 94 || Tintidika || || '''Tamarindus indica L.'''
|-
| 95 || Tinduka || || '''Diospyros embryopteris Pers.'''
|-
| 96 || Tila || || '''Sesamum indicum L.'''
|-
| 97 || Tilaparni || || '''Gynandropis pentaphylla D.C'''
|-
| 98 || Tumburu || || '''Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb.'''
|-
| 99 || Tuda || || '''Morus indica L.'''
|-
| 100 || Trivrut || || '''Ipomea turpethum Br.'''
|-
| 101 || Dadima || || '''Punica granatum L.'''
|-
| 102 || Daruharidra || || '''Berberis aristata D.C'''
|-
| 103 || Dipyaka || || '''Carum copticum Benth.'''
|-
| 104 || Dugdhika || || '''Euphorbia pilulifera L.'''
|-
| 105 || Duralabha || || '''Fagonia Arabica L.'''
|-
| 106 || Durva || || '''Cynodon dactylon Pers.'''
|-
| 107 || Draksha || || '''Vitis vinifera L.'''
|-
| 108 || Dhanvana || || '''Grewia tiliefolia Vahl.'''
|-
| 109 || Dhava || || '''Anogeisssus latifolia Wall.'''
|-
| 110 || Dhataki || || '''Woodfordia floribunda Slisb.'''
|-
| 111 || Dhanyaka || || '''Coriandrum sativum'''
|-
| 112 || Nanditaka || || '''Ficus retusa L.'''
|-
| 113 || Nalika || || '''Onosma echioides L.'''
|-
| 114 || Naranga || || '''Citrus aurantium L.'''
|-
| 115 || Nadi || || '''Ipomea aquatica Forsk.'''
|-
| 116 || [[Nimba]]|| || '''[[Nimba|Azadirachta indica]] '''
|-
| 117 || Nirgundi || || '''Vitex negundo L.'''
|-
| 118 || Nilika || || '''Indigofera tinctoria L.'''
|-
| 119 || Nyagrodha || || '''Ficus bengalensis L.'''
|-
| 120 || Patola || || '''Trichosanthes dioica Roxb.'''
|-
| 121 || Patra || || '''Cinnamomum iners Reinw.'''
|-
| 122 || Padmaka || || '''Prunus puddum Roxb.'''
|-
| 123 || Parushaka || || '''Grewia asiatica L.'''
|-
| 124 || Parpataka || || '''Rangia repens Nees.'''
|-
| 125 || Paravata || || '''Psidium guyava L.'''
|-
| 126 || Pashanabheda || || '''Saxifraga lingulata Wall.'''
|-
| 127 || [[Pippali]]|| || '''[[Pippali|Piper longum L.]]'''
|-
| 128 || Pilu || || '''Salvadora persica L.'''
|-
| 129 || [[Punarnava]]|| || '''[[Punarnava|Boerhavia diffusa L.]]'''
|-
| 130 || Prasarani || || '''Pederia fetida L.'''
|-
| 131 || Prachinamalaka || || '''Flacourtia cataphracta Roxb.'''
|-
| 132 || Piyala || || '''Aglaia roxburghiana Miq.'''
|-
| 133 || Plaksha || || '''Ficus tsiela Roxb.'''
|-
| 134 || Phenila || || '''Sapindus trifoliatus L.'''
|-
| 135 || Bakula || || '''Mimusops elengi L.'''
|-
| 136 || Badara || || '''Zizyphus jujube Lamk.'''
|-
| 137 || [[Bilva]]|| || '''[[Bilva|Aegle marmelos Corr.]]'''
|-
| 138 || Bijaka || || '''Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.'''
|-
| 139 || Bijapuraka || || '''Citrus medica L.'''
|-
| 140 || Bruhati || || '''Solanum indicum L.'''
|-
| 141 || [[Brahmi]]|| || '''[[Brahmi|Bacopa monnieri]]'''
|-
| 142 || Bhavya || || '''Dillenia indica L.'''
|-
| 143 || Bhrigaraja || || '''Eclipta alba Hassk.'''
|-
| 144 || Mandukaparni || || '''Hydrocotyle asiatica L.'''
|-
| 145 || Madana || || '''Randia dumatorum Lam.'''
|-
| 146 || Madhuka || || '''Bassia latifolia Roxb.'''
|-
| 147 || [[Maricha]]|| || '''Piper nigrum L.'''
|-
| 148 || Mamsi || || '''Nardostachys jatamansi D.C'''
|-
| 149 || Mudga || || '''Phaseolus mungo L.'''
|-
| 150 || [[Musta]]|| || '''[[Musta|Cyperus rotundus L.]]'''
|-
| 151 || Murva || || '''Clematis triloba Heyne.'''
|-
| 152 || Mulaka || || '''Raphanus sativus L.'''
|-
| 153 || Yava || || '''Hordeum vulgarae L.'''
|-
| 154 || Yavasaka || || '''Alhagi maumorum Desv.'''
|-
| 155 || Raktotpala || || '''Nymphoea lotus L.'''
|-
| 156 || Rajakshavaka || || '''Doemia extensa Br.'''
|-
| 157 || Rajamasha || || '''Vigna catiang Endl.'''
|-
| 158 || Rajadana || || '''Mimusops hexandra Roxb.'''
|-
| 159 || Rasna || || '''Pluchea lanceolata Oliv.'''
|-
| 160 || Ruha || || '''Loranthus falcatus L.'''
|-
| 161 || Rohini || || '''Soymida febrifuge Juss.'''
|-
| 162 || [[Lashuna]]|| || '''[[Lashuna|Allium sativum L.]]'''
|-
| 163 || Likucha || || '''Artocarpus lokoocha Roxb.'''
|-
| 164 || Lonika || || '''Portulaca oleracea L.'''
|-
| 165 || [[Lodhra]]|| || '''[[Lodhra|Symplocos recemosa Roxb.]]'''
|-
| 166 || Vacha || || '''Acorus calamus L.'''
|-
| 167 || Vanjula || || '''Salix tetrasperma Roxb.'''
|-
| 168 || Varuna || || '''Cratoeva religiosa Forst.'''
|-
| 169 || Vatama || || '''Prunus amygdalus Baill.'''
|-
| 170 || Vartaka || || '''Solanum melongena L.'''
|-
| 171 || Vasa || || '''Adhatoda vasica Nees.'''
|-
| 172 || Vikankata || || '''Gymnosporia Montana Benth.'''
|-
| 173 || [[Vidanga]]|| || '''[[Vidanga|Embelia ribes Burn.]]'''
|-
| 174 || Vidari || || '''Ipomea digitata L.'''
|-
| 175 || [[Shankhapushpi]]|| Shankhahva, Mangalyakusuma, Keshi, Vishnukranta|| '''[[Shankhapushpi|Evolvulus alsinoides L.]]'''
|-
| 176 || Shana || || '''Crotalaria juncea L.'''
|-
| 177 || Shanapushpi || || '''Crotalaria verrucosa L.'''
|-
| 178 || Shatapushpa || || '''Peucedanum graveolens Benth.'''
|-
| 179 || [[Shatavari]]|| || '''[[Shatavari|Asparagus racemosus Willd.]]'''
|-
| 180 || Shami || || '''Prosopis spicigera L.'''
|-
| 181 || Shallaki || || '''Boswellia serrate Roxb.'''
|-
| 182 || Shaliparni || || '''Desmodium gangeticum D.C.'''
|-
| 183 || Shalmali || || '''Bambox malabarica D.C.'''
|-
| 184 || Shimshapa || || '''Dalbergia sisso Roxb.'''
|-
| 185 || Shigru || || '''Moringa pterygosperma Goertn.'''
|-
| 186 || Shirisha || || '''Albezzia lebbeck Benth.'''
|-
| 187 || [[Shunthi|Shringavera]] [[Shunthi|(Shunthi/Aardraka)]]|| || '''Zingiber officinale Rose.'''
|-
| 188 || Shringataka || || '''Trapa bispinosa Roxb.'''
|-
| 189 || Saptaparna || || '''Alstonia scholaris R. Br.'''
|-
| 190 || Sarja || || '''Shorea robusta'''
|-
| 191 || Sarshapa || || '''Brassica campestris L.'''
|-
| 192 || Sariva || || '''Hemmidesmus indicus Br.'''
|-
| 193 || Sudha || || '''Euphorbia nerifolia L.'''
|-
| 194 || Surasa || || '''Ocimum sanctum L.'''
|-
| 195 || Somaraji || || '''Proralea corylifolia L.'''
|-
| 196 || Hamsapadi || || '''Adjantum lunulatum Burm.'''
|-
| 197 || Hapusha || || '''Juniperus communis L.'''
|-
| 198 || Hastidanti || || '''Croton oblongifolius Roxb.'''
|-
| 199 || [[Haridra]]|| || '''[[Haridra|Curcuma longa L.]]'''
|-
| 200 || Hemadugdha || || '''Argimone mexicana L.'''
|}

Punarnava

2026-08-18T15:20:05Z

Agnivesha:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= Punarnava, Boerhavia diffusa, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=Punarnava (Boerhavia diffusa L., family Nyctaginaceae) is a rejuvenative (Rasayana) medicinal plant widely studied for its nephroprotective, hepatoprotective, and immunomodulatory properties.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boerhavia_diffusa Boerhavia diffusa Linn.]

{{Infobox
|title = Punarnava
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Punarnava
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Boerhavia diffusa Linn.
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Nyctaginaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = Team Dravyaguna
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}
[[File:Punarnava.jpg|thumb|'''Punarnava (''Boerhavia diffusa'')''']]
'''Punarnava''' (''Boerhavia diffusa'' L., family Nyctaginaceae) is a rejuvenative (''Rasayana'') medicinal plant widely studied for its nephroprotective, hepatoprotective, and immunomodulatory properties.

==English name ==

Spreading hogweed

==Therapeutic use==
Shotha(oedema), Pandu(Anemia and diseases due to blood deficiency)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1:60</ref>

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==

Punarnava, Shothaghni(reduse oedema), Varshabhu(it is perennial plant gets regenerated during rainy season ), Kshudravarshabhu, Katthillak, Varshaketu(regenerates in varsha rutu), Vrushchira, Kathillaka

==Synonyms in Bhavprakash Nighantu==
Shwetamula(root is white in colour), Dirghapatrika<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, guduchyadi Varga, Verse no. 231, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020;</ref>

==Varieties==
===According to bhavprakash nighantu===
# Shweta punarnava
# Rakta punarnava
===According to rajanighantu===
Mentioned 3 types<ref>Dr. Indradev Tripathi , Raja Nighantu of pandit Narhari, ed.2016, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi ,parpatadi varga verse 116,120,122</ref>
# Shweta punarnava
# Rakta punarnava
# Nila punarnava

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Sweet (madhura), Bitter (tikta), Astringent (kashaya)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[vata]], [[pitta]] and [[kapha]]
|}
== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/12 || Asthapana(Herbs used in Therapeutic Enema)
|-
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(22) || Svedopaga mahakashaya(helping dia-phoresis/sudation)
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(26) || Anuvasanopag mahakashaya(unctuous enema)
|-
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(36) || Kasahara mahakashaya (relieving cough)
|-
| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(50) || Vayasthapana mahakashaya (anti-ageing)
|-
|6
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/96
|Shaka Varga(group of vegetables)
|-
|7
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135
|Vamana dravyani (List of medicines used in therapeutic emesis)
|-
|8
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/136
|Vamana dravyani (List of medicines used in therapeutic emesis)
|-
|9
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135
|Vamana dravyani (List of medicines used in therapeutic emesis)
|-
|10
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/136
|Virechana Dravya (List of medicines used in therapeutic purgation)
|-
|11
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/139
|Madhura skandha(group of sweet drugs)
|-
|12
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/143
|Tikta skandha(group of bitter drugs)
|-
|13
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/43
|In formulation of Brahma rasayana
|-
|14
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/1/26
|Ingredient in Bruhaniya Gutika
|-
|15
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267
|As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
|-
|16
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/189
|As shaka-pathya ahara.
|-
|17
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267
|As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
|-
|18
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/125
|Bahyaprayogarth Lepa in Vata-Kaphaja Kushtha
|-
|19
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/79
|Ingredient in Shira-Parshva–Ansa Shula nashak lepa
|-
|20
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/170
|Ingredient in Strotosuddhikar Ghrita
|-
|21
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/175
|As a Utsadan dravya Bahyaprayogarth(external treatment)
|-
|22
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/26
|Rakta shthivan (treatment of excessive bleeding)
|-
|23
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/36
|Ingredient in Amrutprash Ghrita
|-
|24
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/56
|Ingredient in Dvitiya Sarpiguda
|-
|25
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/66
|Ingredient in Chaturtha Sarpiguda
|-
|26
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/36
|Ingredient in Amrutprash Ghrita
|-
|27
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/22
|In treatment of Kaphaja Shvayathu
|-
|28
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/23
|In treatment of Vataja Shvayathu
|-
|29
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/25
|In treatment of Vataja Shvayathu
|-
|30
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/34
|Ingredient in Punarnavadyarishta
|-
|31
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/73
|As an Unmardan dravya in Kaphaja Shvayathu
|-
|32
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/53
|As an ingredient of Kashmaryadi ghrita, used in the treatment of Vataja yoni
|-
|33
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/93
|As an ingredient of Punarnava Mandura
|-
|34
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/119
|As an ingredient of Vyoshadi Ghrita
|-
|35
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/127
|As an ingredient of Kantakari ghrita
|-
|36
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/177
|As an ingredient of Jivantyadi leha
|-
|37
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/53
|As an ingredient of Kakandadi yoga
|-
|38
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/61, 64
|As an ingredient of Jeevaniya Ghrita
|-
|39
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/73
|As an ingredient of Jeevakadi mahasneha
|-
|40
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/103
|As an ingredient of Amrutadya taila
|}

==DOSE==
* 20-30 g of the drug for decoction<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1:60</ref>

==Important formulation==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1:60</ref>
* Punarnavashtak kwatha
* Punarnavasava
* Punarnavadi mandura
* Sukumara ghruta

== Current availability==

Available

== Current researches ==
== Phytochemical Profile ==
* '''Alkaloids:''' Punarnavine
* '''Rotenoids:''' Boeravinones A through J
* '''Flavonoids & Phenols:''' Quercetin, kaempferol, and caffeic acid derivatives
* '''Lignans & Sterols:''' Liriodendrin, β-sitosterol, and ursolic acid

== Therapeutic Efficacy & Pharmacological Evidence ==

=== Renoprotective & Diuretic Activity ===
Punarnava enhances renal clearance, reduces edema, and lowers blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine. Aqueous root extracts significantly attenuate nephrotoxicity by reducing lipid peroxidation and restoring renal superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase levels.<ref name="Pareta2011">Pareta, S. K., Patra, K. C., Mazumder, P. M., & Sasmal, D. (2011). Aqueous extract of ''Boerhaavia diffusa'' root ameliorates ethylene glycol-induced hyperoxaluric oxidative stress and renal injury in rat kidney. ''Pharmaceutical Biology'', 49(12), 1224–1233. https://doi.org/10.3109/13880209.2011.581671</ref>

=== Hepatoprotective Action ===
Boeravinones and flavonoids protect hepatic parenchyma against toxic insults and normalize elevated liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP). Root extracts markedly prevent carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity, preserving intracellular glycogen levels and liver cytoarchitecture.<ref name="Rawat1997">Rawat, A. K. S., Mehrotra, S., Tripathi, S. C., & Shome, U. (1997). Hepatoprotective activity of ''Boerhaavia diffusa'' L. roots – a popular Indian ethnomedicine. ''Journal of Ethnopharmacology'', 56(1), 61–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(96)01507-3</ref>

=== Anti-Inflammatory & Immunomodulatory Effects ===
The herb inhibits pro-inflammatory cascades by suppressing NF-κB activation and downregulating cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. Isolated punarnavine enhances cell-mediated immunity, increases total white blood cell count, and inhibits tumor-directed angiogenesis.<ref name="Manu2009">Manu, K. A., & Kuttan, G. (2009). Immunomodulatory activities of Punarnavine, an alkaloid from ''Boerhaavia diffusa''. ''Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology'', 31(3), 377–387. https://doi.org/10.1080/08923970802702036</ref>

=== Cardioprotective & Antihypertensive Effects ===
Its diuretic effect reduces vascular pre-load without inducing severe potassium depletion, while constituent rotenoids demonstrate vasorelaxant activity. Isolated boeravinones exhibit calcium channel-blocking activity, providing a mechanistic basis for its antihypertensive action.<ref name="Lami1991">Lami, N., Kadota, S., & Kikuchi, T. (1991). Constituents of the roots of ''Boerhaavia diffusa'' L. Isolation and structure determination of boeravinones D, E, and F. ''Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin'', 39(7), 1863–1865. https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.39.1863</ref>

=== Antioxidant & Antidiabetic Activity ===
Free-radical scavenging prevents cellular oxidative stress in endocrine tissues. Administration of leaf extract significantly reduces blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin while bolstering endogenous antioxidant enzyme activity in diabetic models.<ref name="Satheesh2004">Satheesh, M. A., & Pari, L. (2004). Antioxidant action of ''Boerhavia diffusa'' L. in tissues of alloxan induced diabetic rats. ''Journal of Medical Food'', 7(4), 472–476. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2004.7.472</ref>

== Dosage & Safety ==
* '''Standard Dosage:''' Churna (root powder): 3–6 g daily; Kwath (decoction): 20–30 mL twice daily.
* '''Safety Profile:''' High margin of safety (oral LD50 > 2000 mg/kg in acute toxicity rodent studies). Use with monitoring in cardiac patients taking digitalis due to potential diuretic-mediated electrolyte shifts.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Boerhavia%20diffusa IMPPAT database]
[[index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals|Herbs]]

File:Punarnava.jpg

2026-08-18T15:18:34Z

Agnivesha:

Punarnava

2026-08-18T15:16:44Z

Agnivesha:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= Punarnava, Boerhavia diffusa, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=Punarnava (Boerhavia diffusa L., family Nyctaginaceae) is a rejuvenative (Rasayana) medicinal plant widely studied for its nephroprotective, hepatoprotective, and immunomodulatory properties.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boerhavia_diffusa Boerhavia diffusa Linn.]

{{Infobox
|title = Punarnava
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Punarnava
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Boerhavia diffusa Linn.
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Nyctaginaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = Team Dravyaguna
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''Punarnava''' (''Boerhavia diffusa'' L., family Nyctaginaceae) is a rejuvenative (''Rasayana'') medicinal plant widely studied for its nephroprotective, hepatoprotective, and immunomodulatory properties.

==English name ==

Spreading hogweed

==Therapeutic use==
Shotha(oedema), Pandu(Anemia and diseases due to blood deficiency)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1:60</ref>

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==

Punarnava, Shothaghni(reduse oedema), Varshabhu(it is perennial plant gets regenerated during rainy season ), Kshudravarshabhu, Katthillak, Varshaketu(regenerates in varsha rutu), Vrushchira, Kathillaka

==Synonyms in bhavprakash nighantu==
Shwetamula(root is white in colour), Dirghapatrika<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, guduchyadi Varga, Verse no. 231, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020;</ref>

==Varieties==
===According to bhavprakash nighantu===
# Shweta punarnava
# Rakta punarnava
===According to rajanighantu===
Mentioned 3 types<ref>Dr. Indradev Tripathi , Raja Nighantu of pandit Narhari, ed.2016, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi ,parpatadi varga verse 116,120,122</ref>
# Shweta punarnava
# Rakta punarnava
# Nila punarnava

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Sweet (madhura), Bitter (tikta), Astringent (kashaya)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[vata]], [[pitta]] and [[kapha]]
|}
== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/12 || Asthapana(Herbs used in Therapeutic Enema)
|-
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(22) || Svedopaga mahakashaya(helping dia-phoresis/sudation)
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(26) || Anuvasanopag mahakashaya(unctuous enema)
|-
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(36) || Kasahara mahakashaya (relieving cough)
|-
| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(50) || Vayasthapana mahakashaya (anti-ageing)
|-
|6
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/96
|Shaka Varga(group of vegetables)
|-
|7
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135
|Vamana dravyani (List of medicines used in therapeutic emesis)
|-
|8
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/136
|Vamana dravyani (List of medicines used in therapeutic emesis)
|-
|9
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135
|Vamana dravyani (List of medicines used in therapeutic emesis)
|-
|10
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/136
|Virechana Dravya (List of medicines used in therapeutic purgation)
|-
|11
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/139
|Madhura skandha(group of sweet drugs)
|-
|12
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/143
|Tikta skandha(group of bitter drugs)
|-
|13
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/43
|In formulation of Brahma rasayana
|-
|14
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/1/26
|Ingredient in Bruhaniya Gutika
|-
|15
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267
|As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
|-
|16
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/189
|As shaka-pathya ahara.
|-
|17
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267
|As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
|-
|18
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/125
|Bahyaprayogarth Lepa in Vata-Kaphaja Kushtha
|-
|19
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/79
|Ingredient in Shira-Parshva–Ansa Shula nashak lepa
|-
|20
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/170
|Ingredient in Strotosuddhikar Ghrita
|-
|21
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/175
|As a Utsadan dravya Bahyaprayogarth(external treatment)
|-
|22
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/26
|Rakta shthivan (treatment of excessive bleeding)
|-
|23
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/36
|Ingredient in Amrutprash Ghrita
|-
|24
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/56
|Ingredient in Dvitiya Sarpiguda
|-
|25
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/66
|Ingredient in Chaturtha Sarpiguda
|-
|26
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/36
|Ingredient in Amrutprash Ghrita
|-
|27
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/22
|In treatment of Kaphaja Shvayathu
|-
|28
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/23
|In treatment of Vataja Shvayathu
|-
|29
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/25
|In treatment of Vataja Shvayathu
|-
|30
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/34
|Ingredient in Punarnavadyarishta
|-
|31
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/73
|As an Unmardan dravya in Kaphaja Shvayathu
|-
|32
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/53
|As an ingredient of Kashmaryadi ghrita, used in the treatment of Vataja yoni
|-
|33
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/93
|As an ingredient of Punarnava Mandura
|-
|34
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/119
|As an ingredient of Vyoshadi Ghrita
|-
|35
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/127
|As an ingredient of Kantakari ghrita
|-
|36
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/177
|As an ingredient of Jivantyadi leha
|-
|37
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/53
|As an ingredient of Kakandadi yoga
|-
|38
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/61, 64
|As an ingredient of Jeevaniya Ghrita
|-
|39
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/73
|As an ingredient of Jeevakadi mahasneha
|-
|40
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/103
|As an ingredient of Amrutadya taila
|}

==DOSE==
* 20-30 g of the drug for decoction<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1:60</ref>

==Important formulation==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1:60</ref>
* Punarnavashtak kwatha
* Punarnavasava
* Punarnavadi mandura
* Sukumara ghruta

== Current availability==

Available

== Current researches ==
== Phytochemical Profile ==
* '''Alkaloids:''' Punarnavine
* '''Rotenoids:''' Boeravinones A through J
* '''Flavonoids & Phenols:''' Quercetin, kaempferol, and caffeic acid derivatives
* '''Lignans & Sterols:''' Liriodendrin, β-sitosterol, and ursolic acid

== Therapeutic Efficacy & Pharmacological Evidence ==

=== Renoprotective & Diuretic Activity ===
Punarnava enhances renal clearance, reduces edema, and lowers blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine. Aqueous root extracts significantly attenuate nephrotoxicity by reducing lipid peroxidation and restoring renal superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase levels.<ref name="Pareta2011">Pareta, S. K., Patra, K. C., Mazumder, P. M., & Sasmal, D. (2011). Aqueous extract of ''Boerhaavia diffusa'' root ameliorates ethylene glycol-induced hyperoxaluric oxidative stress and renal injury in rat kidney. ''Pharmaceutical Biology'', 49(12), 1224–1233. https://doi.org/10.3109/13880209.2011.581671</ref>

=== Hepatoprotective Action ===
Boeravinones and flavonoids protect hepatic parenchyma against toxic insults and normalize elevated liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP). Root extracts markedly prevent carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity, preserving intracellular glycogen levels and liver cytoarchitecture.<ref name="Rawat1997">Rawat, A. K. S., Mehrotra, S., Tripathi, S. C., & Shome, U. (1997). Hepatoprotective activity of ''Boerhaavia diffusa'' L. roots – a popular Indian ethnomedicine. ''Journal of Ethnopharmacology'', 56(1), 61–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(96)01507-3</ref>

=== Anti-Inflammatory & Immunomodulatory Effects ===
The herb inhibits pro-inflammatory cascades by suppressing NF-κB activation and downregulating cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. Isolated punarnavine enhances cell-mediated immunity, increases total white blood cell count, and inhibits tumor-directed angiogenesis.<ref name="Manu2009">Manu, K. A., & Kuttan, G. (2009). Immunomodulatory activities of Punarnavine, an alkaloid from ''Boerhaavia diffusa''. ''Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology'', 31(3), 377–387. https://doi.org/10.1080/08923970802702036</ref>

=== Cardioprotective & Antihypertensive Effects ===
Its diuretic effect reduces vascular pre-load without inducing severe potassium depletion, while constituent rotenoids demonstrate vasorelaxant activity. Isolated boeravinones exhibit calcium channel-blocking activity, providing a mechanistic basis for its antihypertensive action.<ref name="Lami1991">Lami, N., Kadota, S., & Kikuchi, T. (1991). Constituents of the roots of ''Boerhaavia diffusa'' L. Isolation and structure determination of boeravinones D, E, and F. ''Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin'', 39(7), 1863–1865. https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.39.1863</ref>

=== Antioxidant & Antidiabetic Activity ===
Free-radical scavenging prevents cellular oxidative stress in endocrine tissues. Administration of leaf extract significantly reduces blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin while bolstering endogenous antioxidant enzyme activity in diabetic models.<ref name="Satheesh2004">Satheesh, M. A., & Pari, L. (2004). Antioxidant action of ''Boerhavia diffusa'' L. in tissues of alloxan induced diabetic rats. ''Journal of Medical Food'', 7(4), 472–476. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2004.7.472</ref>

== Dosage & Safety ==
* '''Standard Dosage:''' Churna (root powder): 3–6 g daily; Kwath (decoction): 20–30 mL twice daily.
* '''Safety Profile:''' High margin of safety (oral LD50 > 2000 mg/kg in acute toxicity rodent studies). Use with monitoring in cardiac patients taking digitalis due to potential diuretic-mediated electrolyte shifts.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Boerhavia%20diffusa IMPPAT database]
[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals|Herbs]]

Herbs details

2026-08-17T07:12:12Z

Agnivesha:

Herbs details:

# [[Amalaki]]
# [[Bibhitaki]]
# [[Haritaki]]
# [[Guduchi]]
# [[Ashwagandha]]
# [[Shunthi]]
# [[Maricha]]
# [[Pippali]]
# [[Chitraka]]
# [[Vidanga]]
# [[Musta]]
# [[Brahmi]]
# [[Shankhapushpi]]
# [[Shatavari]]
# [[Haridra]]
# [[Arjuna]]
# [[Guggulu]]
# [[Yasthimadhu|Yashtimadhu]]
# [[Lodhra]]
# [[Agnimantha]]
# [[Bilva]]
# [[Nimba]]
# [[Lashuna]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants and Botanical Names in Charak Samhita
! Sr. No. !! Sanskrit Name !! Synonyms !! Botanical Name
|-
| 1 || [[Bibhitaki|Aksha]]|| [[Bibhitaki|Bibhitaki, kaliphala, Bhutavasa, Kalidruma]]|| '''[[Bibhitaki|Terminalia bellirica Roxb]]'''
|-
| 2 || Aguru || Agaru, loha, krimija, rajarha || '''Aquilaria agallocha Roxb'''
|-
| 3 || [[Agnimantha]]|| Jaya, Sriparni, Ganikarika, Jayanti, Tarkari, Nadeyi, Vai jayanti || '''[[Agnimantha|Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn.f.]]'''
|-
| 4 || Ankola || Ankoda, Deerghakeela, Nikochaka, Tamraphala, Gupta Sneha || '''Alangium lamarkii Thw., (Alangium salviifolium)'''
|-
| 5 || Ajamoda || Karavi, Deepyaka, Shikhimoda || '''Apium graveolens'''
|-
| 6 || Atasi || uma, picchila, devi, medagandha, madotkata, kshuma, hemavati,masruna || '''Linum usitatissimum Linn.'''
|-
| 7 || Atibala || rishyaprokta, kankatika,Balika, Vatyapushpy, Bhuribala || '''Abutilon indicum. (Link)'''
|-
| 8 || Ativisha || shrungi, virupa, pittadivallabha, shwetvaca, visha, madri || '''Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. Cat.'''
|-
| 9 || Aparajita || Shanhapushpi,Girikarnika, Visnukranta,Sephanda || '''Clitoria ternatea L.'''
|-
| 10 || Apamarga || Shikhari,durgraha, adhashalya, karmanjri, pratyakpushpi || '''Achyranthes aspera Linn.'''
|-
| 11 || Ambashtaki || laghu patha,Uttanaparni, prachina,varatikta, Aviddhakarni,kuchelika || '''Cissampelos pareira Linn'''
|-
| 12 || Amlikakanda || || '''Dioscorea oppositifolia L.'''
|-
| 13 || Arimeda || Irimeda, Vidkhadira || '''Acacia leucophloea Willd.'''
|-
| 14 || Arka || Ravi, Bhanu, Tapana,Tulaphala, vikirana,ksheeraparna || '''Calotropis gigantea'''
|-
| 15 || Arjaka || Barbari,Sheta tulasi || '''Ocimum gratissimum L.'''
|-
| 16 || [[Arjuna]]|| Indradru, Nadisarja, Dhavala, Kakubha, Partha, Shweta vaha, || '''[[Arjuna|Terminalia Arjuna]]'''
|-
| 17 || Avakpushpi || || '''Trichodesma indicum'''
|-
| 18 || Ashoka || Madhupushpa,Raktapallavaka, Hemapushpa, Pindipushpa, Nata, Pallavadru, || '''Saraca indica Linn.'''
|-
| 19 || Ashmantaka || Yugmapatra, yaalapatraka, kanchini || '''Bauhinia racemosa. Lam.'''
|-
| 20 || [[Ashwagandha]]|| [[Ashwagandha|Balada, kamarupini, vajini,Gandhapatri]]|| '''[[Ashwagandha|Withania somnifera]]'''
|-
| 21 || Aswattha || pippala, shrivriksha, sevya,bodhidru, pavitraka,krishnavasa || '''Ficus religiosa L.'''
|-
| 22 || Asana || Beejaka, Vijayasara || '''Bridelia Montana Wall., Pterocarpus marsupium'''
|-
| 23 || Akhuparni || vriddhadaru, akhukarni, shubhashreni, krushika, dravanti || '''Ipomoea reniformis Chois.'''
|-
| 24 || Adhaki || Tuvari, Shanapushpika, Kalavrunta || '''Cajanus indicus Spreng'''
|-
| 25 || Atmagupta || Kapikachu, kapiloma, swayamgupta,Markati || '''Mucuna pruriens D.C.'''
|-
| 26 || [[Amalaki]]|| [[Amalaki|Dhatri, Dhatriphala, Sriphala, Vayastha,vayasya]]|| '''[[Amalaki|Phyllanthus emblica L./ Emblica officinalis]]'''
|-
| 27 || Amra || Madhuphala, Madhuli, Madhavadruma, Sahakara, parapushta || '''Manjifera indica L.'''
|-
| 28 || Ikshu || Asipatra, Bhurirasa, Dirghacchada, Gudamula, Trnarasa || '''Saccharum officinarum L.'''
|-
| 29 || Ikshuraka || Kokilaksha? || '''Hygrophila spinosa T.Anderson'''
|-
| 30 || Ingudi || Higupatra, Tapasadruma,Angaravruksha,Pootikantaka || '''Balanites roxburghii Plauch., (Balanites aegyptiaca (Linn) Del.)'''
|-
| 31 || Itkada || Utkata, Vanajayanti || '''Sesbania aculeate Pers.'''
|-
| 32 || Ucchadaka || Uttingana? || '''Blepharis edulis Pers.'''
|-
| 33 || Udumbara || || '''Ficus glomerata Roxb., ( Ficus racemosa)'''
|-
| 34 || Upodika || || '''Basella rubra L.'''
|-
| 35 || Eraka || || '''Typha elephantine Roxb.'''
|-
| 36 || Ervaru || || '''Cucumis utilissimus L.'''
|-
| 37 || Eranda || || '''Ricinus communis L.'''
|-
| 38 || Katutumbi || || '''Lagenaria Vulgaris Ser.'''
|-
| 39 || Katuphala || || '''Hibiscus abelmoschus L.'''
|-
| 40 || Kandakari || || '''Solanum xanthocarpum Sche.'''
|-
| 41 || Kadamba || || '''Anthocephalus cadamba Miq.'''
|-
| 42 || Kadara || || '''Acacia Senegal Willd.'''
|-
| 43 || Kapittha || || '''Feronia elephantanum Correa.'''
|-
| 44 || Karamarda || || '''Carissa carandas L.'''
|-
| 45 || Karavira || || '''Nerium odorum Soland'''
|-
| 46 || Karira || || '''Copparis aphylla Roth'''
|-
| 47 || Karanja || || '''Pongamia glabra Vent.'''
|-
| 48 || Karkatashrungi || || '''Rhuus succedanea L.'''
|-
| 49 || Karkandhu || || '''Zizyphus nummularia W.C.'''
|-
| 50 || Karpura || || '''Dryobalanops aromatic Goertn.'''
|-
| 51 || Kalaya || || '''Lathyrus sativus L.'''
|-
| 52 || Kasheruka || || '''Seirpus kysoor R.'''
|-
| 53 || Kakamachi || || '''Solanum nigrum L.'''
|-
| 54 || Karavellika || || '''Momordica charantia L.'''
|-
| 55 || Karpasa || || '''Gossypium herbacum L.'''
|-
| 56 || Kalanusariva || || '''Ichnocarpus frutenscens Br.'''
|-
| 57 || Kashmari || || '''Gmelina arborea L.'''
|-
| 58 || Kasamarda || || '''Cassia occidentalis L.'''
|-
| 59 || Kiratatikta || || '''Swertia chirata Ham.'''
|-
| 60 || Kutaja || || '''Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall.'''
|-
| 61 || Kutumbaka || || '''Leucas linifolia Spreng.'''
|-
| 62 || Kumarajeeva || || '''Putranjiva roxburghii Wall.'''
|-
| 63 || Kumbhi || || '''Careya arborea R.'''
|-
| 64 || Kurandaka || || '''Barleria prionitis L.'''
|-
| 65 || Kusumbha || || '''Carathmus tinctoricus L.'''
|-
| 66 || Kovidara || || '''Bauhinia variegate L.'''
|-
| 67 || Koshataki || || '''Luffa acutangula varamara Clerke'''
|-
| 68 || Koshamra || || '''Scheleichera trijuga Willd.'''
|-
| 69 || Kumkuma || || '''Crocus sativus L.'''
|-
| 70 || Khadira || || '''Acacia catechu Willd.'''
|-
| 71 || [[Guggulu]]|| || '''[[Guggulu|Commiphora/Balsamodendron mukul Hook.]]'''
|-
| 72 || Gunja || || '''Abrus precatorius L.'''
|-
| 73 || [[Guduchi]]|| || '''[[Guduchi|Tinospora cordifolia Miers.]]'''
|-
| 74 || Gokshuraka || || '''Tribulus terrestris L.'''
|-
| 75 || Gojihwa || || '''Elephantopus scaber L.'''
|-
| 76 || Chakramarda || || '''Cassia tora L.'''
|-
| 77 || Chanchu || || '''Corchorus oilitorius L.'''
|-
| 78 || Chandana || || '''Santalum album L.'''
|-
| 79 || Charmakasha || || '''Acacia concinna D.C.'''
|-
| 80 || Charngeri || || '''Oxalis corniculata L.'''
|-
| 81 || [[Chitraka]]|| || '''[[Chitraka|Plumbago zeylanica L.]]'''
|-
| 82 || Chirabilva || || '''Holoptelia integrifolia Planch.'''
|-
| 83 || Chirmata || || '''Cucumis melo L.'''
|-
| 84 || Chilli || || '''Chenopodium album L.'''
|-
| 85 || Choraka || || '''Agelica glauca Edgew.'''
|-
| 86 || jambu || || '''Eugenia jambos Lamk.'''
|-
| 87 || jaya || || '''Sesbania egyptica Pers.'''
|-
| 88 || jalapippali || || '''Lippia nodiflora Rich.'''
|-
| 89 || Jati || || '''Myristica fragrens Houtt.'''
|-
| 90 || Jingini || || '''Odina wodier Roxb.'''
|-
| 91 || Jeeraka || || '''Cuminum cyminum L.'''
|-
| 92 || Jyotishmati || || '''Celestrus paniculata Willd.'''
|-
| 93 || Tamala || || '''Cinnamomum tamala Fr. Nees.'''
|-
| 94 || Tintidika || || '''Tamarindus indica L.'''
|-
| 95 || Tinduka || || '''Diospyros embryopteris Pers.'''
|-
| 96 || Tila || || '''Sesamum indicum L.'''
|-
| 97 || Tilaparni || || '''Gynandropis pentaphylla D.C'''
|-
| 98 || Tumburu || || '''Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb.'''
|-
| 99 || Tuda || || '''Morus indica L.'''
|-
| 100 || Trivrut || || '''Ipomea turpethum Br.'''
|-
| 101 || Dadima || || '''Punica granatum L.'''
|-
| 102 || Daruharidra || || '''Berberis aristata D.C'''
|-
| 103 || Dipyaka || || '''Carum copticum Benth.'''
|-
| 104 || Dugdhika || || '''Euphorbia pilulifera L.'''
|-
| 105 || Duralabha || || '''Fagonia Arabica L.'''
|-
| 106 || Durva || || '''Cynodon dactylon Pers.'''
|-
| 107 || Draksha || || '''Vitis vinifera L.'''
|-
| 108 || Dhanvana || || '''Grewia tiliefolia Vahl.'''
|-
| 109 || Dhava || || '''Anogeisssus latifolia Wall.'''
|-
| 110 || Dhataki || || '''Woodfordia floribunda Slisb.'''
|-
| 111 || Dhanyaka || || '''Coriandrum sativum'''
|-
| 112 || Nanditaka || || '''Ficus retusa L.'''
|-
| 113 || Nalika || || '''Onosma echioides L.'''
|-
| 114 || Naranga || || '''Citrus aurantium L.'''
|-
| 115 || Nadi || || '''Ipomea aquatica Forsk.'''
|-
| 116 || [[Nimba]]|| || '''[[Nimba|Azadirachta indica]] '''
|-
| 117 || Nirgundi || || '''Vitex negundo L.'''
|-
| 118 || Nilika || || '''Indigofera tinctoria L.'''
|-
| 119 || Nyagrodha || || '''Ficus bengalensis L.'''
|-
| 120 || Patola || || '''Trichosanthes dioica Roxb.'''
|-
| 121 || Patra || || '''Cinnamomum iners Reinw.'''
|-
| 122 || Padmaka || || '''Prunus puddum Roxb.'''
|-
| 123 || Parushaka || || '''Grewia asiatica L.'''
|-
| 124 || Parpataka || || '''Rangia repens Nees.'''
|-
| 125 || Paravata || || '''Psidium guyava L.'''
|-
| 126 || Pashanabheda || || '''Saxifraga lingulata Wall.'''
|-
| 127 || [[Pippali]]|| || '''[[Pippali|Piper longum L.]]'''
|-
| 128 || Pilu || || '''Salvadora persica L.'''
|-
| 129 || Punarnava || || '''Berhavia repens L.'''
|-
| 130 || Prasarani || || '''Pederia fetida L.'''
|-
| 131 || Prachinamalaka || || '''Flacourtia cataphracta Roxb.'''
|-
| 132 || Piyala || || '''Aglaia roxburghiana Miq.'''
|-
| 133 || Plaksha || || '''Ficus tsiela Roxb.'''
|-
| 134 || Phenila || || '''Sapindus trifoliatus L.'''
|-
| 135 || Bakula || || '''Mimusops elengi L.'''
|-
| 136 || Badara || || '''Zizyphus jujube Lamk.'''
|-
| 137 || [[Bilva]]|| || '''[[Bilva|Aegle marmelos Corr.]]'''
|-
| 138 || Bijaka || || '''Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.'''
|-
| 139 || Bijapuraka || || '''Citrus medica L.'''
|-
| 140 || Bruhati || || '''Solanum indicum L.'''
|-
| 141 || [[Brahmi]]|| || '''[[Brahmi|Bacopa monnieri]]'''
|-
| 142 || Bhavya || || '''Dillenia indica L.'''
|-
| 143 || Bhrigaraja || || '''Eclipta alba Hassk.'''
|-
| 144 || Mandukaparni || || '''Hydrocotyle asiatica L.'''
|-
| 145 || Madana || || '''Randia dumatorum Lam.'''
|-
| 146 || Madhuka || || '''Bassia latifolia Roxb.'''
|-
| 147 || [[Maricha]]|| || '''Piper nigrum L.'''
|-
| 148 || Mamsi || || '''Nardostachys jatamansi D.C'''
|-
| 149 || Mudga || || '''Phaseolus mungo L.'''
|-
| 150 || [[Musta]]|| || '''[[Musta|Cyperus rotundus L.]]'''
|-
| 151 || Murva || || '''Clematis triloba Heyne.'''
|-
| 152 || Mulaka || || '''Raphanus sativus L.'''
|-
| 153 || Yava || || '''Hordeum vulgarae L.'''
|-
| 154 || Yavasaka || || '''Alhagi maumorum Desv.'''
|-
| 155 || Raktotpala || || '''Nymphoea lotus L.'''
|-
| 156 || Rajakshavaka || || '''Doemia extensa Br.'''
|-
| 157 || Rajamasha || || '''Vigna catiang Endl.'''
|-
| 158 || Rajadana || || '''Mimusops hexandra Roxb.'''
|-
| 159 || Rasna || || '''Pluchea lanceolata Oliv.'''
|-
| 160 || Ruha || || '''Loranthus falcatus L.'''
|-
| 161 || Rohini || || '''Soymida febrifuge Juss.'''
|-
| 162 || [[Lashuna]]|| || '''[[Lashuna|Allium sativum L.]]'''
|-
| 163 || Likucha || || '''Artocarpus lokoocha Roxb.'''
|-
| 164 || Lonika || || '''Portulaca oleracea L.'''
|-
| 165 || [[Lodhra]]|| || '''[[Lodhra|Symplocos recemosa Roxb.]]'''
|-
| 166 || Vacha || || '''Acorus calamus L.'''
|-
| 167 || Vanjula || || '''Salix tetrasperma Roxb.'''
|-
| 168 || Varuna || || '''Cratoeva religiosa Forst.'''
|-
| 169 || Vatama || || '''Prunus amygdalus Baill.'''
|-
| 170 || Vartaka || || '''Solanum melongena L.'''
|-
| 171 || Vasa || || '''Adhatoda vasica Nees.'''
|-
| 172 || Vikankata || || '''Gymnosporia Montana Benth.'''
|-
| 173 || [[Vidanga]]|| || '''[[Vidanga|Embelia ribes Burn.]]'''
|-
| 174 || Vidari || || '''Ipomea digitata L.'''
|-
| 175 || [[Shankhapushpi]]|| Shankhahva, Mangalyakusuma, Keshi, Vishnukranta|| '''[[Shankhapushpi|Evolvulus alsinoides L.]]'''
|-
| 176 || Shana || || '''Crotalaria juncea L.'''
|-
| 177 || Shanapushpi || || '''Crotalaria verrucosa L.'''
|-
| 178 || Shatapushpa || || '''Peucedanum graveolens Benth.'''
|-
| 179 || [[Shatavari]]|| || '''[[Shatavari|Asparagus racemosus Willd.]]'''
|-
| 180 || Shami || || '''Prosopis spicigera L.'''
|-
| 181 || Shallaki || || '''Boswellia serrate Roxb.'''
|-
| 182 || Shaliparni || || '''Desmodium gangeticum D.C.'''
|-
| 183 || Shalmali || || '''Bambox malabarica D.C.'''
|-
| 184 || Shimshapa || || '''Dalbergia sisso Roxb.'''
|-
| 185 || Shigru || || '''Moringa pterygosperma Goertn.'''
|-
| 186 || Shirisha || || '''Albezzia lebbeck Benth.'''
|-
| 187 || [[Shunthi|Shringavera]] [[Shunthi|(Shunthi/Aardraka)]]|| || '''Zingiber officinale Rose.'''
|-
| 188 || Shringataka || || '''Trapa bispinosa Roxb.'''
|-
| 189 || Saptaparna || || '''Alstonia scholaris R. Br.'''
|-
| 190 || Sarja || || '''Shorea robusta'''
|-
| 191 || Sarshapa || || '''Brassica campestris L.'''
|-
| 192 || Sariva || || '''Hemmidesmus indicus Br.'''
|-
| 193 || Sudha || || '''Euphorbia nerifolia L.'''
|-
| 194 || Surasa || || '''Ocimum sanctum L.'''
|-
| 195 || Somaraji || || '''Proralea corylifolia L.'''
|-
| 196 || Hamsapadi || || '''Adjantum lunulatum Burm.'''
|-
| 197 || Hapusha || || '''Juniperus communis L.'''
|-
| 198 || Hastidanti || || '''Croton oblongifolius Roxb.'''
|-
| 199 || [[Haridra]]|| || '''[[Haridra|Curcuma longa L.]]'''
|-
| 200 || Hemadugdha || || '''Argimone mexicana L.'''
|}

Lashuna

2026-08-17T07:08:48Z

Agnivesha:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= Lashuna, Rasona, Lasuna, Garlic, Allium sativum L.Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description='''Lashuna''' (''Allium sativum'' L.) or Garlic is a prominent therapeutic plant widely utilized in [[Ayurveda]] and modern pharmacotherapy for its broad spectrum of biological activities, particularly cardiovascular, antimicrobial, and oncological applications.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garlic Allium sativum L.]

{{Infobox
|title = Lashuna
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Lashuna
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Allium sativum L.
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Liliaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = Team Dravyaguna
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''Lashuna''' (''Allium sativum'' L.) or Garlic is a prominent therapeutic plant widely utilized in [[Ayurveda]] and modern pharmacotherapy for its broad spectrum of biological activities, particularly cardiovascular, antimicrobial, and oncological applications.

== General Overview ==
* '''Taxonomic Name:''' ''Allium sativum'' L.
* '''Ayurvedic Designation:''' ''Lashuna'' / ''Rasona'' ("Lacking One Taste")
* [[File:Lashuna.jpg|thumb|'''Lashuna (Allium sativum)''']]'''Primary Phytochemicals:''' Alliin, Allicin, Diallyl disulfide (DADS), Diallyl trisulfide (DATS), Ajoene, S-allyl-L-cysteine (SAC)

==Therapeutic uses==
Jirna jwara(chronic fever), Krumiroga(worms), Gulma(abdominal lumps), Kushtha(skin disease),Arsha (haemorrhoids),Kasa(cough), Shwasa(breathlessness), Pinasa(running nose), Shula(pain), Karnashoola (earache), Vata vyadhi, Hikka, Medoroga, Yoni vyapada (diseases of vagina),visuchika, Plihavruddhi (spleenomegaly), Kshaya, Vishamajwara, Unmada, Apasmara, Shopha(swelling), Hridroga (heart disease), Vrana(wound), Trikashool<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3 :50</ref>

==Other varieties==
* Allium arenarium Sadler ex Rchb. 1830 not L. 1753
* Allium controversum Schrad. ex Wild.
* Allium longicuspis Regel
* Allium ophioscorodon Link
* Allium pekinense Prokh.
* Porrum ophioscorodon (Link) Rchb.
* Porrum sativum (L.) Rchb. 1830 not (L.) Mill. 1768

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==

Lashuna, Rasona, Ugragandha, Arishta

==Synonyms in bhavaprakash nighantu==
Mahaushadha(because it use in many disease), Mlecchakanda(liked by mlecha as it is used to prepared dishes), Yavaneshta(liked by foreigners)<ref> Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, haritakyadi varga,verse no.217</ref>

==Types==
===Dhanvantari nighantu===
Mentioned 2 types<ref>Pro. Dr. zarkhande oza , dr.umapati Mishra , dhanvanatari Nighantu. Edition 2016, Chaukhambha surbharti prakasana,karaviradi varga verse no. 62,63</ref>
# Rasona
# Mahakanda
===Raja nighantu===
Mentioned 4 types<ref>Dr. Indradev Tripathi , Raja Nighantu of pandit Narhari, ed.2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, mulakadi varga verse no- 50,51,53,54</ref>
# Rasona
# Shweta rasona
# Grunjana
# Rakta rasona

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Pungent (katu), Bitter (tikta), Sweet (madhura), Lavana (salt), Astringent (kashaya)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Unctuous (snigdha), Sharp (tikshna), Sliminess (picchila), Heavy (guru), Mobility (sara),
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[kapha]] and [[vata]], increases [[pitta]]
|-
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/5 || Shirovirechana (Errhine therapy)
|-
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 3/4 || Siddhatama churna pradeha(external application)
|-
|3
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/176
|Harita Varga(class of green herbs)
|-
|4
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/84
|Viruddha ahara (incompatible substances)
|-
|5
|Cha.Sa.[[Nidana Sthana]] 2/4
|Nidana of Raktapitta (cause of bleeding disorder)
|-
|6
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/17
|Abhyantar Krimi Chikitsa (treatment of worm)
|-
|7
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/34
|Garbhasya pratimasika karma
|-
|8
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/47
|Jatamatra balaka paricharya
|-
|9
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/56
|Kshira vishodhana dravya(treatment of vitiated breast milk)
|-
|10
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/94
|Ingredient of Lashuna Kshirpaka
|-
|11
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/177
|Vilayan of Rakta Gulma
|-
|12
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/111
|Ingredient in Kanakakshiri Taila
|-
|13
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/49
|Ingredient in Lashunadya Ghrita
|-
|14
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/52
|Ingredient in Apara Lashunadya Ghrita
|-
|15
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/53
|Ingredient in Apara lashunadya Ghrita
|-
|16
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/64
|Used as Nasya and Anjana prayogarth
|-
|17
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/35
|Ingredient in Palankashadi taila
|-
|18
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/64
|Ingredient in Atattvabhinivesha nashak yoga
|-
|19
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/9
|As nidana of arsha roga(cause of hemorrhoids)
|-
|20
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/70
|As an ingredient of Gandha hasti agada
|-
|21
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/150
|Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya(running nose)
|-
|22
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/177
|As an ingredient of Mulaka taila
|}

==Dose==
* 3 gm of the drug <ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3 :50</ref>

==Important formulatios==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3 :50</ref>
* Lashunadi vati
* Lashunadi ghruta
* Vacha lashunadi taila

== Current availability==

Available
India - All over India

== Current researches ==
== Pharmacological Profile & Mechanisms ==
''Allium sativum'' exerts therapeutic effects predominantly through organosulfur compounds released when alliinase enzymatically cleaves alliin upon tissue crushing or damage. These compounds modulate vascular reactivity, lipid synthesis, oxidative stress, and gene expression involved in apoptosis and inflammation.<ref name="Batiha2020" />

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Pharmacological Properties and Bioactivities of ''Allium sativum''
! Therapeutic Category !! Primary Active Compounds !! Key Molecular Targets & Bioactivities
|-
| '''Cardiovascular & Antihypertensive''' || Allicin, S-allyl-L-cysteine (SAC) || Endothelial nitric oxide synthase upregulation, hydrogen sulfide production, arterial vasodilation
|-
| '''Antihyperlipidemic & Antithrombotic''' || Ajoene, Diallyl trisulfide (DATS) || HMG-CoA reductase inhibition, platelet aggregation blockade via thromboxane A2 suppression
|-
| '''Antimicrobial & Antifungal''' || Allicin, Diallyl disulfide (DADS) || Thiol-containing enzyme oxidation, membrane permeability disruption in bacteria and fungi
|-
| '''Anticancer & Immunomodulatory''' || DATS, DADS, Organosulfurs || G2/M phase cell cycle arrest, caspase activation, p53 upregulation, NK cell stimulation
|}

== Key Clinical & Preclinical Evidence ==

=== Cardiovascular & Antihypertensive Action ===
Clinical meta-analyses confirm that standardized garlic preparations significantly reduce systolic and diastolic blood pressure in hypertensive individuals. Mechanisms center on endothelial nitric oxide stimulation and hydrogen sulfide generation, promoting systemic vascular smooth muscle relaxation.<ref name="Ried2020" />

=== Lipid Modulation & Anti-Atherosclerotic Effects ===
Organosulfur constituents suppress hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase. Clinical evaluations demonstrate consistent reductions in total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), alongside reduced susceptibility of LDL to oxidative modification.<ref name="Varshney2016" />

=== Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Activity ===
Allicin readily crosses microbial cell membranes and reacts rapidly with thiol-containing enzymes (such as alcohol dehydrogenase and RNA polymerase), demonstrating potent bactericidal, antifungal, and antiviral activity against pathogens including ''Staphylococcus aureus'' and ''Candida albicans''.<ref name="Harris2001" />

=== Oncological & Apoptotic Modulation ===
Preclinical xenografts and cellular models demonstrate that diallyl sulfides inhibit cancer cell growth via reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, upregulation of p53, suppression of NF-κB, and induction of mitochondrial apoptosis in gastrointestinal and prostate malignancies.<ref name="Shang2019" />

== References ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="Batiha2020">{{cite journal |last1=El-Saber Batiha |first1=G. |last2=Beshbishy |first2=A. M. |last3=Wasef |first3=L. G. |title=Chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of garlic (Allium sativum L.): A review |journal=Nutrients |volume=12 |issue=3 |year=2020 |pages=872 |doi=10.3390/nu12030872}}</ref>

<ref name="Harris2001">{{cite journal |last1=Harris |first1=J. C. |last2=Cottrell |first2=S. L. |last3=Plummer |first3=S. |last4=Lloyd |first4=D. |title=Antimicrobial properties of Allium sativum (garlic) |journal=Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology |volume=57 |issue=3 |year=2001 |pages=282–286 |doi=10.1007/s002530100722}}</ref>

<ref name="Ried2020">{{cite journal |last1=Ried |first1=K. |title=Garlic lowers blood pressure in hypertensive individuals, regulates serum cholesterol, and stimulates immunity: An updated meta-analysis and review |journal=The Journal of Nutrition |volume=150 |issue=7 |year=2020 |pages=1774–1783 |doi=10.1093/jn/nxaa082}}</ref>

<ref name="Shang2019">{{cite journal |last1=Shang |first1=A. |last2=Cao |first2=S. Y. |last3=Xu |first3=X. Y. |title=Bioactive compounds and biological functions of garlic (Allium sativum L.) |journal=Foods |volume=8 |issue=7 |year=2019 |pages=246 |doi=10.3390/foods8070246}}</ref>

<ref name="Varshney2016">{{cite journal |last1=Varshney |first1=R. |last2=Budoff |first2=M. J. |title=Garlic and heart disease |journal=The Journal of Nutrition |volume=146 |issue=2 |year=2016 |pages=416S–421S |doi=10.3945/jn.114.202333}}</ref>
}}
"""
==External Links==

[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Allium%20sativum IMPPAT database]
[[index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals|Herbs]]

File:Lashuna.jpg

2026-08-17T07:04:27Z

Agnivesha:

Lashuna

2026-08-17T07:02:59Z

Agnivesha:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= Lashuna, Rasona, Lasuna, Garlic, Allium sativum L.Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description='''Lashuna''' (''Allium sativum'' L.) or Garlic is a prominent therapeutic plant widely utilized in [[Ayurveda]] and modern pharmacotherapy for its broad spectrum of biological activities, particularly cardiovascular, antimicrobial, and oncological applications.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garlic Allium sativum L.]

{{Infobox
|title = Lashuna
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Lashuna
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Allium sativum L.
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Liliaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = Team Dravyaguna
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''Lashuna''' (''Allium sativum'' L.) or Garlic is a prominent therapeutic plant widely utilized in [[Ayurveda]] and modern pharmacotherapy for its broad spectrum of biological activities, particularly cardiovascular, antimicrobial, and oncological applications.

== General Overview ==
* '''Taxonomic Name:''' ''Allium sativum'' L.
* '''Ayurvedic Designation:''' ''Lashuna'' / ''Rasona'' ("Lacking One Taste")
* '''Primary Phytochemicals:''' [[Alliin]], [[Allicin]], [[Diallyl disulfide]] (DADS), [[Diallyl trisulfide]] (DATS), [[Ajoene]], S-allyl-L-cysteine (SAC)

==Therapeutic uses==
Jirna jwara(chronic fever), Krumiroga(worms), gulma(abdominal lumps), kushtha(skin disease),Arsha(haemorrhoids),Kasa(cough),Swasa(breathlessness), pinasa(running nose), sula(pain), karnasoola(earache), vatavyadhi, hikka,medoroga, yoni vyapada(diseases of vagina),visuchika,plihavruddhi(spleenomegaly),kshaya, vishamajwara,unmada,apasmara, sopha(swelling),hrudaroga(heart disease), vrana(wound)trikashool<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3 :50</ref>

==Other varieties==
* Allium arenarium Sadler ex Rchb. 1830 not L. 1753
* Allium controversum Schrad. ex Wild.
* Allium longicuspis Regel
* Allium ophioscorodon Link
* Allium pekinense Prokh.
* Porrum ophioscorodon (Link) Rchb.
* Porrum sativum (L.) Rchb. 1830 not (L.) Mill. 1768

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==

Lashuna, Rasona, Ugragandha, Arishta

==Synonyms in bhavaprakash nighantu==
Mahaushadha(because it use in many disease), Mlecchakanda(liked by mlecha as it is used to prepared dishes), Yavaneshta(liked by foreigners)<ref> Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, haritakyadi varga,verse no.217</ref>

==Types==
===Dhanvantari nighantu===
Mentioned 2 types<ref>Pro. Dr. zarkhande oza , dr.umapati Mishra , dhanvanatari Nighantu. Edition 2016, Chaukhambha surbharti prakasana,karaviradi varga verse no. 62,63</ref>
# Rasona
# Mahakanda
===Raja nighantu===
Mentioned 4 types<ref>Dr. Indradev Tripathi , Raja Nighantu of pandit Narhari, ed.2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, mulakadi varga verse no- 50,51,53,54</ref>
# Rasona
# Shweta rasona
# Grunjana
# Rakta rasona

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Pungent (katu), Bitter (tikta), Sweet (madhura), Lavana (salt), Astringent (kashaya)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Unctuous (snigdha), Sharp (tikshna), Sliminess (picchila), Heavy (guru), Mobility (sara),
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[kapha]] and [[vata]], increases [[pitta]]
|-
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/5 || Shirovirechana (Errhine therapy)
|-
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 3/4 || Siddhatama churna pradeha(external application)
|-
|3
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/176
|Harita Varga(class of green herbs)
|-
|4
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/84
|Viruddha ahara (incompatible substances)
|-
|5
|Cha.Sa.[[Nidana Sthana]] 2/4
|Nidana of Raktapitta (cause of bleeding disorder)
|-
|6
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/17
|Abhyantar Krimi Chikitsa (treatment of worm)
|-
|7
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/34
|Garbhasya pratimasika karma
|-
|8
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/47
|Jatamatra balaka paricharya
|-
|9
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/56
|Kshira vishodhana dravya(treatment of vitiated breast milk)
|-
|10
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/94
|Ingredient of Lashuna Kshirpaka
|-
|11
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/177
|Vilayan of Rakta Gulma
|-
|12
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/111
|Ingredient in Kanakakshiri Taila
|-
|13
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/49
|Ingredient in Lashunadya Ghrita
|-
|14
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/52
|Ingredient in Apara lashunadya Ghrita
|-
|15
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/53
|Ingredient in Apara lashunadya Ghrita
|-
|16
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/64
|Used as Nasya and Anjana prayogarth
|-
|17
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/35
|Ingredient in Palankashadi taila
|-
|18
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/64
|Ingredient in Atattvabhinivesha nashak yoga
|-
|19
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/9
|As nidana of arsha roga(cause of hemorrhoids)
|-
|20
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/70
|As an ingredient of Gandha hasti agada
|-
|21
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/150
|Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya(running nose)
|-
|22
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/177
|As an ingredient of Mulaka taila
|-
|}

==Dose==
* 3gm of the drug<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3 :50</ref>

==Important formulatios==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3 :50</ref>
* Lashunadi vati
* Lashunadi ghruta
* Vacha lashunadi taila

== Current availability==

Available
India - All over India

== Current researches ==
== Pharmacological Profile & Mechanisms ==
''Allium sativum'' exerts therapeutic effects predominantly through organosulfur compounds released when alliinase enzymatically cleaves alliin upon tissue crushing or damage. These compounds modulate vascular reactivity, lipid synthesis, oxidative stress, and gene expression involved in apoptosis and inflammation.<ref name="Batiha2020" />

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Pharmacological Properties and Bioactivities of ''Allium sativum''
! Therapeutic Category !! Primary Active Compounds !! Key Molecular Targets & Bioactivities
|-
| '''Cardiovascular & Antihypertensive''' || Allicin, S-allyl-L-cysteine (SAC) || Endothelial nitric oxide synthase upregulation, hydrogen sulfide production, arterial vasodilation
|-
| '''Antihyperlipidemic & Antithrombotic''' || Ajoene, Diallyl trisulfide (DATS) || HMG-CoA reductase inhibition, platelet aggregation blockade via thromboxane A2 suppression
|-
| '''Antimicrobial & Antifungal''' || Allicin, Diallyl disulfide (DADS) || Thiol-containing enzyme oxidation, membrane permeability disruption in bacteria and fungi
|-
| '''Anticancer & Immunomodulatory''' || DATS, DADS, Organosulfurs || G2/M phase cell cycle arrest, caspase activation, p53 upregulation, NK cell stimulation
|}

== Key Clinical & Preclinical Evidence ==

=== Cardiovascular & Antihypertensive Action ===
Clinical meta-analyses confirm that standardized garlic preparations significantly reduce systolic and diastolic blood pressure in hypertensive individuals. Mechanisms center on endothelial nitric oxide stimulation and hydrogen sulfide generation, promoting systemic vascular smooth muscle relaxation.<ref name="Ried2020" />

=== Lipid Modulation & Anti-Atherosclerotic Effects ===
Organosulfur constituents suppress hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase. Clinical evaluations demonstrate consistent reductions in total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), alongside reduced susceptibility of LDL to oxidative modification.<ref name="Varshney2016" />

=== Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Activity ===
Allicin readily crosses microbial cell membranes and reacts rapidly with thiol-containing enzymes (such as alcohol dehydrogenase and RNA polymerase), demonstrating potent bactericidal, antifungal, and antiviral activity against pathogens including ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'' and ''[[Candida albicans]]''.<ref name="Harris2001" />

=== Oncological & Apoptotic Modulation ===
Preclinical xenografts and cellular models demonstrate that diallyl sulfides inhibit cancer cell growth via reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, upregulation of p53, suppression of NF-κB, and induction of mitochondrial apoptosis in gastrointestinal and prostate malignancies.<ref name="Shang2019" />

== References ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="Batiha2020">{{cite journal |last1=El-Saber Batiha |first1=G. |last2=Beshbishy |first2=A. M. |last3=Wasef |first3=L. G. |title=Chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of garlic (Allium sativum L.): A review |journal=Nutrients |volume=12 |issue=3 |year=2020 |pages=872 |doi=10.3390/nu12030872}}</ref>

<ref name="Harris2001">{{cite journal |last1=Harris |first1=J. C. |last2=Cottrell |first2=S. L. |last3=Plummer |first3=S. |last4=Lloyd |first4=D. |title=Antimicrobial properties of Allium sativum (garlic) |journal=Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology |volume=57 |issue=3 |year=2001 |pages=282–286 |doi=10.1007/s002530100722}}</ref>

<ref name="Ried2020">{{cite journal |last1=Ried |first1=K. |title=Garlic lowers blood pressure in hypertensive individuals, regulates serum cholesterol, and stimulates immunity: An updated meta-analysis and review |journal=The Journal of Nutrition |volume=150 |issue=7 |year=2020 |pages=1774–1783 |doi=10.1093/jn/nxaa082}}</ref>

<ref name="Shang2019">{{cite journal |last1=Shang |first1=A. |last2=Cao |first2=S. Y. |last3=Xu |first3=X. Y. |title=Bioactive compounds and biological functions of garlic (Allium sativum L.) |journal=Foods |volume=8 |issue=7 |year=2019 |pages=246 |doi=10.3390/foods8070246}}</ref>

<ref name="Varshney2016">{{cite journal |last1=Varshney |first1=R. |last2=Budoff |first2=M. J. |title=Garlic and heart disease |journal=The Journal of Nutrition |volume=146 |issue=2 |year=2016 |pages=416S–421S |doi=10.3945/jn.114.202333}}</ref>
}}
"""
==External Links==

[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Allium%20sativum IMPPAT database]
[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals|Herbs]]

Herbs details

2026-08-17T06:48:36Z

Agnivesha:

Herbs details:

# [[Amalaki]]
# [[Bibhitaki]]
# [[Haritaki]]
# [[Guduchi]]
# [[Ashwagandha]]
# [[Shunthi]]
# [[Maricha]]
# [[Pippali]]
# [[Chitraka]]
# [[Vidanga]]
# [[Musta]]
# [[Brahmi]]
# [[Shankhapushpi]]
# [[Shatavari]]
# [[Haridra]]
# [[Arjuna]]
# [[Guggulu]]
# [[Yasthimadhu|Yashtimadhu]]
# [[Lodhra]]
# [[Agnimantha]]
# [[Bilva]]
# [[Nimba]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants and Botanical Names in Charak Samhita
! Sr. No. !! Sanskrit Name !! Synonyms !! Botanical Name
|-
| 1 || [[Bibhitaki|Aksha]]|| [[Bibhitaki|Bibhitaki, kaliphala, Bhutavasa, Kalidruma]]|| '''[[Bibhitaki|Terminalia bellirica Roxb]]'''
|-
| 2 || Aguru || Agaru, loha, krimija, rajarha || '''Aquilaria agallocha Roxb'''
|-
| 3 || [[Agnimantha]]|| Jaya, Sriparni, Ganikarika, Jayanti, Tarkari, Nadeyi, Vai jayanti || '''[[Agnimantha|Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn.f.]]'''
|-
| 4 || Ankola || Ankoda, Deerghakeela, Nikochaka, Tamraphala, Gupta Sneha || '''Alangium lamarkii Thw., (Alangium salviifolium)'''
|-
| 5 || Ajamoda || Karavi, Deepyaka, Shikhimoda || '''Apium graveolens'''
|-
| 6 || Atasi || uma, picchila, devi, medagandha, madotkata, kshuma, hemavati,masruna || '''Linum usitatissimum Linn.'''
|-
| 7 || Atibala || rishyaprokta, kankatika,Balika, Vatyapushpy, Bhuribala || '''Abutilon indicum. (Link)'''
|-
| 8 || Ativisha || shrungi, virupa, pittadivallabha, shwetvaca, visha, madri || '''Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. Cat.'''
|-
| 9 || Aparajita || Shanhapushpi,Girikarnika, Visnukranta,Sephanda || '''Clitoria ternatea L.'''
|-
| 10 || Apamarga || Shikhari,durgraha, adhashalya, karmanjri, pratyakpushpi || '''Achyranthes aspera Linn.'''
|-
| 11 || Ambashtaki || laghu patha,Uttanaparni, prachina,varatikta, Aviddhakarni,kuchelika || '''Cissampelos pareira Linn'''
|-
| 12 || Amlikakanda || || '''Dioscorea oppositifolia L.'''
|-
| 13 || Arimeda || Irimeda, Vidkhadira || '''Acacia leucophloea Willd.'''
|-
| 14 || Arka || Ravi, Bhanu, Tapana,Tulaphala, vikirana,ksheeraparna || '''Calotropis gigantea'''
|-
| 15 || Arjaka || Barbari,Sheta tulasi || '''Ocimum gratissimum L.'''
|-
| 16 || [[Arjuna]]|| Indradru, Nadisarja, Dhavala, Kakubha, Partha, Shweta vaha, || '''[[Arjuna|Terminalia Arjuna]]'''
|-
| 17 || Avakpushpi || || '''Trichodesma indicum'''
|-
| 18 || Ashoka || Madhupushpa,Raktapallavaka, Hemapushpa, Pindipushpa, Nata, Pallavadru, || '''Saraca indica Linn.'''
|-
| 19 || Ashmantaka || Yugmapatra, yaalapatraka, kanchini || '''Bauhinia racemosa. Lam.'''
|-
| 20 || [[Ashwagandha]]|| [[Ashwagandha|Balada, kamarupini, vajini,Gandhapatri]]|| '''[[Ashwagandha|Withania somnifera]]'''
|-
| 21 || Aswattha || pippala, shrivriksha, sevya,bodhidru, pavitraka,krishnavasa || '''Ficus religiosa L.'''
|-
| 22 || Asana || Beejaka, Vijayasara || '''Bridelia Montana Wall., Pterocarpus marsupium'''
|-
| 23 || Akhuparni || vriddhadaru, akhukarni, shubhashreni, krushika, dravanti || '''Ipomoea reniformis Chois.'''
|-
| 24 || Adhaki || Tuvari, Shanapushpika, Kalavrunta || '''Cajanus indicus Spreng'''
|-
| 25 || Atmagupta || Kapikachu, kapiloma, swayamgupta,Markati || '''Mucuna pruriens D.C.'''
|-
| 26 || [[Amalaki]]|| [[Amalaki|Dhatri, Dhatriphala, Sriphala, Vayastha,vayasya]]|| '''[[Amalaki|Phyllanthus emblica L./ Emblica officinalis]]'''
|-
| 27 || Amra || Madhuphala, Madhuli, Madhavadruma, Sahakara, parapushta || '''Manjifera indica L.'''
|-
| 28 || Ikshu || Asipatra, Bhurirasa, Dirghacchada, Gudamula, Trnarasa || '''Saccharum officinarum L.'''
|-
| 29 || Ikshuraka || Kokilaksha? || '''Hygrophila spinosa T.Anderson'''
|-
| 30 || Ingudi || Higupatra, Tapasadruma,Angaravruksha,Pootikantaka || '''Balanites roxburghii Plauch., (Balanites aegyptiaca (Linn) Del.)'''
|-
| 31 || Itkada || Utkata, Vanajayanti || '''Sesbania aculeate Pers.'''
|-
| 32 || Ucchadaka || Uttingana? || '''Blepharis edulis Pers.'''
|-
| 33 || Udumbara || || '''Ficus glomerata Roxb., ( Ficus racemosa)'''
|-
| 34 || Upodika || || '''Basella rubra L.'''
|-
| 35 || Eraka || || '''Typha elephantine Roxb.'''
|-
| 36 || Ervaru || || '''Cucumis utilissimus L.'''
|-
| 37 || Eranda || || '''Ricinus communis L.'''
|-
| 38 || Katutumbi || || '''Lagenaria Vulgaris Ser.'''
|-
| 39 || Katuphala || || '''Hibiscus abelmoschus L.'''
|-
| 40 || Kandakari || || '''Solanum xanthocarpum Sche.'''
|-
| 41 || Kadamba || || '''Anthocephalus cadamba Miq.'''
|-
| 42 || Kadara || || '''Acacia Senegal Willd.'''
|-
| 43 || Kapittha || || '''Feronia elephantanum Correa.'''
|-
| 44 || Karamarda || || '''Carissa carandas L.'''
|-
| 45 || Karavira || || '''Nerium odorum Soland'''
|-
| 46 || Karira || || '''Copparis aphylla Roth'''
|-
| 47 || Karanja || || '''Pongamia glabra Vent.'''
|-
| 48 || Karkatashrungi || || '''Rhuus succedanea L.'''
|-
| 49 || Karkandhu || || '''Zizyphus nummularia W.C.'''
|-
| 50 || Karpura || || '''Dryobalanops aromatic Goertn.'''
|-
| 51 || Kalaya || || '''Lathyrus sativus L.'''
|-
| 52 || Kasheruka || || '''Seirpus kysoor R.'''
|-
| 53 || Kakamachi || || '''Solanum nigrum L.'''
|-
| 54 || Karavellika || || '''Momordica charantia L.'''
|-
| 55 || Karpasa || || '''Gossypium herbacum L.'''
|-
| 56 || Kalanusariva || || '''Ichnocarpus frutenscens Br.'''
|-
| 57 || Kashmari || || '''Gmelina arborea L.'''
|-
| 58 || Kasamarda || || '''Cassia occidentalis L.'''
|-
| 59 || Kiratatikta || || '''Swertia chirata Ham.'''
|-
| 60 || Kutaja || || '''Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall.'''
|-
| 61 || Kutumbaka || || '''Leucas linifolia Spreng.'''
|-
| 62 || Kumarajeeva || || '''Putranjiva roxburghii Wall.'''
|-
| 63 || Kumbhi || || '''Careya arborea R.'''
|-
| 64 || Kurandaka || || '''Barleria prionitis L.'''
|-
| 65 || Kusumbha || || '''Carathmus tinctoricus L.'''
|-
| 66 || Kovidara || || '''Bauhinia variegate L.'''
|-
| 67 || Koshataki || || '''Luffa acutangula varamara Clerke'''
|-
| 68 || Koshamra || || '''Scheleichera trijuga Willd.'''
|-
| 69 || Kumkuma || || '''Crocus sativus L.'''
|-
| 70 || Khadira || || '''Acacia catechu Willd.'''
|-
| 71 || [[Guggulu]]|| || '''[[Guggulu|Commiphora/Balsamodendron mukul Hook.]]'''
|-
| 72 || Gunja || || '''Abrus precatorius L.'''
|-
| 73 || [[Guduchi]]|| || '''[[Guduchi|Tinospora cordifolia Miers.]]'''
|-
| 74 || Gokshuraka || || '''Tribulus terrestris L.'''
|-
| 75 || Gojihwa || || '''Elephantopus scaber L.'''
|-
| 76 || Chakramarda || || '''Cassia tora L.'''
|-
| 77 || Chanchu || || '''Corchorus oilitorius L.'''
|-
| 78 || Chandana || || '''Santalum album L.'''
|-
| 79 || Charmakasha || || '''Acacia concinna D.C.'''
|-
| 80 || Charngeri || || '''Oxalis corniculata L.'''
|-
| 81 || [[Chitraka]]|| || '''[[Chitraka|Plumbago zeylanica L.]]'''
|-
| 82 || Chirabilva || || '''Holoptelia integrifolia Planch.'''
|-
| 83 || Chirmata || || '''Cucumis melo L.'''
|-
| 84 || Chilli || || '''Chenopodium album L.'''
|-
| 85 || Choraka || || '''Agelica glauca Edgew.'''
|-
| 86 || jambu || || '''Eugenia jambos Lamk.'''
|-
| 87 || jaya || || '''Sesbania egyptica Pers.'''
|-
| 88 || jalapippali || || '''Lippia nodiflora Rich.'''
|-
| 89 || Jati || || '''Myristica fragrens Houtt.'''
|-
| 90 || Jingini || || '''Odina wodier Roxb.'''
|-
| 91 || Jeeraka || || '''Cuminum cyminum L.'''
|-
| 92 || Jyotishmati || || '''Celestrus paniculata Willd.'''
|-
| 93 || Tamala || || '''Cinnamomum tamala Fr. Nees.'''
|-
| 94 || Tintidika || || '''Tamarindus indica L.'''
|-
| 95 || Tinduka || || '''Diospyros embryopteris Pers.'''
|-
| 96 || Tila || || '''Sesamum indicum L.'''
|-
| 97 || Tilaparni || || '''Gynandropis pentaphylla D.C'''
|-
| 98 || Tumburu || || '''Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb.'''
|-
| 99 || Tuda || || '''Morus indica L.'''
|-
| 100 || Trivrut || || '''Ipomea turpethum Br.'''
|-
| 101 || Dadima || || '''Punica granatum L.'''
|-
| 102 || Daruharidra || || '''Berberis aristata D.C'''
|-
| 103 || Dipyaka || || '''Carum copticum Benth.'''
|-
| 104 || Dugdhika || || '''Euphorbia pilulifera L.'''
|-
| 105 || Duralabha || || '''Fagonia Arabica L.'''
|-
| 106 || Durva || || '''Cynodon dactylon Pers.'''
|-
| 107 || Draksha || || '''Vitis vinifera L.'''
|-
| 108 || Dhanvana || || '''Grewia tiliefolia Vahl.'''
|-
| 109 || Dhava || || '''Anogeisssus latifolia Wall.'''
|-
| 110 || Dhataki || || '''Woodfordia floribunda Slisb.'''
|-
| 111 || Dhanyaka || || '''Coriandrum sativum'''
|-
| 112 || Nanditaka || || '''Ficus retusa L.'''
|-
| 113 || Nalika || || '''Onosma echioides L.'''
|-
| 114 || Naranga || || '''Citrus aurantium L.'''
|-
| 115 || Nadi || || '''Ipomea aquatica Forsk.'''
|-
| 116 || [[Nimba]] || || '''[[Nimba|Azadirachta indica]] '''
|-
| 117 || Nirgundi || || '''Vitex negundo L.'''
|-
| 118 || Nilika || || '''Indigofera tinctoria L.'''
|-
| 119 || Nyagrodha || || '''Ficus bengalensis L.'''
|-
| 120 || Patola || || '''Trichosanthes dioica Roxb.'''
|-
| 121 || Patra || || '''Cinnamomum iners Reinw.'''
|-
| 122 || Padmaka || || '''Prunus puddum Roxb.'''
|-
| 123 || Parushaka || || '''Grewia asiatica L.'''
|-
| 124 || Parpataka || || '''Rangia repens Nees.'''
|-
| 125 || Paravata || || '''Psidium guyava L.'''
|-
| 126 || Pashanabheda || || '''Saxifraga lingulata Wall.'''
|-
| 127 || [[Pippali]]|| || '''[[Pippali|Piper longum L.]]'''
|-
| 128 || Pilu || || '''Salvadora persica L.'''
|-
| 129 || Punarnava || || '''Berhavia repens L.'''
|-
| 130 || Prasarani || || '''Pederia fetida L.'''
|-
| 131 || Prachinamalaka || || '''Flacourtia cataphracta Roxb.'''
|-
| 132 || Piyala || || '''Aglaia roxburghiana Miq.'''
|-
| 133 || Plaksha || || '''Ficus tsiela Roxb.'''
|-
| 134 || Phenila || || '''Sapindus trifoliatus L.'''
|-
| 135 || Bakula || || '''Mimusops elengi L.'''
|-
| 136 || Badara || || '''Zizyphus jujube Lamk.'''
|-
| 137 || [[Bilva]]|| || '''[[Bilva|Aegle marmelos Corr.]]'''
|-
| 138 || Bijaka || || '''Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.'''
|-
| 139 || Bijapuraka || || '''Citrus medica L.'''
|-
| 140 || Bruhati || || '''Solanum indicum L.'''
|-
| 141 || [[Brahmi]]|| || '''[[Brahmi|Bacopa monnieri]]'''
|-
| 142 || Bhavya || || '''Dillenia indica L.'''
|-
| 143 || Bhrigaraja || || '''Eclipta alba Hassk.'''
|-
| 144 || Mandukaparni || || '''Hydrocotyle asiatica L.'''
|-
| 145 || Madana || || '''Randia dumatorum Lam.'''
|-
| 146 || Madhuka || || '''Bassia latifolia Roxb.'''
|-
| 147 || [[Maricha]]|| || '''Piper nigrum L.'''
|-
| 148 || Mamsi || || '''Nardostachys jatamansi D.C'''
|-
| 149 || Mudga || || '''Phaseolus mungo L.'''
|-
| 150 || [[Musta]]|| || '''[[Musta|Cyperus rotundus L.]]'''
|-
| 151 || Murva || || '''Clematis triloba Heyne.'''
|-
| 152 || Mulaka || || '''Raphanus sativus L.'''
|-
| 153 || Yava || || '''Hordeum vulgarae L.'''
|-
| 154 || Yavasaka || || '''Alhagi maumorum Desv.'''
|-
| 155 || Raktotpala || || '''Nymphoea lotus L.'''
|-
| 156 || Rajakshavaka || || '''Doemia extensa Br.'''
|-
| 157 || Rajamasha || || '''Vigna catiang Endl.'''
|-
| 158 || Rajadana || || '''Mimusops hexandra Roxb.'''
|-
| 159 || Rasna || || '''Pluchea lanceolata Oliv.'''
|-
| 160 || Ruha || || '''Loranthus falcatus L.'''
|-
| 161 || Rohini || || '''Soymida febrifuge Juss.'''
|-
| 162 || Lashuna || || '''Allium sativum L.'''
|-
| 163 || Likucha || || '''Artocarpus lokoocha Roxb.'''
|-
| 164 || Lonika || || '''Portulaca oleracea L.'''
|-
| 165 || [[Lodhra]]|| || '''[[Lodhra|Symplocos recemosa Roxb.]]'''
|-
| 166 || Vacha || || '''Acorus calamus L.'''
|-
| 167 || Vanjula || || '''Salix tetrasperma Roxb.'''
|-
| 168 || Varuna || || '''Cratoeva religiosa Forst.'''
|-
| 169 || Vatama || || '''Prunus amygdalus Baill.'''
|-
| 170 || Vartaka || || '''Solanum melongena L.'''
|-
| 171 || Vasa || || '''Adhatoda vasica Nees.'''
|-
| 172 || Vikankata || || '''Gymnosporia Montana Benth.'''
|-
| 173 || [[Vidanga]]|| || '''[[Vidanga|Embelia ribes Burn.]]'''
|-
| 174 || Vidari || || '''Ipomea digitata L.'''
|-
| 175 || [[Shankhapushpi]]|| Shankhahva, Mangalyakusuma, Keshi, Vishnukranta|| '''[[Shankhapushpi|Evolvulus alsinoides L.]]'''
|-
| 176 || Shana || || '''Crotalaria juncea L.'''
|-
| 177 || Shanapushpi || || '''Crotalaria verrucosa L.'''
|-
| 178 || Shatapushpa || || '''Peucedanum graveolens Benth.'''
|-
| 179 || [[Shatavari]]|| || '''[[Shatavari|Asparagus racemosus Willd.]]'''
|-
| 180 || Shami || || '''Prosopis spicigera L.'''
|-
| 181 || Shallaki || || '''Boswellia serrate Roxb.'''
|-
| 182 || Shaliparni || || '''Desmodium gangeticum D.C.'''
|-
| 183 || Shalmali || || '''Bambox malabarica D.C.'''
|-
| 184 || Shimshapa || || '''Dalbergia sisso Roxb.'''
|-
| 185 || Shigru || || '''Moringa pterygosperma Goertn.'''
|-
| 186 || Shirisha || || '''Albezzia lebbeck Benth.'''
|-
| 187 || [[Shunthi|Shringavera]] [[Shunthi|(Shunthi/Aardraka)]]|| || '''Zingiber officinale Rose.'''
|-
| 188 || Shringataka || || '''Trapa bispinosa Roxb.'''
|-
| 189 || Saptaparna || || '''Alstonia scholaris R. Br.'''
|-
| 190 || Sarja || || '''Shorea robusta'''
|-
| 191 || Sarshapa || || '''Brassica campestris L.'''
|-
| 192 || Sariva || || '''Hemmidesmus indicus Br.'''
|-
| 193 || Sudha || || '''Euphorbia nerifolia L.'''
|-
| 194 || Surasa || || '''Ocimum sanctum L.'''
|-
| 195 || Somaraji || || '''Proralea corylifolia L.'''
|-
| 196 || Hamsapadi || || '''Adjantum lunulatum Burm.'''
|-
| 197 || Hapusha || || '''Juniperus communis L.'''
|-
| 198 || Hastidanti || || '''Croton oblongifolius Roxb.'''
|-
| 199 || [[Haridra]]|| || '''[[Haridra|Curcuma longa L.]]'''
|-
| 200 || Hemadugdha || || '''Argimone mexicana L.'''
|}

Nimba

2026-08-17T06:42:28Z

Agnivesha:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= Nimba, Neem, Azadirachta indica A. Juss,Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description='''Nimba''' (''Azadirachta indica'') is a plant species widely recognized in [[Ayurveda]] and modern pharmacology for its broad spectrum of therapeutic applications
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
[[wikipedia:Azadirachta_indica|Azadirachta indica A. Juss]]

{{Infobox
|title = Nimba
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Nimba
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Azadirachta indica A. Juss
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Meliaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = Team Dravyaguna
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}
'''Nimba''' (''Azadirachta indica'') or Margosa tree is a plant species widely recognized in [[Ayurveda]] and modern pharmacology for its broad spectrum of therapeutic applications.

== General Overview ==
* '''Taxonomic Name:''' ''Azadirachta indica'' A. Juss.
* '''Ayurvedic Designation:''' ''Nimba'' / ''Arishtha'' ("Reliever of Sickness")
* [[File:Nimba.jpg|thumb|'''Nimba (''Azadirachta indica'')''']]'''Primary Phytochemicals:''' Azadirachtin, Nimbolide, Nimbidin, Gedunin, Quercetin, Salannin

==Therapeutic uses==

Daha(burning), jwara (fever) , Krumi roga(worms), Kandu(itching), Kushtha(skin disease), Prameha(diabetes), Rakta pitta(bleeding disorder), Vrana(wound)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 5:55</ref>

==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Nimba, Pichumarda (Nimba is very efficacious drug when it comes to skin disease ), Arishta(it cures many disease, does good always if use.), Tiktaka(best drug having tikta rasa), Paribhadra(does good always if use), Hinguniryasa(the exudate from nimba resemble hingu niryasa.)

==Synonyms in Bhavprakasa Nighantu==
Pichumarda<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 53, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020;</ref>

==Varieties==
# Nimba
# Mahanimba
# Parvata nimba
# Akasa nimba

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Bitter (tikta), Astringent (kashaya)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Cold (sheeta)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[kapha]] and [[pitta]]
|-
|}
== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/7 || [[Vamana]] (Therapeutic emesis)
|-
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 3/3 || Siddhatama churna pradeha(Local application)
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(14) || Kandughna mahakashaya(anti-pruritic/itching)
|-
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(48) || Sandnyasthapana mahakashaya(restoring consciousness)
|-
| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/279 || Used in the treatment of Gaurava stanya dosha( vitiated breast milk)
|-
| 6 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/10
| Santarpanajanya vikara chikitsa(Over-nutrition disorders)
|-
|7
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/12
|Santarpanajanya vikaar chikitsa(Over-nutrition disorders)
|-
|8
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/97
|Shaka Varga (Class of vegetables)
|-
|9
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/17
|Abhyantar Krimi Chikitsa
|-
|10
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135
|Vaman dravyani List of medicines used in therapeutic emesis
|-
|11
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/143
|Tikta skandha(group of bitter drugs)
|-
|12
|Ch.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/32
|Garbha shalya chikitsa
|-
|13
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/22
|Vamanartha
|-
|14
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/201
|Used as kwatha in Anydyushka jwara
|-
|15
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/204
|As an ingredient of Vatsakadi kashaya
|-
|16
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/224
|Used in formulation of Baladi Ghrita
|-
|17
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/241
|Used in niruha basti
|-
|18
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/252
|As an ingredient of Patoladi anuvasana basti
|-
|19
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/258
|As an ingredient of Chandanadya taila
|-
|20
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/307
|Used as Dhoopana dravya for Vishama jwara
|-
|21
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/38
|As pathya ahara in Rakta Pitta
|-
|22
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/115
|Ingredient of Rohinyadya Ghrita for Pittaja Gulma
|-
|23
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/30
|Used for making decoction in Pittaja Prameha
|-
|24
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/31
|Used for making decoction in Pittaja Prameha
|-
|25
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/38
|Trikantakadhya Taila/Ghrita in Vata-kaphaja prameha
|-
|26
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/43
|As Vamana dravya
|-
|27
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/46
|As Asthapan Basti dravya
|-
|28
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/47
|As Anuvasana Basti dravya
|-
|29
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/57
|For Scrapping
|-
|30
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/65
|Ingredient in Mustadi Churna
|-
|31
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/68
|Ingredient in Triphaladi Churna
|-
|32
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/82
|Pathya diet in Kushtha
|-
|33
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/97
|Ingredient in Kushthaghna Yoga
|-
|34
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/100
|Kwath prayog in Kapha-Pittaja Kushtha
|-
|35
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/101
|Kwath prayog in Kapha-Pittaja Kushtha
|-
|36
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/103
|Bahyaprayogartha taila in Kushtha
|-
|37
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/112
|Ingredient in Kanakakshiri Taila
|-
|38
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/129
|Abhyantar and Bahyaprayogartha, Pana, Snana
|-
|39
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/131
|Abhyantar and Bahyaprayogarth in Pittaja Kushtha
|-
|40
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/135
|For Rakta and Pitta Shamana
|-
|41
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/136
|Ingredient in Vata-Pitta Nashak Ghrita
|-
|42
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/140
|Ingredient in Tiktashatpala Ghrita
|-
|43
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/144
|Ingredient in Mahatikta Ghrita
|-
|44
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/152
|Ingredient in Mahakhadira Ghrita
|-
|45
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/157
|Snana, Pana and Pradeh in Galit-Kushtha
|-
|46
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/158
|Abhyantar and Bahyaprayogarth, Pana, Snana, Lepa
|-
|47
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/33
|Ingredient in oil preparation for Bahyaprayogartha
|-
|48
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/63
|As a Pathya Diet in treatment of Shvayathu
|-
|49
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/72
|As an Unmardan dravya in Kaphaja Shvayathu
|-
|50
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/186
|Used for rakta stambhana
|-
|51
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/214
|Used for parishechana in rakta arsha
|-
|52
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/220
|Used for pratisarana in rakta arsha
|-
|53
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/126
|As an ingredient of Chandanadya ghrita
|-
|54
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/138
|As an ingredient of Kiratadhya churna (Pittaja Grahani chiktsa)
|-
|55
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/181
|As an ingredient of Bhunimbadhya Kshara
|-
|56
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/189
|Used in preparation of Pancham Kshara
|-
|57
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/46
|As an ingredient of Katukadi Ghrita
|-
|58
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/53
|Used in Haridradi Ghrita
|-
|59
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/63
|Formulation which use in treatment of pandu
|-
|60
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/87
|As an ingredient of Shilajatu vataka
|-
|61
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/97
|Used in yusha preparation for hikka shvasa
|-
|62
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/34
|For vamana(emesis) in Kaphaja chhardi
|-
|63
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/35
|As a pathya ahara(wholesome diet) in kaphaja chhardi
|-
|64
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/51
|For Vamana karma
|-
|65
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/54
|For Kashaya (decoction) pana
|-
|66
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/52
|For Vamana (emesis) karma
|-
|67
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/59
|For Kashaya (decoction)pana
|-
|68
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/97
|As a prakshalana prayoga for vrana – ropana
|-
|69
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/51
|For Agada pana in 8th vega of visha
|-
|70
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/69
|For Anjana prayoga, obstruction in eye
|-
|71
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/79
|As an ingredient of Maha-Gandha hasti agada
|-
|72
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/202
|As an ingredient of Madhukadi yoga
|-
|73
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/243
|As an ingredient of Amruta ghrita
|-
|74
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/160
|Used as lepa in Madyajanita daha
|-
|75
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/84
|Used as vranashodhaka kashaya
|-
|76
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/85
|Used as vranashodhaka lepa
|-
|77
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/90
|As an ingredient of Kampillakadi taila
|-
|78
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/239
|Used for aaschotana in Kaphaja netraroga
|-
|79
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/27
|As Pathya in Urustambha(Diseases of thigh and hip)
|-
|80
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/52
|As an ingredient of Tarkaryadi Parishechana
|-
|81
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/50
|As an ingredient of Utsadana Yoga
|-
|82
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/148
|Apply lepa for Kaphaja Vatarakta
|-
|83
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/74
|As an ingredient of Udumbaradi taila
|-
|84
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/82
|For yoni prakshalana
|-
|85
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/99
|Used in the treatment of Kaphaja pradara
|-
|86
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/253
|Used in the treatment of Stanya dosha( vitiated breast milk), for vamana
|}

==Dose==
* 2-4 g. of the drug in powder form.
* Decoction should be used externally.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 5:55</ref>

==Useful part==
* Stem bark<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 5:55</ref>

==Important formulations==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 5:55</ref>
* Sudarsana churna
* Nimbadi kwatha
* Nimbadi churna
* Panchanimba churna
* Panchatikta ghruta guggulu
* Pathyadi kwatha churna

== Current availability==

Available

== Current researches ==
== Pharmacological Profile & Mechanisms ==
''Azadirachta indica'' exerts multi-targeted therapeutic action through phytocompounds that modulate cellular signaling pathways including p53, NF-κB, PI3K/Akt, and Nrf2.<ref name="Alzohairy2016" />

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Pharmacological Properties and Bioactivities of ''Azadirachta indica''
! Therapeutic Category !! Primary Active Compounds !! Key Molecular Targets & Bioactivities
|-
| '''Antimicrobial & Dental''' || Azadirachtin, Mahmoodin || Biofilm disruption; growth inhibition of ''S. mutans'', ''E. faecalis'', and ''C. albicans''
|-
| '''Anticancer & Antiproliferative''' || Nimbolide, Azadiradione || Apoptosis induction via p53/pTEN upregulation and downregulation of Bcl-2 and PI3K/Akt
|-
| '''Anti-inflammatory & Analgesic''' || Nimbidin, Sodium Nimbidate || Suppression of macrophage/neutrophil activity and inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis
|-
| '''Reproductive & Contraceptive''' || Neem seed oil extracts || Spermicidal action and anti-ovulatory efficacy without reducing libido
|}

== Key Clinical & Preclinical Evidence ==
=== Antimicrobial & Dental Health ===
Aqueous and ethanolic leaf extracts exhibit potent broad-spectrum activity against oral pathogens. In endodontic and periodontal models, ''A. indica'' preparations suppress polymicrobial biofilms with efficacy comparable to chlorhexidine rinses.<ref name="Wylie2022" />

=== Oncological Management ===
Active limonoids—primarily nimbolide—suppress cellular proliferation and induce apoptosis in androgen-receptor (AR)-positive and AR-negative prostate cancer lines. Preclinical xenograft models demonstrate significant tumor weight reduction via combined inhibition of AR signaling and the PI3K/Akt pathway.<ref name="Batra2022" />

=== Anti-inflammatory Activity ===
Crude bitter constituents, notably nimbidin, demonstrate dose-dependent anti-inflammatory action in acute paw edema and arthritis assays, suppressing cellular exudation and systemic inflammatory cascades.<ref name="Alzohairy2016" />

=== Fertility Control ===
Concentrated seed extracts act as localized spermicides and systemic contraceptives by interrupting sperm membrane integrity and blocking folliculogenesis without disrupting secondary sex hormones.<ref name="Patil2021" />

== References ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="Alzohairy2016">{{cite journal |last1=Alzohairy |first1=M. A. |title=Therapeutics Role of Azadirachta indica (Neem) and Their Active Constituents in Diseases Prevention and Treatment |journal=Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine |volume=2016 |year=2016 |pages=7382506 |doi=10.1155/2016/7382506 |pmid=27034694 |pmc=4791507}}</ref>

<ref name="Batra2022">{{cite journal |last1=Batra |first1=N. |last2=Kumar |first2=V. E. |last3=Nambiar |first3=R. |title=Exploring the therapeutic potential of Neem (Azadirachta Indica) for the treatment of prostate cancer: a literature review |journal=Annals of Translational Medicine |volume=10 |issue=13 |year=2022 |pages=754 |doi=10.21037/atm-22-94 |pmid=35928741 |pmc=9358521}}</ref>

<ref name="Patil2021">{{cite journal |last1=Patil |first1=S. M. |last2=Shirahatti |first2=P. S. |last3=V B |first3=C. K. |last4=Ramu |first4=R. |last5=M N |first5=N. P. |title=Azadirachta indica A. Juss (neem) as a contraceptive: An evidence-based review on its pharmacological efficiency |journal=Phytomedicine |volume=88 |year=2021 |pages=153596 |doi=10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153596 |pmid=34116323}}</ref>

<ref name="Wylie2022">{{cite journal |last1=Wylie |first1=M. R. |last2=Merrell |first2=D. S. |title=The Antimicrobial Potential of the Neem Tree Azadirachta indica |journal=Frontiers in Pharmacology |volume=13 |year=2022 |pages=891535 |doi=10.3389/fphar.2022.891535 |pmid=35711603 |pmc=9198380}}</ref>
}}

==External Links==

[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Azadirachta%20indica IMPPAT database]

[[index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals|Herbs]]

File:Nimba.jpg

2026-08-17T06:41:00Z

Agnivesha:

Nimba

Agnivesha:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= Aegle marmelos, Bilva, Bilwa, Bael, stone apple, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=Aegle marmelos (commonly known as bael, bilva, or stone apple) is a plant species in the family [[Rutaceae]]
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

Aegle marmelos (L.) CORREA EX. SCHULTZ

{{Infobox
|title = Bilva
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Bilva
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Aegle marmelos (L.) CORREA EX. SCHULTZ
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Rutaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = Team Dravyaguna
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''''Aegle marmelos''''' (commonly known as '''bael''', '''bilva''', or '''stone apple''') is a plant species in the family [[Rutaceae]].

== Botanical profile and nomenclature ==
* '''Taxonomic name:''' ''Aegle marmelos'' (L.) Corrêa
* '''Botanical synonyms:''' ''Crateva marmelos'' L., ''Feronia pellucida'' Roth, ''Belou marmelos'' (L.) W.Wight
* '''Family:''' [[Rutaceae]] (Citrus family)
* '''Sanskrit names:''' ''Bilva'', ''Sriphala'', ''Shandilya'', ''Shailusha'', ''Malura'', ''Pootivata''
* '''Vernacular names:''' Bael, Stone Apple, Golden Apple (English); Bel, Bael (Hindi/Bengali); Maredu (Telugu); Vilvam (Tamil); Baelu (Kannada); Koovalam (Malayalam); Kavit (Marathi).

''Aegle marmelos'' is a medium-sized, slow-growing, deciduous spiny tree native to dry tropical and subtropical forests of the Indian subcontinent, Myanmar, and Thailand.<ref name="Sharma2011" /> It reaches heights of 8–15 meters and exhibits trifoliate, alternate leaves traditionally associated with religious symbolism in South Asia. The fruit is a globose or pyriform berry with a hard, woody outer shell (5–15 cm diameter) containing aromatic, mucilaginous orange pulp embedded with numerous woolly seeds. All morphological parts—including the unripe fruit, ripe fruit, root bark, leaves, and stem—possess distinct therapeutic profiles in classical Indian medicine.

== Ayurvedic energetics and pharmacodynamics ==

In classical Ayurvedic pharmacology (''Dravyaguna''), ''Bilva'' presents a distinct dual-action profile depending on fruit maturity. Unripe fruit (''Ama Bilva'') is primary for intestinal and digestive pathology, whereas ripe fruit (''Pakva Bilva'') acts as a laxative but is heavier to digest. Leaves (''Bilva Patra'') and roots (''Bilva Mula'', a constituent of ''[[Dashamula]]'') possess potent ''Vata-Kapha'' pacifying properties.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Ayurvedic Pharmacodynamics of ''Bilva''
|-
! Parameter !! Unripe fruit (''Ama Bilva'') !! Leaves (''Bilva Patra'') !! Root bark (''Bilva Mula'')
|-
| '''Rasa''' (Taste) || ''Kashaya'' (Astringent), ''Tikta'' (Bitter) || ''Tikta'' (Bitter), ''Katu'' (Pungent) || ''Kashaya'' (Astringent), ''Madhura'' (Sweet)
|-
| '''Guna''' (Qualities) || ''Laghu'' (Light), ''Ruksha'' (Dry) || ''Laghu'' (Light), ''Ruksha'' (Dry) || ''Laghu'' (Light)
|-
| '''Virya''' (Potency) || ''Ushna'' (Hot) || ''Ushna'' (Hot) || ''Ushna'' (Hot)
|-
| '''Vipaka''' (Post-digestive) || ''Katu'' (Pungent) || ''Katu'' (Pungent) || ''Katu'' (Pungent)
|-
| '''Dosha Karma''' || ''Kapha-Vata Hara'' || ''Kapha-Vata Hara'' || ''Tridosha Hara'' (esp. ''Vata-Kapha'')
|-
| '''Primary actions''' || ''Grahi'' (Absorbent), ''Deepana'' (Stomachic), ''Pachana'' (Digestive) || ''Mehahara'' (Antidiabetic), ''Shothahara'' (Anti-inflammatory) || ''Shothahara'' (Anti-edematous), ''Anulomana'' (Carminative)
|-
| '''Indications''' || ''Atisara'' (Diarrhea), ''Grahani'' (IBD/IBS), ''Pravahika'' (Dysentery) || ''Prameha'' (Diabetes), ''Jwara'' (Fever), ''Shotha'' (Swelling) || ''Vata-vyadhi'' (Neurological/Joint disorders), ''Vamana'' (Vomiting)
|}

==Therapeutic uses==

Pravahika, Agnimandya(loss of appetite), grahani roga<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 01:18</ref>

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==

Bilva, Shriphala(fruit of bilva is having aroma), Shandilya, Malur, Mahaphala(fruit is large in size), Sadaphala(bilva bears fruits always)

==Synonyms in Bhavaprakasa Nighantu==

Shandilya, Shailusha(Bilva tree grows in hilly region also),malura<ref> Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Guduchyadi varga, verse no.-13</ref>

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/11
| Asthapana
|-
| 2
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/19
| Pachani-Grahi yavagu(gruel)
|-
| 3
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/20
| Piita-Shelsmaja Atisara yavagu
|-
| 4
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/28
| Grahi yavagu
|-
| 5
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(12)
| Arshoghna mahakashaya (anti-hemorrhoids)
|-
| 6
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(25)
| Asthapanopaga mahakashaya(helping corrective enema)
|-
| 7
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(26)
| Anuvasanopaga mahakashaya(unctuous enema)
|-
| 8
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(38)
| Shwayathuhara mahakashaya(relieving oedema)
|-
| 9
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/64
| Anu taila dravya
|-
| 10
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 13/10
| Sthavara Sneha Yoni (Vegetable origin of lipids)
|-
| 11
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 21/24
| Management of obesity
|-
| 12
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40
| Agrya Sangraha
|-
| 13
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/107
| Shaka Varga(group of vegetables)
|-
| 14
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/138
| Phala Varga(group of fruits)
|-
| 15
| Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/33
| Vyapagat garbhashalya chikitsa
|-
| 16
| Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 8/11
| Aragvadha Yoga(collections of best food articles, factors and drugs in various conditions)
|-
| 17
| Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 9/12
| Tilvaka Ghrita Yoga
|-
| 18
| Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/16
| Churna Yoga
|-
| 19
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/43
| In formulation of Brahma rasayana
|-
| 20
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/183
| Used as peya with amla in Jwara atisara
|-
| 21
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/187
| Used as peya where jwara(fever) is associated with Parikartika(fissure)
|-
| 22
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/220
| As an ingredient of Pippalyadi Ghrita
|-
| 23
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/235
| Used as khseerapaka where jwara is associated with parikartika
|-
| 24
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267
| As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
|-
| 25
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/46
| In Yavagu prayoga
|-
| 26
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/67
| To increase effect of Trayushanaadi ghrita
|-
| 27
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/149
| Ingredient of Mishrak Sneha
|-
| 28
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/165
| As Pathya Diet in Gulma
|-
| 29
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/65
| Ingredient in Mustadi Churna
|-
| 30
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/81
| Ingredient in Triphalasav
|-
| 31
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/93
| Ingredient in Uttarbhatik Ghrita
|-
| 32
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/126
| Ingredient in Atisar nashak Yoga
|-
| 33
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/127
| Ingredient in Atisar nashak Yoga
|-
| 34
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/168
| Ingredient in Rajayakshma nasak Ghrita
|-
| 35
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/18
| Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrita
|-
| 36
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43
| Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
|-
| 37
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/50
| Ingredient in Kansaharitaki Avaleh
|-
| 38
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/55
| Ingredient in Chitrakadi Ghrita
|-
| 39
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/60
| Ingredient in Jivantyadi Yavagu
|-
| 40
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/109
| In treatment of Udara roga (for parisheka)
|-
| 41
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/40
| As an application of taila before Swedana kriya
|-
| 42
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/44
| Used as avasechana in arsha roga
|-
| 43
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/47
| Used in avagaha sweda
|-
| 44
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/63
| As an ingredient of traushnadi churna
|-
| 45
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/69
| Bilva and kapittha are used with chitraka
|-
| 46
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/93
| kashaya Or yavani used in yusha
|-
| 47
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/100
| Alleviates pain in arsha with patha
|-
| 48
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/107
| As an ingredient of chavyadi ghrita
|-
| 49
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/110
| As an ingredient of nagaradya ghrita
|-
| 50
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/131
| Used in anuvasana basti
|-
| 51
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/144
| As an ingredient of dantyarishta
|-
| 52
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/195
| Used in rakta arsha shoola
|-
| 53
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/200
| Used in rakta arsha
|-
| 54
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/230
| As an ingredient of hriberadi ghrita
|-
| 55
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/236
| As an ingredient of sunishanak changeri ghrita
|-
| 56
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/82
| As an ingredient of dashmuladya ghrita
|-
| 57
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/88
| As an ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrita evum churna
|-
| 58
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/113
| Used as ingredient of yavagu
|-
| 59
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/129
| As an ingredient of Nagaradya churna
|-
| 60
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/136
| As an ingredient of Kiratadhya churna (Pittaja Grahani chiktsa
|-
| 61
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/156
| As an ingredient of Mulasava
|-
| 62
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/188
| Used in preparation of Pancham Kshara
|-
| 63
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/58
| Used in Kaphaja Pandu(anemia) Roga
|-
| 64
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/119
| As an ingredient of Vyoshadi Ghrita
|-
| 65
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/94
| Used in yusha preparation for hikka svasa
|-
| 66
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/102
| Used in yavagu preparation for hikka shvasa
|-
| 67
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/105
| Dasamula kwath is used in condition of trishna in terms of patients of hikka svasa
|-
| 68
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/140
| As an ingredient of dashamuladya ghrita
|-
| 69
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/142
| As an ingredient of Tejovatyadi ghrita
|-
| 70
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/77
| As an ingredient of peya yoga
|-
| 71
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/110
| As a ahara dravya
|-
| 72
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/123
| As an ingredient of dashamuladi ghrita
|-
| 73
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/20
| As a pramathya dravya
|-
| 74
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/26
| As a Ingreidient of dipaniya and sangrahi gana
|-
| 75
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/34
| As a yusha dravya
|-
| 76
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/35
| As a yusha dravya
|-
| 77
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/45
| As a anuvasana dravya
|-
| 78
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/48
| Use with paya for pana
|-
| 79
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/52
| As a yoga dravya in treatment of pittaja atisara
|-
| 80
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/62
| As a anuvasana dravya
|-
| 81
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/104
| As a kwatha dravya
|-
| 82
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/109
| As a yoga dravya
|-
| 83
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/110
| As a yoga dravya
|-
| 84
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/113
| As a yoga dravya
|-
| 85
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/114
| As a main dravya in kaphaj atisara
|-
| 86
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/118
| As a piccha basti dravya
|-
| 87
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/119
| As a anuvasana dravya
|-
| 88
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/23
| As a yusha prayoga in Vataja chhardi
|-
| 89
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/129
| Used as anupana in vataja madatyaya as an ingredient of panchamula
|-
| 90
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/78
| Used for parisechana in Daha & shoola
|-
| 91
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/82
| As an ingredient of Punarnavadi taila for vataja hrudroga
|-
| 92
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/135
| Used in Vataja pratishyaya as dhoomavarti
|-
| 93
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/184
| Used in Kaphaja Siroroga for Pradhamana nasya
|-
| 94
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/243
| As an ingredient of Amrutadi varti
|-
| 95
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/29
| As an ingredient of Urustambha nashak Yoga
|-
| 96
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/56
| As an ingredient of Shyonakadi Parisheka and Pralepa
|-
| 97
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/97
| Used in the treatment of Nabhigata vata
|-
| 98
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/123
| As an ingredient of Baladi ghrita
|-
| 99
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/141
| As an ingredient of Yavadi taila
|-
| 100
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/169
| As an ingredient of Mulakadhya taila
|-
| 101
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/176
| As an ingredient of Mulaka taila
|-
| 102
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/104
| As an ingredient of Amrutadya taila
|-
| 103
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/91
| As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna
|-
| 104
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/266
| Used in the treatment of Phena sanghat, As an ingredient of Anjanadi lepa
|-
| 105
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/278
| Used in the treatment of Pichhila stanya
|}

==Dose==
* 3-6 gm of the drug in powder form<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 01:18</ref>

==Important formulations==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 01:18</ref>
* Bilvadi leha
* Bruhatagangadhara churna

== Current availability==

Available

== Current researches ==

== Phytochemical profile ==
Chemical characterization of ''Aegle marmelos'' across various tissues has identified over 100 secondary metabolites.<ref name="Dhankhar2011" /><ref name="Baliga2011" /> The principal active phytochemical groups include:

* '''Coumarins and furanocoumarins:''' Marmelosin (imperatorin), marmin, umbelliferone, scopoletin, psoralen, aurapten, and xanthotoxol. Marmelosin represents the primary bio-marker constituent responsible for gastroprotective and anti-diarrheal activity.<ref name="Sharma2011" />
* '''Alkaloids:''' Aegeline, marmeline, shahimspine, fragrine, O-methylhalfordinol, and aegelenine.<ref name="Dhankhar2011" /> Aegeline exhibits metabolic regulatory effects.
* '''Triterpenoids and sterols:''' β-sitosterol, lupeol, and γ-sitosterol.
* '''Phenolics and flavonoids:''' Rutin, quercetin, ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, tannic acid, and gallic acid.<ref name="Pathirana2020" />
* '''Polysaccharides and essential oils:''' Mucilage and pectins (fruit pulp); limonene, α-phellandrene, ''p''-cymene, and cineole (leaf essential oil).

== Therapeutic efficacy and pharmacological profile ==

=== Anti-diarrheal, anti-dysenteric, and gastroprotective activity ===
The primary historical clinical use of unripe ''Bilva'' fruit is in managing inflammatory bowel conditions, infectious diarrhea, and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).

* '''Mechanisms of action:''' Unripe fruit extracts rich in marmelosin, tannins, and mucilage exhibit antisecretory and antimotility effects. Research demonstrates that aqueous and methanolic extracts significantly reduce castor oil-induced and enterotoxin-induced intestinal fluid accumulation and peristalsis.<ref name="Bhowmik2012" />
* '''Antimicrobial action against enteropathogens:''' ''A. marmelos'' extracts inhibit colonization and toxin production of enteropathogenic bacteria including ''Escherichia coli'', ''Vibrio cholerae'', ''Shigella dysenteriae'', and ''Salmonella typhimurium''.<ref name="Rajan2011" />
* '''Ulcer protective effect:''' Marmelosin and mucosal polysaccharides enhance gastric mucosal resistance, stimulate mucin secretion, and neutralize gastric hyperacidity, showing efficacy comparable to ranitidine in ethanol- and indomethacin-induced ulcer models.<ref name="Baliga2011" />

=== Antidiabetic and hypoglycemic activity ===
Leaf and fruit extracts of ''Aegle marmelos'' possess potent blood-glucose-lowering properties, validating its use in traditional management of ''Prameha'' (metabolic syndrome).

* '''Mechanisms of action:''' Aqueous leaf extract improves systemic glucose tolerance by increasing peripheral glucose uptake, enhancing hepatic glycogen synthesis, and suppressing gluconeogenic enzymes (fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and glucose-6-phosphatase).<ref name="Gandhi2012" />
* '''Pancreatic beta-cell protection:''' Histopathological evaluations show that administration of ''A. marmelos'' extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic models promotes regeneration of pancreatic β-cells and increases serum insulin secretion.<ref name="Sharma2011" />
* '''Enzyme inhibition:''' Extracts demonstrate strong competitive inhibition against α-glucosidase and α-amylase, delaying postprandial glucose absorption.<ref name="Pathirana2020" />

=== Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic properties ===
The root bark and leaf preparations suppress systemic inflammation, joint pain, and fever.

* '''Mechanisms of action:''' Methanolic leaf and root extracts inhibit carrageenan-induced paw edema and cotton pellet granuloma in animal models.<ref name="Patel2012" /> Bioactive coumarins (marmin and umbelliferone) downregulate key inflammatory mediators, including cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6).<ref name="Baliga2011" />

=== Antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity ===
Free radical damage drives many chronic hepatic and systemic pathologies. ''A. marmelos'' leaves and fruit pulp contain high concentrations of polyphenols and flavonoids that scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS).

* '''Mechanisms of action:''' Administration of ''A. marmelos'' restores depleted endogenous antioxidant enzymes—superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and reduced glutathione (GSH)—while reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in lipid peroxidation assays.<ref name="Jagetia2005" />
* '''Hepatoprotection:''' In carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)- and alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity models, ''Bilva'' extract significantly reduces elevated serum biomarkers: aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and total bilirubin, restoring normal liver architecture.<ref name="Sharma2011" />

=== Cardioprotective and antihyperlipidemic activity ===
* '''Cardioprotection:''' Pre-treatment with ''A. marmelos'' leaf extract attenuates isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction by preventing membrane phospholipid degradation, maintaining intracellular enzyme leakage (CK-MB, LDH), and mitigating oxidative stress.<ref name="Prince2005" />
* '''Lipid modulation:''' Extracts lower total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglycerides while elevating high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels in hyperlipidemic models.<ref name="Gandhi2012" />

== Dosage, formulations, and safety profile ==

=== Classical formulations ===
# '''Bilvadi Churna:''' Powdered combination of unripe ''Bilva'', ''Mocharasa'', ''Musta'', and ''Dhataki'' used for acute diarrhea, dysentery, and IBS.
# '''Bilvashtaka Churna:''' Traditional polyherbal formulation prescribed for intestinal malabsorption (''Grahani'') and sluggish digestion.
# '''Bilvadilehya (Bilvadi Lehya):''' Herbal jam formulation indicated for chronic diarrhea, hyperacidity, vomiting, and nausea.
# '''Dashamularishta / Dashamula Kwatha:''' Complex decoction and fermented tonic incorporating ''Bilva'' root as a primary anti-inflammatory agent.
# '''Bilva Taila:''' Medicated sesame oil infused with ''Bilva'' fruit processed for ear ailments (''Karnaroga''), particularly tinnitus and hard of hearing.

=== Recommended posology (raw drug) ===
* '''Unripe fruit powder (''Churna''):''' 2–6 grams daily with warm water or buttermilk.
* '''Leaf powder (''Churna''):''' 3–6 grams daily.
* '''Leaf juice (''Swarasa''):''' 10–20 mL daily.
* '''Root bark decoction (''Kwatha''):''' 50–100 mL daily in divided doses.
* '''Fresh fruit pulp (ripe):''' 50–100 grams (used as a seasonal cooling beverage).

=== Toxicology and safety ===
''Aegle marmelos'' exhibits a broad therapeutic window and high safety profile. Acute toxicity studies in rodents with aqueous and alcoholic leaf/fruit extracts showed no mortality or adverse behavioral parameters up to single doses of 2000 mg/kg body weight (NOAEL).<ref name="Baliga2011" />

* '''Precautions:''' Ripe fruit pulp is heavy to digest (''Guru'') and, if consumed excessively over prolonged periods, can cause intestinal bloating and constipation due to high pectin and mucosal content. Unripe fruit formulations should be discontinued once acute diarrhea or dysentery resolves to avoid excessive astringent (''Stambhana'') activity.

== References ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="Baliga2011">Baliga, M. S., Thilak, C., Haniadka, R., Rao, S., & Arora, R. (2011). Evaluation of the antiinflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activities of ''Aegle marmelos'' (L.) Correa. ''Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine'', 17(11), 1023–1029. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2010.0534</ref>

<ref name="Bhowmik2012">Bhowmik, D., Kumar, K. S., Yadav, A., Srivastava, S., Paswan, S., & Dutta, A. S. (2012). Recent trends in Indian traditional herb ''Aegle marmelos'' and its medicinal potential. ''The Pharma Innovation'', 1(4), 12–22.</ref>

<ref name="Dhankhar2011">Dhankhar, S., Ruhil, S., Balhara, M., Dhankhar, S., & Chhillar, A. K. (2011). ''Aegle marmelos'' (Linn.) Correa: A potential source of phytomedicine. ''Journal of Medicinal Plants Research'', 5(9), 1497–1507.</ref>

<ref name="Gandhi2012">Gandhi, G. R., & Sasikumar, P. (2012). Antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant activity of ''Aegle marmelos'' (L.) Corr. leaf extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. ''Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine'', 2(3), S115–S122. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60140-1</ref>

<ref name="Jagetia2005">Jagetia, G. C., Venkatesh, P., & Baliga, M. S. (2005). Evaluation of the radioprotective effect of ''Aegle marmelos'' (L.) Correa in cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes. ''Phytomedicine'', 12(1-2), 112–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2003.09.006</ref>

<ref name="Patel2012">Patel, P. K., Patel, M. A., Vyas, B. A., Shah, D. R., & Gandhi, T. R. (2012). Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity of ''Aegle marmelos'' leaves. ''International Journal of Green Pharmacy'', 6(1), 23–28.</ref>

<ref name="Pathirana2020">Pathirana, C. K., Madhujith, T., & Eeswara, J. (2020). Bael (''Aegle marmelos'' (L.) Corrêa), a versatile medicinal plant: A review on chemical constituents and bioactivities. ''Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry'', 9(2), 1619–1629.</ref>

<ref name="Prince2005">Prince, P. S. M., & Rajadurai, M. (2005). Preventive effect of ''Aegle marmelos'' leaf extract on isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction in rats. ''Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology'', 57(10), 1353–1358. https://doi.org/10.1211/jpp.57.10.0015</ref>

<ref name="Rajan2011">Rajan, S., Gokila, M., Jancy, P., Brindha, P., & Sujatha, R. (2011). Antioxidant and phytochemical properties of ''Aegle marmelos'' fruit pulp. ''International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences'', 3(2), 159–163.</ref>

<ref name="Sharma2011">Sharma, G. N., Dubey, S. K., Sati, N., & Sanadya, J. (2011). ''Aegle marmelos'' (Linn.) Correa: A potential medicinal plant for pharmaceuticals. ''World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research'', 1(1), 10–30.</ref>
}}

== External links==
* [https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Aegle%20marmelos IMPPAT database]
* [[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]

Talk:Bilva

2026-08-05T07:15:53Z

Agnivesha:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= Aegle marmelos, Bilva, Bilwa, Bael, stone apple, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=Aegle marmelos (commonly known as bael, bilva, or stone apple) is a plant species in the family [[Rutaceae]]
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
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Aegle marmelos (L.) CORREA EX. SCHULTZ

{{Infobox
|title = Bilva
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Bilva
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Aegle marmelos (L.) CORREA EX. SCHULTZ
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Rutaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = Team Dravyaguna
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''''Aegle marmelos''''' (commonly known as '''bael''', '''bilva''', or '''stone apple''') is a plant species in the family [[Rutaceae]].

== Botanical profile and nomenclature ==
* '''Taxonomic name:''' ''Aegle marmelos'' (L.) Corrêa
* '''Botanical synonyms:''' ''Crateva marmelos'' L., ''Feronia pellucida'' Roth, ''Belou marmelos'' (L.) W.Wight
* '''Family:''' [[Rutaceae]] (Citrus family)
* '''Sanskrit names:''' ''Bilva'', ''Sriphala'', ''Shandilya'', ''Shailusha'', ''Malura'', ''Pootivata''
* '''Vernacular names:''' Bael, Stone Apple, Golden Apple (English); Bel, Bael (Hindi/Bengali); Maredu (Telugu); Vilvam (Tamil); Baelu (Kannada); Koovalam (Malayalam); Kavit (Marathi).

''Aegle marmelos'' is a medium-sized, slow-growing, deciduous spiny tree native to dry tropical and subtropical forests of the Indian subcontinent, Myanmar, and Thailand.<ref name="Sharma2011" /> It reaches heights of 8–15 meters and exhibits trifoliate, alternate leaves traditionally associated with religious symbolism in South Asia. The fruit is a globose or pyriform berry with a hard, woody outer shell (5–15 cm diameter) containing aromatic, mucilaginous orange pulp embedded with numerous woolly seeds. All morphological parts—including the unripe fruit, ripe fruit, root bark, leaves, and stem—possess distinct therapeutic profiles in classical Indian medicine.

== Ayurvedic energetics and pharmacodynamics ==

In classical Ayurvedic pharmacology (''Dravyaguna''), ''Bilva'' presents a distinct dual-action profile depending on fruit maturity. Unripe fruit (''Ama Bilva'') is primary for intestinal and digestive pathology, whereas ripe fruit (''Pakva Bilva'') acts as a laxative but is heavier to digest. Leaves (''Bilva Patra'') and roots (''Bilva Mula'', a constituent of ''[[Dashamula]]'') possess potent ''Vata-Kapha'' pacifying properties.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Ayurvedic Pharmacodynamics of ''Bilva''
|-
! Parameter !! Unripe fruit (''Ama Bilva'') !! Leaves (''Bilva Patra'') !! Root bark (''Bilva Mula'')
|-
| '''Rasa''' (Taste) || ''Kashaya'' (Astringent), ''Tikta'' (Bitter) || ''Tikta'' (Bitter), ''Katu'' (Pungent) || ''Kashaya'' (Astringent), ''Madhura'' (Sweet)
|-
| '''Guna''' (Qualities) || ''Laghu'' (Light), ''Ruksha'' (Dry) || ''Laghu'' (Light), ''Ruksha'' (Dry) || ''Laghu'' (Light)
|-
| '''Virya''' (Potency) || ''Ushna'' (Hot) || ''Ushna'' (Hot) || ''Ushna'' (Hot)
|-
| '''Vipaka''' (Post-digestive) || ''Katu'' (Pungent) || ''Katu'' (Pungent) || ''Katu'' (Pungent)
|-
| '''Dosha Karma''' || ''Kapha-Vata Hara'' || ''Kapha-Vata Hara'' || ''Tridosha Hara'' (esp. ''Vata-Kapha'')
|-
| '''Primary actions''' || ''Grahi'' (Absorbent), ''Deepana'' (Stomachic), ''Pachana'' (Digestive) || ''Mehahara'' (Antidiabetic), ''Shothahara'' (Anti-inflammatory) || ''Shothahara'' (Anti-edematous), ''Anulomana'' (Carminative)
|-
| '''Indications''' || ''Atisara'' (Diarrhea), ''Grahani'' (IBD/IBS), ''Pravahika'' (Dysentery) || ''Prameha'' (Diabetes), ''Jwara'' (Fever), ''Shotha'' (Swelling) || ''Vata-vyadhi'' (Neurological/Joint disorders), ''Vamana'' (Vomiting)
|}

==Therapeutic uses==

Pravahika, Agnimandya(loss of appetite), grahani roga<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 01:18</ref>

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==

Bilva, Shriphala(fruit of bilva is having aroma), Shandilya, Malur, Mahaphala(fruit is large in size), Sadaphala(bilva bears fruits always)

==Synonyms in Bhavaprakasa Nighantu==

Shandilya, Shailusha(Bilva tree grows in hilly region also),malura<ref> Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Guduchyadi varga, verse no.-13</ref>

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/11
| Asthapana
|-
| 2
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/19
| Pachani-Grahi yavagu(gruel)
|-
| 3
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/20
| Piita-Shelsmaja Atisara yavagu
|-
| 4
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/28
| Grahi yavagu
|-
| 5
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(12)
| Arshoghna mahakashaya (anti-hemorrhoids)
|-
| 6
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(25)
| Asthapanopaga mahakashaya(helping corrective enema)
|-
| 7
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(26)
| Anuvasanopaga mahakashaya(unctuous enema)
|-
| 8
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(38)
| Shwayathuhara mahakashaya(relieving oedema)
|-
| 9
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/64
| Anu taila dravya
|-
| 10
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 13/10
| Sthavara Sneha Yoni (Vegetable origin of lipids)
|-
| 11
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 21/24
| Management of obesity
|-
| 12
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40
| Agrya Sangraha
|-
| 13
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/107
| Shaka Varga(group of vegetables)
|-
| 14
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/138
| Phala Varga(group of fruits)
|-
| 15
| Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/33
| Vyapagat garbhashalya chikitsa
|-
| 16
| Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 8/11
| Aragvadha Yoga(collections of best food articles, factors and drugs in various conditions)
|-
| 17
| Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 9/12
| Tilvaka Ghrita Yoga
|-
| 18
| Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/16
| Churna Yoga
|-
| 19
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/43
| In formulation of Brahma rasayana
|-
| 20
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/183
| Used as peya with amla in Jwara atisara
|-
| 21
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/187
| Used as peya where jwara(fever) is associated with Parikartika(fissure)
|-
| 22
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/220
| As an ingredient of Pippalyadi Ghrita
|-
| 23
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/235
| Used as khseerapaka where jwara is associated with parikartika
|-
| 24
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267
| As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
|-
| 25
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/46
| In Yavagu prayoga
|-
| 26
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/67
| To increase effect of Trayushanaadi ghrita
|-
| 27
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/149
| Ingredient of Mishrak Sneha
|-
| 28
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/165
| As Pathya Diet in Gulma
|-
| 29
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/65
| Ingredient in Mustadi Churna
|-
| 30
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/81
| Ingredient in Triphalasav
|-
| 31
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/93
| Ingredient in Uttarbhatik Ghrita
|-
| 32
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/126
| Ingredient in Atisar nashak Yoga
|-
| 33
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/127
| Ingredient in Atisar nashak Yoga
|-
| 34
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/168
| Ingredient in Rajayakshma nasak Ghrita
|-
| 35
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/18
| Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrita
|-
| 36
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43
| Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
|-
| 37
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/50
| Ingredient in Kansaharitaki Avaleh
|-
| 38
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/55
| Ingredient in Chitrakadi Ghrita
|-
| 39
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/60
| Ingredient in Jivantyadi Yavagu
|-
| 40
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/109
| In treatment of Udara roga (for parisheka)
|-
| 41
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/40
| As an application of taila before Swedana kriya
|-
| 42
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/44
| Used as avasechana in arsha roga
|-
| 43
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/47
| Used in avagaha sweda
|-
| 44
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/63
| As an ingredient of traushnadi churna
|-
| 45
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/69
| Bilva and kapittha are used with chitraka
|-
| 46
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/93
| kashaya Or yavani used in yusha
|-
| 47
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/100
| Alleviates pain in arsha with patha
|-
| 48
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/107
| As an ingredient of chavyadi ghrita
|-
| 49
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/110
| As an ingredient of nagaradya ghrita
|-
| 50
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/131
| Used in anuvasana basti
|-
| 51
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/144
| As an ingredient of dantyarishta
|-
| 52
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/195
| Used in rakta arsha shoola
|-
| 53
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/200
| Used in rakta arsha
|-
| 54
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/230
| As an ingredient of hriberadi ghrita
|-
| 55
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/236
| As an ingredient of sunishanak changeri ghrita
|-
| 56
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/82
| As an ingredient of dashmuladya ghrita
|-
| 57
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/88
| As an ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrita evum churna
|-
| 58
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/113
| Used as ingredient of yavagu
|-
| 59
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/129
| As an ingredient of Nagaradya churna
|-
| 60
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/136
| As an ingredient of Kiratadhya churna (Pittaja Grahani chiktsa
|-
| 61
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/156
| As an ingredient of Mulasava
|-
| 62
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/188
| Used in preparation of Pancham Kshara
|-
| 63
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/58
| Used in Kaphaja Pandu(anemia) Roga
|-
| 64
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/119
| As an ingredient of Vyoshadi Ghrita
|-
| 65
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/94
| Used in yusha preparation for hikka svasa
|-
| 66
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/102
| Used in yavagu preparation for hikka shvasa
|-
| 67
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/105
| Dasamula kwath is used in condition of trishna in terms of patients of hikka svasa
|-
| 68
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/140
| As an ingredient of dashamuladya ghrita
|-
| 69
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/142
| As an ingredient of Tejovatyadi ghrita
|-
| 70
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/77
| As an ingredient of peya yoga
|-
| 71
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/110
| As a ahara dravya
|-
| 72
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/123
| As an ingredient of dashamuladi ghrita
|-
| 73
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/20
| As a pramathya dravya
|-
| 74
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/26
| As a Ingreidient of dipaniya and sangrahi gana
|-
| 75
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/34
| As a yusha dravya
|-
| 76
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/35
| As a yusha dravya
|-
| 77
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/45
| As a anuvasana dravya
|-
| 78
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/48
| Use with paya for pana
|-
| 79
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/52
| As a yoga dravya in treatment of pittaja atisara
|-
| 80
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/62
| As a anuvasana dravya
|-
| 81
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/104
| As a kwatha dravya
|-
| 82
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/109
| As a yoga dravya
|-
| 83
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/110
| As a yoga dravya
|-
| 84
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/113
| As a yoga dravya
|-
| 85
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/114
| As a main dravya in kaphaj atisara
|-
| 86
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/118
| As a piccha basti dravya
|-
| 87
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/119
| As a anuvasana dravya
|-
| 88
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/23
| As a yusha prayoga in Vataja chhardi
|-
| 89
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/129
| Used as anupana in vataja madatyaya as an ingredient of panchamula
|-
| 90
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/78
| Used for parisechana in Daha & shoola
|-
| 91
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/82
| As an ingredient of Punarnavadi taila for vataja hrudroga
|-
| 92
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/135
| Used in Vataja pratishyaya as dhoomavarti
|-
| 93
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/184
| Used in Kaphaja Siroroga for Pradhamana nasya
|-
| 94
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/243
| As an ingredient of Amrutadi varti
|-
| 95
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/29
| As an ingredient of Urustambha nashak Yoga
|-
| 96
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/56
| As an ingredient of Shyonakadi Parisheka and Pralepa
|-
| 97
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/97
| Used in the treatment of Nabhigata vata
|-
| 98
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/123
| As an ingredient of Baladi ghrita
|-
| 99
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/141
| As an ingredient of Yavadi taila
|-
| 100
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/169
| As an ingredient of Mulakadhya taila
|-
| 101
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/176
| As an ingredient of Mulaka taila
|-
| 102
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/104
| As an ingredient of Amrutadya taila
|-
| 103
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/91
| As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna
|-
| 104
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/266
| Used in the treatment of Phena sanghat, As an ingredient of Anjanadi lepa
|-
| 105
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/278
| Used in the treatment of Pichhila stanya
|}

==Dose==
* 3-6 gm of the drug in powder form<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 01:18</ref>

==Important formulations==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 01:18</ref>
* Bilvadi leha
* Bruhatagangadhara churna

== Current availability==

Available

== Current researches ==

== Phytochemical profile ==
Chemical characterization of ''Aegle marmelos'' across various tissues has identified over 100 secondary metabolites.<ref name="Dhankhar2011" /><ref name="Baliga2011" /> The principal active phytochemical groups include:

* '''Coumarins and furanocoumarins:''' Marmelosin (imperatorin), marmin, umbelliferone, scopoletin, psoralen, aurapten, and xanthotoxol. Marmelosin represents the primary bio-marker constituent responsible for gastroprotective and anti-diarrheal activity.<ref name="Sharma2011" />
* '''Alkaloids:''' Aegeline, marmeline, shahimspine, fragrine, O-methylhalfordinol, and aegelenine.<ref name="Dhankhar2011" /> Aegeline exhibits metabolic regulatory effects.
* '''Triterpenoids and sterols:''' β-sitosterol, lupeol, and γ-sitosterol.
* '''Phenolics and flavonoids:''' Rutin, quercetin, ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, tannic acid, and gallic acid.<ref name="Pathirana2020" />
* '''Polysaccharides and essential oils:''' Mucilage and pectins (fruit pulp); limonene, α-phellandrene, ''p''-cymene, and cineole (leaf essential oil).

== Therapeutic efficacy and pharmacological profile ==

=== Anti-diarrheal, anti-dysenteric, and gastroprotective activity ===
The primary historical clinical use of unripe ''Bilva'' fruit is in managing inflammatory bowel conditions, infectious diarrhea, and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).

* '''Mechanisms of action:''' Unripe fruit extracts rich in marmelosin, tannins, and mucilage exhibit antisecretory and antimotility effects. Research demonstrates that aqueous and methanolic extracts significantly reduce castor oil-induced and enterotoxin-induced intestinal fluid accumulation and peristalsis.<ref name="Bhowmik2012" />
* '''Antimicrobial action against enteropathogens:''' ''A. marmelos'' extracts inhibit colonization and toxin production of enteropathogenic bacteria including ''Escherichia coli'', ''Vibrio cholerae'', ''Shigella dysenteriae'', and ''Salmonella typhimurium''.<ref name="Rajan2011" />
* '''Ulcer protective effect:''' Marmelosin and mucosal polysaccharides enhance gastric mucosal resistance, stimulate mucin secretion, and neutralize gastric hyperacidity, showing efficacy comparable to ranitidine in ethanol- and indomethacin-induced ulcer models.<ref name="Baliga2011" />

=== Antidiabetic and hypoglycemic activity ===
Leaf and fruit extracts of ''Aegle marmelos'' possess potent blood-glucose-lowering properties, validating its use in traditional management of ''Prameha'' (metabolic syndrome).

* '''Mechanisms of action:''' Aqueous leaf extract improves systemic glucose tolerance by increasing peripheral glucose uptake, enhancing hepatic glycogen synthesis, and suppressing gluconeogenic enzymes (fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and glucose-6-phosphatase).<ref name="Gandhi2012" />
* '''Pancreatic beta-cell protection:''' Histopathological evaluations show that administration of ''A. marmelos'' extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic models promotes regeneration of pancreatic β-cells and increases serum insulin secretion.<ref name="Sharma2011" />
* '''Enzyme inhibition:''' Extracts demonstrate strong competitive inhibition against α-glucosidase and α-amylase, delaying postprandial glucose absorption.<ref name="Pathirana2020" />

=== Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic properties ===
The root bark and leaf preparations suppress systemic inflammation, joint pain, and fever.

* '''Mechanisms of action:''' Methanolic leaf and root extracts inhibit carrageenan-induced paw edema and cotton pellet granuloma in animal models.<ref name="Patel2012" /> Bioactive coumarins (marmin and umbelliferone) downregulate key inflammatory mediators, including cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6).<ref name="Baliga2011" />

=== Antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity ===
Free radical damage drives many chronic hepatic and systemic pathologies. ''A. marmelos'' leaves and fruit pulp contain high concentrations of polyphenols and flavonoids that scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS).

* '''Mechanisms of action:''' Administration of ''A. marmelos'' restores depleted endogenous antioxidant enzymes—superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and reduced glutathione (GSH)—while reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in lipid peroxidation assays.<ref name="Jagetia2005" />
* '''Hepatoprotection:''' In carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)- and alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity models, ''Bilva'' extract significantly reduces elevated serum biomarkers: aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and total bilirubin, restoring normal liver architecture.<ref name="Sharma2011" />

=== Cardioprotective and antihyperlipidemic activity ===
* '''Cardioprotection:''' Pre-treatment with ''A. marmelos'' leaf extract attenuates isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction by preventing membrane phospholipid degradation, maintaining intracellular enzyme leakage (CK-MB, LDH), and mitigating oxidative stress.<ref name="Prince2005" />
* '''Lipid modulation:''' Extracts lower total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglycerides while elevating high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels in hyperlipidemic models.<ref name="Gandhi2012" />

== Dosage, formulations, and safety profile ==

=== Classical formulations ===
# '''Bilvadi Churna:''' Powdered combination of unripe ''Bilva'', ''Mocharasa'', ''Musta'', and ''Dhataki'' used for acute diarrhea, dysentery, and IBS.
# '''Bilvashtaka Churna:''' Traditional polyherbal formulation prescribed for intestinal malabsorption (''Grahani'') and sluggish digestion.
# '''Bilvadilehya (Bilvadi Lehya):''' Herbal jam formulation indicated for chronic diarrhea, hyperacidity, vomiting, and nausea.
# '''Dashamularishta / Dashamula Kwatha:''' Complex decoction and fermented tonic incorporating ''Bilva'' root as a primary anti-inflammatory agent.
# '''Bilva Taila:''' Medicated sesame oil infused with ''Bilva'' fruit processed for ear ailments (''Karnaroga''), particularly tinnitus and hard of hearing.

=== Recommended posology (raw drug) ===
* '''Unripe fruit powder (''Churna''):''' 2–6 grams daily with warm water or buttermilk.
* '''Leaf powder (''Churna''):''' 3–6 grams daily.
* '''Leaf juice (''Swarasa''):''' 10–20 mL daily.
* '''Root bark decoction (''Kwatha''):''' 50–100 mL daily in divided doses.
* '''Fresh fruit pulp (ripe):''' 50–100 grams (used as a seasonal cooling beverage).

=== Toxicology and safety ===
''Aegle marmelos'' exhibits a broad therapeutic window and high safety profile. Acute toxicity studies in rodents with aqueous and alcoholic leaf/fruit extracts showed no mortality or adverse behavioral parameters up to single doses of 2000 mg/kg body weight (NOAEL).<ref name="Baliga2011" />

* '''Precautions:''' Ripe fruit pulp is heavy to digest (''Guru'') and, if consumed excessively over prolonged periods, can cause intestinal bloating and constipation due to high pectin and mucosal content. Unripe fruit formulations should be discontinued once acute diarrhea or dysentery resolves to avoid excessive astringent (''Stambhana'') activity.

== References ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="Baliga2011">Baliga, M. S., Thilak, C., Haniadka, R., Rao, S., & Arora, R. (2011). Evaluation of the antiinflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activities of ''Aegle marmelos'' (L.) Correa. ''Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine'', 17(11), 1023–1029. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2010.0534</ref>

<ref name="Bhowmik2012">Bhowmik, D., Kumar, K. S., Yadav, A., Srivastava, S., Paswan, S., & Dutta, A. S. (2012). Recent trends in Indian traditional herb ''Aegle marmelos'' and its medicinal potential. ''The Pharma Innovation'', 1(4), 12–22.</ref>

<ref name="Dhankhar2011">Dhankhar, S., Ruhil, S., Balhara, M., Dhankhar, S., & Chhillar, A. K. (2011). ''Aegle marmelos'' (Linn.) Correa: A potential source of phytomedicine. ''Journal of Medicinal Plants Research'', 5(9), 1497–1507.</ref>

<ref name="Gandhi2012">Gandhi, G. R., & Sasikumar, P. (2012). Antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant activity of ''Aegle marmelos'' (L.) Corr. leaf extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. ''Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine'', 2(3), S115–S122. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60140-1</ref>

<ref name="Jagetia2005">Jagetia, G. C., Venkatesh, P., & Baliga, M. S. (2005). Evaluation of the radioprotective effect of ''Aegle marmelos'' (L.) Correa in cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes. ''Phytomedicine'', 12(1-2), 112–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2003.09.006</ref>

<ref name="Patel2012">Patel, P. K., Patel, M. A., Vyas, B. A., Shah, D. R., & Gandhi, T. R. (2012). Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity of ''Aegle marmelos'' leaves. ''International Journal of Green Pharmacy'', 6(1), 23–28.</ref>

<ref name="Pathirana2020">Pathirana, C. K., Madhujith, T., & Eeswara, J. (2020). Bael (''Aegle marmelos'' (L.) Corrêa), a versatile medicinal plant: A review on chemical constituents and bioactivities. ''Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry'', 9(2), 1619–1629.</ref>

<ref name="Prince2005">Prince, P. S. M., & Rajadurai, M. (2005). Preventive effect of ''Aegle marmelos'' leaf extract on isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction in rats. ''Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology'', 57(10), 1353–1358. https://doi.org/10.1211/jpp.57.10.0015</ref>

<ref name="Rajan2011">Rajan, S., Gokila, M., Jancy, P., Brindha, P., & Sujatha, R. (2011). Antioxidant and phytochemical properties of ''Aegle marmelos'' fruit pulp. ''International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences'', 3(2), 159–163.</ref>

<ref name="Sharma2011">Sharma, G. N., Dubey, S. K., Sati, N., & Sanadya, J. (2011). ''Aegle marmelos'' (Linn.) Correa: A potential medicinal plant for pharmaceuticals. ''World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research'', 1(1), 10–30.</ref>
}}

== External links==
* [https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Aegle%20marmelos IMPPAT database]
* [[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]

Agnimantha

2026-08-05T06:55:08Z

Agnivesha: /* External links */

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= Agnimantha, Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn.f.,Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

[[wikipedia:Clerodendrum_phlomidis|Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn.f.]]

{{Infobox
|title = Agnimantha
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Agnimantha
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn.f.
|label3 = Contributors
|data3 = Team Dravyaguna
|label4 = Year of publication
|data4 = 2026
|label5 = Publisher
|data5 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label6 = DOI
|data6 = Awaited
}}

'''''Clerodendrum phlomidis''''' (Sanskrit: ''Agnimantha'') is a species of flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae. It is a large puberulent shrub or small tree native to dry, arid, and tropical regions across the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia.<ref name="Wang2018" /> Morphologically, it possesses ovate or deltoid leaves with entire or coarsely dentate margins and fragrant, white-to-pinkish tubular flowers in axillary cymes. In [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic medicine]], it serves as ''Brihat Agnimantha''—a vital constituent of [[Dashamula]] (the ten sacred roots formulation).

== Botanical profile and nomenclature ==
* '''Taxonomic name:''' ''Clerodendrum phlomidis'' Linn.f.
* '''Botanical synonyms:''' ''Clerodendrum multiflorum'' (Burm.f.) O. Kuntze, ''Volkameria multiflora'' Burm.f.
* '''Family:''' Lamiaceae (formerly Verbenaceae)
* '''Sanskrit name:''' ''Agnimantha'' (also ''Ganikarika'', ''Arani'', ''Tarkari'', ''Vatagni'')
* '''Vernacular names:''' Arni, Piran (Hindi); Arani, Tekar (Marathi); Aranimula (Gujarati); Vadamadakki, Taludalai (Tamil); Nelli, Tekkali (Telugu); Munja (Malayalam).
[[File:Agnimantha.jpg|thumb|'''Agnimantha (''Clerodendrum phlomidis L.)''''']]

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==

Agnimantha, Jaya, Sriparni, Ganikarika, Jayanti, Tarkari, Nadeyi, Vaijayanti

== Ayurvedic energetics and pharmacodynamics ==

In classical Ayurvedic literature, Agnimantha is classified as an essential Vata-Kapha Shamaka drug, specifically indicated for inflammatory conditions (Shotha), metabolic disorders (Prameha and Sthaulya), and fevers (Jwara).

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties !! Clinical relevance
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Bitter (tikta), Pungent (katu), Astringent (kashaya), Sweet (madhura)|| Cleanses tissue channels (''Srotas''), reduces excessive ''Kapha'' and ''Meda'' (fat).
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna) || Stimulates metabolic digestive fire (''Agni''), relieves ''Vata'' pain and swelling.
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu) || Enhances bio-elimination and metabolic clearance.
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha) || Pacifies heavy, sticky, congestive toxic accumulation (''Ama'').
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[kapha]] and [[vata]]|| Alleviates pain, edema, neuromuscular stiffness, and fluid retention.
|-
| 6 || Primary indications || Shotha (Edema), Prameha (Diabetes), Sthaulya (Obesity), Jwara (Fever), Vata-vyadhi || Reduces swelling, joint discomfort, metabolic sluggishness, and pyrexia.
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa. Sutra sthana 2/11 || Used as a Asthapana dravya
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa. Sutra sthana 4/9(26)|| Anuvasanopaga mahakashaya
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.Sutra sthana 4/9(38) || Shwayathuhara mahakashaya
|-
|4
|Cha.Sa.Sutra sthana 21/24
|Management of obesity
|-
|5
|Cha.Sa.Sutra sthana 21/24
|Management of obesity
|-
|6
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa sthana 1/1/43
|In formulation of brahma rasayana
|-
|7
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa sthana 3/267
|As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
|-
|8
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa sthana 5/67
|To increase effect of Trayushanaadi ghrit
|-
|9
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa sthana 5/149
|Ingredient of Mishrak Sneha
|-
|10
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 6/28
|Used for making decoction in Kaphaja prameha
|-
|11
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/65
|Ingredient in Mustadi Churna
|-
|12
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/81
|Ingredient in Triphalasava
|-
|13
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 9/52
|Ingredient in Apara Lasunadya Ghrit
|-
|14
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 10/18
|Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrita
|-
|15
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 12/50
|Ingredient in Kansaharitaki Avaleh
|-
|16
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 13/65
|In treatment of vatodara for anuvasana basti
|-
|17
|Cha. Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/113
|As an ingredient of Panchkola ghrita
|-
|18
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 13/117
|As an ingredient of yavadi ghrit
|-
|19
|Cha. Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/170
|Kshar siddha taila used in udara roga
|-
|20
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 14/45
|Used in Swedana kriya
|-
|21
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 14/144
|As an ingredient of Dantyarista
|-
|22
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana15/82
|As an ingredient of Dashmuladya ghrita
|-
|23
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 15/88
|As an ingredient of Panchamuladhya ghrit evum churna
|-
|24
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 15/156
|As an ingredient of Mulasava
|-
|25
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 17/102
|Used in yavagu preparation for hikka svasa
|-
|26
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 17/105
|Dashamula kwath used in condition of trishna in patients of Hikka Shvasa.
|-
|27
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 17/140
|As an ingredient of Dashamuladhya ghrita
|-
|28
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa sthana 21/125
|As an ingredient of Baladi lepa.
|-
|29
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa sthana 24/129
|Used as anupana in vataja madatyaya as an ingredient of panchamula.
|-
|30
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 25/78
|Used for parisechana in Daha & shoola.
|-
|31
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 26/138
|Used in Vataja pratishyaya For nasya.
|-
|32
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 26/153
|As an ingredient of Bhargyadi taila.
|-
|33
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 26/237
|Used for aaschotana in Vataja netraroga.
|-
|34
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 27/57
|As an ingredient of Shyonakadi Parisheka and Pralepa
|-
|35
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 27/52
|As an ingredient of Tarkaryadi Parisechana
|-
|36
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 27/54
|As an ingredient of Shyonakadi Parisheka and Pralepa
|}
== Current availability==

Available

== Current researches ==

== Phytochemical profile ==
Phytochemical analyses of ''Clerodendrum phlomidis'' have isolated over 280 secondary metabolites across the root, stem, leaf, and flower tissues.<ref name="Bharitkar2015" /><ref name="Wang2018" /> These constituents provide the chemical foundation for its systemic bioactivities:

* '''Flavonoids and flavonoid glycosides:''' Pectolinaringenin, scutellarein, hispidulin, apigenin, 7-hydroxyflavone, and pectolinaringenin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside.<ref name="Bharitkar2015" /><ref name="Mamuaja2024" />
* '''Steroids and sterol glycosides:''' γ-sitosterol, β-sitosterol, clerosterol, cholestanol, and 24β-ethylcholesta-5,22E,25-trien-3β-ol.<ref name="Bharitkar2015" /><ref name="Mamuaja2024" />
* '''Diterpenes and diterpenoids:''' Clerodin, clerodendrin, and clerodermic acid.
* '''Phenylethanoid glycosides and phenolics:''' Acteoside, verbascoside, and serratagenic acid.<ref name="Wang2018" />

== Therapeutic efficacy and pharmacological profile ==

=== Anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity ===
The anti-inflammatory efficacy of ''Clerodendrum phlomidis'' validates its classical classification as a principal ''Shothahara'' (edema-reducing) agent. Research on leaf and root extracts shows significant attenuation of both acute and chronic inflammation.<ref name="Babu2011" /><ref name="Wang2018" />

* '''Mechanisms of action:''' The aqueous and alcoholic extracts exhibit marked lysosomal membrane stabilization, preventing the release of lysosomal enzymes that trigger tissue injury and inflammatory cascades.<ref name="Babu2011" /> ''In vivo'' models demonstrate significant inhibition of carrageenan-induced paw edema and suppression of Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA)-induced arthritis.<ref name="Babu2011" /><ref name="Mamuaja2024" />
* '''Nanoparticle applications:''' Green-synthesized aluminum oxide nanoparticles utilizing ''C. phlomidis'' extracts show enhanced anti-inflammatory membrane stabilization and radical scavenging activities ''in vitro''.<ref name="Thanaraj2024" />

=== Antidiabetic and hypoglycemic activity ===
In traditional practice, ''Agnimantha'' is prescribed for ''Prameha'' (metabolic syndrome/diabetes mellitus). Modern pharmacological investigations confirm that alcoholic and aqueous leaf and root extracts possess dose-dependent hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties.<ref name="Mamuaja2024" /><ref name="Wang2018" />

* '''Mechanisms of action:''' ''C. phlomidis'' extracts promote circulating glucose uptake, restore pancreatic islet tissue integrity, reduce lipid peroxidation, and inhibit key digestive enzymes (α-glucosidase and α-amylase), preventing postprandial hyperglycemia.<ref name="Mamuaja2024" />

=== Antioxidant and immunomodulatory potential ===
The plant's broad phenolic and flavonoid composition—specifically compounds like pectolinaringenin and acteoside—imparts strong antioxidant activity.<ref name="Bharitkar2015" /><ref name="Mamuaja2024" />

* '''Mechanisms of action:''' Extracts scavenge free radicals such as DPPH and ABTS while bolstering endogenously produced antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx).<ref name="Thanaraj2024" /><ref name="Wang2018" /> This activity reduces oxidative stress-mediated cellular damage and supports systemic immune responsiveness.<ref name="Mamuaja2024" />

=== Hepatoprotective and anti-obesity effects ===
''Agnimantha'' is a component of formulations designed to address ''Sthaulya'' (obesity) and hepatic congestion.<ref name="Mamuaja2024" /><ref name="Wang2018" />

* '''Hepatoprotection:''' Ethyl acetate and alcoholic extracts significantly lower elevated serum marker enzymes (AST, ALT, ALP, total bilirubin) in models of toxin-induced hepatic injury, restoring structural architecture and parenchymal integrity.<ref name="Wang2018" />
* '''Anti-obesity activity:''' Methanolic root extracts demonstrate hypolipidemic effects by reducing circulating triglycerides and total cholesterol, suppressing adipocyte hypertrophy, and inhibiting pre-adipocyte differentiation.<ref name="Mamuaja2024" />

=== Antimicrobial, antiasthmatic, and neuroprotective effects ===
* '''Antimicrobial:''' Leaf extracts exhibit antimicrobial broad-spectrum activity against pathogenic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as fungal strains.<ref name="Ravichandran2022" /><ref name="Thanaraj2024" />
* '''Respiratory support:''' Ethnomedicinal claims for asthma and bronchitis treatment are supported by bronchodilatory and antiasthmatic actions that relax smooth muscle tissues and suppress allergic inflammatory responses.<ref name="Ravichandran2022" /><ref name="Wang2018" />
* '''Neuroprotection:''' Methanolic fractions demonstrate central nervous system calming effects, antiamnestic potential, and protection against neurodegenerative oxidative stress.<ref name="Mamuaja2024" /><ref name="Wang2018" />

== Dosage, formulations, and safety profile ==

=== Classical formulations ===
# '''Dashamularishta:''' Fermented liquid formulation used for post-partum recovery, systemic inflammation, and respiratory disorders.
# '''Dashamula Kwatha:''' Decoction prescribed for ''Vata'' joint disorders, edema, and fever.
# '''Agnimanthadi Kwatha:''' Targeted decoction for obesity, dyslipidemia, and metabolic slowness.
# '''Chyawanprash:''' Polyherbal rasayana tonic incorporating ''Agnimantha'' root for immunity and vitality.

=== Recommended posology (raw drug) ===
* '''Root bark powder (''Churna''):''' 3–6 grams daily.
* '''Decoction (''Kwatha''):''' 50–100 mL daily in divided doses.
* '''Fresh leaf juice (''Swarasa''):''' 10–20 mL daily.

=== Toxicology and safety ===
Acute and sub-acute toxicity evaluations of ''Clerodendrum phlomidis'' crude extracts in animal models demonstrate high safety margins with no observed adverse effect levels (NOAEL) at standard therapeutic dosages.<ref name="Wang2018" /> Standardized preparations remain well tolerated without documented target-organ toxicity.

== References ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="Babu2011">Babu, N. P., Pandikumar, P., & Ignacimuthu, S. (2011). Lysosomal membrane stabilization and anti-inflammatory activity of Clerodendrum phlomidis L.f., a traditional medicinal plant. ''Journal of Ethnopharmacology'', 135(3), 779–785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2011.04.028</ref>

<ref name="Bharitkar2015">Bharitkar, Y. P., Hazra, A., Shah, S., Saha, S., Matoori, A. K., & Mondal, N. B. (2015). New flavonoid glycosides and other chemical constituents from Clerodendrum phlomidis leaves: isolation and characterisation. ''Natural Product Research'', 29(19), 1850–1856. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2015.1009457</ref>

<ref name="Mamuaja2024">Mamuaja, M. N., Herlina, T., Rumampuk, R. J., Maksum, I. P., & Rukayadi, Y. (2024). Flavonoids from Clerodendrum genus and their biological activities. ''ADMET and DMPK'', 12(4), 843–879. https://doi.org/10.5599/admet.2442</ref>

<ref name="Ravichandran2022">Ravichandran, S., Jegathaprathaban, R., Radhakrishnan, J., Usha, R., Vijayan, V., & Teklemariam, A. (2022). An investigation of electrospun Clerodendrum phlomidis leaves extract infused polycaprolactone nanofiber for in vitro biological application. ''Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications'', 2022, 2335443. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2335443</ref>

<ref name="Thanaraj2024">Thanaraj, S., Mitthun, A. N. K., Geetha Sravanthy, P., Carmelin, D. S., Surya, M., & Saravanan, M. (2024). Green synthesis of aluminum oxide nanoparticles using Clerodendrum phlomidis and their antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. ''Cureus'', 16(1), e52279. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.52279</ref>

<ref name="Wang2018">Wang, J.-H., Luan, F., He, X.-D., Wang, Y., & Li, M.-X. (2018). Traditional uses and pharmacological properties of Clerodendrum phytochemicals. ''Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine'', 8(1), 24–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2017.04.001</ref>
}}

=== External links ===
* [https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Clerodendrum%20phlomidis IMPPAT Database]
* [[index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals|Herbs]]

Herbs details

2026-08-05T06:51:41Z

Agnivesha:

Herbs details:

# [[Amalaki]]
# [[Bibhitaki]]
# [[Haritaki]]
# [[Guduchi]]
# [[Ashwagandha]]
# [[Shunthi]]
# [[Maricha]]
# [[Pippali]]
# [[Chitraka]]
# [[Vidanga]]
# [[Musta]]
# [[Brahmi]]
# [[Shankhapushpi]]
# [[Shatavari]]
# [[Haridra]]
# [[Arjuna]]
# [[Guggulu]]
# [[Yasthimadhu|Yashtimadhu]]
# [[Lodhra]]
# [[Agnimantha]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants and Botanical Names in Charak Samhita
! Sr. No. !! Sanskrit Name !! Synonyms !! Botanical Name
|-
| 1 || [[Bibhitaki|Aksha]]|| [[Bibhitaki|Bibhitaki, kaliphala, Bhutavasa, Kalidruma]]|| '''[[Bibhitaki|Terminalia bellirica Roxb]]'''
|-
| 2 || Aguru || Agaru, loha, krimija, rajarha || '''Aquilaria agallocha Roxb'''
|-
| 3 || [[Agnimantha]]|| Jaya, Sriparni, Ganikarika, Jayanti, Tarkari, Nadeyi, Vai jayanti || '''[[Agnimantha|Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn.f.]]'''
|-
| 4 || Ankola || Ankoda, Deerghakeela, Nikochaka, Tamraphala, Gupta Sneha || '''Alangium lamarkii Thw., (Alangium salviifolium)'''
|-
| 5 || Ajamoda || Karavi, Deepyaka, Shikhimoda || '''Apium graveolens'''
|-
| 6 || Atasi || uma, picchila, devi, medagandha, madotkata, kshuma, hemavati,masruna || '''Linum usitatissimum Linn.'''
|-
| 7 || Atibala || rishyaprokta, kankatika,Balika, Vatyapushpy, Bhuribala || '''Abutilon indicum. (Link)'''
|-
| 8 || Ativisha || shrungi, virupa, pittadivallabha, shwetvaca, visha, madri || '''Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. Cat.'''
|-
| 9 || Aparajita || Shanhapushpi,Girikarnika, Visnukranta,Sephanda || '''Clitoria ternatea L.'''
|-
| 10 || Apamarga || Shikhari,durgraha, adhashalya, karmanjri, pratyakpushpi || '''Achyranthes aspera Linn.'''
|-
| 11 || Ambashtaki || laghu patha,Uttanaparni, prachina,varatikta, Aviddhakarni,kuchelika || '''Cissampelos pareira Linn'''
|-
| 12 || Amlikakanda || || '''Dioscorea oppositifolia L.'''
|-
| 13 || Arimeda || Irimeda, Vidkhadira || '''Acacia leucophloea Willd.'''
|-
| 14 || Arka || Ravi, Bhanu, Tapana,Tulaphala, vikirana,ksheeraparna || '''Calotropis gigantea'''
|-
| 15 || Arjaka || Barbari,Sheta tulasi || '''Ocimum gratissimum L.'''
|-
| 16 || [[Arjuna]]|| Indradru, Nadisarja, Dhavala, Kakubha, Partha, Shweta vaha, || '''[[Arjuna|Terminalia Arjuna]]'''
|-
| 17 || Avakpushpi || || '''Trichodesma indicum'''
|-
| 18 || Ashoka || Madhupushpa,Raktapallavaka, Hemapushpa, Pindipushpa, Nata, Pallavadru, || '''Saraca indica Linn.'''
|-
| 19 || Ashmantaka || Yugmapatra, yaalapatraka, kanchini || '''Bauhinia racemosa. Lam.'''
|-
| 20 || [[Ashwagandha]]|| [[Ashwagandha|Balada, kamarupini, vajini,Gandhapatri]]|| '''[[Ashwagandha|Withania somnifera]]'''
|-
| 21 || Aswattha || pippala, shrivriksha, sevya,bodhidru, pavitraka,krishnavasa || '''Ficus religiosa L.'''
|-
| 22 || Asana || Beejaka, Vijayasara || '''Bridelia Montana Wall., Pterocarpus marsupium'''
|-
| 23 || Akhuparni || vriddhadaru, akhukarni, shubhashreni, krushika, dravanti || '''Ipomoea reniformis Chois.'''
|-
| 24 || Adhaki || Tuvari, Shanapushpika, Kalavrunta || '''Cajanus indicus Spreng'''
|-
| 25 || Atmagupta || Kapikachu, kapiloma, swayamgupta,Markati || '''Mucuna pruriens D.C.'''
|-
| 26 || [[Amalaki]]|| [[Amalaki|Dhatri, Dhatriphala, Sriphala, Vayastha,vayasya]]|| '''[[Amalaki|Phyllanthus emblica L./ Emblica officinalis]]'''
|-
| 27 || Amra || Madhuphala, Madhuli, Madhavadruma, Sahakara, parapushta || '''Manjifera indica L.'''
|-
| 28 || Ikshu || Asipatra, Bhurirasa, Dirghacchada, Gudamula, Trnarasa || '''Saccharum officinarum L.'''
|-
| 29 || Ikshuraka || Kokilaksha? || '''Hygrophila spinosa T.Anderson'''
|-
| 30 || Ingudi || Higupatra, Tapasadruma,Angaravruksha,Pootikantaka || '''Balanites roxburghii Plauch., (Balanites aegyptiaca (Linn) Del.)'''
|-
| 31 || Itkada || Utkata, Vanajayanti || '''Sesbania aculeate Pers.'''
|-
| 32 || Ucchadaka || Uttingana? || '''Blepharis edulis Pers.'''
|-
| 33 || Udumbara || || '''Ficus glomerata Roxb., ( Ficus racemosa)'''
|-
| 34 || Upodika || || '''Basella rubra L.'''
|-
| 35 || Eraka || || '''Typha elephantine Roxb.'''
|-
| 36 || Ervaru || || '''Cucumis utilissimus L.'''
|-
| 37 || Eranda || || '''Ricinus communis L.'''
|-
| 38 || Katutumbi || || '''Lagenaria Vulgaris Ser.'''
|-
| 39 || Katuphala || || '''Hibiscus abelmoschus L.'''
|-
| 40 || Kandakari || || '''Solanum xanthocarpum Sche.'''
|-
| 41 || Kadamba || || '''Anthocephalus cadamba Miq.'''
|-
| 42 || Kadara || || '''Acacia Senegal Willd.'''
|-
| 43 || Kapittha || || '''Feronia elephantanum Correa.'''
|-
| 44 || Karamarda || || '''Carissa carandas L.'''
|-
| 45 || Karavira || || '''Nerium odorum Soland'''
|-
| 46 || Karira || || '''Copparis aphylla Roth'''
|-
| 47 || Karanja || || '''Pongamia glabra Vent.'''
|-
| 48 || Karkatashrungi || || '''Rhuus succedanea L.'''
|-
| 49 || Karkandhu || || '''Zizyphus nummularia W.C.'''
|-
| 50 || Karpura || || '''Dryobalanops aromatic Goertn.'''
|-
| 51 || Kalaya || || '''Lathyrus sativus L.'''
|-
| 52 || Kasheruka || || '''Seirpus kysoor R.'''
|-
| 53 || Kakamachi || || '''Solanum nigrum L.'''
|-
| 54 || Karavellika || || '''Momordica charantia L.'''
|-
| 55 || Karpasa || || '''Gossypium herbacum L.'''
|-
| 56 || Kalanusariva || || '''Ichnocarpus frutenscens Br.'''
|-
| 57 || Kashmari || || '''Gmelina arborea L.'''
|-
| 58 || Kasamarda || || '''Cassia occidentalis L.'''
|-
| 59 || Kiratatikta || || '''Swertia chirata Ham.'''
|-
| 60 || Kutaja || || '''Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall.'''
|-
| 61 || Kutumbaka || || '''Leucas linifolia Spreng.'''
|-
| 62 || Kumarajeeva || || '''Putranjiva roxburghii Wall.'''
|-
| 63 || Kumbhi || || '''Careya arborea R.'''
|-
| 64 || Kurandaka || || '''Barleria prionitis L.'''
|-
| 65 || Kusumbha || || '''Carathmus tinctoricus L.'''
|-
| 66 || Kovidara || || '''Bauhinia variegate L.'''
|-
| 67 || Koshataki || || '''Luffa acutangula varamara Clerke'''
|-
| 68 || Koshamra || || '''Scheleichera trijuga Willd.'''
|-
| 69 || Kumkuma || || '''Crocus sativus L.'''
|-
| 70 || Khadira || || '''Acacia catechu Willd.'''
|-
| 71 || [[Guggulu]]|| || '''[[Guggulu|Commiphora/Balsamodendron mukul Hook.]]'''
|-
| 72 || Gunja || || '''Abrus precatorius L.'''
|-
| 73 || [[Guduchi]]|| || '''[[Guduchi|Tinospora cordifolia Miers.]]'''
|-
| 74 || Gokshuraka || || '''Tribulus terrestris L.'''
|-
| 75 || Gojihwa || || '''Elephantopus scaber L.'''
|-
| 76 || Chakramarda || || '''Cassia tora L.'''
|-
| 77 || Chanchu || || '''Corchorus oilitorius L.'''
|-
| 78 || Chandana || || '''Santalum album L.'''
|-
| 79 || Charmakasha || || '''Acacia concinna D.C.'''
|-
| 80 || Charngeri || || '''Oxalis corniculata L.'''
|-
| 81 || [[Chitraka]]|| || '''[[Chitraka|Plumbago zeylanica L.]]'''
|-
| 82 || Chirabilva || || '''Holoptelia integrifolia Planch.'''
|-
| 83 || Chirmata || || '''Cucumis melo L.'''
|-
| 84 || Chilli || || '''Chenopodium album L.'''
|-
| 85 || Choraka || || '''Agelica glauca Edgew.'''
|-
| 86 || jambu || || '''Eugenia jambos Lamk.'''
|-
| 87 || jaya || || '''Sesbania egyptica Pers.'''
|-
| 88 || jalapippali || || '''Lippia nodiflora Rich.'''
|-
| 89 || Jati || || '''Myristica fragrens Houtt.'''
|-
| 90 || Jingini || || '''Odina wodier Roxb.'''
|-
| 91 || Jeeraka || || '''Cuminum cyminum L.'''
|-
| 92 || Jyotishmati || || '''Celestrus paniculata Willd.'''
|-
| 93 || Tamala || || '''Cinnamomum tamala Fr. Nees.'''
|-
| 94 || Tintidika || || '''Tamarindus indica L.'''
|-
| 95 || Tinduka || || '''Diospyros embryopteris Pers.'''
|-
| 96 || Tila || || '''Sesamum indicum L.'''
|-
| 97 || Tilaparni || || '''Gynandropis pentaphylla D.C'''
|-
| 98 || Tumburu || || '''Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb.'''
|-
| 99 || Tuda || || '''Morus indica L.'''
|-
| 100 || Trivrut || || '''Ipomea turpethum Br.'''
|-
| 101 || Dadima || || '''Punica granatum L.'''
|-
| 102 || Daruharidra || || '''Berberis aristata D.C'''
|-
| 103 || Dipyaka || || '''Carum copticum Benth.'''
|-
| 104 || Dugdhika || || '''Euphorbia pilulifera L.'''
|-
| 105 || Duralabha || || '''Fagonia Arabica L.'''
|-
| 106 || Durva || || '''Cynodon dactylon Pers.'''
|-
| 107 || Draksha || || '''Vitis vinifera L.'''
|-
| 108 || Dhanvana || || '''Grewia tiliefolia Vahl.'''
|-
| 109 || Dhava || || '''Anogeisssus latifolia Wall.'''
|-
| 110 || Dhataki || || '''Woodfordia floribunda Slisb.'''
|-
| 111 || Dhanyaka || || '''Coriandrum sativum'''
|-
| 112 || Nanditaka || || '''Ficus retusa L.'''
|-
| 113 || Nalika || || '''Onosma echioides L.'''
|-
| 114 || Naranga || || '''Citrus aurantium L.'''
|-
| 115 || Nadi || || '''Ipomea aquatica Forsk.'''
|-
| 116 || Nimba || || '''Melia azadirachta L.'''
|-
| 117 || Nirgundi || || '''Vitex negundo L.'''
|-
| 118 || Nilika || || '''Indigofera tinctoria L.'''
|-
| 119 || Nyagrodha || || '''Ficus bengalensis L.'''
|-
| 120 || Patola || || '''Trichosanthes dioica Roxb.'''
|-
| 121 || Patra || || '''Cinnamomum iners Reinw.'''
|-
| 122 || Padmaka || || '''Prunus puddum Roxb.'''
|-
| 123 || Parushaka || || '''Grewia asiatica L.'''
|-
| 124 || Parpataka || || '''Rangia repens Nees.'''
|-
| 125 || Paravata || || '''Psidium guyava L.'''
|-
| 126 || Pashanabheda || || '''Saxifraga lingulata Wall.'''
|-
| 127 || [[Pippali]]|| || '''[[Pippali|Piper longum L.]]'''
|-
| 128 || Pilu || || '''Salvadora persica L.'''
|-
| 129 || Punarnava || || '''Berhavia repens L.'''
|-
| 130 || Prasarani || || '''Pederia fetida L.'''
|-
| 131 || Prachinamalaka || || '''Flacourtia cataphracta Roxb.'''
|-
| 132 || Piyala || || '''Aglaia roxburghiana Miq.'''
|-
| 133 || Plaksha || || '''Ficus tsiela Roxb.'''
|-
| 134 || Phenila || || '''Sapindus trifoliatus L.'''
|-
| 135 || Bakula || || '''Mimusops elengi L.'''
|-
| 136 || Badara || || '''Zizyphus jujube Lamk.'''
|-
| 137 || Bilwa || || '''Aegle marmelos Corr.'''
|-
| 138 || Bijaka || || '''Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.'''
|-
| 139 || Bijapuraka || || '''Citrus medica L.'''
|-
| 140 || Bruhati || || '''Solanum indicum L.'''
|-
| 141 || [[Brahmi]]|| || '''[[Brahmi|Bacopa monnieri]]'''
|-
| 142 || Bhavya || || '''Dillenia indica L.'''
|-
| 143 || Bhrigaraja || || '''Eclipta alba Hassk.'''
|-
| 144 || Mandukaparni || || '''Hydrocotyle asiatica L.'''
|-
| 145 || Madana || || '''Randia dumatorum Lam.'''
|-
| 146 || Madhuka || || '''Bassia latifolia Roxb.'''
|-
| 147 || [[Maricha]]|| || '''Piper nigrum L.'''
|-
| 148 || Mamsi || || '''Nardostachys jatamansi D.C'''
|-
| 149 || Mudga || || '''Phaseolus mungo L.'''
|-
| 150 || [[Musta]]|| || '''[[Musta|Cyperus rotundus L.]]'''
|-
| 151 || Murva || || '''Clematis triloba Heyne.'''
|-
| 152 || Mulaka || || '''Raphanus sativus L.'''
|-
| 153 || Yava || || '''Hordeum vulgarae L.'''
|-
| 154 || Yavasaka || || '''Alhagi maumorum Desv.'''
|-
| 155 || Raktotpala || || '''Nymphoea lotus L.'''
|-
| 156 || Rajakshavaka || || '''Doemia extensa Br.'''
|-
| 157 || Rajamasha || || '''Vigna catiang Endl.'''
|-
| 158 || Rajadana || || '''Mimusops hexandra Roxb.'''
|-
| 159 || Rasna || || '''Pluchea lanceolata Oliv.'''
|-
| 160 || Ruha || || '''Loranthus falcatus L.'''
|-
| 161 || Rohini || || '''Soymida febrifuge Juss.'''
|-
| 162 || Lashuna || || '''Allium sativum L.'''
|-
| 163 || Likucha || || '''Artocarpus lokoocha Roxb.'''
|-
| 164 || Lonika || || '''Portulaca oleracea L.'''
|-
| 165 || [[Lodhra]]|| || '''[[Lodhra|Symplocos recemosa Roxb.]]'''
|-
| 166 || Vacha || || '''Acorus calamus L.'''
|-
| 167 || Vanjula || || '''Salix tetrasperma Roxb.'''
|-
| 168 || Varuna || || '''Cratoeva religiosa Forst.'''
|-
| 169 || Vatama || || '''Prunus amygdalus Baill.'''
|-
| 170 || Vartaka || || '''Solanum melongena L.'''
|-
| 171 || Vasa || || '''Adhatoda vasica Nees.'''
|-
| 172 || Vikankata || || '''Gymnosporia Montana Benth.'''
|-
| 173 || [[Vidanga]]|| || '''[[Vidanga|Embelia ribes Burn.]]'''
|-
| 174 || Vidari || || '''Ipomea digitata L.'''
|-
| 175 || [[Shankhapushpi]]|| Shankhahva, Mangalyakusuma, Keshi, Vishnukranta|| '''[[Shankhapushpi|Evolvulus alsinoides L.]]'''
|-
| 176 || Shana || || '''Crotalaria juncea L.'''
|-
| 177 || Shanapushpi || || '''Crotalaria verrucosa L.'''
|-
| 178 || Shatapushpa || || '''Peucedanum graveolens Benth.'''
|-
| 179 || [[Shatavari]]|| || '''[[Shatavari|Asparagus racemosus Willd.]]'''
|-
| 180 || Shami || || '''Prosopis spicigera L.'''
|-
| 181 || Shallaki || || '''Boswellia serrate Roxb.'''
|-
| 182 || Shaliparni || || '''Desmodium gangeticum D.C.'''
|-
| 183 || Shalmali || || '''Bambox malabarica D.C.'''
|-
| 184 || Shimshapa || || '''Dalbergia sisso Roxb.'''
|-
| 185 || Shigru || || '''Moringa pterygosperma Goertn.'''
|-
| 186 || Shirisha || || '''Albezzia lebbeck Benth.'''
|-
| 187 || [[Shunthi|Shringavera]] [[Shunthi|(Shunthi/Aardraka)]]|| || '''Zingiber officinale Rose.'''
|-
| 188 || Shringataka || || '''Trapa bispinosa Roxb.'''
|-
| 189 || Saptaparna || || '''Alstonia scholaris R. Br.'''
|-
| 190 || Sarja || || '''Shorea robusta'''
|-
| 191 || Sarshapa || || '''Brassica campestris L.'''
|-
| 192 || Sariva || || '''Hemmidesmus indicus Br.'''
|-
| 193 || Sudha || || '''Euphorbia nerifolia L.'''
|-
| 194 || Surasa || || '''Ocimum sanctum L.'''
|-
| 195 || Somaraji || || '''Proralea corylifolia L.'''
|-
| 196 || Hamsapadi || || '''Adjantum lunulatum Burm.'''
|-
| 197 || Hapusha || || '''Juniperus communis L.'''
|-
| 198 || Hastidanti || || '''Croton oblongifolius Roxb.'''
|-
| 199 || [[Haridra]]|| || '''[[Haridra|Curcuma longa L.]]'''
|-
| 200 || Hemadugdha || || '''Argimone mexicana L.'''
|}

Agnimantha

2026-08-05T06:48:29Z

Agnivesha:

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[[wikipedia:Clerodendrum_phlomidis|Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn.f.]]

{{Infobox
|title = Agnimantha
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Agnimantha
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn.f.
|label3 = Contributors
|data3 = Team Dravyaguna
|label4 = Year of publication
|data4 = 2026
|label5 = Publisher
|data5 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label6 = DOI
|data6 = Awaited
}}

'''''Clerodendrum phlomidis''''' (Sanskrit: ''Agnimantha'') is a species of flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae. It is a large puberulent shrub or small tree native to dry, arid, and tropical regions across the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia.<ref name="Wang2018" /> Morphologically, it possesses ovate or deltoid leaves with entire or coarsely dentate margins and fragrant, white-to-pinkish tubular flowers in axillary cymes. In [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic medicine]], it serves as ''Brihat Agnimantha''—a vital constituent of [[Dashamula]] (the ten sacred roots formulation).

== Botanical profile and nomenclature ==
* '''Taxonomic name:''' ''Clerodendrum phlomidis'' Linn.f.
* '''Botanical synonyms:''' ''Clerodendrum multiflorum'' (Burm.f.) O. Kuntze, ''Volkameria multiflora'' Burm.f.
* '''Family:''' Lamiaceae (formerly Verbenaceae)
* '''Sanskrit name:''' ''Agnimantha'' (also ''Ganikarika'', ''Arani'', ''Tarkari'', ''Vatagni'')
* '''Vernacular names:''' Arni, Piran (Hindi); Arani, Tekar (Marathi); Aranimula (Gujarati); Vadamadakki, Taludalai (Tamil); Nelli, Tekkali (Telugu); Munja (Malayalam).
[[File:Agnimantha.jpg|thumb|'''Agnimantha (''Clerodendrum phlomidis L.)''''']]

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==

Agnimantha, Jaya, Sriparni, Ganikarika, Jayanti, Tarkari, Nadeyi, Vaijayanti

== Ayurvedic energetics and pharmacodynamics ==

In classical Ayurvedic literature, Agnimantha is classified as an essential Vata-Kapha Shamaka drug, specifically indicated for inflammatory conditions (Shotha), metabolic disorders (Prameha and Sthaulya), and fevers (Jwara).

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties !! Clinical relevance
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Bitter (tikta), Pungent (katu), Astringent (kashaya), Sweet (madhura)|| Cleanses tissue channels (''Srotas''), reduces excessive ''Kapha'' and ''Meda'' (fat).
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna) || Stimulates metabolic digestive fire (''Agni''), relieves ''Vata'' pain and swelling.
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu) || Enhances bio-elimination and metabolic clearance.
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha) || Pacifies heavy, sticky, congestive toxic accumulation (''Ama'').
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[kapha]] and [[vata]]|| Alleviates pain, edema, neuromuscular stiffness, and fluid retention.
|-
| 6 || Primary indications || Shotha (Edema), Prameha (Diabetes), Sthaulya (Obesity), Jwara (Fever), Vata-vyadhi || Reduces swelling, joint discomfort, metabolic sluggishness, and pyrexia.
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa. Sutra sthana 2/11 || Used as a Asthapana dravya
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa. Sutra sthana 4/9(26)|| Anuvasanopaga mahakashaya
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.Sutra sthana 4/9(38) || Shwayathuhara mahakashaya
|-
|4
|Cha.Sa.Sutra sthana 21/24
|Management of obesity
|-
|5
|Cha.Sa.Sutra sthana 21/24
|Management of obesity
|-
|6
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa sthana 1/1/43
|In formulation of brahma rasayana
|-
|7
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa sthana 3/267
|As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
|-
|8
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa sthana 5/67
|To increase effect of Trayushanaadi ghrit
|-
|9
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa sthana 5/149
|Ingredient of Mishrak Sneha
|-
|10
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 6/28
|Used for making decoction in Kaphaja prameha
|-
|11
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/65
|Ingredient in Mustadi Churna
|-
|12
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/81
|Ingredient in Triphalasava
|-
|13
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 9/52
|Ingredient in Apara Lasunadya Ghrit
|-
|14
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 10/18
|Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrita
|-
|15
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 12/50
|Ingredient in Kansaharitaki Avaleh
|-
|16
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 13/65
|In treatment of vatodara for anuvasana basti
|-
|17
|Cha. Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/113
|As an ingredient of Panchkola ghrita
|-
|18
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 13/117
|As an ingredient of yavadi ghrit
|-
|19
|Cha. Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/170
|Kshar siddha taila used in udara roga
|-
|20
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 14/45
|Used in Swedana kriya
|-
|21
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 14/144
|As an ingredient of Dantyarista
|-
|22
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana15/82
|As an ingredient of Dashmuladya ghrita
|-
|23
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 15/88
|As an ingredient of Panchamuladhya ghrit evum churna
|-
|24
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 15/156
|As an ingredient of Mulasava
|-
|25
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 17/102
|Used in yavagu preparation for hikka svasa
|-
|26
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 17/105
|Dashamula kwath used in condition of trishna in patients of Hikka Shvasa.
|-
|27
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 17/140
|As an ingredient of Dashamuladhya ghrita
|-
|28
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa sthana 21/125
|As an ingredient of Baladi lepa.
|-
|29
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa sthana 24/129
|Used as anupana in vataja madatyaya as an ingredient of panchamula.
|-
|30
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 25/78
|Used for parisechana in Daha & shoola.
|-
|31
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 26/138
|Used in Vataja pratishyaya For nasya.
|-
|32
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 26/153
|As an ingredient of Bhargyadi taila.
|-
|33
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 26/237
|Used for aaschotana in Vataja netraroga.
|-
|34
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 27/57
|As an ingredient of Shyonakadi Parisheka and Pralepa
|-
|35
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 27/52
|As an ingredient of Tarkaryadi Parisechana
|-
|36
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 27/54
|As an ingredient of Shyonakadi Parisheka and Pralepa
|}
== Current availability==

Available

== Current researches ==

== Phytochemical profile ==
Phytochemical analyses of ''Clerodendrum phlomidis'' have isolated over 280 secondary metabolites across the root, stem, leaf, and flower tissues.<ref name="Bharitkar2015" /><ref name="Wang2018" /> These constituents provide the chemical foundation for its systemic bioactivities:

* '''Flavonoids and flavonoid glycosides:''' Pectolinaringenin, scutellarein, hispidulin, apigenin, 7-hydroxyflavone, and pectolinaringenin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside.<ref name="Bharitkar2015" /><ref name="Mamuaja2024" />
* '''Steroids and sterol glycosides:''' γ-sitosterol, β-sitosterol, clerosterol, cholestanol, and 24β-ethylcholesta-5,22E,25-trien-3β-ol.<ref name="Bharitkar2015" /><ref name="Mamuaja2024" />
* '''Diterpenes and diterpenoids:''' Clerodin, clerodendrin, and clerodermic acid.
* '''Phenylethanoid glycosides and phenolics:''' Acteoside, verbascoside, and serratagenic acid.<ref name="Wang2018" />

== Therapeutic efficacy and pharmacological profile ==

=== Anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity ===
The anti-inflammatory efficacy of ''Clerodendrum phlomidis'' validates its classical classification as a principal ''Shothahara'' (edema-reducing) agent. Research on leaf and root extracts shows significant attenuation of both acute and chronic inflammation.<ref name="Babu2011" /><ref name="Wang2018" />

* '''Mechanisms of action:''' The aqueous and alcoholic extracts exhibit marked lysosomal membrane stabilization, preventing the release of lysosomal enzymes that trigger tissue injury and inflammatory cascades.<ref name="Babu2011" /> ''In vivo'' models demonstrate significant inhibition of carrageenan-induced paw edema and suppression of Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA)-induced arthritis.<ref name="Babu2011" /><ref name="Mamuaja2024" />
* '''Nanoparticle applications:''' Green-synthesized aluminum oxide nanoparticles utilizing ''C. phlomidis'' extracts show enhanced anti-inflammatory membrane stabilization and radical scavenging activities ''in vitro''.<ref name="Thanaraj2024" />

=== Antidiabetic and hypoglycemic activity ===
In traditional practice, ''Agnimantha'' is prescribed for ''Prameha'' (metabolic syndrome/diabetes mellitus). Modern pharmacological investigations confirm that alcoholic and aqueous leaf and root extracts possess dose-dependent hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties.<ref name="Mamuaja2024" /><ref name="Wang2018" />

* '''Mechanisms of action:''' ''C. phlomidis'' extracts promote circulating glucose uptake, restore pancreatic islet tissue integrity, reduce lipid peroxidation, and inhibit key digestive enzymes (α-glucosidase and α-amylase), preventing postprandial hyperglycemia.<ref name="Mamuaja2024" />

=== Antioxidant and immunomodulatory potential ===
The plant's broad phenolic and flavonoid composition—specifically compounds like pectolinaringenin and acteoside—imparts strong antioxidant activity.<ref name="Bharitkar2015" /><ref name="Mamuaja2024" />

* '''Mechanisms of action:''' Extracts scavenge free radicals such as DPPH and ABTS while bolstering endogenously produced antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx).<ref name="Thanaraj2024" /><ref name="Wang2018" /> This activity reduces oxidative stress-mediated cellular damage and supports systemic immune responsiveness.<ref name="Mamuaja2024" />

=== Hepatoprotective and anti-obesity effects ===
''Agnimantha'' is a component of formulations designed to address ''Sthaulya'' (obesity) and hepatic congestion.<ref name="Mamuaja2024" /><ref name="Wang2018" />

* '''Hepatoprotection:''' Ethyl acetate and alcoholic extracts significantly lower elevated serum marker enzymes (AST, ALT, ALP, total bilirubin) in models of toxin-induced hepatic injury, restoring structural architecture and parenchymal integrity.<ref name="Wang2018" />
* '''Anti-obesity activity:''' Methanolic root extracts demonstrate hypolipidemic effects by reducing circulating triglycerides and total cholesterol, suppressing adipocyte hypertrophy, and inhibiting pre-adipocyte differentiation.<ref name="Mamuaja2024" />

=== Antimicrobial, antiasthmatic, and neuroprotective effects ===
* '''Antimicrobial:''' Leaf extracts exhibit antimicrobial broad-spectrum activity against pathogenic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as fungal strains.<ref name="Ravichandran2022" /><ref name="Thanaraj2024" />
* '''Respiratory support:''' Ethnomedicinal claims for asthma and bronchitis treatment are supported by bronchodilatory and antiasthmatic actions that relax smooth muscle tissues and suppress allergic inflammatory responses.<ref name="Ravichandran2022" /><ref name="Wang2018" />
* '''Neuroprotection:''' Methanolic fractions demonstrate central nervous system calming effects, antiamnestic potential, and protection against neurodegenerative oxidative stress.<ref name="Mamuaja2024" /><ref name="Wang2018" />

== Dosage, formulations, and safety profile ==

=== Classical formulations ===
# '''Dashamularishta:''' Fermented liquid formulation used for post-partum recovery, systemic inflammation, and respiratory disorders.
# '''Dashamula Kwatha:''' Decoction prescribed for ''Vata'' joint disorders, edema, and fever.
# '''Agnimanthadi Kwatha:''' Targeted decoction for obesity, dyslipidemia, and metabolic slowness.
# '''Chyawanprash:''' Polyherbal rasayana tonic incorporating ''Agnimantha'' root for immunity and vitality.

=== Recommended posology (raw drug) ===
* '''Root bark powder (''Churna''):''' 3–6 grams daily.
* '''Decoction (''Kwatha''):''' 50–100 mL daily in divided doses.
* '''Fresh leaf juice (''Swarasa''):''' 10–20 mL daily.

=== Toxicology and safety ===
Acute and sub-acute toxicity evaluations of ''Clerodendrum phlomidis'' crude extracts in animal models demonstrate high safety margins with no observed adverse effect levels (NOAEL) at standard therapeutic dosages.<ref name="Wang2018" /> Standardized preparations remain well tolerated without documented target-organ toxicity.

== References ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="Babu2011">Babu, N. P., Pandikumar, P., & Ignacimuthu, S. (2011). Lysosomal membrane stabilization and anti-inflammatory activity of Clerodendrum phlomidis L.f., a traditional medicinal plant. ''Journal of Ethnopharmacology'', 135(3), 779–785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2011.04.028</ref>

<ref name="Bharitkar2015">Bharitkar, Y. P., Hazra, A., Shah, S., Saha, S., Matoori, A. K., & Mondal, N. B. (2015). New flavonoid glycosides and other chemical constituents from Clerodendrum phlomidis leaves: isolation and characterisation. ''Natural Product Research'', 29(19), 1850–1856. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2015.1009457</ref>

<ref name="Mamuaja2024">Mamuaja, M. N., Herlina, T., Rumampuk, R. J., Maksum, I. P., & Rukayadi, Y. (2024). Flavonoids from Clerodendrum genus and their biological activities. ''ADMET and DMPK'', 12(4), 843–879. https://doi.org/10.5599/admet.2442</ref>

<ref name="Ravichandran2022">Ravichandran, S., Jegathaprathaban, R., Radhakrishnan, J., Usha, R., Vijayan, V., & Teklemariam, A. (2022). An investigation of electrospun Clerodendrum phlomidis leaves extract infused polycaprolactone nanofiber for in vitro biological application. ''Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications'', 2022, 2335443. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2335443</ref>

<ref name="Thanaraj2024">Thanaraj, S., Mitthun, A. N. K., Geetha Sravanthy, P., Carmelin, D. S., Surya, M., & Saravanan, M. (2024). Green synthesis of aluminum oxide nanoparticles using Clerodendrum phlomidis and their antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. ''Cureus'', 16(1), e52279. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.52279</ref>

<ref name="Wang2018">Wang, J.-H., Luan, F., He, X.-D., Wang, Y., & Li, M.-X. (2018). Traditional uses and pharmacological properties of Clerodendrum phytochemicals. ''Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine'', 8(1), 24–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2017.04.001</ref>
}}

=== External links ===
[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Clerodendrum%20phlomidis IMPPAT Database]
[[index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals|Herbs]]

File:Agnimantha.jpg

2026-08-05T06:42:34Z

Agnivesha:

Agnimantha